英语语法 句子成分分析

知识精讲

一、整体把握

成分用法说明位置

主语是执行句子的行为或动作的主

体。

陈述句中放在句首或谓语之前；疑问句或倒装句

中放在动词、助动词、情态动词之后；there be结

构中放在be之后；祈使句中常省

谓语对主语加以陈述，说明主语怎

么样或是什么。必须由动词担

任，其人称和数必须和主语一

致。

通常在主语后（疑问句、倒装句除外）。

表语与系动词连用，一起构成复合

谓语，说明主语的性质、特征、

身份、类别、状态等。

常在系动词之后。

宾语表示动作、行为的对象。一般放在及物动词或介词后。间接宾语通常放在直接宾语之前。直接宾语是人称代词，间接宾语是名词或两个宾语都是人称代词时，间接宾语放在直接宾语之后，并在间接宾语前加to或for。

定语用来修饰名词或代词，说明人

或物的状态、品质、数量及所

属等。

单个词常在被修饰的词前，短语或句子在被修饰

的词之后；副词作定语常放在被修饰的伺候；形

容词修饰不定代词放在被修饰的伺候。

状语修饰动词、形容词、副词，表

示动作发生的时间、地点、目

的、方式等。

位置比较灵活。

补语补充说明宾语或主语的成分。宾语补足语通常置于宾语之后，主语补足语通常置于主语和谓语之后。

同位语对句子中某一成分作进一步解

释、说明，与前面的被修辞成

分在语法上处于同等地位。

常常置于被说明的成分之后。有时可以放在句子

的前面（主语之前），尤其是主语为人称代词时，

为平衡句子的节奏，则把同位语放置于此代词前。

独立成分独立成分是指句子里的一个词

或词组与全局没有语法上的联

系，不属于句子的组成部分；

一般由感叹语、呼语或插入语

等担任。

可放在句首、句中或句末。

二、细讲：主语

表现形式例句

名词（短语）Some young people can’t settle down to their pwn business. 有些年轻人

不能专心于自己的工作。

There are many people in the street.街上有很多人

代词She has been to America.她去了美国。

This is the tallest tree here.这是这里最高的树。

数词Two will be enough.两个就够了。

Two plus eight is ten.二加八等于十。

动词不定式（短语）To swim in this river is dangerous.在这条河里游泳很危险。

To improve the soil need a lot of money. 改善土壤需要很多钱。

动名词（短语）Look ing after the patient is a nurse’s job.照顾病人是护士的工作。

Smoking is bad for health.吸烟有害健康。

The+形容词The wounded were sent to the hospital on time.受伤者被及时送到了医

院。

The old should be respected.老年人应受到尊敬。

从句That he will come to the conference has excited every one of us.他要来参

加会议使我们每一个人都十分激动。

Who will go makes no difference. 谁去都没关系。

三、谓语

分类形式例句

简单谓语动词或动词短语I have read Romance of the West Chamber.我读过《西游

记》。

The story happened a few years ago .故事发生在几年前。

His parents lived in a small town .他父母住在一个小城镇

里。

He has fallen in love with her.他爱上她了。

复合谓语情态动词+动词原形He may come after supper.他可能晚饭后来。

I used to live in London. 我过去住在伦敦。

某些动词+加不定式（如happen,would like,seem等）I would like to invite all my friends here.我想把我所有的朋友都邀请到这里来。

