自考英语二重点语法知识讲解

重点语法知识讲解

1．动词的时态和语态

动词的时态和语态一览表

时态语态一般现在时一般过去时一般将来时

主动被动 do are done did were done will do will be done

现在进行时过去进行时将来进行时

主动被动 are doing are being done were doing were being done will be doing现在完成时过去完成时将来完成时

主动被动 have done have been done had done had been done will have done will have been done

现在完成进行时

主动被动 have been doing

1．1 现在完成时

发生在过去的动作一直持续到现在，或对现在仍有影响。

现在完成时的标志： so far， by now/ up to now，for three years， since 1995， in the past two decades

1.2 过去完成时

过去的过去。

1）said, reported, thought 等引导的间接引语中。

He missed the train.

He said he had missed the train.

2）hardly…when, no sooner… than句型中表示先发生的动作

No sooner had he got up than he received the call.

3）与过去事实相反的虚拟语气中

If I had tried harder, I would have won.

I wish I had done better in the exam.

1.3 完成进行时

从过去一直持续到现在，没有间断。汉语提示语：一直

The water has been running the whole night.

1.4 过去时

过去某一具体时间发生的事，不考虑与现在的关系。

过去时的标志：yesterday， in 1995， last week，in the nineteenth century，five years ago 等等。 2．非谓语动词

2.1 非谓语动词一览表

非谓语动词形式意义

现在分词

一般式 doing 主动 , 正在进行

被动式 being done 被动 , 正在进行

完成主动式 having done 主动 , 已经完成

完成被动式 having been done 被动 , 已经完成过去分词 done 被动 , 已经完成

动词不定式

一般式 to do 主动 , 将要进行

被动式 to be done 被动 , 将要进行

完成主动式 to have done 主动 , 已经完成

进行主动式 to be doing 主动 , 正在进行

2.2. 非谓语动词作状语

动词不定式：1）目的状语；2）结果状语

I came here to meet you. （目的）

He hurried to the rail station only to miss the train. （结果）

分词：1) 伴随状语；2）原因状语；3）条件状语 4）让步状语；5）时间状语

Walking along the street, he met his old friend. （时间）Being very tired, my father didn’t go out with us. （原因）

Made by hand, the silk shirt is very expensive. （原因）

Seen from the space, the earth looks like a blue ball. (条件)

2.3 非谓语动词，状语从句和独立结构

1) Having done their homework, the children began to play. (分词作状语)

2) After having done their homework, the children began to play. （连词+分词）

3) After they had done their homework, the children began to play. （状语从句）

4) With homework done, the children began to play. （独立结构）

2.4 非谓语动词作定语

1) If there is no choice, there is no decision ___ (make). (to be made)

2) Do you know the man ____ ( stand) in front of the house? (standing)

3) The question ____ (discuss) at the moment is very important. (being discussed)

4) The bridge ____ (build) in the 1950s is still in good condition. (built)

2.5 动名词和动词不定式

作主语和表语

动名词作主语/表语表示一般、抽象的情况；动词不定时作主语表示具体某次的情况。

Rising early is good for health.

To rise early tomorrow is difficult for me.

It is difficult for me to rise early tomorrow.

My biggest wish is to go abroad.

Seeing is believing.

作宾语

接动名词作宾语的动词：

admit, acknowledge, avoid, appreciate, consider, delay, enjoy, escape, excuse, forgive, finish, include, involve, mind, put off, postpone, suggest, feel like, look forward to, be used to, be accustomed to, etc.

接动词不定式作宾语的动词：

want, tend, intend, pretend, hope, plan, expect, be supposed to, seem, be likely to, used to, be willing to, desire, force, prefer, start, begin 接动名词和动词不定式有不同含义的动词：

1) forget, remember, regret

2) stop, continue

3) need/ want

4) allow doing/ allow sb to do

(1) How can I forget meeting you for the first time?Sorry, I forgot to lock the door.

(2) I can’t stop laughing. Can you stop to give me a hand?

(3) The grass needs cutting. The grass needs to be cut.

(4) We don’t allow smoking here. You are not allowed to smoke here. 3．虚拟语气

第一大类：非真实条件下的虚拟语气

时间从句主句

与现在事实相反 did/ were should/could/would + do

与过去事实相反 had done should/could/would + have done

与将来事实相反 were to do should do should/could/would + doIf I were you, I would be happy to do it.

If we had got the news, we could have prepared earlier.

If the job were to succeed, you should work harder.

第二大类：从句中用过去时或过去完成时的虚拟语?/

1) would rather + 从句

2) wish + 从句

3) if only + 从句

4) as if/ as though + 从句

5) It’s time + 从句

I would rather you didn’t tell me the story now.

I would rather you had told me the story yesterday.

第三大类：从句中用should加动词原形的虚拟语气，其中should可省略。

1) suggest, propose, advise, move(动议), ask, order, require, request, desire, insist, prefer 等动词后接的宾语从句；

2) suggestion, proposal, advice, motion, order, requirement, request, desire, preference等名词后的同位语从句；

3) important, necessary, essential, imperative, desirable, advisable,

preferable 等形容词用在it is … that…句型中；

4) lest, in case, for fear that 等引导的从句中。

It is suggested that the meeting (should) be put off.

It is my suggestion that the meeting (should) be put off.

It is necessary that the meeting (should) be put off.

