吉林大学 地质专业英语 第六课翻译
LESSON 6 INTRODUCTION TO IGNEOUS ENVIRONMENTS
第六课火成环境的介绍
1.Before discussing the methods petrologists use to study and understand igneous rocks, it is useful first to establish some basic definitions.
在开始讨论岩石学家用来研究和理解火成岩的方法之前，首先建立一些基本的概念是有用的。
An igneous rock is defined as any crystalline or glassy rock that formed directly from a magma.
火成岩被定义为直接从岩浆中形成的所有的结晶质或玻璃质岩石。
Magma is a high-temperature molten substance that is chemically complex and contains the molecular building blocks for minerals (the nature and properties of magma are discussed in detail in Chapter 3).
岩浆是一个高温的化学性质很复杂熔融物质包含矿物的分子骨架。（岩浆的性质将在第三章详细讨论）
As it cools and crystallizes, a magma reorganizes itself into igneous minerals that individually have simpler chemistry than the parent magma. In any given igneous rock, these individual minerals (for example, quartz, feldspars, olivine) occur as either small or large crystals, both with variable perfection of crystal form.
当岩浆冷凝和结晶时，岩浆重组自己形成独立的比母岩浆化学性质简单的火成矿物。在任何给定的火成岩里，这些独立的矿物（例如，石英，长石，橄榄石）形成的不是小就是大的晶体，都具有各种完整的晶形。
The minerals found in any igneous rock and the characteristics of these minerals depend almost entirely on three things: composition of the original magma, the rate at which it cooled; and the depth in the earth at which it solidified.
这些矿物在任何火成岩中都能被发现，这些矿物的特点完全取决于三个因素：原岩的成分，冷凝的速率，固结成岩的地下深度。
The range of products is enormous, from glassy obsidians, which are volcanic rocks that cooled so rapidly that no crystals could form, to pegmatites, which can contain individual crystals a meter or more in size.
火成岩的种类是很多的，从结晶太快而没有矿物形成的玻璃质黑曜岩到含有大颗粒晶体矿物的结晶花岗岩。
What is igneous petrology?
什么是火成岩石学
2.Igneous petrology is the field of geology in which the object of study is any igneous rock or any process involved in formation of igneous rocks.
火成岩石学是一个地质学领域，它的研究对象是火成岩或者包含火成岩信息的任何过程。
The purpose of studying igneous petrology is to gain an appreciation for how the final appearance and characteristics of igneous rocks are controlled by chemical and physical properties of magmas and their surroundings.
学习火成岩石学的目的在于鉴别火成岩的最终形态和特征是怎样受控于岩浆和周围物质的物理化学条件。
Much of the fascination of petrology lies in its "detective story" aspect.
很多岩石学的魅力在于“寻找故事”这些方面。
Through geologic mapping and simple observations of igneous rocks collected with a hammer and viewed through a hand lens, a geologist can amass a wealth of clues to the origin of the rocks.
通过地质填图和由锤子收集到的的火成岩的简单的观察和放大镜看到的，地质学家能够积累大量关于原岩的线索。
By learning how to interpret these clues, we can create a sophisticated recon-struction of geologic history.
通过学习如何解释这些线索，我们可以建造一个关于地质历史的复杂再现（重建）。
Once some of the basic techniques of petrology, such as hand specimen identifi-cation and field examination of igneous rocks, have been mastered, the student moves on to petrography.
一旦基础的岩石学技能例如火成岩的手标本鉴定和野外踏勘被掌握后，学生们就可以转向学习岩相学。
In fact, petrography is commonly a major component of laboratory work in a petrology course.
事实上，岩相学在火成岩的课程里通常是实验课的主要组成部分。
In this subfield of petrology, the techniques of optical mineralogy are used in the microscopic examination of ultrathin,transparent slices of rocks mounted on glass slides.
在这个岩石学的分支学科，光性矿物学的技能被用在盖在玻片上的超薄的薄片的显微鉴定上。
Microscopic observation of rocks opens up a truly fascinating new world of detailed information.
岩石的显微观察开创了一个详细信息的真实的迷人新世界。
3.The study of igneous rocks is an important component of a geology curriculum because these rocks not only are important throughout the crust of the earth but even dominate some crustal and upper mantle environments.
火成岩的学习是地质学课程中很重要的一部分，因为这些岩石不仅对地壳是重要的而且对于一些地壳和上地幔环境是占优势的。
For example, under the oceans, the thin crust is made up almost exclusively of basalt that originated in submarine volcanic and intrusive activity at mid-ocean ridges.
例如，海洋下面，薄的地壳几乎仅仅是由起源于海底火山或洋中脊侵入活动的玄武质组成的。
Thick continental crust in many mountain belts is composed largely of huge intrusive bodies of granite.
在许多造山带的厚大陆地壳是由巨大的花岗岩侵入体组成的。
Igneous activity has continued since the earliest days of the earth; the oldest igneous rocks known have been dated at about 4 billion years.
火成活动从地球诞生第一天开始就一直持续着；我们知道的最老的火成岩定年为40亿年。
Planetary and meteoritic studies indicate that primitive basaltic rocks probably were the first rocks to form on Earth after it solidified from the solar nebula and remained the dominant rock type at the surface through the first several hundred million years of Earth history (before 4 billion years ago).
行星和陨石的研究表明原始的玄武质岩石可能是地球从太阳星云中固结后形成的最早的岩石，并且开始的几亿年一直在地表保持这种岩石类型的优势。
Radiometric dating of the oldest granitic rocks suggests that these less primitive igneous rocks, as well as sedimentary and metamorphic rocks, appeared by about 4 billion years ago.
古老花岗岩的放射性测年表示这些较早的火成岩还有沉积岩和变质岩在40亿年前才开始出现。
In contrast to Earth's neighbors- planets Mars, Mercury, Venus, and the Moon-where surface and near-surface magmatic activity apparently ceased billions of years ago, the surface of Earth has remained active up to the present.
相反，地球的近邻火星，水星，金星还有月球，他们的地表和近地表的岩浆活动显然在几十亿年前就已经停止了，地球表面迄今为止还有岩浆作用。
Terrestrial magmatism is the most obvious manifestation of the internal heat engine
that drives virtually all geologic processes.
地球的岩浆作用是实际上驱动所有地质过程的内热发动机的最明显的表现形式。
Igneous rocks crop out at the earth's surface (where they can be observed) as a result of two processes: extrusive magmatic activity related to volcanoes and erosional un-roofing of igneous rocks that solidified at various depths in the crust.
火成岩在地表（它们能被观察到的地方）的突然出现是两个过程的作用结果：与火山
有关的岩浆喷发活动和与在地壳不同深度结晶的火成岩有关的顶蚀作用。
A petrologist must, make many observations in the field when faced with an outcrop of igneous rock. Its features can range in size from kilometer-scale relationships on a geologic map, through meter-scale characteristics such as layering, down to individual grains no more than a millimeter across and even to features within individual grains.
一个岩石学家，当他找到一个火成岩的露头时必须进行各种观察。它的特征从地质图上千米级别到像岩层的米级尺度再到不足毫米的单独晶体颗粒最后到个体矿物颗粒的特征。
All this information contributes to an understanding of the extent and shape of igneous bodies, the methods of emplacement, the relationships to adjacent country rock, the mineralogy of the igneous rocks, and the cooling history.
所有这些信息有助于理解火成岩体的规模和形状，就位的方式，与相邻围岩的关系，
火成岩矿物学，冷凝历史。
Complete characterization of the mineralogy, geochemistry, and perhaps the ultimate origin of igneous rocks may require laboratory examination and analysis of sample s collected in the field, but the best starting place in the consideration of igneous processes is an examination of their field aspects, including sizes and shapes of igneous masses, their relationship to the country rock, and their methods of emplacement.
矿物学，地球化学的完整描述，也许火成岩的最终起源需要实验室试验和野外收集的样品的分析，但是考虑火成过程的最好起点是野外方面的勘查，包括火成岩集块的大小和形状，它们与围岩的关系，就位的方式。
Igneous environments: intrusive versus extrusive
火成岩环境：侵入和喷出
4．One of the first things to determine about an igneous rock is whether it is intrusive or extrusive; that is, whether it formed below or upon the surface of the earth.
关于一个火成岩的第一件事是是确定其是侵入岩还是喷出岩，也就是，它实在地表以上
还是在地表以下形成的。
5.Intrusive igneous rocks result from the solidification of magma beneath the earth's surface at depths ranging from meters to tens of kilometers.
