Issue题库翻译、分类及高频

整理by benbenjiang

Issue题库翻译、分类及高频

红色：表示是高频前1-40的题目；

粉红色：表示是高频前41-50的题目；

玫瑰色：51-60；

橙色：61-88；

绿色：89-120：

蓝色：121-160；

黑色：161-244

注：翻译及分类来源于新东方袁苑老师及个人的整理；

高频来源于太傻论坛的最新全国一年以来的统计数据截止2009-1-21

第一类：政治类

（一）政府与人民的意见：97，45，79，202，105，142，170，89

97 "It is unfortunate but true that political decisions and activities affect all aspects of people's lives."

97．尽管很不幸，但这是一个事实，政治决策和活动影响着人们生活的方方面面。

45 "Government officials should rely on their own judgment rather than unquestioningly carrying out the will of the people whom they serve."

45．政府官员应该有自己的判断力，而不应该盲目地依从人民的意愿。

79 "Major policy decisions should always be left to politicians and other government experts, who are more informed and thus have better judgment and perspective than do members of the general public."

79．重大的政策决定应该留给那些政治家和政府专家们，他们比老百姓拥有更多的信息，因此具有更好的判断力和远见。

202 "Unlike great thinkers and great artists, the most effective political leaders must often yield to public opinion and abandon principle for the sake of compromise." 202．和伟大的思想家、艺术家不同，最有效力的政治领导者必须经常向公众舆论让步，有时为了折衷要放弃原则。

105 "The true strength of a country is best demonstrated by the willingness of its government to tolerate challenges from it's own citizens."

105．当政府愿意接受来自其公民的质疑时，才表明这个国家真正的强大。

142 "The well-being of a society is enhanced when many of its people question authority."

142．当许多公民质疑权威的时候，社会才能更富强。

170 "The surest indicator of a great nation is not the achievements of its rulers, artists, or scientists, but the general welfare of all its people."

170．伟大国家最可靠的标志不是其统治者、艺术家或者科学家的成就，而是全体人民的福利。

89 "Leaders are created primarily by the demands that are placed upon them." 89．使命造就领导者。

（二）法律与道德：17，174，178，180，169

17 "There are two types of laws: just and unjust. Every individual in a society has

a responsibility to obey just laws and, even more importantly, to disobey and resist unjust laws."

17．有两种法律：公平的和不公平的。社会中的每个人都应该遵守公平的法律，更重要的是，不遵守或者违抗不公平的法律。

174 "Laws should not be rigid or fixed. Instead, they should be flexible enough to take account of various circumstances, times, and places."

174．法律不应该太僵化、太固定。他们应该是灵活的，考虑到各种实际情况、时间和地点。178 "It is possible to pass laws that control or place limits on people's behavior, but legislation cannot reform human nature. Laws cannot change what is in people's hearts and minds."

178．控制、限制人们行为的法律可能建立，但是立法不能改变人们的本性，法律无法改变人们的所思所想。

180 "Many problems of modern society cannot be solved by laws and the legal system because moral behavior cannot be legislated."

180．现代社会的许多问题是法律和司法系统不能解决的，因为道德行为无法立法。

169 "Those who treat politics and morality as though they were separate realms fail to understand either the one or the other."

169．认为政治和道德是两码事的人既不懂政治又不懂道德。

（三）领导者本身素质：43，70，123，24，160

43 "To be an effective leader, a public official must maintain the highest ethical and moral standards."

43．一个政府官员要想成为一位有成效的领导者，必须有极高的伦理和道德修养。

70 "In any profession -- business, politics, education, government -- those in power should step down after five years. The surest path to success for any enterprise is revitalization through new leadership."

70．在任何领域，商业、政治、教育、政府，掌权者都应该在5年任期后下台。对任何事业而言，取得成功最保险的途径就是聘用新生力量担当领导。

123 "It is possible to identify a person's politics within a very short time of meeting him or her. Everything about people -- their clothes, their friends, the way they talk, what they eat -- reflects their political beliefs."

123．和一个人相处很短的时间就有可能知道他的政治立场。所有与他们相关的如衣服、朋友、谈话的方式、所吃的食物都反映出他们的政治信仰。

24 "People in positions of power are most effective when they exercise caution and restraint in the use of that power."

