搜档网
当前位置:搜档网 › 独立从句Dependent Clauses

独立从句Dependent Clauses

独立从句Dependent Clauses
独立从句Dependent Clauses

Dependent Clauses: An Overview

Dependent clauses may work like adverbs, adjectives, or nouns in complex sentences.

Adverbial clauses

Like a single-word adverb, an adverbial clause describes a verb (in the sentence's main clause) and answers one of these questions

where?why?how? when? to what degree?

An adverbial clause begins with a subordinating conjunction, which makes the clause subordinate (dependent).

Common subordinating conjunctions:

after in order (that)unless

although insofar as until

as in that when

as far as lest whenever

as soon as no matter how where

as if now that wherever

as though once whether

because provided (that)while

before since why

even if so that

even though supposing (that)

how than

if that

inasmuch as though

in case (that)till

Example of adverbial clause answering when?

When will the flowers bloom? Answer:when spring arrives

Example of adverbial clause answering why?

Why didn't the poor woman have money? Answer: because she had lost her job Example of adverbial clause answering where?

Where is there fire? Answer: where there is smoke

Example of adverbial clause answering how?

How did he answer the question? Answer:as if he knew the subject quite well Example of adverbial clause answering to what degree?

To what degree of lateness will Jones arrive? Answer:(later) than Smith (will arrive) Another example of an adverbial clause answering to what degree?

To what degree is he young? Answer: (younger) than his brother (is)

Comma use with adverbial clauses

Comma use with adverbial clauses depends upon placement of the adverbial clause.

If the adverbial clause introduces the sentence, place a comma between it and the main clause.

If the adverbial clause follows the main clause in a sentence, do not place a comma between the two.

Adjectival clauses

Like a single-word adjective, an adjectival clause describes a noun (in the sentence's main clause) and answers one of these questions

which one?what kind?

An adjectival clause usually begins with a relative pronoun, which makes the clause subordinate (dependent).

Common relative pronouns:

that which who whom whose why

NOTE: Use who, whom, and whose to describe people.

Use that and which to describe things.

Adjectival clauses always follow the person, place, or thing they describe, usually immediately.

Example of adjectival clause answering which one?

Which book did Joe read? Answer:the one that I gave him

Example of adjectival clause answering what kind?

What kind of politician has the support of the people? Answer: one who is trustworthy Adjectival clauses may also begin with selected subordinating conjunctions:

when - to describe a time

where - to describe a place

why - to describe a reason

Comma use with adjectival clauses

Comma use with adjectival clauses depends upon essentiality of the adjectival clause.

If the adjectival clause is essential (or "needed"), no commas should be used to separate it from the main clause.

Generally, essential adjectival clauses should not begin with which.

Examples

Since the adjectival clauses in the above examples are needed to clarify the noun that they describe, they are essential and should not be separated from the rest of the sentence with commas.

If the adjectival clause is nonessential (or "not needed"), commas should separate it from the main clause.

Nonessential adjectival clauses should not begin with that.

Examples

Since the adjectival clauses in the above examples are not needed to clarify the noun that they describe, they are nonessential and should be separated from the rest of the sentence with commas.

Note the difference between the sentences in each pair:

Nominal Clauses

Like a noun, a nominal clause names a person, place, thing, or idea. A nominal clause may function in a sentence as any of the following:

Subject, subjective complement, appositive, object of preposition, direct object, indirect object, retained object

Nominal clauses may begin with interrogatives:

who whom what which whoever whomever whatever when where how why

An interrogative beginning a nominal clause, has a function within the nominal clause.