侵入火成岩是由于地表以下深度数米到数千公里的岩浆凝固造成的。
Petrologists generally characterize intrusive bodies based on the depth of emplacement, the nature and geometry of contacts, and the size of the body.
岩石学家通常在位置深度，性质，几何接触以及侵入体的大小的基础上描述侵入体的。
The term pluton is typically restricted to deeper intrusive bodies (greater than about 5 km), whereas intrusion is a more general term that may be used for both shallow and deep bodies.
深成岩的这个术语通常用于深成侵入体（深度大于5km）然而侵入是更普遍的术语，可以同时用于浅成或深成的侵入体。
The term hypabyssal has commonly been used to describe very shallow intrusive bodies.
浅成侵入体这个术语已经普遍适用于描述非常浅的侵入体。
The contact of an intrusive rock can be either concordant or discordant in relation to the country rock.
一个侵入岩与围岩的接触关系可以是整合的或不整合的。
If the country rock deforms in a brittle way during intrusion (typical of intrusion into relatively cool country rocks in the shallow crust), emplacement of the igneous rock may be accompanied by fracturing and faulting as the intruding magma makes room for itself.
如果在侵入过程中围岩以脆性方式变形（典型在浅地壳侵入到相对低温的围岩），火成岩的就位会伴随着通过强行挤入岩浆使自己腾出地方破裂和断层。
This process typically results in discordant contacts, because bedding or foliation is truncated at the margins of the igneous body.
这个过程通常会导致不整合接触，因为岩床或叶理在侵入体的边缘穿切。
6.Plutons are deeper intrusions that are typically emplaced into country rocks that are at higher ambient umperatures and thus deform in a ductile fashion.
深成岩体是更深的典型的放到围岩中的侵入体，围岩外在更高的温度环境，并且因此围岩塑性变形。
A magma may move into place by very slowly squeezing aside and plastically
deforming the country rocks, much as wet clay is shaped by a potter's fingers.
岩浆可能被缓慢的挤到边缘地带，迅速使围岩变形，就像湿的粘土被陶艺家塑形一样。
Bedding or foliation in the country rocks can be rotated during forceful emplacement until it is essentially parallel to the contact with the pluton.
围岩的基底或叶理在有力的侵位中可能被旋转直到与深成岩体接触带完全相同。
Some foliations in the country rock and the pluton can be the direct result of intrusive
stresses.
一些围岩的叶理和深成岩体可以是侵入应力的直接结果。
Diapiric intrusions characteristically have contact-parallel foliations.
底辟侵入岩典型有平行接触的叶理。
They are called diapiric because of their apparent similarity to salt diapirs, which are density-driven plastic intrusions of solid material, although salt diapirs (or structural diapirs) are commonly discordant.
它们被称为底辟，它们和盐底辟有明显的相同点，盐底辟是固体物质密度驱动塑性变形，尽管盐底辟通常不整合。
Concordant, intrusive contacts are also found on a small scale in shallow sills, where the intrusive force of the magma has been able to force apart the country rock along bedding planes without producing appreciable fracturing.
相同的，侵入接触也在小型浅基石中发现，在这里岩浆岩侵入力量可能在导致可观测到的破裂的情况下迫使分离的围岩沿层面。
7. Concordance or discordance of intrusive contacts is commonly a matter of scale of observation.
（协调或不协调的侵入接触通常是随观察的尺度不同而变化的。）
Many intrusive rocks that appear to be concordant at individual isolated outcrops are actually broadly discordant when mapped on a regional scale
（许多侵入性的岩石,在单个孤立的露头看起来是协调的，但是当从整体规模看来很明显是不协调的）
This situation is especially true for igneous rocks that have been exposed by erosion at the level within the crust at which they originated by melting
（这种情况尤其适用于形成于地壳内部的，由于剥蚀作用而暴露与地表的火成岩）During deep crustal metamorphism, temperatures may exceed those required for partial melting of some metasedimentary rocks in a process called anatexis
（在地壳深部的变质作用，可能导致局部的温度高于岩石的熔点，发生深溶作用）
When the anatectic granitic magma generated by this process remains at its site of origin or moves only locally, it produces complex patterns of concordance and discordance.
（当深源花岗质岩浆通过这个过程生成，在原地或者拒不发生运移时，就会形成伴生协调与不协调的构造）
8. Careful examination of a contact reveals it to be either gradational or sharp.
（对接触关系的深入研究得出，它可以是突变的也可以是渐变的）
A gradational contact results from a strong chemical interaction between magma and country rock
（渐变的接触导致了岩浆与围岩发生强烈地化学反应）
This thermally driven interaction generally produces a zone of mixing between magma and the melted portion of the country rock
（这种热量驱使的反应在岩浆和围岩接触的部分形成了一个复杂的反应带）
A sharp, precisely defined contact indicates a lack of chemical reaction between magma and country rock
（突变的接触可以准确的被定义为岩浆与围岩接触的部位没有明显的化学反应）
This failure to interact is due either to the presence of a relatively unreactive country rock (such as quartzite) or to a rapid chilling of the magma against cool country rock
（不发生反应的原因可能是与岩浆接触的围岩没有发生反应，也有可能是岩浆接触冷的围岩后快速冷凝，而没来得及发生反应）
A large temperature contrast is commonly reflected by a significant decrease in grain size within the igneous rock near the contact. This region of reduced grain size is called a chilled margin.
（一个大的温度差异通常导致在接触带附近火成岩发生标志性的反应。这种反应结构叫做冷凝边）
9.Xenoliths[捕虏体] and xenocrysts[捕获晶] (inclusions of rock or mineral fragments from the surroundings) should always be searched for in the field and examined carefully.
必须保持搜寻和检测这一带的捕掳体和捕获晶（包含着周围岩石和矿物碎屑）
They typically occur near the margins of igneous bodies, but they can be present throughout.
它们典型地出产于火成岩体的边部，但能自始至终保留下来
These alien bodies (their names are based on the Greek root xeno-, meaning "foreign") represent fragments of the rocks through which a magma has moved to its site of final emplacement and crystallization.
这些侵入体（得名于Greek root xeno- 意为外来物）是代表了岩浆运移停止处的位置和结晶状况的碎片
In certain types of basalt and in related magmas like kimberlite[金伯利岩] that originate deep in the mantle, rare small fragments of mantle material (such as diamonds and fist-sized[拳头大小] peridotite[橄榄岩] blocks) have been transported upward from near the source of magma formation or collected along the vertical ascent[上升] path.
在某些特定类型的玄武岩浆比如发源于地幔深部的金伯利岩浆，相当小的地幔物质(比如钻石和拳头大小的橄榄岩块)被运移到近源处或者被富集在岩浆上升的管道中。
Granitic[花岗质的] rocks derived within the crust more commonly contain large xenoliths of metamorphic[变质的] or sedimentary rocks (Figure 1-2).
产于表壳中的花岗质岩石普遍地含有变质岩或沉积岩捕掳体（见图1-2）
Such xenoliths reflect the typical intrusive process that produces granites; in this process subsurface magma chambers[腔室] expand and move upward by physically plucking country rocks from the walls and roof.
这些捕掳体反映了上述花岗石是典型的侵入成因；在形成过程中地下的岩浆房受周围和底部
岩石的挤压而扩张并向上移动。
10.One of the most important things to determine in the field is the areal extent of an igneous body.
野外最重要的事情之一是确定火成岩体的展布范围。
This measurement can be accomplished by the traditional field mapping technique of "walking the contact"-a pleasant process on a beautiful spring day but perhaps not so much fun in a driving rainstorm in Labrador or on a subzero day in Antarctica or a July afternoon in Texas.
这种测量可以通过传统的野外测绘技术“追溯法”完成——一个愉快的过程在一个美丽的春日，但在驾驶在暴雨中的拉布拉多或在零下天气的南极洲或一个在德克萨斯州七月的下午,可能不是那么有趣。
Use of modern techniques such as remote sensing, satellite (Landsat) imagery, and
high-resolution aerial photography can ease the labor of mapping, but the most accurate location of contacts still requires field mapping.
使用现代技术,如遥感、卫星(陆地卫星)图像和高分辨率航空照片可以减轻制图的劳动量,但最准确的接触带位置仍然需要野外实测作图。
Topographic base maps and aerial photographs often prove useful, because many igneous rocks and their surrounding country rocks weather differently as a result of differences in chemistry and internal structure and, therefore, have contrasting elevation and drainage patterns.