24．当权者谨慎并有限度的使用他们权力的时候他们的工作才最有效力。

160 "The most essential quality of an effective leader is the ability to remain consistently committed to particular principles and objectives. Any leader who is quickly and easily influenced by shifts in popular opinion will accomplish little."

160．有效力的领导者最本质的品质就是对特定原则和目标的坚持。任何领导者，如果他很容易受到流行观点的影响，那他就一事无成。

（四）政府与人民有保留：8，167

8 "It is often necessary, even desirable, for political leaders to withhold information from the public."

8．政治领导们在公众面前有所保留经常是必要的，甚至是值得赞许的。

167 "It is impossible for an effective political leader to tell the truth all the time. Complete honesty is not a useful virtue for a politician."

167．有效力的政治领导者在任何时候都告诉真相是不可能的。对于政治家来说，太坦白不是美德。

（五）政治与媒体：108,193

108 "In many countries it is now possible to turn on the television and view government at work. Watching these proceedings can help people understand the issues that affect their lives. The more kinds of government proceedings-- trials, debates, meetings, etc -- that are televised, the more society will benefit."

108．在很多国家，从电视上看到政府人员办公的场景已是可能。观看这些过程有助于人们理解影响他们生活的问题。政府办公如审判、辩论、会议等的各个场景，转播得越多，对社会越有益。

193 "It is not the headline-making political events but the seldom-reported social transformations that have the most lasting significance."

193．更有持久影响的不是头版头条的政治事件，而是鲜有报道的社会变革。

（六）其它：20,78,195,82,83,135,30,152,224,234

20 "National governments should devote more of their social programs and services to children than to adults."

20．政府为儿童所想所做应该比成人多。

78 "Schools should be required to teach the essential interconnectedness of all human beings and thus help eliminate wars, cultural clashes, and other forms of conflict." 78．学校应该教给学生所有人类之间本质的互通性，这样就能有助于消除战争、文化抵触和其他形式的冲突。

195 "The goal of politics should not be the pursuit of an ideal, but rather the search for common ground and reasonable consensus."

195．政治的目标不应是追求一个理想状态，而是寻找共同点和合情合理的共识。

82 "Government should never censor the artistic works or historical displays that

a museum wishes to exhibit."

82．政府绝对不应该审查博物馆要展览的艺术品和历史陈列。

83 "Government should preserve publicly owned wilderness areas in their natural state, even though these areas are often extremely remote and thus accessible to only a few people."

83．政府应该保护那些疆域范围内的偏远地带，保持他们的原始状态，尽管这些地区一般来说非常偏僻，很少有人能够到达。

135 "While most of the environmental problems we face result from the use of technology,

society must depend upon technology to find solutions to these problems." 135．虽然我们面临的大多数环境问题都来源于科技的应用，我们应该依靠科技本身来寻找这些问题的解决方案。

30 "The primary goal of technological advancement should be to increase people's efficiency so that everyone has more leisure time."

30．技术进步的主要目标是提高人们的效率，使得每个人都有更多的闲暇时间。

152 "The only responsibility of corporate executives, provided they stay within the law, is to make as much money as possible for their companies."

152．对于公司的执行官，他们唯一的任务就是在法律允许的范围内，为公司赚取尽可

224 "Censorship is rarely, if ever, justified."

224．审查制度很少被证明是正当的。

234．"Most people prefer restrictions and regulations to absolute freedom of choice, although they would probably deny such a preference."

234．大多数人更倾向于限制与规则，而不是绝对的自由，虽然他们可能会否认这一点。69. "Government should place few, if any, restrictions on scientific research and development"

政府应该少限制科学研究和发展。

44. "Government should not fund any scientific research whose consequences, either medical or ethical, are unclear."

政府不应该资助任何后果不明的科学研究，无论是医学方面还是伦理方面的。

56. "Governments should focus more on solving the immediate problems of today rather than trying to solve the anticipated problems of the future."

政府应该把更多的注意力放在解决当务之急，而不是试图解决将来预期的问题上。

第二类：学习类：

（一）学习方法：28,42,153,155

28 "Students should memorize facts only after they have studied the ideas, trends, and concepts that help explain those facts. Students who have learned only facts have learned very little."