Each of the following examples illustrates

? a nominal clause

?the function of the nominal clause within the sentence

?the function of the interrogative within the nominal clause

Nominal clause as subject in sentence

Nominal clause as subjective complement in sentence

Nominal clause as object of preposition in sentence

Nominal clause as direct object in sentence

Nominal clause as indirect object in sentence

Nominal clause as retained object in sentence

Nominal clauses may also begin with expletives:

that whether if

An expletive beginning a nominal clause has no function within the nominal clause. Nominal clause beginning with expletive that

Nominal clause beginning with expletive whether

Nominal clause beginning with expletive if

现在分词短语做状语

现在分词作状语 一、现在分词短语在句中可以作条件状语, 其逻辑主语须为句中的主语,该短语相当于一个条件状语从句。 Working hard, you'll succeed. = If you work hard, you'll succeed. 如果你努力工作,你会成功的。 Turning to the left, you will find the path leading to the park. = If you turn to the left, you will find the path leading to the park.如果转向左边,你将找到通向公园的小道。 二、分词短语在句中作让步状语 分词短语在句中作让步状语时,相当于一个让步状语从句,有时分词前可以带有连接词although, whether, even if, even though。 现在分词短语作让步状语,分词的逻辑主语是句中的主语,变成状语从句时,需用主动语态。 Weighing almost one hundred jin the stone was moved by him alone. = Although the stone weighted almost one hundred jin, it was moved by him alone. 虽然那块石头重将近一百斤,他一个人就把它挪动了。 三、分词短语在句中作结果状语 现在分词短语在句中可以作结果状语,它的逻辑主语便是句中的主语,该短语相当于一个结果状语从句,且用主动语态。分词短语在句中作结果状语时,通常位于句末,中间有逗号。有时为了加强语气,就在分词前加thus。 Their car was caught in a traffic jam, thus causing the delay. = Their car was caught in a traffic jam, thus it caused the delay.他们的车遇上交通阻塞,因而耽误了。 四、分词短语在句中表示方式或伴随情况 分词短语表示方式或伴随情况是比较常见的。它用来说明动作发生的背景或情况。一般情况下,现在分词所表示的动作与谓语所表示的动作同时发生,它的逻辑主语就是句中的主语,谓语动词作为主要动作,而现在分词表示一个陪衬动作,它没有相应的状语从句可以转换,但可以用并列句来转换。过去分词可以说明谓语动作的背景。过去分词与其逻辑主语之间有动宾关系。如: The children ran out of the room, laughing and talking merrily. The children laughed and talked merrily, and they ran out of the room. 那些孩子们跑出房间,愉快地笑着、说着。 Helped by their teacher, the students finished the task successfully. 在老师的帮助下,学生们成功地完成了任务。 五、现在分词短语作时间状语有以下三种情况: 1.分词动作一发生,谓语动作紧跟着发生,这时用现在分词的一般式作时间状语,其逻辑主语为句中的主语。常用的动词,如:hear, see, arrive, return, get to, look, open, close, leave, turn around, walk等,表示一个极短暂动作。 此种情况可以换作on+动名词,表示相同的意思。译作"一(刚)……就……"。 此种情况也可以换作是when引导的时间状语从句,该从句的动词多用一般过去时表示。Hearing their teacher's voice, the pupils stopped talking at once.

独立主格结构练习题及解析

独立主格结构练习题及解析 1. I have a lot of books, half of ________ novels. A. which B. that C. whom D. them 2. ________ more and more forests destroyed, many animals are facing the danger of dying out. A. because B. as C. With D. Since 3. The bus was crowded with passengers going home from market, most of ________ carrying heavy bags and baskets full of fruit and vegetables they had bought there. A. them B. who C. whom D. which 4. The largest collection ever found in England was one of about 200,000 silver pennies, all of ________ over 600 years old. A. which B. that C. them D. it 5. The cave ________ very dark, he lit some candles ________ light. A. was; given B. was; to give C. being; given D. being; to give 6. The soldier rushed into the cave, his right hand ________ a gun and his face ________ with sweat. A held; covered B. holding; covering C. holding; covered D. held; covering 7. The girl in the snapshot was smiling sweetly, her long hair _________. A. flowed in the breeze B. was flowing in the breeze C. were flowing in the breeze D. flowing in the breeze 8. The children went home from the grammar school, their lessons _________ for the day. A. finishing B. finished C. had finished D. were finished 9. On Sundays there were a lot of children playing in the park, _________ parents seated together joking. A. their B. whose C. which D. that 10. The Smiths are rich and they have three cars, one a Toyota, ________ Land Rover of the latest. A. another B. other C. the other D. the others 【答案与解析】 1. D。half of them novels 为独立主格结构,相当于and half of them are novels。 2. C。考查“with + 名词+ 过去分词”结构。 3. A。most of them carrying...为独立主格结构,相当于and most of them were carrying...,也可改为:most of whom were carrying。注意改动后连词and 的使用和动词were的使用。 4. C。all of them over 600 years old 为独立主格结构,相当于and all of them are over 600 years old。 5. D。第一空填being,构成独立主格结构;第二空填不定式表目的。 6. C。独立主格结构,his right hand 与hold有主谓关系,故用holding,而his face与cover是动宾关系,故用covered.