地形基本地图和航空照片经常是有用的,因为许多火成岩及其周围的围岩由于化学成分和内部结构的差别产生不同程度的风化,因而有截然不同的海拔和排水模式。
11.The first Earth Resources Technology Satellite, ERTS-1 (later renamed Landsat-1), was launched in 1972.
第一个地球资源技术卫星--地球资源卫星1(后来更名为陆地卫星1),于1972年发射。Landsat-2 was launched in 1975.
陆地卫星2于1975年发射。
These satellites and their successors have acquired hundreds of thousands of images that cover almost all of the earth.
这些卫星和他们的继任者获得了成千上万的图片,几乎覆盖了地球的全部。
The images, taken at a number of different wavelengths within and outside the visible light spectrum, permit the production of either black-and-white or false-color images that highlight different properties of the material being photographed and are thus extremely valuable for mapping purposes.
这些图片,拍摄在许多不同的可见或者不可见光光谱的波长,允许突出被拍摄材料不同特性的黑白或假彩色图像的产生,并且因此对于以制图为目的极具价值。
Satellite images reveal not only large-scale structural patterns but also differences in rock types not normally resolved with standard aerial photography.
卫星图像不仅显示了大比例尺结构模式也显示了岩石类型的不同这通常通过标准航空摄影不能得到解决。
The usefulness of the technique for large-scale mapping is spectacularly revealed.
大比例尺制图技术的益处被突出的显示出来。
Extrusive rocks are formed by the flow of lava or the fall of pyroclastic debris on preexisting erosional surfaces, which can be either subaerial (exposed to air) or submarine.
喷出岩是由流动的岩浆或落在以前就存在的可以是陆上（暴露在空气中）或海底的风化壳火成碎屑碎片组成。
also irregular.
The contact can be parallel to the bedding or foliation in the country rock, in which case it is called concordant.
接触带可以平行于围岩的层理或面理,在这种情况下它被称为协调。
More typically, the contact is at an angle to the bedding or foliation of the country rock and is called discordant.
更常见的情况是,接触带是与围岩层理或面理呈角度相交的，这叫不协调。
When an extrusive contact is located over an irregular surface of flat-lying sedimentary rocks, the contact may be concordant in some places and discordant in others.
当一个喷出接触带是位于一个表面不平整的水平沉积岩,接触带可能在一些地方协调和在其它地方不协调。
13.In addition to observing geometric relationships, the petrologist should also carefully
examine both the igneous and sedimentary rocks at the contact.
除了观察几何学关系,岩石学家也应该仔细考察了接触带上的火成岩和沉积岩石。
The country rock below an extrusion might show the effects of weathering that predated the emplacement of the igneous rock, including soil formation, oxidation, or hydration; such effects demonstrate that the igneous rock was extruded on an erosional surface.
在喷出岩之下的围岩可以显示风化作用对较早侵位的火成岩的影响,包括土壤形成、氧化、或水合作用;这种效应表明,火成岩喷出在一个侵蚀表面上。
If loose weathered material was present at the contact surface, some of it is often found within the lower part of the lava flow or ash layer. These foreign materials within any igneous rock are termed inclusions.
如果接触带表面上有一些疏松的风化物质,其中一些是经常在下方的熔岩流或火山灰层被发现。这些火成岩中的外来物质被称为包裹体。
On occasion, lava flows extruded into a body of standing water such as a lake incorporate unconsolidated sedimentary material in their lower parts.
有时,熔岩流喷流到了具有一定体积的静水中，如湖将松散的沉积物质其较低的部分聚集。Both inclusions and country rocks commonly show effects of the heating they have received.
包裹体和围岩都通常显示他们所吸收的热量而产生的影响。
Beneath thin extrusive lava flows or ash falls, these effects consist of relatively minor baking, which produces some color change and perhaps a slight increase in hardness due to recrystallization.
在薄喷出的熔岩流或火山灰之下,这些影响包括相对较小的烘焙边,这会生产一些颜色变化和再结晶导致轻微的硬度的增加。
14.The upper surfaces of lava flows or ash layers are commonly irregular[不对称不规则] as a result of the breakup of a solidifed crust during flow or erosion following extrusion, thus producing a discordant[不一致的不和谐的] contact with the overlying sedimentary or volcanic layer.
熔岩流或者火山灰层因为侵入作用一般凝固成不规则的岩层，因此和上覆的沉积岩层或者火成岩层有不一致的胶结
In a succession of rock layers, the top of a buried lava flow or ash layer is sometimes
indicated by the presence of vesicles[小囊泡], which are spherical[球状的] or cylindrical[圆柱形的] cavities left by gas bubbles within solidifying lava.
在一套岩层序列中，埋藏的侵入岩体可以通过固结成岩时的小气泡留下的球状或柱状的气孔构造来识别顶部。
Vesicular[囊的] structure commonly forms in the upper portions of lava flows (particularly highly fluid basaltic types) as low-density gas bubbles rise upward through the denser magma.
侵入岩体里低密度气体在致密岩浆（尤其在流动性好的玄武质岩浆里）中上升到顶端形成气孔构造相当普遍
The absence of vesicular structure does not necessarily disprove an extrusive origin, because erosion of the upper part of a lava flow or ash layer might have taken place before deposition of the overlying layer.
没有气孔构造也不能由此断定岩体不是侵入成因，因为有可能是在上覆岩层沉积之前，含气孔构造的侵入岩体被剥蚀了。
Two persuasive lines of evidence of an extrusive origin of a layer are the development of a soil horizon at the top of the layer, indicating chemical weathering of igneous rock at the earth's surface, or the presence of eroded fragments of fine-grained igneous rock in the overlying sedimentary layer.
判断一个岩体是侵入成因的两条有力证据是表明了火成岩在地表接受的化学风化层顶部的水平沉积岩层，和良好结晶的火成岩的剥蚀碎片在上覆沉积岩层中的出现。
or the fall of pyroclastic debris Early humans may have been present to watch lava flows
．．．．．．．．．
several hundred thousand years ago in the East African Rift.
早期人类可能看到几十万年前的熔岩流
．．．或火成碎屑碎片掉落在东非裂谷。
As the records of Greeks and Romans show, Mediterranean peoples have long been affected by volcanoes such as Etna, Vesuvius, and Stromboli.
比如希腊人和罗马人的记录显示,地中海国人民长期受到火山的影响,如埃特纳火山,维苏威火山,和斯特龙博利火山。
Human populations in these and other volcanically active areas such as Iceland, the Japanese islands, Hawaii, Central America, and Indonesia have learned to live with volcanic hazards.
人们在这些和其他火山活跃地区如冰岛,日本群岛、夏威夷、中美洲、和印度尼西亚已经学会忍受火山灾害。
The first recognition of a connection between modern volcanic activity and the rock record was made about 200 years ago.
第一个承认现代火山活动和岩石记录之间的联系大约是在200年前。
In the late eighteenth century, the Scotsman James Hutton was the first geologist to describe accurately the volcanic origin of ancient rocks in the vicinity of Edinburgh, and Charles Darwin made some remarkably sophisticated observations on volcanic phenomena in the Galapagos Islands in the 1830s.
在18世纪晚期,苏格兰人詹姆斯?赫顿是第一个地质学家来准确描述火山起源，在爱丁堡附近古老的岩石,查尔斯·达尔文做了一些非常复杂的观察关于火山现象在加拉帕哥斯群岛,在1830年代。
The origin of non-extrusive igneous rocks, however, was the subject of debate as late as the 1870s, because this process is not open to direct human observation.
非喷出的火成岩的起源,然而,讨论的主题是迟至1870年代,因为这个过程是不能直接观察的。
Small-scale features
小规模的特性
16.The microscopic features of igneous rocks are discussed in Chapter 2.
采用显微火成岩在第二章讨论。
However, many small-scale features of an igneous rock can be determined in hand specimens with either the unaided eye or a standard (l0x) hand lens.
然而,一种火成岩的许多小规模的特性可以确定在手标本无论是用肉眼或一个标准(l0x)手透镜。
It is very important for the geologist to be able to make these types of observations, for they can be critical in the field, where a petrographic microscope is not available.
能够进行这些类型的观察对于地质学家是非常重要的,因为他们可能在该领域关键非常关键,在偏光显微镜不可使用的情况下。
17.The first major distinction to be made is whether or not individual mineral grains are visible.