He came to the office earlier lest he (should) miss the important meeting. 4．定语从句和名词性从句

4.1 定语从句：限制性和非限制性定语从句

引导定语从句

1）关系代词(在定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语）：which, that, who, whom, whose

2）关系副词（在定语从句中作状语）：when, where, why, how

名词性从句：主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句引导名词性从句：

1）主从连词（不在从句中作任何成分）：that, whether, if

2）连接代词（在从句中作主语、宾语、表语）：what, which, who, whom, whose, whatever, whoever…

3）连接副词（在从句中作状语）：when, where, why, how

4.2 定语从句和同位语从句的区别

定语从句对名词进行修饰限制，而同位语从句阐述的是名词的具体内容。从语法上看，that, which在定语从句中做主语或宾语，而同位语的引导词that 不在从句中担任任何成分。

1) The story (that) he told me may not be true. 定语从句

2) The story that he has made a fortune may not be true. 同位语从句

4.3 什么时候用介词＋which 的形式?

如果定语从句缺主语或宾语，用that/ which 形式。如果定语从句缺状语，用介词+which形式。

1) The place which I visited last week is very beautiful.

2) The place in which I used to live is very beautiful.

4.4 which 和 as 引导非限制性定语从句

which 和 as 都能引导非限制性定语从句，修饰整个一句话。as有“正如”的意思，而which没有。

1) He is easy to get angry, which is well known. 他很容易生气，这一点大家都知道。

2) He is easy to get angry, as everybody knows. 正如大家都知道的那样，他很容易生气。

2.1 强化练习

1．动词时态强化练习

1. I was hired (hire) by a Saudi diplomat directly from the Philippines to work in London in 1989.

解析：过去时的被动语态，标志语：1989。

2. However, many people doubt whether this will reduce (reduce) the incidence of abuse.

解析：一般将来时，表示"会减少"的意思。

3. Up to that time, the blues had been (be) an essentially black medium.

解析：过去完成时，标志语：up to that time，表示"过去的过去"。

4. Of these 20,000, just under 2000 are being physically, sexually and psychologically abused (abuse).

解析：现在进行时的被动。

5. If you do not (not, control) it, it will control you.

解析：一般现在时。主讲从现：主句用将来时，但是时间状语、条件状语和让步状语从句中

用现在时。

6. You will enjoy your fun time more after you have completed (complete) your study responsibilities.

解析：现在完成时，表示"已经完成"。

7. Maintaining a healthy self-esteem is (be) a challenge that continues throughout life.

解析：一般现在时，动名词做主语，谓语动词用单数。

8. The second half of the nineteenth century witnessed (witness) the first extended translation into English of the writings of Eliphas Levi.

解析：一般过去时，标志语：the second half of the nineteenth century。

9. All the worries they might have felt for him were driven (drive) off by the sight of his cheerful face.

解析：一般过去时的被动

10. Attempts to break up this old system have been made (make) in every presidential election in the past one hundred years.

解析：现在完成时的被动，标志语：in the past one hundred years。

2．非谓语动词强化练习

1. The mother didn’t know who to blame (blame) for the broken glass.

解析：who+动词不定式做know的宾语

2. The children brought (bring) up in this way tend to be healthier.

解析：过去分词作定语，表被动。

3. It reminded the president to keep the campaign focused (focus) on the economy.

解析：过去分词做宾补。

4. Putting (put) food into an empty stomach helps synchronize the body clock.

解析：动名词作主语。

5. It seems reasonable to assume that, other things being (be) equal, they would prefer single to shared rooms.

解析：现在分词用在独立结构中

6. This poem, if translated (translate) word for word into Chinese, will make no sense.

解析：连词加过去分词作状语

7. They may have their passports removed (remove), making leaving or “escaping” actually impossible.

解析：过去分词作宾补

8. Her body, with hands and feet bound (bind), was discovered by a traveler early in the morning.

解析：过去分词用在独立结构中

9. I couldn’t help but feel (feel) this is a very strange life.

解析：couldn't help but 后接动词原形

10. Let us consider the earth as a planet revolving (revolve) round the sun.

解析：现在分词作定语

3．虚拟语气强化练习

1. If it hadn’t been for your help, we would have been (be) in real trouble.

解析：与过去事实相反的虚拟语气的主句

2. He would have given you more help, if he had not been (not be) so busy.

解析：与过去事实相反的虚拟语气的从句

3. It is high time that we took (take) firm measures to protect our environment.

解析：It is high time +过去式的虚拟形式

4. It was imperative that students finish (finish) their papers before July 1st.

解析：It was imperative that+动词原形的虚拟形式

5. They demanded that the right to vote be given (give) to every adult person.

解析：demand所接宾语从句用动词原形的虚拟形式

6. There was a mistake on my paycheck. I should have received (receive) $10 more.

解析：与过去事实相反的虚拟语气的主句，表示"本应该收到"而实际上没有。

7. I would rather he bought ( buy) the house next year.

解析：would rather后接宾语从句，从句用过去式表示虚拟语气。

8. The manager told us to be friendly to the visitors as if we had met (meet)them before.

解析：as if 所引导的从句用过去完成式表示虚拟语气。

9. Should she come tomorrow, I _________ take her to the museum. ×正确答案为C

[A] can [B] will [C] would [D] must

解析：与将来事实相反的虚拟语气的主句。

10. If we _________ everything ready by now, we should be having a terrible time tomorrow. 正确答案为A

[A] hadn’t got [B] didn’t get [C] wouldn’t have got

[D] wouldn’t get

解析：从句与现在事实相反，但本身已经是现在完成时（从by now可以看出），所以变为过

去完成时。 4．定语从句和名词性从句强化练习

1. Studies have shown _________ teenagers often suffer from depression. 正确答案为A

[A] that [B] which [C] in which [D] in that

解析：that 引导宾语从句

2. It is a well-known fact _________ a person will move in a circle when he cannot use his eyes to control his direction. 正确答案为A