独立主格结构详细总结(附习题)

独立主格结构的用法说明与注意点 一、有关独立主格结构的基本概念 独立主格结构是一个名词或代词(作为逻辑主语),加上一个形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、不定式等在句中作状语。它有以下三个特点: 1. 独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同,它独立存在。 2. 名词或代词与后面的形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、不定式等存在逻辑上的主谓关系。 3. 独立主格结构一般用逗号与主句分开,但与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。 二、独立主格结构的常见形式 独立主格类型1:名词(代词)+现在分词 The question being settled, we went home. 问题解决之后,我们就回家了。 We shall play the match tomorrow, weather permitting. 明天假设天气好,我们就进行比赛。 The monitor being ill, we’d better put the meeting off. 班长病了,我们最好还是延期开会吧。 独立主格类型2:名词(代词)+过去分词 The job finished, we went home. 工作结束后我们就回家了。 The last bus having gone, we had to walk home. 最后一班公车已经走了,我们必须走路回家。 More time given, we should have done the job much better. 如果给我们更多的时间,我们会把工作做得更好。 独立主格类型3:名词(代词)+不定式 Nobody to come tomorrow, we will have to put off the meeting till next week. 如果明天没有人来,我们将把会议推迟到下周。 So many people to help him, he is sure to succeed. 有如此多的人来帮助他,他一定会成功的。 独立主格类型4:名词(代词)+介词短语 The soldiers dashed in, rifle in hand. 士兵们端着枪冲了进来。 A girl came in, book in hand. 一个少女进来了,手里拿着书。 He was waiting, his eyes on her back. 他在等着,眼睛望着她的背影。 独立主格类型5:名词(代词)+形容词或副词 He sat in the front row, his mouth half open. 他坐在前排,嘴半开着。 She sat at the table, collar off, head down, and pen in position, ready to begin the long letter. 她坐在桌前,衣领已解掉,头低了下来,拿好钢笔,准备开始写一封长信。 独立主格类型6:There being +名词(代词) There being nothing else to do, we went home. 没有别的事可做,我们就回家了。 There being no further business, I declare the meeting closed. 没有再要讨论的事了,我宣布散会。 独立主格类型7:It being +名词(代词) It being Christmas, the government offices were closed. 由于圣诞节的缘故,政府机关都休息。 It being a holiday, all the shops were shut. 由于今天是假日,所有商店都关门了。 说明:独立主格结构有时可在其前加上介词with。如: Don’t sleep with the windows open. 别开着窗睡觉。 He stood before his teacher with his head down. 他低着头站在老师面前。 He was lying on the bed with all his clothes on. 他和衣躺在床上。 She came in with a book in her hand. 她手里拿着一本书走了进来。 He fell asleep with the lamp burning. 他没熄灯就睡着了。