第一个主要区别是单个的的矿物颗粒是否是可见的。
If primary mineral grains can be seen and identified without magnification (microscope or hand lens), the rock is classified as phaneritic; if not, it is aphanitic.
如果主要矿物颗粒可以被看到和确定不用放大(显微镜或手透镜),岩石被归类为粗晶的;如果不是,它是隐晶。
These characteristics must be general in the rock; the presence of cavities filled with large secondary minerals in an otherwise aphanitic volcanic rock does not make it phaneritic.
这些特征必须普遍的存在于岩石中;在另一个隐晶火山岩存在孔隙，充满大次生矿物，使得它不是粗晶的。
The grains in igneous rocks form an interlocking texture, in contrast to the granular texture found in many sedimentary rocks, such as sandstone.
火成岩的颗粒形成一个交织结构,对比在许多沉积岩如砂岩，发现的粒状结构。
Furthermore, it has often been noted that both intrusive and extrusive rocks commonly show a reduction in grain size close to the country rock contact.
此外,人们注意到侵入岩和喷出岩都通常显示出晶粒尺寸大小在靠近围岩接触带的减小。
Some rocks close to contacts (usually those of extrusive rocks) are even largely noncrystalline; that is, they consist mostly of glass.
一些接近接触带的岩石(通常是那些喷出岩)甚至主要是非晶质的;也就是说,它们主要由玻璃质组成。
These observations suggest that grain size can be correlated with cooling rate, at least in a general way, with coarser grain sizes reflecting a slower rate of cooling.
这些观察揭示,晶粒大小可以与冷却速度有关,至少在一般情况下,越粗的颗粒反映了一种越慢的冷却速度。
In some igneous rocks, a few crystals are conspicuously larger than the majority of matrix grains
在一些火成岩中,一些晶体颗粒明显比大多数的基质颗粒大
These larger crystals, called phenocrysts, are generally considered to represent the earliest formed grains, which crystallized during a period of cooling slower than that of the bulk of the rock.
这些更大的晶体,称为斑晶,通常被认为代表最早形成的,在冷却时间阶段冷却结晶比大多数的岩石慢的颗粒。
Further examination of phenocrysts typically reveals that they consist of only one or two mineralogical types, whereas the finer groundmass contains a larger variety of minerals.
对斑晶进一步的研究显示,斑晶通常只包括一两种矿物类型,而好的基质包含大量多种
矿物。This observation leads to the conclusion that all minerals in an igneous rock do not appear simultaneously and that the number of minerals simultaneously crystallizing continually increases as the magma cools, a conclusion borne out by studies of crystallization (Chapters 4 and 6).
这个研究可以得出结论: 并不是所有矿物在火成岩同时出现, 随着岩浆的冷却，同时结晶的矿物数量不断增加,一个结论随着对结晶的研究产生了(章节4和6)。
19.If crystals are visible in a hand specimen, then the next observation concerns their orientation.
如果手标本的晶体是可见的,那么接下来的观察主要关注他们的排列。
Is it random or preferred (parallel, for tabular crystals)?
排列是随机的还是优选的(并行,对板状晶体来说)?
This is, in fact, an observation best made in hand specimens.
事实上, 这个观察最好在手标本中进行。
A random orientation usually indicates that crystallization occurred while the magma was at rest, because preferred orientations develop when crystals are aligned by the stresses generated by magma flow either during or after partial crystallization.
随机定向通常显示,结晶在岩浆静止时发生,因为当晶体在岩浆流动应力的作用下排成一行
或局部结晶发生时或发生后，优先定向发展
Flow during crystallization is commonly indicated by the presence of elongated vesicles or by the parallel alignment of tabular or elongated phenocrysts or xenoliths.
拉长的的小气泡的存在或板状或拉长的斑晶或捕掳体的平行排列通常显示了结晶过程中的
流动。
由流动所导致的优选定向通常大部分发现在侵入体的外壁、顶部或者底部的附近，在这些地方早期的岩脉冷凝促进了在所有岩浆最终在岩浆房中就位之前的早期结晶。
21.The color of an igneous rock is the result of the colors of the various minerals present. When a fresh specimen is obtained, the color is directly related to the primary igneous minerals.
火成岩的颜色是现在各种矿物颜色的结果。当获得了一个新鲜手标本，颜色直接与基本的火成岩造岩矿物有关。
The color of a weathered fragment is a consequence of both the original igneous minerals and later weathering products (typically secondary oxidation and hydration minerals).
风华碎片的颜色是原始火成岩矿物和后成风化产物的共同作用结果（典型的有次生氧化矿物和水化矿物）。
Weathering tends to（往往会）destroy the original igneous minerals partially or completely (ferromagnesian minerals are most susceptible（易受影响的) and to form secondary minerals that are thermodynamically stable under atmospheric conditions (see Chapter 12).
风化作用往往会部分或完全摧毁原始的火成岩矿物（镁铁质矿物首当其冲），在大气里形成次生矿物在热力学上是稳定的。
A good example is the rock dunite, which is composed almost entirely of olivine. Fresh dunite has a deep olive or straw green color, the color of olivine.
一个很好的例子是纯橄榄岩，它几乎完全由橄榄石组成。新鲜的纯橄榄岩有一种深黄绿色或者草绿色，这是这是橄榄石的颜色。
The term dunite derives from （源自）the type locality, Mt. Dun in New Zealand, which is probably named for the tan to reddish brown color (dun) of the weathered surfaces of olivine-rich rock.
纯橄榄岩这个术语来自于新西兰的Dun山的模式地点，它被用来命名橄榄石丰富的岩石的风化地表的棕褐色到红棕色
These weathering rinds consist mostly of clay mineral s and iron oxides. Typically, weathering creates dull-looking rocks that have a dull or hollow sound when struck with a hammer.
这些风化壳包含大多数粘土矿物和铁的氧化物。特别的，风化作用产生一种暗的色调并且用锤子敲的好时候会发出一种沉闷和空洞的声音。
Unaltered igneous rocks have a somewhat vitreous (glassy) appearance and produce a ringing sound when struck.
未发生改变的火成岩会有点玻璃质的外形而且用锤子敲的时候会产生一种响亮的声音。
22. Assuming that a fresh specimen can be obtained, a crude subdivision of igneous rocks can be made on the basis of color.
假设一个新鲜标本可以得到,一个火成岩的天然部分可以就是这个岩石的颜色。
Rocks that are rich in silica (the chemical component SiO2) typically contain abundant quartz and light-colored feldspar.
岩石富含石英(二氧化硅的化学成分)通常含有丰富的石英和浅色长石。
Rocks rich in magnesium and iron tend to contain high concentrations of the mafic minerals olivine, pyroxene, amphibole, and biotite, which are typically strongly colored.
岩石富含镁和铁往往含有高浓度镁铁质矿物质橄榄石、辉石、角闪石、黑云母,这通常是强烈的颜色。
On the basis of the amount of colored versus（对；与...相对；对抗）white (or colorless) minerals, the geologist can set up a color index that relates in a rough way to the rock bulk composition.
根据颜色的数量与白色(或无色)矿物质,地质学家可以设置一个颜色索引联系在粗略的岩石总组分。
A rock that contains less than 30% colored ferromagnesian minerals is defined as
light-colored and is called leucocratic（以浅色矿物质为主要成份的）(from the Greek leuko- meaning "light").
The identification of the minerals present in an igneous rock can be carried out very successfully in a phaneritic[显晶质的] rock by usmg[using] a hand lens to observe color, cleavage[解理], and grain shape.
火成岩中的矿物颜色、解理、和晶形特征能轻易的从显晶质矿石中用放大镜观察出、
The mineralogic composition of aphanitic[隐晶质] rocks is more difficult to establish, but can be approximated on the basis of the color, the identification of any phenocrysts[斑晶] that might be present, the specific gravity, and the petrologist's experience with these rocks.
隐晶质岩石的矿物组成更难探明，但是能通过基质颜色，可能出现的斑晶的特征，重力因素以及它的成岩过程大概估计出。
Types of intrusions
侵入体的类型
24.Sills are concordant, tabular bodies that are emplaced essentially parallel to the foliation or bedding in the country rock (Figure 1-4);
岩床是协调、扁平状岩体，就位于围岩之中基本上平行于层理或页理
they commonly occur in relatively unfolded country rock at shallow crustal levels.