[A] that [B] if [C] when [D] whether

解析：that 引导同位语从句

3. On the other hand concern is also growing about the possibility of a new economic order_________ resource-rich nations of the Third World would combine to set high commodity prices. 正确答案为C

[A] which [B] what [C] that [D] in that

解析：that 引导同位语从句

4. It is not yet known _________ computers will one day have vision as good as human vision.

正确答案为A

[A] whether [B] if [C] that [D] how

解析：it为形式主语，whether引导真正的主语从句

5. Such attitudes amount to a belief _________ leisure can and should be put to good use. 正确答案为D

[A] which [B] if [C] whether [D] that

解析：that 引导同位语从句

6. The reason for making a decision is _________ a problem exists, goals are wrong, or something is standing in the way of accomplishing them. 正确答案为D

[A] why [B] because [C] where [D] that

解析：that 引导表语从句

7. _________ developed was a music readily taking on various forms and capable of an almost limitless range of expression. 正确答案为A

[A] What [B] Whether [C] That [D] Which

解析：what 引导主语从句，并在主语从句中做主语

8. Very few people understood this contract, _________ was very obscure. 正确答案为B

[A] the language [B] the language of which [C] all it said

[D] which it had said

解析：the language of which引导非限定性定语从句，并在定语从句中做主语

9. Often music was played out of doors, _________ nature provided the environment. 正确答案为D

[A] which [B] that [C] in which [D] where

解析：where引导非限定性定语从句，并在定语从句中作地点状语

10. Many of us visited the industrial exhibition, _________, to our disappointment, we saw very few high-tech products. 正确答案为A

[A] where [B] which [C] as [D] that

解析：where引导非限定性定语从句，并在定语从句中作地点状语

导非限定性定语从句，并在定语从句中做主语

9. Often music was played out of doors, _________ nature provided the environment. 正确答案为D

[A] which [B] that [C] in which [D] where

解析：where引导非限定性定语从句，并在定语从句中作地点状语

10. Many of us visited the industrial exhibition, _________, to our disappointment, we saw very few high-tech products. 正确答案为A

[A] where [B] which [C] as [D] that

解析：where引导非限定性定语从句，并在定语从句中作地点状语

完整版初中英语语法大全知识点总结

英语语法大全 初中英语语法 学习提纲 一、词类、句子成分和构词法： 1、词类：英语词类分十种： 名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。 1、名词(n.)：表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如：boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange. ：who, she, you, it . 主要用来代替名词。如)： 2、代词(pron.3、形容词(adj..)：表示人或事物的性质或特征。如：good, right, white, orange . 4、数词(num.)：表示数目或事物的顺序。如：one, two, three, first, second, third, fourth. 5、动词(v.)：表示动作或状态。如：am, is,are,have,see . 6、副词(adv.)：修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、程度等。如：now, very, here, often, quietly, slowly. 7、冠词(art..)：用在名词前,帮助说明名词。如：a, an, the. 8、介词(prep.)：表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。如in, on, from, above, behind. 9、连词(conj.)：用来连接词、短语或句子。如and, but, before . 10、感叹词(interj..)表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。如：oh, well, hi, hello. 2、句子成分：英语句子成分分为七种：主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语。 1、主语是句子所要说的人或事物,回答是“谁”或者“什么”。通常用名词或代词担任。如：I'm Miss Green.(我是格林小姐) 2、谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态,回答“做(什么)”。主要由动词担任。如：Jack cleans the room every day. (杰克每天打扫房间) 3、表语在系动词之后,说明主语的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者“怎么样”。通常由名词、 代词或形容词担任。如：My name is Ping ping .(我的名字叫萍萍) 4、宾语表示及物动词的对象或结果,回答做的是“什么”。通常由名词或代词担任。如：He can spell the word.(他能拼这个词) 有些及物动词带有两个宾语,一个指物,一个指人。指物的叫直接宾语,指人的叫间接宾语。间接 宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面。如：He wrote me a letter . (他给我写了 一封信) 有时可把介词to或for加在间接宾语前构成短语,放在直接宾语后面,来强调间接宾语。如：He wrote a letter to me . (他给我写了一封信)