初级法语语法:复合过去分词

!更多 être或avoir的现在分词加动词的过去分词: 主动态:demander:ayant demandé;arriver:étant arrivé;se lever:s’ étant levé 被动态:faire:ayant été fait 复合过去分词实际上是现在分词的过去式,用法与现在分词基本相同。二者的区别只是时态的不同:现在分词表示和主要动词同时发生的动作,复合过去分词表示在主要动词之前已经完成的动作: Bernard, ayant pris la parole, a quitté la salle. 贝尔纳发言后就离开了大厅。(Ayant pris=qui avait pris) Ayant passé les examens, les étudiants sont rentrés chez eus. 学生们考完试后都回家了。(ayant passé=après avoir passé) (Etant) arrivés trop tard à la gare, ils ont manqué leur train. 他们到火车站太晚了,误了火车。(arrivés=comme ils étaient arrivés) 提示: Ayant terminé toutes mes lettres, je suis sorti. (Having finished all my letters, I went out.) Tout notre argent ayant été dépensé, nous nous sommes mis à chercher du travail. (All the money having been spent, we started looking for work.)

分词作状语+状语从句+倒装句

非谓语动词分词作状语

1 Adverb Clause of time时间状语从句 1 日子一天天过去,天气越变越坏 As the day went on, the weather got worse. 从句表示"随时间推移"连词用as,不用when 或while. 2 恰恰在交通灯变红时,我停住了车。 Just as / When the traffic light turned red, I stopped my car. ?不同时发生 1 我陪你直到你妈妈回家。 I will stay with you until your mother comes home. I won’t leave you until your mother comes home. 2 在拿到钱后,他迅速地离开了银行。 After he had got the money, he left the bank immediately. After having got the money, he left the bank immediately. Before he had got the money, he didn’t leave the bank. Before having got the money, he didn’t leave the bank. 3 自从我生病以来,他就屡次给我写信。 He has written to me frequently since I was ill. 4 我到家后就给你打电话。 I’ll phone you when I get home. As soon as I get home, I’ll phone you. as soon as表示立即发生。

独立主格结构图表解析

独立主格结构 一、概念 “独立主格结构”就是由一个相当于主语的名词或代词加上非谓语动词、形容词(副)词或介词短语构成的一种独立成分。该结构不是句子,也不是从句,所以它内部的动词不能考虑其时态、人称和数的变化,它与主句之间不能通过并列连词连接,也不能由从句阴道词引导,通常用逗号与主句隔开。独立主格结构在很多情况下可以转化为相应的状语从句或者其他状语形式,但很多时候不能转化为分词形式,因为它内部动词的逻辑主语与主句主语不一致。 二、独立主格的特点 特点示例 独立主格结构的逻辑主语语主句的主语不一致,她独立存在。 Leaves falling here and there, I suddenly notice autumn is drawing upon. 树叶到处飘,我一下注意到已是深秋了。(独立主格的主语是leaves,主句是 I Time permitting, the restoration work could be done better. 时间允许的话,回复工作可以做得更好。(独立主格的主语是Time,主句是the restoration work 独立主格结构一般置于句首,有时置于句中或句尾,用逗号将与主句其隔开 The plan successfully carried out, everything worked out perfectly. 计划成功地完成了,一切进展顺利。 A number of officials followed the emperor, some to hold his robe, others to adjust his girdle, and so on. 许多官员跟在皇帝后面,有的拎着皇帝的长袍,其他的则给他整理要带等。