它们通常发生于浅层地壳相对展开的围岩中。
A high degree of fluidity (that is, low viscosity) is required to produce this sheetlike form这种薄片状形式的产生需要高度的流动性（也就是，低粘度）
(Viscosity is discussed in detail in Chapter 3; for now, simply note that low viscosity means "highly fluid" and high viscosity means "very stiff or pasty.")
粘度将在第三章中详细讨论，现在，简单知道低粘度意味着高流动性以及高粘度意味着非常粘稠。
A majority of sills are basaltic, because basaltic magmas are considerably more fluid (less viscous) than granitic ones and therefore can more easily intrude in this fashion.
多数的岩床是玄武质的，因为玄武质岩浆比花岗质岩浆有更多的流体，因此可以更容易以这种方式侵入。
Sills are either simple, multiple (more than one injection of magma), or differentiated.
岩床是简单、多重（不止一次岩浆喷射）或者分异的。
In a differentiated sill, the denser, earlier formed crystals (typically olivine) have settled into a zone near the chilled base; this process produces a variable composition within the sill, from base to top.
在一个分异的岩床中，密度更大的、形成更早的晶体（典型地橄榄岩）在冷凝基底附近沉降到一个区域，这个过程在岩床中，从基底到顶部产生大量组分。Differentiation was first
observed and described by Charles Darwin in the Galapagos Islands in the 1830s.
十九世纪三十年代在加拉帕戈斯群岛，查尔斯·达尔文首次观察到并描述了分异作用。
25Although a sill is typically thin, sill thickness ranges from a few meters to several hundred meters.
虽然岩床通常较薄，岩床的厚度范围可从几米到数百米。
The Triassic Palisades Sill in New Jersey and New York, located along the west side of the Hudson River near New York City, is a classic differentiated sill that is about 300 m thick and crops out over an area 80 km long and 2 km wide.
在新泽西和纽约州，沿着纽约城附近的哈德逊西岸分布的三叠纪帕里塞德斯岩床，是一个典型的分异岩床，厚度大约300米，出露区域长80千米，宽2千米。
The Peneplain Sill of the Jurassic Ferrar diabase swarm in Antarctica is up to 400 m thick and crops out over at least 20,000 km2.
在南极的侏罗纪法拉利辉绿岩群岩床平原厚达400米，出露至少20000平方千米。
Thicker sills are much more likely to be differentiated than thin ones, because the thicker sills retain heat more efficiently and thus remain fluid long enough for crystal settling to occur.
更厚的岩床比较薄的更容易分异，因为更厚的岩床能更有效地保存热量，使流体保持足够长的时间发生晶体沉降。
For similar thermal reasons, the textures of thick sills are more commonly coarser than those of thin sills, because the crystals have had more time to grow.
出于相似的原因，厚岩床的结构比那些薄的岩床通常更粗糙，因为晶体有更多时间长。
它们发生在相对未变形的浅层沉积岩。
Laccoliths are created when magma(that is rising upward in a cross-cutting dike through essentially horizontal layers in the earth's crust )reaches a more resistant layer.
当向上运移通过地壳本来的水平岩层切割岩墙的岩浆到达更坚硬的岩层时，岩株形成The magma then spreads out laterally beneath this layer, thereby forming a dome in the overlying strata.
岩浆然后横向扩散在这一层,从而在上覆地层形成一个穹窿。
Word learning
igneous adj.火的, 似火的, [地]火成的
crystalline adj.水晶的，晶质
quartz n.石英
feldspar n.[矿]长石
olivine n.橄榄石, 黄绿
obsidiann.[矿]黑曜石, 黑曜岩
pegmatite n.[地质]结晶花岗岩，伟晶岩
petrology n.[地]岩石学
petrography n.岩石记述学, 岩相学; 岩类学
transparent slice，薄片
planetary n.行星的
basalt n.玄武岩
graniten. 花岗岩
nebula n.星云, 云雾状天体
Radiometric dating，放射性测年
Sedimentary adj.沉积的, 沉淀性的
Metamorphic adj.变形的, 变质的, 改变结构的
billion n.adj.十亿(的)
extrusive adj.挤出的, 喷出的, 突出的
un-roofing，顶蚀，顶部剥蚀
outcrop露头
emplacement n.[军]放列动作，炮兵掩体，炮位，炮台，放，置，安置就位mineralogy n.矿物学
geochemistry，地球化学
solidification n.凝固
pluton n.[地]深成岩体
intrusion n.闯入, 侵扰，侵入
hypabyssa adj.[地]半深成的,浅成的
discordant adj.不调和的, 不和的, [乐]不悦耳的, 不和谐的
foliation n.生叶, 绿叶的状态, 发叶，叶理，叶状结构
ductile adj.易延展的, 易教导的, 柔软的，韧性的
diaper n.[地]底辟,挤入构造
sill n.基石,门槛,窗台,[地质]岩床
anatexis 深熔作用
quartzite n.石英岩, 硅岩
inclusion n.包含, 内含物，包裹体，夹杂
recrystallization重结晶[作用]
phaneritic 显晶岩的
aphanitic adj.[地]非显晶岩的, 隐晶岩的
phenocryst n.[地]斑晶, 显斑晶，斑晶
matrix ，n.矩阵，杂基
groundmass ，n.[地]基质(一种连续分布的细粒物质,其中镶嵌着沉积物或沉积岩的大颗粒)
layered intrusions层状侵入体
dunite n.[地]纯橄榄岩
pyroxene ，n.[矿]辉石
amphibole ，n.[矿]闪石
biotite ，n.[矿]黑云母
felsic ，长英矿物
mafic ，adj.[矿]铁镁质的
ferromagnesian ，n.[矿]铁镁矿物adj.[矿]含有铁与镁的differentiate ，v.区别, 区分，分异
diabase辉绿岩
laccolith ，n.[地质] 岩盖
chilled margin冷凝边
xenolith ，n.[地]捕虏体,捕虏岩(指火成岩中与其无成因关系的包体) xenocryst ，n.[矿]捕获晶
crystallization ，n.结晶化，结晶[作用]
kimberlite ，n.[地质] 角砾云橄岩, 金伯利岩(含金刚石) diamond ，n.钻石, 菱形，金刚石
peridotite ，n.[地]橄榄岩
remote sensing，遥感
topographic ，adj.地志的, 地形学上的
photograph ，n.照片
汽车专业英语翻译综合
第一章汽车总论 1)Today’s average car contains more than 15,000 separate, individual parts that must work together. These parts can be grouped into four major categories: body, engine, chassis and electrical equipment 。P1 现在的车辆一般都由15000多个分散、独立且相互配合的零部件组成。这些零部件主要分为四类：车身、发动机、底盘和电气设备。 2)The engine acts as the power unit. The internal combustion engine is most common: this obtains its power by burning a liquid fuel inside the engine cylinder. There are two types of engine: gasoline (also called a spark-ignition engine) and diesel (also called a compression-ignition engine). Both engines are called heat engines; the burning fuel generates heat which causes the gas inside the cylinder to increase its pressure and supply power to rotate a shaft connected to the power train. P3 发动机作为动力设备，常见的类型是内燃机，其原理是通过发动机缸内的液体燃料燃烧而产生能量。发动机可分为两类：汽油机（点燃式）和柴油机（压燃式），都属于热力发动机。燃料燃烧产生热量使缸内气压上升，产生的能量驱动轴旋转，并传递给动力传动系。 第二章内燃机 1)Power train system: conveys the drive to the wheels 2)Steering system: controls the direction of movement 3)Suspension system: absorbs the road shocks 4)Braking system: slows down the vehicle P4 传动系把发动机输出的扭矩传递给驱动轮。传动系包括离合器（对应机械变速器）或液力变矩器（对应液力自动变速器）、变速器、驱动轴、主减速器、差速器和驱动桥。 5)Drum brakes have a drum attached to the wheel hub, and braking occurs by means of brake shoes expanding against the inside of the drum. With disc brakes, a disc attached to the wheel hub is clenched between two brake pads. P6 鼓式制动器的制动鼓和轮毂连接，制动蹄张开压紧制动鼓内侧从而产生制动。在盘式制动器上，连着轮毂的制动盘被紧紧夹在两个制动块之间。 