六年级英语语法知识点汇总

六年级语法总复习 一、词汇 （一）一般过去时态 一般过去时态表示在过去的某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态，常和表示过去的时间状语连用。例如yesterday, last weekend ,last Saturday ,等连用。基本句型：主语+动词的过去式+其他。例句——What did you do last weekend?你上周做什么了？ ——I played football last weekend.我踢足球了。 ★规则动词过去式的构成 ⒈一般在动词原形末尾加-ed。例如：play—played ⒉词尾是e的动词直接加-d。例如：dance—danced ⒊末尾只有一个辅音字母的重读闭音节词，先双写这个辅音字母，再加-ed。例如stop（停止）--stopped ⒋结尾是“辅音字母+y”的动词，变“y”为“i”，再加-ed，例如：study--studied ★一些不规则变化的动词过去式 am/is—was are—were go—went swim—swam fly—flew do—did have—had say—said see—saw take—took come—came become—became get—got draw—drew hurt—hurt read—read tell—told will—would eat—ate take—took make—made drink—drank sleep(睡觉)—slept cut（切）--cut sit(坐)—sat begin(开始)—began think—thought find—found run(跑)---ran buy—bought win—won give(给)—gave sing—sang leave—left hear（听）--heart wear—wore （二）一般现在时态 一般现在时态表示包括现在时间在内的一段时间内经常发生的动作或存在的状态，表示习惯性或客观存在的事实和真理。常与often ,always ,usually ,sometimes ,every day等连用。基本句型分为两种情况： ●主语（非第三人称）+动词原形+其他。例句：——What do you usually do on the weekend?——I usually do my homework on the weekend. ●主语（第三人称）+动词的第三人称单数形式+其他。例句： ——What does Sarah usually do on the weekend?萨拉通常在周末干什么？ ——She usually does her homework on the weekend.她通常在周末做她的家庭作业。 ★动词第三人称单数形式的变化规则 ⒈一般直接在动词词尾加-s.例如：play—plays ⒉以s ,x ,ch,sh结尾的动词加-es。例如：watch—watches ⒊以辅音字母加y结尾的动词，变y为i，再加es,例如：fly—flies ⒋个别不规则变化动词，需单独记忆，例如：do—does go—goes （三）现在进行时态 现在进行时态表示说话人现在正在进行的动作。基本句型：主语+be+动词的-ing+其他。 例如:——What are you doing ?你在干什么？ ——I am doing my homework..我正在做作业。 ★动词现在分词的变化规则 ⒈一般直接在词尾加ing ，例如;wash—washing ⒉以不发音e字母结尾的动词，去掉e ,再加ing.例如：make—making ⒊末尾只有一个辅音字母的重读闭音节词，要双写最后一个辅音字母再加ing.例如swim—swimming （四）一般将来时态 一般将来时态表示将来某一时间或某一段时间内发生的动作或存在的状态。常与表示将来的时间如tomorrow ,next weeken ,this afternoon 等连用。我们通常用will,be going to+动词原形来表示一般将来时态。

小学英语语法基础知识大全蓝本

小学英语语法汇总（蓝本） 可数名词与不可数名词“分家” 一、可数名词与不可数名词的区别 可数名词是可以按个数来计算的普通名词，分为个体名词(表示某类人或事物中的个体，如worker, farmer, desk, factory等)和集体名词(表示作为一个整体来看的一群人或一些事物，如people, family 等)。不可数名词是不能按个数来计算的普通名词，分为物质名词(表示无法分为个体的物质，如meat, rice, water, milk, orange 等)和抽象名词(表示动作、状态、情况、品质等抽象概念，如work, homework, time, health, friendship等)。 强调：不可数名词默认为单数，用is或者was；不要根据some、any、a lot of等词去作判断。 二、可数名词的家务事 可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。指一个人或一件事物时，用单数形式；指两个或多个人或事物时用复数形式。名词由单数形式变成复数形式的规则如下： 1. 一般的名词词尾直接加-s 。如：book → books house → houses day → days 读音：清辅音后读[s]，浊辅音和元音后读[z]。 2. 以s,ss,ch,sh, x 结尾的在词尾加-es 。如：bus → buses glass → glasses watch → watches dish → dishes box → boxe s 读音：[iz] 3. 以"辅音字母+y"结尾的，将y改为i再加-es。如city → cities factory → factories 读音：[z] 4. 以f 或fe 结尾的，将f或fe改为v再加-es。如：half → halves leaf → leaves knife → knives wife → wives thief-thieves 读音：[z] 5. 特例（常考） ①child →children mouse→mice ②man →men woman→women policeman →policemen (规律：man →men) ③tomato →tomatoes potato → potatoes [注：黑人英雄土豆西红柿加es其余加-s,,如：photo → photos ] h ero →h eroes negro→negroes 读音：[z] ④foot → feet tooth → teeth [ oo变ee] ⑤sheep, Chinese, Japanese, fish单、复数同形 ⑥people单数形式表示复数意义，要求谓语动词用复数；people的复数形式peoples通常指"多个民族"。 三、不可数名词的家务事 1. 不可数名词没有复数，作句子主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。如：The food is very fresh. 2. 有的不可数名词也可以作可数名词，有复数形式，但意义发生变化。如：water (水) → waters (水域) orange (橘汁) → oranges (橘子) 3. 很多的不可数名词表示泛指时为不可数，表种类时就可数，意义不发生变化。如：fruit → fruits food → foods fish → fishes hair → hairs 4. 计算不可数名词的数量，要在数词和不可数名词之间加上“量词+of”如：a glass of water a piece of paper a bottle of juice 5.判断步骤： ↗如是am、is或was→原形 读句子→读该单词→认识该单词→理解意思→看be动词 ↘如是are或were→加s或es