独立主格结构

独立主格结构 基本概念 1.独立结构的实质和类型 所谓“独立结构”(Absolute Construction)实质就是带有自己主语的非限定分句和无动词分句。如前所述,非限定分句和无动词分句通常是以主语的一定成分作为自己的逻辑主语,从而依附于主语。但也有一些非限定分句和无动词分句带有自己的主语,从而在结构上与主语不发生关系,因此叫“独立结构”。其实,所谓“独立结构”也并非真正独立,它还是一种从属分词。 “独立结构”按其结构形式,分为不定式“独立结构”,-ing分词“独立结构”,-ed分词“独立结构”和无动词“独立结构”,通常在句中起状语分句的作用。 例如: (1)A number of officials followed the emperor, some to hold his robe, others to adjust his girdle, and so on.许多官员尾随皇帝之后,有的拎着皇帝的衣袍,有的则给他整腰带等。(some to hold…和others to adjust…为不定式独立结构) (2)There being nothing else to do, we left.由于没有其它事情可做,我们离开了。(There being…为-ing分词独立结构) (3)She gazed, her hands clasped to her breast.她凝视着,双手叉在胸前。(her hands clasped…为-ed分词独立结构) (4)He went off, gun in hand.他手里拿着枪离开了。(gun in hand为无动词独立结构) (5)The floor wet and slippery, we stayed outside.由于地板又湿又滑,我们呆在屋外。(The floor wet…为无动词“独立结构”) 2.“独立结构”的用法和意义 由上述诸例可以看出,“独立结构”与主语之间通常用逗号隔开,但也有用破折号的。例如:(6)The room was in chaos--- dirty clothes strewn on the floor, cosmetics scattered over the dresser, empty bottles and cans everywhere.房间一片混乱,脏衣服扔在地板上,化装品散乱在梳妆台上,到处都是空的瓶。 在“独立结构”中做主语的名词词组有时可以省去限定词。例如: (7)The manager sat quietly in the office, (his ) eyes closed.经理静静地坐在办公室里,双目紧闭。“独立结构”的位置是比较灵活的,它可位于句首,句中或句尾。例如: (8)Their room was on the third floor, its window overlooking the sports ground. 他们的房间在三层楼上,窗户俯视着操场。 (9)He guiding her, they stumbled through the street.他引着他,两个人蹒跚地穿过那条街。 (10)He, God willing, would be in the village before the second next month.他,如果情况允许,将于下月二日前来到这个村庄。 如果一句中含有几个“独立结构”,通常是把表示概括意义的结构置于最后。例如: (11)The professor was slammed against the wall, his body frisked, his wrists handcuffed, his dignity lost.教授被猛推倒墙上,被搜了身,手被拷着,尊严尽失。 “独立结构”在句中可表示多种含义。例如:表示时间:

法语常用动词结构(全)

Les Constructions Verbales 常用动词结构 Abréviation 略语表 略语含义略语含义 n. nom prép. préposition n. f. nom féminin part. participe n. m. nom masculin qqch. quelque chose v. verbe qqn. quelqu’un v. t. verbe transitif prop. proposition v. i. verbe intransitif indic. indicatif v. pr. verbe pronominal condit. conditionnel v. impers. verbe impersonnel subj. subjonctif adj. adjectif infin. infinitif adv. adverbe inter. interrogatif Accepter v. t. qqch. Cette école accepte les enfants à partir de 3 ans. de Il a accepté de me prêter sa voiture. que + subj. Il a accepté que je lui rende sa voiture dans une semaine. Acheter v. t. qqch. à qqn. J’ai acheté des bonbons aux enfants. Accoutumer v. t. 使…习惯于 v.pr. à + qqch. Je suis(ai) accoutumé à ses caprices. Il s’a accoutume à n’importe quelle nourriture. à + infin. Il s’est accoutumé à vivre en solitaire. Elle avait accoutumé un enfant à travailler. de + infin. Il avait accoutumé de répéter ce proverbe. Admettre v. t. 接纳、承认、容忍 que + indic. ou condit. (视主句情况而定) J’admets qu’on ne pouvait pas faire autrement. (真实情况) J’admets que ce serait surprenant. (可能情况) admettons que , en admettant que + subj. (含有假设含义,如:“即使、假设”)Admettons qu’il ait eu empêchement, il aurait tout de même pu prévenir. En admettant que nous acceptions, qu’est-ce que nous y gagnerons ? que + subj. (通常表示“赞成、认为”的意思) J’admets qu’on lui reconnaisse des circonstances atténuantes. On admet qu’il soit trop tard. que + subj. (主句表示否定、疑问或带有某些限制性时,“容许、容忍”)Je n’admets pas qu’on mette ma parole en doute. Comment pouvez-vous admettre qu’on agisse ainsi à votre égard ? Agir v. i. 行动、干、做事、活动、起作用、表现(一般构成无人称结构) Il s’agit de