1)Linking the piston by a connecting rod to a crankshaft causes the gas to rotate the shaft through half a turn.The power stroke"uses up"the gas,so means must be provided to expel the burnt gas and recharge the cylinder with a fresh petrol-air mixture:this control of gas movement is the duty of the valves;An inlet valve allows the mixture to enter at the right time and an exhaust valve lets out the burnt gas after the gas has done its job . P10 活塞通过连杆和曲轴连接，使得气体带动曲轴旋转半圈。作功冲程耗尽了所有的气体，这样就必须采取相应的措施排出废气并且向气缸内充入新的可燃混合气：气体的运动由气门来控制。进气门使可燃混合气在恰当的时刻进入气缸，排气门使燃烧后的废气排出气缸。 2)The spark-ignition engine is an internal-combustion engine with externally supplied in ignition,which converts the energy cntained in the fuel to kinetic energy.The cycle of operations is spread over four piston strokes. To complete the full cycle it takes two revolutions of the crankshaft. P11 火花点火式发动机是由外部提供点火的内燃机，从而将含在燃料内的能量转化成动能。发动机的一个工作循环分布在活塞的四个行程中，一个完整的工作循环曲轴需要转动两圈。 3)The oil pump in the lubricating system draws oil from the oil pan and sends it to all working parts in the engine. The oil drains off and runs down into the pan. Thus,there is constant circulation of oil between the pan and the working parts of the engine. P15
(完整版)医学专业英语翻译及答案
Chapter 1 Passage 1 Human Body In this passage you will learn: 1. Classification of organ systems 2. Structure and function of each organ system 3. Associated medical terms To understand the human body it is necessary to understand how its parts are put together and how they function. The study of the body's structure is called anatomy; the study of the body's function is known as physiology. Other studies of human body include biology, cytology, embryology, histology, endocrinology, hematology, immunology, psychology etc. 了解人体各部分的组成及其功能，对于认识人体是必需的。研究人体结构的科学叫解剖学；研究人体功能的科学叫生理学。其他研究人体的科学包括生物学、细胞学、胚胎学、组织学、内分泌学、血液学、遗传学、免疫学、心理学等等。 Anatomists find it useful to divide the human body into ten systems, that is, the skeletal system, the muscular system, the circulatory system, the respiratory system, the digestive system, the urinary system, the endocrine system, the nervous system, the reproductive system and the skin. The principal parts of each of these systems are described in this article. 解剖学家发现把整个人体分成骨骼、肌肉、循环、呼吸、消化、泌尿、内分泌、神经、生殖系统以及感觉器官的做法是很有帮助的。本文描绘并阐述了各系统的主要部分。 The skeletal system is made of bones, joints between bones, and cartilage. Its function is to provide support and protection for the soft tissues and the organs of the body and to provide points of attachment for the muscles that move the body. There are 206 bones in the human skeleton. They have various shapes - long, short, cube - shaped, flat, and irregular. Many of the long bones have an interior space that is filled with bone marrow, where blood cells are made. 骨骼系统由骨、关节以及软骨组成。它对软组织及人体器官起到支持和保护作用，并牵动骨胳肌，引起各种运动。人体有206根骨头。骨形态不一，有长的、短、立方的、扁的及不规则的。许多长骨里有一个内层间隙，里面充填着骨髓，这即是血细胞的制造场所。 A joint is where bones are joined together. The connection can be so close that no movement is possible, as is the case in the skull. Other kinds of joints permit movement: either back and forth in one plane - as with the hinge joint of the elbow - or movement around a single axis - as with the pivot joint that permits the head to rotate. A wide range of movement is possible when the ball - shaped end of one bone fits into a socket at the end of another bone, as they do in the shoulder and hip joints. 关节把骨与骨连接起来。颅骨不能运动，是由于骨与骨之间的连接太紧密。但其它的关节可允许活动，如一个平面上的前后屈伸运动，如肘关节；或是绕轴心旋转运动，如枢轴点允许头部转动。如果一根骨的球形末端插入另一根骨的臼槽里，大辐度的运动（如肩关节、髋关节）即成为可能。 Cartilage is a more flexible material than bone. It serves as a protective, cushioning layer where bones come together. It also connects the ribs to the breastbone and provides a structural base for the nose and the external ear. An infant's skeleton is made of cartilage that is gradually replaced by bone as the infant grows into an adult. 软骨是一种比一般骨更具韧性的物质。它是骨连结的保护、缓冲层。它把肋骨与胸骨连结起来，也是鼻腔与内耳的结构基础。一个婴儿的骨骼就是由软骨组成，然后不断生长、
《自动化专业英语》中英文翻译-中文部分
第二部分 控制理论 第1章 1.1控制系统的引入 人类控制自然力量的设计促进人类历史的发展,我们已经广泛的能利用这种量进行在人类本身力量之外的物理进程?在充满活力的20世纪中,控制系统工程的发展已经使得很多梦想成为了现实?控制系统工程队我们取得的成就贡献巨大?回首过去,控制系统工程主要的贡献在机器人,航天驾驶系统包括成功的实现航天器的软着陆,航空飞机自动驾驶与自动控制,船舶与潜水艇控制系统,水翼船?气垫船?高速铁路自动控制系统,现代铁路控制系统? 以上这些类型的控制控制系统和日常生活联系紧密,控制系统是一系列相关的原件在系统运行的基础上相互关联的构成的,此外控制系统存在无人状态下的运行,如飞机自控驾驶,汽车的巡航控制系统?对于控制系统,特别是工业控制系统,我们通常面对的是一系列的器件,自动控制是一个复合型的学科?控制工程师的工作需要具有力学,电子学,机械电子,流体力学,结构学,无料的各方面的知识?计算机在控制策略的执行中具有广泛的应用,并且控制工程的需求带动了信息技术的与软件工程的发展? 通常控制系统的范畴包括开环控制系统与闭环控制系统,两种系统的区别在于是否在系统中加入了闭环反馈装置? 开环控制系统 开环控制系统控制硬件形式很简单,图2.1描述了一个单容液位控制系统, 图2.1单容液位控制系统 我们的控制目标是保持容器的液位h 在水流出流量V 1变化的情况下保持在一定 可接受的范围内,可以通过调节入口流量V 2实现?这个系统不是精确的系统,本系 统无法精确地检测输出流量V 2,输入流量V 1以及容器液位高度?图2.2描述了这 个系统存在的输入(期望的液位)与输出(实际液位)之间的简单关系, 图2.2液位控制系统框图 这种信号流之间的物理关系的描述称为框图?箭头用来描述输入进入系统,以及
汽车专业英语翻译
About car engine Of all automobile components,an automobile engie is the most complicated assembly with dominant effects on the function of an autombile.So, the engine is generally called the"heat"of an automobile. 在汽车的所有部件中，汽车发动机是最复杂的组件，其对整车性能有着决定性的作用。因而发动机往往被称作发动机的“心脏”。 There are actually various types of engines such as electric motors,stream engines,andinternal combustion engines.The internal combustion engines seem to have almost complete dominance of the automotive field.The internal combustion engine,as its name indicates,burns fuel within the cylinders and converts the expanding force of the combustion into rotary force used to propel the vehicle. 事实上，按动力来源分发动机有很多种，如电动机、蒸汽机、外燃机等。然而内燃机似乎在发动机领域有着绝对的统治地位。就像其字面意思一样，内燃机的染料在气缸内燃烧，通过将燃烧产生气体的膨胀力转换成转动力来驱动发动机前进。 