自考英语语法名词解释

Acronyms Acronyms is a word coined by putting together the initial letters of a group of words. Affixation A word formation approach that attaches morpheme – an affix to a base，which is a word with 1 or more affixes in it. Anaphoric reference前照应A demonstrative determiner with anaphoric reference is more likely to go with a non-restrictive relative clause Cataphoric reference 后照应A demonstrative determiner with cataphoric reference，which goes with a restrictive relative clause Collective nouns These are generally countable nouns，but even in the singular they refer to groups of people，animals or things. Compound A compound，the product of composition，and it is a lexical unit consisting of more than one base and functioning both grammatically and semantically as a single word. Conversion The derivational process whereby an item is adapted or converted to a new word class without the addition of an affix. Coordination并列词Realized by coordinators （also termed coordinating conjunctions）which join units at the same level. Countable nouns Nouns that can take plural. Dangling participle:When the subject of participle is not expressed, it is normally to be the subject of the clause. It is usually poor grammar, and sometimes absurd, if this rule is broken: Trying to be quiet, the floor board creaked. But the rule is often broken when the subject is vaguely understood to be “one”, “we”, “you”, people in general. Determiner Words used in the premodification of noun phrase and put before any adjectives that premodify the head word of noun. Dynamic adjectives Many adjectives can also be used in the dynamic sense （be being a.）in predicative position to show subjective measurement or suggest a temporary state，implying the qualities can be controlled or restricted. （e.g. he is being rude） end-focus 尾部焦点under neutral conditions，the nucleus falls on the last element of the sequence as it is common that we process the information in a message to achieve a linear presentation form low to high information value. We refer to this as the principle of end-focus. ellipsis：省略leaves out the redundant/wordy part and do not provide a substitute. Exclamation Express our impression，especially our surprise，excitement，amazement，etc. It doesn…t take S-V inversion.

初一英语语法大全知识点

人教版七年级（上册）英语知识点 第一块国际音标 国际音标是一种工具，其作用是标记英语字母和单词的读音。 1、20个元音 单元音： ／i:／Ee、／з:／her ／u:／do ／I／it ／?／about ／u／book ／ɑ:／are ／／or ／?／any ／／us ／／off ／e／at 双元音： ／／Ii ／／out ／／ear ／／Aa，／／Oo ／／air ／／boy ／／sure 2、28辅音： 成对的清浊辅音： ／p／map ／t／it ／k／book ／f／off ／θ／math ／s／yes ／b／club ／d／dad ／g／big ／v／have ／e／this ／z／zoo ／／fish ／／watch ／tr／tree ／ts／its ／／usually ／／orange ／dr／dress ／dz／beds 其他辅音： ／m／am ／n／and ／／English ／l／like ／h／hello ／r／red ／w／what ／j／yes 3、国际音标拼读规则： 辅见元，碰一碰。／l／在前，发本音；音节后面卷下舌。 ／p／、／t／、／k／、／tr ／清辅音，／s／后读成浊辅音。 本块词汇: speak说讲start开始school学校 s trict严格的out外面club俱乐部usually通常 dress化妆about关于大约us我们her她的ear耳朵English英语sure当然可以air空气or或者any一些boy男孩orange橙子,桔子map地图tree树math数学 off离开watch观看手表do做 like喜欢 beds床what什么hello喂是的red红色的yes是的 book书its它的 zoo动物园fish鱼dad爸爸big大的have有this这it它 Starter unit1-3 一、文化常识 1、英语文化区域，熟人之间见面，常要互相问好。早上用语Good morning ! 下午用语Good afternoon ! 晚上用语Good evening ! 例如：

自考英语语法

本次语法串讲分三个部分，第一，方法篇；第二，命题特点分析；第三，重点章节复习。 第一、方法篇 自学考试英语专业《英语语法》科目是一门理论性和实践性都非常强的课程，旨在考核考生能否熟练掌握现代英语语法的基本理论和概念，掌握词的形态变化和用词造句的规则，以及组句成篇的一般形式和规律。 由于存在着英汉语言体系上的差异、教材的全英版和术语的生僻、语法本身乏味枯燥等外部因素，以及考生英语基础知识薄弱、精读和泛读的阅读数量尚未达到一定量因此不能将一些语法规则变成感性认识加以推演和归纳、甚至还有同学有畏难情绪，一旦跟不上就放弃，或者偷懒，不愿多做一些练习和多记一些概念解释，结果仅以一、二分之差没有及格，令人扼腕。 但是有志者事竟成，这句名言还没有过时。我们举几个成功的例子吧。 我教过的学生中有人刻意让自己爱上语法，首先，她克服困难，把全书通读一遍，可是有那么多不懂的单词和术语怎么办？她问我。我说，把它们暂时放在一边，然后通过例句猜测该词的含义，结果既记住了概念又结合了例句，相辅相成，直到掌握。 比如：什么是extraposition？这个词是由extra－（在……之外，额外）加position（位置），联想到appositive phrase（同位短语），appositive clause （同位语分句）等，那么从该词的外形上可以判定extraposition是“位置放在外围”。 它出现在我们教材中的《信息结构和强调》一章中，我们知道，突出强调信息的几种主要方法（postponement, fronting，inversion， cleaving，existential sentence）之一的后移又有三种后移的方法：passive voice, extraposition and discontinuity。从课本上我们看到这样的例句：To make fun of a disabled man is not funny at all. It is not funny at all to make fun of a disabled man. He found it annoying that his neighbor kept calling him by the wrong name. 你注意到这里有it出现在句中做形式主语和形式宾语，真正的主语和宾语在句末，然后，结合解释“When we re move a clausal subject or object to the final focal position, we use the anticipatory it to fill in the slot. Grammatically speaking, it is the formal subject or object while the extraposed clause is the real or notional subject or object. In function, the extraposed item can be subject or object; in form it can be finite or non-finite. 后移的结果就是满足了末尾重心（end-weight）的原则，达到强调的效果。