28．学生们只有在学习了有助于理解事实的思想、趋势和概念后才可能记住这些事实。孤立学习事实是学不到东西的。

42 "Because learning is not a solitary activity but one that requires collaboration among people, students of all ages will benefit academically if they work frequently in groups."

42．学习不是个人行为，而是需要人们的合作，所以各个年级的学生如果经常在一个群体里工作，他们将会在学业上获益非浅。

153 "Students should bring a certain skepticism to whatever they study. They should question what they are taught instead of accepting it passively."

153．学生们应该带着一定的怀疑态度对待所学的任何东西。他们应该质疑老师教给他们的东西，而不是被动地接受。

155 "Contemporary society offers so many ways of learning that reading books is no longer very important."

155．当代社会提供了很多学习的途径，读书这种学习方式已经不是很重要了。

（二）学习课程：38，80，90，94，106

38 "In the age of television, reading books is not as important as it once was. People can learn as much by watching television as they can by reading books."

38．在电视机时代，阅读书籍已经没有原来那样重要了。人们从电视上学到的东西丝毫不比从书本中学来的少。

80 "All students should be required to take courses in the sciences, even if they have no interest in science."

80．所有的学生都应该被要求学习理科课程，尽管有些人对理科不感兴趣。

90 "College students should be encouraged to pursue subjects that interest them rather than seek programs that promise entry into the job market."

90．应该鼓励大学学生学习他们感兴趣的课程，而不是学习好找工作的课程。

94 "Universities should require every student to take a variety of courses outside the student's field of study because acquiring knowledge of various academic disciplines is the best way to become truly educated."

94．大学应该要求学生学习本专业以外的课程，因为让学生们了解不同学科的知识才是教育的最佳方式。

106 "All students should be required to take at least one course in ethics, even if taking the course means a decreased emphasis on academic subjects."

106．学生们应该被要求至少学习一种道德规范课程，即使这样会影响学术课程的学习。

（三）分数的局限：55，100

55 "Competition for high grades seriously limits the quality of learning at all levels of education."

55．人们为了分数而竞争，严重限制了人们各个阶段的学习质量。

100 "The pressure to achieve high grades in school seriously limits the quality of learning. An educational environment without grades would promote more genuine intellectual development."

100．高分压力严重限制了学习的质量。没有分数限制的教育环境更有利于真正的智力发展。

（四）学习与实践：57，117，204，232

57 "The depth of knowledge to be gained from books is much richer and broader than what can be learned from direct experience."

57．书中学到的知识远比实际经验中学到的知识要深广。

117 "The depth of knowledge to be gained from books is richer and broader than what can be learned from direct experience."

117．从书本中所学的知识要比从直接的实践中学到的更丰富、更广博。

204 "We learn through direct experience; to accept a theory without experiencing it is to learn nothing at all."

204．我们通过直接经验学习；没有通过实践而接受一个理论是学不到任何东西的。

232 "The purpose of education should be to create an academic environment that is separate from the outside world. This kind of environment is ideal because it allows students to focus on important ideas without being held back by practical concerns." 232．教育的目的应该是建立一个与世隔离的学术环境。这种环境是很理想的，因为这样学生们就可以不被日常事务牵扯精力而专注地研究重要问题。

（五）从异己中学习：1，122

1 "We can usually learn much more from people whose views we share than from people whose views contradict our own; disagreement can cause stress and inhibit learning." 1．我们通常从与我们意见一致的人那里学到的东西比从与我们意见相悖的人那里学到的东西多；意见分歧产生压力并阻碍了学习。

122 "We owe almost all our knowledge not to people who have agreed, but to people who have disagreed."

122．几乎所有的知识都归功于和我们意见不同的人，而并非和我们意见一致的人。

217. "In order to produce successful original work, scholars and scientists must first study the successful work of others to learn what contributions remain to be made."

为了创作出成功的原创著作，学者和科学家们必须研究别人的著作以了解这些著作仍然保持着哪些贡献。

（六）其它：233，4，179，205，229，239，183，184

233 "Although innovations such as video, computers, and the Internet seem to offer schools improved methods for instructing students, these technologies all too often distract from real learning."