My son happened to be playing in one corner of the room.我儿子碰巧在房间的一角玩耍。

系动词+表语The roses smell sweet.这玫瑰闻以来很香。

His father is a famous writer.他父亲是一个著名的作家。

四、表语

表现形式例句

名词He turned doctor after school ,as his parents had expectsd .正

如父母所愿，毕业后他成了医生。

She felt a stranger in the house .在这所房子里她感到作家

是个陌生人。

代词Oh,it’s you, 啊，是你呀！

Money isn’t everything. 金钱不是一切。

数词He was the first to be invited. 他是第一个被邀请的人。

She is now eighteen .她现在十八岁。

形容词She looks more beautiful in this drees.穿着这身衣服她看起

来更漂亮。

It is very cold today.今天很冷。

副词I’ll be back at 8:00.我将在八点回来。

Is it above or below ? 它在上面还是在下面？

不定式（短语）Our task is to decorate the whole room .我们的任务是装饰

整个房间。

All you have to do is to listen.你只需要听。

动名词（短语）Her hobby is painting .她的爱好是绘画。

The difficulty is raising money for these poor children.困难

是为这些贫困的孩子们筹钱。

分词The news is very exciting .这个消息很令人振奋。

The glass is broken .这个玻璃杯是破的

介词短语The meeting is of great importance.这次会议具有重大意

义。

An of his books are in this bag.他所有的书都在这个包里。

从句This is what I am interested in.这正是我所感兴趣的。

The question is whether it is worth doing .问题在于是否值

得做。

五.宾语

1.宾语的分类

类别说明例句特别要求

直接宾语在及物动词之后表示

动作的直接对象或结

果

He close the door.他关上了门。

The boys listened to him attentively.

男孩们专心听他讲。

双宾语（直接宾

语+间接宾语）与复

合宾语的区别：复

合宾语有逻辑上的

主谓关系，而双宾

语没有。

间接宾语表示动作的方向或目

的，常指人；必须和

直接宾语并存。

She told me an interesting story . 她给

我讲了一个有趣的故事。

My uncle bought me a computer last

week. 上周我叔叔给我买了一台电

脑。

复合宾语有了直接宾语后，句

子意思仍不完整，还

需补充成分，其补充

成分叫做宾语补充

语，二者共同组成复

合宾语

We elected him our monitor . 我们选

他当我们的班长。

We often hear her sing that song. 我

们经常听到她唱那首歌。

同源宾语有些不及物动词带一

个与之含义相同、相

近或相关的名词作宾

语，这种宾语叫做同

源宾语。

She dreamed a nice dream. 她做了一

个好梦。

They lived a happy life. 他们过着幸福

的生活。

介词宾语在介词之后与介词一

起构成介词短语。

Please give me some advice on how to

learn English well.请给我提些关于

如何学好英语的建议。

He entered the chemistry lab without

being permitted.他未经允许就进入

化学实验室。

2. 宾语的表现形式

表现形式例句

名词You can leave your pet with me while travelling. 旅游时你可以把宠物留给我照看。

You can depend on his honesty. 你可以相信他的城实。

代词Please take them to the waiting room. 请带他们去等候室。数词I have three.我有三个。

The+形容词She is always helping the poor. 她总是帮助穷人。不定式（短语）He refused to help her.他拒绝帮助她。

动名词（短语）Mary enjoys palying the piano.玛丽喜欢弹钢琴。

从句I am not certain if the plane will arrivre on time.

六、定语

表现形式例句

名词Thisis a stone table and hard enough to hold the of goods. 这是张石头桌子，足够结实，能撑住这些货物。

形容词She bought a white skirt yesterday. 她昨篇买了一件白色的裙子。

代词His name is Mark. 他的名字叫马克。

This book is written by Lao She. 这本书是老舍写的。

数词She cut the cake into two pieces.她把那蛋糕切成两块。

副词Jack met Tom on his way home.皆可在回家路上遇见了汤姆。The river here is pilluted. 这儿的小河被污染了。

名词所有格This shop has all kinds of women’s shoes.这家商店有各种各样的女鞋。

不定式（短语）There are a lot of things to be done. 有很多事情要做。

I have many problems to solve.我有许多问题要解决。

动名词Drinking water is scarce in this area. 这个地区饮用水缺乏。

分词（短语）The sleeping baby is his nephew.这个睡着的婴儿是他的外甥。

The fallen leaves are flying with wind. 落叶随风飞舞。

The man sitting on the rock is my brother. 坐在岩石上的那个人是我哥哥。

介词短语The girl in red will give us a lecture. 穿红衣服的那个女孩要给我做报告。

从句The girl who is dancing is my sister. 正在跳舞的那个女孩是我的妹妹。

巧学妙计：

一般来说，单个形容词、分词、代词、数词或名词作为定于位于被修饰的名词的前面，叫做“前置定语”；副词、介词短语、形容词短语、分词短语、不定式（短语）和定语从句作定语位于被修饰的名词的后面，叫做“后置定语”。