英语语法基础知识大全

第一部分语法框架 词类：名词、动词、形容词、副词、冠词、数词、介词、代词、连词 语句子成分：主、谓、宾，定、状、补，同位、表 法主语+谓语 句简主语+谓语+宾语 法单主语+谓语+宾语(间宾)+宾语(直宾) 按句主语+谓语+宾语+宾补 结主语+系动词+表语 构并列句：简单句+并列连词+简单句 分定语从句 复合句：主句+从句状语从句 句名主语从句 子词宾语从句 结性 构从同位语从句 句表语从句 陈述句：肯定句/否定句 按疑一般疑问句：将be/情态动词/助动词do/does/did/have/has/had移到主语前构成 语问特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词(what/when/where/why/which/how…)+一般疑问句 气句选择疑问句：一般疑问句+or+一般疑问句(通常省去与前句相同的内容) 分反义疑问句：前肯后否;前否后肯 祈使句：用于表达命令、请求、劝告、警告、禁止等，以动词原形开头 What +名词+主语+谓语! 感 What+形容词+名词+主语+谓语! 叹 How+形容词或副词+主语+谓语! 句 How +形容词+ a +单数可数名词+主语+谓语! How +主语+谓语! 第二部分词类 名词 Noun (n.) 专有名词 首字母大写的人名、地名、组织名、机构名等，如：Qi Baishi, New York, the USA 普通名词 可数名词 (单/复数) 个体名词：能分成单个独立个体的名词，如：pen, apple, student, tree 集体名词：由几个个体组成的小集体的名词，如：group, class, family

不可数名词 物质名词：不能分为个体的物质，通常为气体、液体，如：water, gas, air 抽象名词：不具体，看不见，莫不着的事物，如：advice, information 动词 Verb (v.) 实义动词/行为动词(具体动作的发出 ) 及物动词(vt.)：需要带宾语的动词，即：该类词后必须有名词、代词等可以作宾语的词，如：finish tasks, run(经营) a company, read a novel 不及物动词(vi.)：不需要带宾语的的动词，即：该类词后没有名词、代词等可以作宾语的词，如：He(主) runs(谓) quickly(状). 若要在不及物动词后接宾语，则需要加上相关介词，如：They arrived in London at 9 p.m. 情态动词 表示说话人语气和态度的词：can, could, may, might, will, would, shall, should, must, need, ought to, dare。其后的动词用原形，“情动+动原”一起构成句子的谓语。 助动词 帮助构成时态、语态或改变句子结构的动词，如：be(am, is, are, was, were), have(has, had), do, does, did等。 第二部分 1.as...as...引导的比较级： (1)“as +形容词或副词原级+as+被比较对象”结构。例句： He studies as hard as you. 他像你一样学习努力。 (2)在否定句或疑问句中可用 not so…as…. 例句：He can notrun so/as fast as you. 他没你跑得快。 2.only引导的倒装句型：only +状语 (或状语从句)位于句首时，句子部分倒装。 例句： Only by diligence and honesty can one succeed inlife. 只有勤奋、正直，一个人在生活中才能成功。 注意：但 only修饰主语时，不倒装。例句： Onlythat girl knew how to work out the problem. 只有那位女生知道怎样解那道题。 3.wish引导的虚拟语气：wish 后面的从句，当表示与事实相反的情况，或表示将来不太可能实现的愿望时，其宾语从句的动词形式为： ⑴表示对现在情况的虚拟：从句动词用过去式或过去进行式表示，be 的过去式用were. I wish I knew the answer to the question. 我希望知道这个问题的答案。(可惜不知道。) ⑵表示对过去情况的虚拟：从句动词用had +过去分词。

小学英语语法知识点汇总!

小学英语语法知识点汇总！ 01 人称代词 主格：I we you she he it they 宾格：me us you her him it them 形容词性物主代词：my our your her his its their 名词性物主代词：mine ours yours hers his its theirs 02 形容词和副词的比较 (1) 一般在形容词或副词后+er older ,taller, longer, stronger (2) 多音节词前+more more interesting, etc. (3) 双写最后一个字母，再+er bigger fatter, etc. (4) 把y变i，再+er heavier, earlier (5) 不规则变化： well-better, much/many-more, etc. 03 可数词的复数形式 Most nouns + s abook –books

Nouns ending in aconsonant +y - y+ ies a story—stories Nouns ending in s,sh, ch or x + es a glass—glasses a watch-watches Nouns ending in o+s or +es a piano—pianos a mango—mangoes Nouns ending in for fe - f or fe +ves a knife –knives a shelf-shelves 04 不可数名词（单复数不变） bread, rice, water ,juice等。 05 缩略形式 I’m= I a，you’re = you are，she’s= she is，he’s = he is it’s= it is，who’s =who is，can’t =can not，isn’t=is not等。 06 a/an a book, a peach an egg，an hour 07 Preposition on, in ,in front of, between, next to, near, beside, at,behind. 表示时间：at six o’clock, at Christmas, at breakfast