233．尽管技术创新，如录像机、计算机以及因特网看似改善了学校的教学方式，但这些技术时常分散真实的学习。

4 "No field of study can advance significantly unless outsiders bring their knowledge and experience to that field of study."

4．任何领域要取得重大进展，都需要外领域者的知识和经验。

179 "What most human beings really want to attain is not knowledge, but certainty. Gaining real knowledge requires taking risks and keeping the mind open -- but most people prefer to be reassured rather than to learn the complex and often unsettling truth about anything."

179．人类真正希望获取的不是知识，而是确定性。获取真正的知识需要冒险，并且要有开放的心灵，但是大多数人更喜欢确定感，而不是去了解事物复杂的，甚至是使人不安的真相。205 "As societies all over the world have more and more access to new information, the effects on life-long learning can only be positive."

205．全世界的人有越来越多的途径来获取新信息，这对终身学习只会有积极的推动作用。229 "The best way to learn a new subject or skill is to study small segment s or details in great depth rather than to start by trying to develop a sense of the whole." 229．学习新学科或技能的最佳方式是深入研究小片断或细节，而不是一开始就试图获取整体的认识。

239．"Much of the information that people assume is 'factual' actually turns out to be inaccurate. Thus, any piece of information referred to as a 'fact' should be mistrusted since it may well be proven false in the future."

239．许多人们认为“真实”的信息结果是不准确的。因此，对任何被称为“事实”的信息都应该此怀疑态度，因为很有可能它将来被证实是虚假的。

183 "As we acquire more knowledge, things do not become more comprehensible, but more complex and more mysterious."

183．随着我们获取的知识越来越多，事情不是变得更好理解，而是变得更复杂更神秘。

184 "It is a grave mistake to theorize before one has data."

184．在没有证据之前就得出理论，是重大错误。

92. "In any academic area or professional field, it is just as important to recognize the limits of our knowledge and understanding as it is to acquire new facts and information."

在任何学术或者职业领域中，承认我们知识和理解的不足同获取新的知识同等重要。

177. "The study of an academic discipline alters the way we perceive the world. After studying the discipline, we see the same world as before, but with different eyes."

对于一门学科的研究会改变我们对世界的看法。在学习这门学科之后，我们看到的世界一如既往，但是我们本身的角度和眼光已然不同。

181. "The way students and scholars interpret the materials they work with in their academic fields is more a matter of personality than of training. Different interpretations come about when people with different personalities look at exactly the same objects, facts, data, or events and see different things."

学生和学者们在诠释学术研究对象时使用的方法更多的是一种个性化（因人而异）而非一种培训（模式化）。不同的诠释来自于具有不同个性的人在看待相同的目标、事实、数据或者事件的时候以及他们在看待不同事情的时候。——仁者见仁

第三类：教育类：

（一）教育的目的：53，102，104，112，128，130，134，191，201，213，222，232

53 "College and university education should be free for all students, fully financed by the government."

53．大学教育应该对所有学生免费，全部由政府来承担。

102 "For better or worse, education is a process that involves revising the ideas, beliefs, and values people held in the past."

102．不论好坏，教育改变了人们以前的想法、信念和价值观。

104 "It is primarily through formal education that a culture tries to perpetuate the ideas it favors and discredit the ideas it fears."

104．一种文化要想保留它认为好的思想，消除它认为不好的思想，主要是通过正规的教育。112 "Some educational systems emphasize the development of students' capacity for reasoning and logical thinking, but students would benefit more from an education that also taught them to explore their own emotions."

112．一些教育机构强调培养学生的推理和逻辑思考能力，但是如果也教会学生认知自我的情感，学生们将受益更多。

128 "It is often asserted that the purpose of education is to free the mind and the spirit. In reality, however, formal education tends to restrain our minds and spirits rather than set them free."

128．人们经常说教育的目的是释放人们的心灵。但实际上，正规的教育却倾向于束缚而非释放了人们的心灵。

130 "How children are socialized today determines the destiny of society. Unfortunately, we have not yet learned how to raise children who can help bring about a better society."

130．孩子融入社会的能力决定了社会的命运。遗憾的是，我们还不知道怎样培养孩子使他们对社会有益。

134 "Students should be encouraged to realize that mental agility and rhetorical skill must be accompanied by sincerity and the true conviction of their own beliefs."