Engine is the power source of the automobile.Power is produced by the linear motion of a piston in a cylinder.However,this linear motion must be changed into rotary motion to turn the wheels of cars or trucks.The puston attached to the top of a connecting rod by a pin,called a piston pin or wrist pin.The bottom of the connecting rod is attached to the crankshaft.The connecting rod transmits the up-and-down motion of the piston to the crankshaft,which changes it into rotary motion.The connecting rod is mounted on the crankshaft with large bearings called rod bearing.Similar bearings, called main bearings,are used to mount the crankshaft in the block. 发动机是整部车的动力来源。能量来自于活塞在气缸内的（往复）直线运动。然而这种（往复）直线运动必须要转换成旋转运动才能驱动车轮。活塞与连杆通过一个销来连接，这个销称为活塞销。连杆的下部连接于曲拐。连杆把活塞的上下往复运动传递给曲拐，从而将往复直线运动转变成旋转运动。连杆和曲拐的连接使用大的轴承，称之为连杆轴承，类似的轴承也用于将曲轴连接到机体，称之为主轴承。 They are generally two different types of cooling system:water-cooling system and air-cooling system.Water-cooling system is more common.The cooling medium, or coolant, in them is either water or some low-freezing liquid, called antifreeze.A water-cooling system consists of the engine water jacket, thermostat, water pump, radiator, radiator cap, fan, fan drive belt and neccessary hoses. 主要有两种类型的冷却系统：水冷和风冷。水冷系统更为普遍。系统所用冷却介质或是冷却液常委水或其他低凝固点液体，称为抗凝剂。一个完整的水冷系统包括机体水套，节温器，水泵，散热器，散热器罩，风扇，风扇驱动皮带和必需的水管。 A water-cooling system means that water is used as a cooling agent to circulate through the engine to absorb the heat and carry it to the radiator for disposal.The ebgine is cooled mainly through heat transfer and heat dissipation.The heat generated by the mixture burned in the engine must be transferred from the iron or aluminum cylinder to the waterin the water jacket.The outside of the water jacket dissipates some of the heat to the air surrounding it, but most of the heat is carried by the cooling water to the radiator for dissipation.When the coolant temperature in the system reaches 90°,the termostat valve open fully, its slanted edge shutting off
地质专业英语
The Earth and Geology 地球和地质 地球是一个近球形的星球。它有一个周长大约25000英里（40,000千米），大约7900英里（12714公里）极直径，以及7927英里（12756公里）的赤道直径。 地球内部的三个主要的团结是核，幔和壳。芯部的直径大约是4300英里（6900公里）和铁可能是其主要成分。该核心由这似乎固体的内部部分和显示流体的外侧部分的。地幔是近1800英里大（2900千米）厚，大约占84％，地球的体积。因为芯体的体积为约16％，地壳实际上构成了地球作为一个整体的一个小部分。地幔和地壳是固体，除了比较小的岩浆表面。 平均来说，地壳厚为6倍左右大洲下方为下方的洋底----约20至25英里（32?40千米）与3到4英里（5至6.5公里）。然而，大陆地壳是高于平均水平之下的大山带厚得多。作为术语最近已被使用，岩石圈是地球的固体外壳，约35至60英里（50至100公里）以上的厚度。 岩中含量最多的大洲下方的地壳上部似乎是类似花岗岩中的化学成分和比重（2.7）。较重的岩石，可能是类似的化学组成和比重（3.0）玄武岩，被认为是背后海洋的地板，也是大陆的花岗质岩石。因此，两部分的大陆地壳根本不同的一个部分洋壳;事实上，差别占大陆和海洋盆地的存在。 从地质学的角度来看，地球由三个球体。我们称这些领域的大气，水圈和岩石圈。这三个领域是非常不同的性质。气氛气体的连续层。它围绕着整个地球。水圈包括了全球所有的地表水。它是不连续的。它的某些部分，如内海，一些湖泊，完全是从其他地方断开。岩石圈是坚实的大地。 这三个领域是非常密切的连接彼此。材料正在不断从一个领域转移到另一个。例如，暴露的表面的水都在不断进行蒸发。水由此从水气转移到大气中。水也被不断地从大气中的雨，雪，冰雹和露水转移到水圈。 水是溶剂的岩石在岩石圈的一些成分。这些溶解的物质就从岩石圈转移到水圈。也有在某些化学作用，并在火山爆发的大气和岩石圈之间的直接转移。 化学分析已作出岩石各种类型的，而在岩石层的外侧10英里（16公里）区域中的元素的比例进行了估计。重量这个区域的八个要素显然构成98％以上：氧（最丰富），硅，铝，铁，钙，钠，钾和镁（最丰富）。下面的助记符表达安排在它们的相对丰度的顺序这八个要素：“只有愚蠢的艺术家在学院学习过了午夜。”如果该材料在大气和水圈被添加到那些在10英里的区域，百分比仅稍稍改变。 这八个元素氧和硅结合为二氧化硅（SiO2）的占了大约四分之三的份额。因此，硅酸盐矿物是最丰富的地壳，尤其是长石，辉石，角闪石，云母，石英等。 地质学是一门自然科学的研究了地球。但三球，大气，水圈和岩石圈，它不仅直接研究岩石圈。它在研究地壳的组成和物质的分布情况。它还研究的形成，变化和地壳发展的岩石和矿物。 地质学是一个非常复杂的科学。有地质学许多分支。矿物是矿物的科学。岩石是岩石的科学。地貌涉及的景观和变化他们的起源。地质历史的痕迹就可以了动物和植物的地上和的演变和发展。地层学研究在地球的地壳岩石的序列。古生物涉及古动物和植物。这些只是几个地质学的最重要的分支。 Folds and Faults 褶皱和断层 地壳的变动是由于两种不同的工艺，褶皱和断裂。如果桌布被跨表推，它扔进了一系列山脊和山谷像瓦楞铁的板材;并且，如果地球的地壳的一部分被挤压到一个较小的空间，它同样皱折成一系列褶皱。它们被称为背斜（图1，a）或upfolds，当床铺被弯曲upword如拱;为向斜（S）或downfolds，当床陷入低谷;为单斜（M）时，折只有一个斜坡，加盟其持续在一个较低的水平提出的理由;为平衡线（i）当褶皱已如此压在一起，该首脑已被迫以上，使得在同一方向折叠斜坡的两侧。等值线发生山的地方已经由塑料岩石强烈的挤压形成的。温柔的背斜和等值线可能是由于仅仅的孤立的刚性块体通过它们之间的裂缝开幕轻微位移，就像一个木制的路面可以通过其关节囊有弯曲。在这种运动的相邻块可以被移位的水平;一个块可能上升或沿它和它的邻居之间的联合回落;而这种位移沿直线骨折被称为故障。在一个正常的故障（图2中的A）运动平面向下倾斜朝向和下侧，由于双方滑开。在一个相反的故障（b）该两侧被挤压在一起，使得其中被降低的一侧的上侧下压。 两个平行的断层倾斜方向相反的凹陷土地的带旁形成一个槽的故障（c）所示。一对平行的断层，在它们之间留有脊，形成脊故障（d）所示。一系列断层斜率和移动的方向都在相同的方向的一系列步骤的故障（e）所示。一个逆断层，其中运
测绘专业英语原文和部分翻译(1-39)
Table of Contents Uuit 1 What is Geomatics? （什么是测绘学） (2) Unit 2 Geodetic Surveying and Plane Surveying（大地测量与平面测量） (6) Unit 3 Distance Measurement（距离测量） (10) Unit 4 Angle and Direction Measurement（角度和方向测量） (14) Unit 5 Traversing （导线测量） (17) Unit 6 Methods of Elevation Determination（高程测量方法） (21) Unit 7 Robotic Total Station （智能型全站仪） (25) Unit 8 Errors in Measurement（测量工作中的误差） (29) Unit 9 Basic Statistical Analysis of Random Errors (32) Unit 10 Accuracy and Precision （准确度和精度） (35) Unit 11 Least-Squares Adjustment (38) Unit 12 Geodesy Concepts (40) Unit 13 Geoid and Reference Ellipsoid (42) Unit 14 Datums, Coordinates and Conversions (44) Unit 15 Map Projection (46) Unit 16 Gravity Measurment (48) Unit 17 Optimal Design of Geomatics Network (50) Unit 18 Construction Layout （施工放样） (53) Unit 19 Deformation Monitoring of Engineering Struvture (56) Unit 20 Understan ding the GPS（认识GPS） (59) Uuit 21 Understanding the GPS (II) 认识GPS(II) (62) Unit 22 Competition in Space Orbit（太空轨道上的竞争） (64) Unit 23 GIS Basics（GIS 的基础） (69) Unit 24 Data Types and Models in GIS GIS中的数据类型和模型 (75) Unit 25 Digital Terrain Modeling（数字地面模型） (79) Unit 26 Applications of GIS (83) Unit 27 Developments of photogrammetry (87) Unit 28 Fundamentals of Remote Sensing （遥感的基础） (90) Unit 29 Digital Image Processing and Its Applications in RS (94) Unit 30 Airborne Laser Mapping Technology（机载激光测图技术） (99) Unit 31 Interferometric SAR(InSAR) (102) Unit 32 Brief Introduction toApplied Geophysics (104) Unit 33 Origon of Induced Polarization (105) Unit 34 International Geoscience Organization (108) Unit 35 Prestigious Journals in Geomatics (110) Unit 36 Relevant Surveying Instrument Companies (115) Unit 37 Expression of Simple Equations and Scientific Formulsa (116) Unit 38 Professional English Paper Writing (119) Unit 39 Translation Techniques for EST (127)
汽车专业英语_单词表