英语语法基本基础知识——时态

英语的时态问题 英语的时态可以分为：“时”(time) 和“体”(aspect)（又称为态）。时是指动作发生的时间，体是指动作发生时的状态。时间与体就象是坐标里的横轴和纵轴，它们的结合交织出了瞬息万变的时空，也构成了英语动词的时态问题。 时间分为：过去，现在，将来，过去将来 体分为：一般（在某个时间点）， 进行（延续某个时间段）， 完成（完成某个时间段） 完成进行（延续某个完成的时间段） 如此以来，英语中就有16种时态变化，现在就用动词为write例，看看它们的形式。 注意：里面的斜体字部分，由于时态过于复杂，几乎没有人真正去应用它们，可以忽略不记。 下面就常用的12种时态，（其中还有三种相对用的较少的，请注意）。具体分析一下。 一．一般现在时 表示现在的时间“点”上发生的动作或者状态，常用于以下的情况 1、经常重复发生的动作或存在的状态，多与often, always, usually, sometimes, everyday, 等时 间状语连用。 He takes a walk after supper everyday My mother and father work at the same company. 2、表示性格，特征，能力。 Mr. Smith hates fish and never eats any. 3、表示客观真理或者普遍事实。

The sun rises in the east. 二．一般过去时 表示过去某时发生的动作或者状态，常和表示过去某个时间“点”的时间状语(yesterday, last week, 3 years ago, in 1987)连用 She bought a car last week. He came to help me at that time. 三．一般将来时 表示将来的时间“点”上发生的动作或者状态。 The train will arrive soon. We shall know the news tomorrow. 四．过去将来时 过去某个时间“点”上将要发生的动作或状态。 I asked her where she would spend her holiday. I told my father that I should go home next Monday. 五．现在进行时 表示现在的时间“段”上正在延续进行的动作或者状态。 I’m doing some washing. What are you doing? 六．过去进行时 在过去某一个时间“段”正在延续进行的动作。 I was working in my office at eight o’clock yesterday evening. He was making a phone call when I saw him. 七．将来进行时 在将来某个时间“段”正在发生的动作，一般表示一种猜测和未来的计划，一般不太常用。What will you be doing at 3 o’clock tomorrow afternoon? （明天下午三点你将在做什么哪） 八．现在完成时 表示动作在一个时间“段”的完成，而且这个时间段是从过去某一点延续到现在的。经常跟时间状语since 1987，for 10 hours , by the last year相连。 My brother has been ill for 3 days. I have not seen her since 1991. 九．过去完成时 在过去的某个时间“段”里动作的完成，从过去的一点再到过去的另一点。或者称为过去的过去。 He said that he had written her a letter. Helen rang me up after I had gone to sleep.

05年4月自考英语语法试题及答案已校

2005年4月全国高等教育自学考试英语语法试题 一、单项选择题(本大题共20小题，每小题1分，共20分) Chose the best answer from the choices given and put the letter in the blank. 1. The task force is supposed_____. A. to be getting reinforced B. that to be getting reinforced C. to being got reinforced D. that been got reinforced 2. He muffled his voice to avoid_____. A. having been identified B. to be identified C. identified D. being identified 3._____, I would call him in advance. A. Had I been you B. I were you C. Were I you D. I had been you 4. The company encourages _____ uniforms. A. to wear B. wears C. wearing D. have worn 5. What is _____ story you have ever heard? A. funnier B. a funniest C. the funnier D. the funniest 6. You may take an oral or written exam _____ you prefer. A. according as B. according to C. if D. whether 7. The Tower of London, _____ so many people lost their lives, is now a tourist attraction. A. which B. there C. where D. from it 8. Pride and prejudice _____ never failed to characterize the aristocracy. A. had B. has C. have D. are 9. Not only the players and the coach but also the referee _____ responsible for the defeat. A. were B. was C. is D. are 10. How often _____ your car _____? I think it ought _____ twice a week at least. A. is … washed, to be washed B. is … washed, to wash C. is … washed, to have washed D. has … been washed, to be washed 11. The noise of the desks _____ could be heard out in the street. A. having been opened and closed B. opened and closed C. being opened and closed D. to be opened and closed 12. I had hoped that Jennifer _____ a doctor, but she was not good at medicine. A. will become B. become C. would become D. becomes 13. Most people enjoy _____. A. to flatter B. to be flattered C. flattering D. being flattered 14. Congratulations on _____ to the university. A. having admitted B. being admitted C. admitting D. have admitted 15. As we went _____ in our investigation of the case, we had more evidence of a political conspiracy. A. far B. farther C. further D. farthest 16. _____ his immense fortune, he died a most unhappy man. A. Although B. With all C. With D. Because of 17. He takes no interest in studies; _____, he plays tennis all day. A. in short B. instead C. anyhow D. still 18. The factory was burned down last night; _____ many workmen were thrown out of employment. A. for this sake B. on that account C. in that case D. unfortunately 19. The old _____ usually self-conceited as age sometimes does tell. A. is B. will be C. are to be D. are 20. There _____ a tall building, several tennis courts and lots of non-deciduous trees on the center of the area. A. is B. are C. stand D. appears 二、选择填空题(本大题共6小题，每小题2分，共12分)

【五年级】英语语法知识汇总(全)