状语从句与分词作状语的转换

[非谓语动词和从句转换]状语从句与分词作 状语的转换 篇一: 状语从句与分词作状语的转换 状语从句与分词作状语的转换 时间、原因等状语从句可以转换成分词作状语,但这种转换是有条件的,也有一定的规律可循。[] 一、基本规则,也是最重要的规则是:从句的主语与主句的主语必须一致,变从句而主句不变。如: They did not go to the Summer Palace because they had a lot of work to do. 由于从句的主语与主句的主语都是they,可以把从句中because 和they去掉,把had变成having,即成现在分词短语作原因状语:Having a lot of work to do,they did not go to the Summer Palace. 二、从句如果表示主动、完成,进行的动作,则转换成现在分词;如果表示被动,则转换成过去分词。 1.When he heard a cry for help,he rushed out. 从句中,he was与heard是主动关系,表示“他听见”。则可变成现在分词作时间状语。 Hearing a cry for help,he rushed out. 2.The boy Cater went up to his teacher and said“sorry”because he

was great-ly touched by his words.从句中,he was touched是被动关系,是“孩子被深深地触动了”,则变成过去分词作原因状语。Greatly touched by his teache r’s words,the boy laterwent up to him and said“sorry”. 三、如果从句的主语与主句的主语不一致,该怎么办?请看下例: 1.As the heroes’ deeds moved them deeply,they decided to study even harder. 句中,主句的主语是they,而从句主语是the heroes’deeds,主语不一致,这时可以把从句变换一下句型,变成被动语态。即成As they w ere deeplymoved by the heroes’deeds.从句的主语与主句的主语都是they,就可转换成: Deeply moved by the heroes’deeds,they decided to study even harder. 下列的句子中主语也是不同的。 2.The professor came into the lab;a group of students followed him. 这是两个简单句,如果中间加个and也可看成并列句。但主语不同,可以先把第二句变成:He was followed by a group of students.全句就转换成: Followed by a group of students,the professor came into the lab. 四、如果看不出有从句,该怎么办?请看下例: He recognized the man who had been his classmate ten years

如何理解独立主格结构(一)

如何理解独立主格结构(一) 一、弄清独立主格结构的特点 独立主格结构是一个名词或代词(作为逻辑主语),加上一个形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、不定式等在句中作状语。它有以下三个特点: 1. 独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同,它独立存在。 2. 名词或代词与后面的形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、不定式等存在逻辑上的主谓关系。 3. 独立主格结构一般用逗号与主句分开,但与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。 二、把握独立主格结构形式 1. 名词(代词)+现在分词 We shall play the match tomorrow, weather permitting. 明天假设天气好,我们就进行比赛。The question being settled, we went home. 问题解决之后,我们就回家了。 The monitor being ill, we’d better put the meeting off. 班长病了,我们最好还是延期开会吧。 2. 名词(代词)+过去分词 The job finished, we went home. 工作结束后我们就回家了。 The last bus having gone, we had to walk home. 最后一班公车已经走了,我们必须走路回家。 More time given, we should have done the job much better. 如果给我们更多的时间,我们会把工作做得更好。

3. 名词(代词)+不定式 Nobody to come tomorrow, we will have to put off the meeting till next week. 如果明天没有人来,我们将把会议推迟到下周。 So many people to help him, he is sure to succeed. 有如此多的人来帮助他,他一定会成功的。 4. 名词(代词)+介词短语 A girl came in, book in hand. 一个少女进来了,手里拿着书。 5. 名词(代词)+形容词或副词 She sat at the table, collar off, head down, and pen in position, ready to begin the long letter. 她坐在桌前,衣领已解掉,头低了下来,拿好钢笔,准备开始写一封长信。 6. There being +名词(代词) There being nothing else to do, we went home. 没有别的事可做,我们就回家了。There being no further business, I declare the meeting closed. 没有再要讨论的事了,我宣布散会。 7. It being +名词(代词) It being Christmas, the government offices were closed. 由于圣诞节的缘故,政府机关都休息。 It being a holiday, all the shops were shut. 由于今天是假日,所有商店都关门了。