七、状语

1. 状语的分类

类别例句

时间状语I usually go to work at 8:00 in the morning.我通常早上八点去上班。

原因状语Not having received a reply, he wrote a second letter.因为没有收到回信，他又写了一封信。

地点状语Qingdao lies in the east of China. 青岛位于中国东部。

目的状语He gets up early in order to prepare breakfast for his daughte r.他早早起来给他女儿准备

让步状语Even though he is young, he knowns a lot about history.尽管他还小，他知道很多有关历史的事。

程度状语I am not rich enough to buy a car .他没有足够的钱买车。

条件状语If I had listened carefully,I could work out the problem now.如果我仔细听了，现在我就能做出那个题了。

结果状语He did a good job in the examination that he was praised by his parents.他考试考的很好，受到了父母的表扬。

方式状语She spoke slowly and clearly.她说的既慢又清楚。

比较状语She did as well as her mother.她做得跟她妈妈一样好。

伴随状语He went upstairs , singing and smiling.他微笑着，唱着歌上了楼。

2、状语的表现形式

表现形式例句

副词Tom speaks English very fast and I almost can’t understand him. 汤姆英语说得很快，我几乎听不懂他说的话。

介词短语Don’t step on the grass ,for it is growing. 请勿践踏草地，它们正在生长。

不定式（短语）He is too excited to say anything.他激动得说不出来。

分词（短语）Their car was caught in a traffic jam, thus causing the delay. 他们的车碰到了交通堵塞，因此导致了延误。

Given more time , I can do it better. 再给我点时间，我会做得更好。

形容词（短语）The little boy stared at him , full of fear.那个小男孩盯着他看，心里充满了恐惧。

名词（短语）We worked day and night to finish the work on time. 我们为按时完成工作夜以继日地干。

从句If I had been free, I would have visited you. 如果有空，我就去拜访你了。

3. 状语的位置

位置例句

一般，副词作状语修饰谓语动词时，放

在，放在句末。

She speaks French fluently.她的法语讲得很流利。

频度副词作状语修饰谓语动词时，放在被修饰动词之前，be 动词、助动词、情态动词之后。I usually go to work on foot. 我通常步行去上班。You needn’t always help me. 你不必总是帮我。

有时为了强调，副词作状语修饰谓语动词时，也可放在句首。Sometime I go to work by bus. 有时候我乘公共汽车去上班。

副词作状语修饰形容词或副词时，放在被修饰词之前。但encugh 作副词修饰形容词或副词时，放在被修饰词之后。The local people are very king to the visitors . 当地人对来访者很友好。

I am quite happy now. 我现在十分幸福。

The room is big enough to hold 80 people. 这个房间大到可以容纳80人。

副词修饰全局或起连接作用时，放在句首。He never studies. Instead , he plays all day . 他从来不学习，而是整天玩。

八、补语

类别表现形式例句

宾语补足语

名词

We made him our monitor. 我们选他当我们的班长。

They named the baby Jack. 他们给那个婴儿取名杰克。

形容词

I found it difficult to finish the work on time. 我发现按时完成

工作很困难。

副词Please let him in . 请让他进来。

介词短语

She always thinks herself above others.她总是认为自己高于

别人。

We found her in excellent condition. 我们发现她处于极佳状

态。

不定式（短语）The teacher advised the students to have a rest.老师建议学生休息一会儿。

分词（短语）I see her entering a supermarket. 我看见她正走进一家超市。He just had his hair cut。他刚刚理了发。

主

语

补足

语

名词（短语）

He was named Jack.。他的名字叫杰克。

He was found the right man for the job. 我们发现他是做这份

工作的最佳人选。

形容词He was considered honest.他被认为是诚实的。

介词短语

The machine was found in a bad state. 我们发现这台机器状况

不好。

不定式（短语）

The factory was ordered to be closed . 那家工厂被勒令关闭。

She was considered to be one of the most promosing actresses.