unit1 body 车身chassis 底盘enclosure外壳、套hood车棚、车顶sway 摇摆frame车架steering转向、操作brake 制动weld焊接rivet铆钉bolt螺钉washer垫圈vibration 振动stabilizer稳定器ride乘坐舒适性handling操作稳定性linkages转向传动机构plier钳子distributor分电器alternator交流发电机regulator调节器carburetor化油器radiator散热器、水箱defroster除冰装置sludge金属碎屑transmission变速器differential 差速器power train 传动系unitized body 承载式车身suspension system 悬架系统steering system 转向系braking system 制动系shock absorbers减震器control arms控制臂steering wheel 转向盘steering column转向管柱steering gears 转向器tie rod 横拉杆idler arm随动臂brake shoe制动蹄disc brake 盘式制动器drum brakes 鼓式制动器ignition system 点火系统exhaust system 排气系统lubrication system 润滑系oil filters 机油滤清器drive（or propeller）shaft传动轴universal joints 万向节dynamo发电机horn喇叭swived 旋转steering box转向器timing gear 正时齿轮bevel gear 锥齿轮mesh with与啮合leaf spring 钢板弹簧stub axle 转向节 unit2 longitudinal纵向的transverse横向的reciprocate往复spin旋转piston活塞ignite点火rub摩擦quart夸脱reservoir油箱mechanical机械的enclosed被附上的gallon加仑stroke冲程camshaft凸轮轴combustion燃烧disengaged脱离啮合的flywheel飞轮internal-combustion engine内燃机diesel-fuel柴油LPG=Liquefied Petroleum Gas液化石油气体CNG=Compressed natural gas压缩天然气spark ignition火花点火compression ignition压缩点火spark plug火花塞gas-turbine engine蒸汽机Stirling engine斯特灵发动机lubricating system润滑系统oil pan油底壳oil pump机油泵exhaust system排气系统emission-control system排放控制系统energy conversion能量转换air/fuel ratio空燃比connecting rod连杆TDC=Top Dead Center上止点BDC=Bottom Dead Center 下止点intake stroke进气冲程compression stroke压缩冲程power stroke作功冲程exhaust stroke排气冲程compression ratio压缩比lifter挺柱rocker摇臂retainer弹簧座seal密封件tappet 推杆lobe凸起gasket垫圈valve train配气机构cam follower气门挺柱rocker arm摇臂combustion chamber燃烧室intake valve进气阀exhaust valve排气阀valve stem气门杆valve cover气门室盖valve port阀口valve guide气门导管 unit3
地质专业英语词汇大全
地质专业英语词汇A a hoｒｉzoｎ a 层位 a ｌiｎeaｔioｎ a 线理 a ｔwin ａ双晶 aａ lava 块熔岩 ａａlenian ｓｔage 阿林阶 ａbaｎdon 废弃 abandoned mｉne 废弃得矿山abandoｎeｄ well 废孔 ａｂａtｉs 通风隔墙 abdomｅn 腹部 ａｂdomｉｎａl apｐendage 腹肢abdominal cａvity 腹腔 ａbdｏminal fin 腹 abｄｕctoｒ外展肌 aｂduｃｔor musｃlｅ外展肌abeｒnaｔｈyｉte 水砷钾铀矿 ａbｅｒrａtｉoｎ象差 aｂichite 光线矿 abiogｅｎesis 自然发生abiogenｙ自然发生 ａbioｔiｃ faｃtor 非生物因素ablatiｏn 剥蚀 ａblatiｏn brｅccia 剥蚀角砾岩ablａtiｏn ｍorａiｎe 消融碛ablation skin 熔蚀皮 ablatｉｏｎtill 消融碛ablyｋite 阿布石 aｂnormａｌ异常得 abnormal inteｒfｅrｅnce colｏr 异常干涉色 abnorｍal metamorphisｍ异常 变质酌 abolｉｔion 废除 ａbrade 剥蚀 aｂraｓioｎ海蚀 aｂrasｉoｎｐlatｆorｍ磨蚀台 地 abrasｉｏn surfａｃe 浪蚀面 abrａｓion terraｃe 磨蚀阶地 aｂraｓioｎn teｓｔ磨耗试验 abrasive 磨料；海蚀得 abrazｉte 多水高岭土 aｂｓarｏｋite 正边玄武岩 abｓitｅ钍钛铀矿 aｂsoｌｕtｅ age 绝对年龄 ａｂsoluｔｅ black bodｙ绝对 黑体 aｂsｏlｕｔe chronoｌoｇｙ绝对 年代学 absｏluｔe dａtｉｎｇ绝对年 代测定 absolｕte gｅopoｔenｔial 绝对 重力势 absoluｔe porosity 绝对孔隙率 absｏlute ｐressｕre 绝对压力 absoｌutｅｓtｒuctuｒe 绝对构 造 ａbsoｒbeｄ waｔer 吸附水 abｓoｒbeｎｔ吸收剂 aｂsorber 吸收器 absorbing well 吸水井 ａbsorption 吸收 ａbsoｒption axis 吸收轴 abｓｏrptioｎｂordｅｒ融蚀缘 absorption ｃｕrve 吸收曲线 ａbsorptｉon eｄgｅ吸收端 absoｒptｉon fａctor 吸收率 absoｒpｔiｏn spｅctrum 吸收 光谱 abｓｏrｐtiｖe caｐaciｔｙ吸收 率 aｂｓorptivｉty 吸收性 ａbuｋｕmａlite 铋磷灰石 aｂundanｃｅ丰度 ａｂunｄａｎｃe of elｅｍeｎts 元素丰度 abuｎｄaｎce oｆｉsｏｔopes 同位素丰度 aｂundance rａtｉo of isotopeｓ 同位素相对丰度 abysｍaｌｄeｐｏsits 深海沉积 物 abｙsｓ深海 aｂyssal 深海得 abysｓaｌ benｔhic zone 深渊底 栖带 abｙｓsal ｄepoｓｉts 深海沉积 物 abyｓsａｌｆacies 深海相 abｙsｓaｌ hills proｖiｎce 深 海丘陵区
汽车专业英语课文翻译4
Fuel Supply System of Gasoline Engine(UNIT SEVEN) All the gasoline engines have substantially identical fuel systems and run on a mixture consisting of fuel vapor and air. The fuel system comprises the units designed to store, clear and deliver fuel, the units intended to clean air and a unit for preparing a mixture from fuel vapor and air. In a fuel system different components are used to supply fuel from the fuel tank into the engine cylinder. Some of the important components are fuel tank, fuel pump, fuel filter, carburetor, intake manifold and fuellines or tubes connecting the tank, pump and the carburetor. The fuel tank is a fuel container used for storing fuel. It is made of sheet metal. It is attached to the vehicle frame with metal traps and is located at the rear of the vehicle. They are mounted in a boot or boot-floor pan in case of front-engined cars and small commercial vehicles. In order to strengthen the tank as well as to prevent surging of fuel when the vehicle rounds a curve of suddenly stops, baffle plates are attached to the inside of the tank. A cap is used to close the filler opening of the tank. The fuel line is attached at or near the bottom of the tank with a filtering element placed at the connection. The other components of the fuel tank are the fuel gauge sending unit, a vent pipe, receiving unit. To prevent the dirt and water from entering the luggage compartment, a sealing strip is fitted between the fuel tank and boot floor pan. Moreover to limit the transmission of frame distortion to the tank giving rise to squeaking as the metal parts get rubbed together, rubber or felt pads are often fitted between the mountings and the tank. Provision is also made against drumming of the tank by these mountings. The tank may be placed at the side of the chassis frame for convenience in case of large commercial vehicles. The length of the connecting lines or tubes from the tank to the carburetor is also restricted by this at the same time. A porous filter is attached to the outlet lines. By drawing fuel from the tank through the filter, any water in the bottom of the tank as well as any dirt into the fuel gathers on the surface of the filter. To keep the fuel always under atmospheric pressure, the filter pipe or tank is vented. In order to prevent dirt in the fuel from entering the fuel pump or carburetor, fuel filters and screens are used in the fuel system. If the dirt is not removed from the fuel, the normal operation of these units will be prevented. The engine performance will also be reduced.