法语主要介词及用法

法语主要介词及用法 Avec 似曾相识Il faut discerner le bien d'avec le mal. 讲解avec 的段落,却偏偏要先引出一个d'avec,这是为什么呢?介词de 和介词avec 的组合主要是和一些表示“甄别”、“区分”之意的动词用在一起的。 除了例句中的discerner 之外,还有destinguer ,séparer。例如: distinguer l’ami d’avec le flatteur (分清朋友和献媚者); séparer l’or d’avec l’argent (区分金子和银子)。 从这些例句中可以看出,我们所熟悉的avec 的本意在d’avec 中已经丧失殆尽了。而首先介绍d’avec 的意图则在于提醒读者,介词和介词组合在法语中有很多,值得注意。 亲密接触à介词avec 在复合句中的运用 介词avec 的最基本词义是“和”。不过,在具体的语境中,这个“和”字又可化为“具有”、“对于”、“同意”、“随着”、“使用”、“反对”等意思来讲。 例如: Je sors toujours avec ma femme. 我总是和太太一起外出。(和) J'ai loué une chambre avec salle de bains. 我租了一间带浴室的房间。(具有) Ce professeur est très gentil avec ses étudiants. 这个老师对学生总是很和蔼可亲。(对于) Tout le monde est d’accord avec moi. 所有人都同意我的意见。(同意) Mon grand-père se lève avec la jour. 我的祖父天一亮就起床。(随着) Il a ouvert la bo?te de conserve avec un couteau. 他用一把小刀开了罐头盖。(使用) C'est un combat avec un ennemi supérieur en nombre. 这是一场同数量上占优势的敌人间的战斗。(反对)

分词作状语转换

1、状语从句中的谓语动词是系动词be时: 1.1、当从句主语与主句主语相同时,只要去掉从句中的连接词与主语并把be改为being. 即可。 As he is a tailor, he knows what to do with this material. →Being a tailor, he knows what to do with this material. 1.2、从句的主句主语与从句主语不同时,只要保留从句的主语,其它变化同以上1.1。 As he is still a child, you shouldn't be too hard on him. →He being still a child, you shouldn't be too hard on him. 1.3、当从句是否定句时,只要在being 前加否定词not ,其它变化同以上1.2。 As he was no tall enough, he couldn't reach for the apple. →No being tall enough, he couldn't reach for the apple. 2、当从句的谓语动词是进行时态(现在进行时态或过去进行时态)时: 2.1、当从句主语与主句主语相同时,只要去掉从句中的引导词与主语并去掉助动词be保留现在分词即可。有时为了强调进行状态,亦在分词前保留being. While he was reading the book, he nodded from time to time. →While reading the book, he nodded from time to time 2.2、当从句与主句的主语不同时,除保留从句主语外,其他变化同以上2.1 When he was giving a telephone call, his wife was reading a novel. →He giving a telephone call, his wife was reading a novel 2.3、当从句是含not的否定句时,只要在being 前加否定词not ,其它变化同以上1.1与2.2 As Tom is not working in his office, No one receives the telephone. →Tom not working i n his office, no one receives the telephone. 3、当从句中的谓语动词为一般时态(一般现在时与一般过去时)的实义动词时: 3.1、当从句主语与主句主语相同时,只要去掉从句主语并将实义动词改为现在分词即可Look round when you cross the street. →Look round when crossing the street. 3.2、当从句与主句的主语不同时,只要保留主语,其他变化同以上3.1 When they left the airport, we waved again and again to them. →They leaving the airport, we waved again and again to them. 3.3、当从句是含not的否定句时,只要在现在分词前加not,其他变化同以上3.1与3.2 As he didn't know anything about the accident, he went to work as usual. →.Not knowing anything about the acc ident, he went to work as usual. 4、当从句的谓语动词是一般时态(一般现在时与一般过去时)的被动态时: 4.1、当从句主语与主句主语相同时,只要去掉从句中的连词与主语并去掉be保留过去分词即可。 As the teacher was surrounded tightly by a group of students, he couldn't get away. →Surrounded tightly by a group of students the teacher cou ldn't get away. 4.2、当从句与主句的主语不同时,只要保留主语,其他变化同以上4.1 A. As the car was trapped in the sand, we had to go for help. →The car trapped in the sand, we had to go for help. 4.3、当从句是含not的否定句时,只要在过去分词前加not外,其他变化同以上4.1与4.2 As he was not killed dead in the field, he escaped at the very night. →Not killed dead in the field, he escaped at the very night. 5、当从句的谓语动词是完成时态(现在完成时与过去完成时)时:

5种基本句型和独立主格结构讲解

英语中的五种基本句型结构 一、句型1:Subject (主语) +Verb (谓语) 这种句型中的动词大多是不及物动词,所谓不及物动词,就是这种动词后不可以直接接宾语。常见的动词如:work, sing, swim, fish, jump, arrive, come, die, disappear, cry, happen等。如: 1) Li Ming works very hard.李明学习很努力。 2) The accident happened yesterday afternoon.事故是昨天下午发生的。 3)Spring is coming. 4) We have lived in the city for ten years. 二、句型2:Subject (主语) +Link. V(系动词) +Predicate(表语) 这种句型主要用来表示主语的特点、身份等。其系动词一般可分为下列两类: (1)表示状态。这样的词有:be, look, seem, smell, taste, sound, keep等。如: 1) This kind of food tastes delicious.这种食物吃起来很可口。 2) He looked worried just now.刚才他看上去有些焦急。 (2)表示变化。这类系动词有:become, turn, get, grow, go等。如: 1) Spring comes. It is getting warmer and warmer.春天到了,天气变得越来越暖和。 2) The tree has grown much taller than before.这棵树比以前长得高多了。 三、句型3:Subject(主语) +V erb (谓语) +Object (宾语) 这种句型中的动词一般为及物动词, 所谓及物动词,就是这种动词后可以直接接宾语,其宾语通常由名词、代词、动词不定式、动名词或从句等来充当。例: 1) He took his bag and left.(名词)他拿着书包离开了。 2) Li Lei always helps me when I have difficulties. (代词)当我遇到困难时,李雷总能给我帮助。 3) She plans to travel in the coming May Day.(不定式)她打算在即将到来的“五一”外出旅游。 4) I don’t know what I should do next. (从句)我不知道下一步该干什么。 注意:英语中的许多动词既是及物动词,又是不及物动词。 四、句型4:Subject(主语)+Verb(谓语)+Indirect object(间接宾语)+Direct object (直接宾语) 这种句型中,直接宾语为主要宾语,表示动作是对谁做的或为谁做的,在句中不可或缺,常常由表示“物”的名词来充当;间接宾语也被称之为第二宾语,去掉之后,对整个句子的影响不大,多由指“人”的名词或代词承担。引导这类双宾语的常见动词有:buy, pass, lend, give, tell, teach, show, bring, send等。如: 1) Her father bought her a dictionary as a birthday present.她爸爸给她买了一本词典作为生日礼物。 2)The old man always tells the children stories about the heroes in the Long March. 老人经常给孩子们讲述长征途中那些英雄的故事。上述句子还可以表达为: 1)Her father bought a dictionary for her as a birthday present. 2)The old man always tells stories about the heroes to the children in the Long March. 五、句型5:Subject(主语)+Verb (动词)+Object (宾语)+Complement(补语) 这种句型中的“宾语+补语”统称为“复合宾语”。宾语补足语的主要作用或者是补充、说明宾语的特点、身份等;或者表示让宾语去完成的动作等。担任补语的常常是名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、动词不定式等。如: 1)You should keep the room clean and tidy. 你应该让屋子保持干净整洁。(形容词) 2) We made him our monitor.(名词)我们选他当班长。 3) His father told him not to play in the street.(不定式)他父亲告诉他不要在街上玩。

相关主题