英语语法知识汇总-五年级 英语语法知识汇总 一、词类： 1、名词 这里强调两点：不可数名词都默认为单数，所以总是用is 名词复数如何加后缀：

2、人称代词和物主代词 人称代词：有主格和宾格之分。一般动词前用主格，动词后用宾格。 3、指示代词

4、冠词 有a、an、the。a和an的区别：an用于元音音素（一般就是元音字母a、e、i、o、u）前，a用于辅音音素前。 二、否定句： be动词（am、is、are）+not、 情态动词can+ not、 助动词（do、does）+ not 如何将一个肯定的陈述句改为否定句： 1、看句中有无be动词，如有，直接在be动词后+ not。 2、看句中有无情态动词，如有，直接在情态动词后+ not。 3、如上述二者都没有，就应用助动词+ not。分四个步骤： （1）肯定陈述句中本来是没有助动词的，要加上去，位置在主语（某人或某物）后，动词前。 （2）确定助动词用do、does，根据句中动词，动词是原形的助动词就用d o，动词是第三人称单数的助动词就用does， （3）在助动词后加not。 （4）原句中动词假如发生变化就要恢复成原形。

强调一点，有some的要考虑是否要用any。 三、一般疑问句。 如何将一个肯定的陈述句改为一般疑问句： 1、看句中有无be动词，如有，把be动词提到句首即可。 2、看句中有无情态动词，如有，把情态动词提到句首即可。 3、如上述二者都没有，就应把助动提到句首。分四个步骤： （1）肯定陈述句中本来是没有助动词的，要加上去，位置在主语（某人或某物）后，动词前。 I do like you. （2）确定助动词用do还是does，根据句中动词，动词是原形的助动词就用do，动词是第三人称单数的助动词就用does He does like you. （3）把助动词后提到句首。 Does he like you? （4）原句中动词假如发生变化就要恢复成原形。 强调一点，有some的要考虑是否要用any。 四、特殊疑问句。 表示疑问，有疑问词（在开头），回答有很多种可能。

初三英语语法知识点归纳

初中英语语法速记口诀大全 很多同学认为语法枯燥难学，其实只要用心并采用适当的学习方法，我们就可以愉快地学会英语，掌握语法规则。笔者根据有关书目和多年教学经验，搜集、组编了以下语法口诀，希望对即将参加中考的同学们有所帮助。 一、冠词基本用法 【速记口诀】 名词是秃子，常要戴帽子， 可数名词单，须用a或an， 辅音前用a，an在元音前， 若为特指时，则须用定冠， 复数不可数，泛指the不见， 碰到代词时，冠词均不现。 【妙语诠释】冠词是中考必考的语法知识之一，也是中考考查的主要对象。以上口诀包括的意思有：①名词在一般情况下不单用，常常要和冠词连用；②表示不确指的可数名词单数前要用不定冠词a或an，确指时要用定冠词the；③如复数名词表示泛指，名词前有this，these，my，some等时就不用冠词。 二、名词单数变复数规则 【速记口诀】 单数变复数，规则要记住， 一般加s，特殊有几处： 末尾字母o，大多加s， 两人有两菜，es不离口， 词尾f、fe，s前有v和e； 没有规则词，必须单独记。 【妙语诠释】①大部分单数可数名词变为复数要加s，但如果单词以/t?蘩/、/?蘩/、/s/发音结尾(也就是单词如果以ch，sh，s，x等结尾)，则一般加es；②以o结尾的单词除了两人(negro，hero)两菜(tomato，potato) 加es外，其余一般加s；③以f或fe结尾的单词一般是把f，fe变为ve再加s；④英语中还有些单词没有规则，需要特殊记忆，如child—children，mouse—mice，deer—deer，sheep—sheep，Chinese—Chinese，ox—oxen，man—men，woman—women，foot—feet，tooth —teeth。 三、名词所有格用法 【速记口诀】 名词所有格，表物是“谁的”， 若为生命词，加“’s”即可行， 词尾有s，仅把逗号择； 并列名词后，各自和共有， 前者分别加，后者最后加； 若为无生命词，of所有格， 前后须倒置，此是硬规则。 【妙语诠释】①有生命的名词所有格一般加s，但如果名词以s结尾，则只加“’”；②并列名词所有格表示各自所有时，分别加“’s”，如果是共有，则只在最后名词加“’s”；③

英语语法基础知识大全.doc

v1.0可编辑可修改 英语语法基础知识大全 第一节词类和句子成分 一、词类 能够自由运用的最小语言单位叫词。根据词的形式、意义及其在句中的作用所作的分类叫词 类（ parts of speech）。 英语的词通常分为十大类，即名词、冠词、代词、数词、形容词、副词、动词、介词、连词 和感叹词。现分别叙述如下： （一）名词 名词 (noun) 是表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。例如： foreigner 外国人 soap肥皂Newton 牛顿 law法律freedom 自由peace 和平 英语名词可分为两大类： 1。普通名词 (common noun) 是某一类人、事物、某种物质或抽象概念的名称。例如： teacher 教师market 市场 rice大米 magazine 杂志sound 声音 production生产 2。专有名词 (proper noun) 是特定的某人、地方或机构的名称。专有名词的第一个字母必须 大写。例如： Hemingway 海明威Russia俄罗斯 New York 纽约United Nations联合国 名词又可分为可数名词(countable noun) 与不可数名词 (uncountable noun) 两种。可数名词有单、复数之分。绝大多数名词的复数形式的构成是在单数名词的后面加-s 或 -es 。例如：shop→shops 商店bus→buses 公共汽车library→libraries图书馆 toy →toys玩具leaf →leaves树叶 英语中有一些名词的复数形式是不规则的。例如： man→men 男人 tooth →teeth牙齿datum→data数据 有关名词复数形式构成的具体规则，请参阅有关的英语语法书。 （二）冠词