她被认为是最有前途的女演员之一。

九、同位语

表现形式例句

名词There was the family , father, mother, sisters , all working for me , all happy. 爸妈姐妹们都在为我张罗着，全家都兴高采烈。

代词Myra herself had got a medal for her work for the aged . 迈拉自己由于悉心为老年人工作而获得一枚奖章。

数词Is this the room for us two? 这是我们两人的房间吗？

从句The news that we are having a holiday tomorrow is not true. 我们明天放假的消息不是真的。

十、独立成分

表现形式说明例句

感叹语

常表示说话人当

时的情绪，如惊奇、

恐惧、懊恼，高兴

等，也可用来打招

呼。

Oh! Please don’t ask me any more . 啊，求你不要再

问我了。（痛苦）

Oh dear ! why should you be so stubbom! 天哪，你怎

么这么固执！（不耐烦）

My goodness! How could you work so fast! 我的天！

你怎么干得这么快！（惊奇）

Hello! How are you ？嘿，你好？（打招呼）

呼语是对听话人的直接

呼吁。

Be quiet, children. 孩子们，安静点。

Xiao Yang ,what do you have on your mind? 小杨，你

有什么想法？

插入语插在句末或句子中

间的成分，它们一

般都用逗号或句子

的其他部分隔开。

What is it , do you think? 你认为这是什么呢？

He was a fool to have left them, he thought. 他想他离

开他们是愚蠢的。

This, I think , is the only way out of the difficulty. 我

想这个是摆脱困难的唯一办法。

What on earth is wrong with you, Jessica? 杰西卡，

你究竟是怎么回事？

练习与巩固

一、指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分：

1.The students got on the school bus.

2. He handed me the newspaper.

3. I shall answer your question after class.

4. What a beautiful Chinese painting!

5. They went hunting together early in the morning.

6. His job is to train swimmers.

7. He took many photos of the palaces in Beijing.

8. There is going to be an American film tonight.

9. He is to leave for Shanghai tomorrow.

10. His wish is to become a scientist.

11. He managed to finish the work in time.

12. Tom came to ask me for advice.

13. He found it important to master English.

14. Do you have anything else to say?

15. To be honest, your pronunciation is not so good.

16. Would you please tell me your address?

17. He sat there, reading a newspaper.

18. It is our duty to keep our classroom clean and tidy.

19. He noticed a man enter the room.

20. The apples tasted sweet.

二、分析下列句子成分

1. Our school is not far from my home.

2. It is a great pleasure to talk with you

3. All of us considered him honest.

4. My grandfather bought me a pair of sports shoes.

5. He broke a piece of glass.

6.He made it clear that he would leave the city．

7. ---I love you more than her，child ．

8. Tees turn green when spring comes.

9. They pushed the door open.

10. Grandma told me an interesting story last night.

三.划分句子成分练习

1.They are working on the farm now.

2.Seeing is believing

3.All of us like Kobe Bryant very much

4.She became a doctor in 1998

5.The book lying on the floor are mine

6.Suddenly it begins to rain

7.To catch the train ,I got up early yesterday

8.I always find her happy

9.He wonders If I still study English

10.The letter which I received the day before yesterday was a friend of mine

11.We always work hard at English.

12.He said he didn't come.

13.She watched her daughter playing the piano.

14.Speaking doesn't mean doing.

15.Bye the time I got to the station,the train had left.

16.The children bought their parents a car for the 25th anniversary of their marriage.

17.It takes me an hour to get there.

四、选择填空：

( )1. ____ will leave for Beijing.

A. Now there the man

B. The man here now

C. The man who is here now

D. The man is here now

( ) 2. The weather ____.

A. wet and cold

B. is wet and cold

C. not wet and cold

D. were wet and cold ( ) 3. The apple tasted ____.

A. sweets

B. sweetly

C. nicely

D. sweet

( ) 4. He got up ____ yesterday morning.

A. lately

B. late

C. latest

D. latter

( )5. The actor ______at the age of 70.

A. dead

B. died

C. dyed

D. deaded

( )6. ____ were all very tired, but none of ____ would stop to take a rest.

A. We, us

B. Us, we

C. We, our

D. We, we

( )7. He found the street much ______.

A. crowd

B. crowding

C. crowded

D. crowdedly ( ) 8.I think _____necessary to learn English well.

A. its

B. it

C. that

D. that is

( ) 9. The dog ____ mad.

A. looks

B. is looked

C. is being looked

D. was looked ( )10.I will never forget the day ______ I joined the army.

A.that

B. when

C. in which

D. Where

四、1~5 CBDBB 6~10 ACBAB

英语语法大全 句子成分分析

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