134．必须鼓励学生们意识到：机智和修辞技巧必须以真诚和真正的信仰为基础。

191 "Education should be equally devoted to enriching the personal lives of students and to training students to be productive workers."

191．教育应该把这两件事看得同等重要－丰富学生的个人生活，把学生培养成生产者。

201 "The purpose of education should be to provide students with a value system, a standard, a set of ideas -- not to prepare them for a specific job."

201．教育的目的应是给学生提供一个价值系统，标准以及一系列理念，而不是使他们为某一特定工作做好准备。

213 "Too much emphasis has been placed on the need for students to challenge the assertions of others. In fact, the ability to compromise and work with others -- that is, the ability to achieve social harmony -- should be a major goal in every school." 213．学校太强调教学生怎么质疑他人的主张。实际上，培养折衷和与他人合作的能力，也就是促进社会和谐的能力应该被作为每个学校的主要目标。

222 "Learning for learning's sake is an outdated concept. Today, education must serve an ulterior purpose and be directed toward clear goals."

222．为了学习而学习已经是过时的理念。现在的教育必须是面向未来并且有明确的目标。232 "The purpose of education should be to create an academic environment t hat is separate from the outside world. This kind of environment is ideal because it allows students to focus on important ideas without being held back by practical concerns." 232．教育的目的应该是建立一个与世隔离的学术环境。这种环境是很理想的，因为这样学生们就可以不被日常事务牵扯精力而专注地研究重要问题。

39. "The intellectual benefits of attending a university or college are vastly overrated: most people could learn more by studying and reading on their own for four years than by pursuing a university or college degree."

大学学习的好处被过分的高估了：大多数人如果通过研究和阅读的方式自学四年的话，会比追求一个大学学位学到的更多。

（二）教育与社会：52，67，78，154，232

52 "Education encourages students to question and criticize, and therefore does little to promote social harmony."

52．教育鼓励学生们提问和批评，这样不利于社会的和谐。

67 "Colleges should require students to engage in public-service activities in order to assure that each student receives a balanced, well-rounded education."

67．学院应该要求学生们参加公益活动，这样就能保证学生们得到全面平衡的教育。

78 "Schools should be required to teach the essential interconnectedness of all human beings and thus help eliminate wars, cultural clashes, and other forms of conflict." 78．学校应该教给学生所有人类之间本质的互通性，这样就能有助于消除战争、文化抵触和其他形式的冲突。

154 "Both parents and communities must be involved in the local schools. Education is too important to leave solely to a group of professional educators."

154．家长和社会都应该参与到当地的学校中来。教育太重要了，不能只靠专业教育者。

232 "The purpose of education should be to create an academic environment that is separate from the outside world. This kind of environment is ideal because it allows students to focus on important ideas without being held back by practical concerns."

232．教育的目的应该是建立一个与世隔离的学术环境。这种环境是很理想的，因为这样学生们就可以不被日常事务牵扯精力而专注地研究重要问题。

（三）教育的课程：5，50，98，158

5 "A nation should require all its students to study the same national curriculum until they enter college rather than allow schools in different parts of the nation to determine which academic courses to offer."

5．一个国家应该要求所有的学生在上大学前都学习相同的国内课程，而不是允许不同地区的学校决定自己的教学课程。

50 "In order to improve the quality of instruction at the college and university level, all faculty should be required to spend time working outside the academic world in professions relevant to the courses they teach."

50．为了提高大学的教学质量，所有的教职员工应该去校外参加一些和他们教的课程相关的工作。

98 "Colleges and universities should offer more courses on popular music, film, advertising, and television because contemporary culture has much greater relevance for students than do arts and literature of the past."

98．大学和学院应该在流行音乐、电影、广告和电视上开设更多的课程，因为现代文化比过去

158 The arts (music, dance, visual arts, etc.) are vitally important to students' education and should therefore receive as much emphasis as mathematics, science, reading and other mainstream subjects."

158．艺术（音乐、舞蹈、视觉艺术等）对学生的教育非常重要的，因此它们应该得到和数学、科学、阅读以及其他主流课程一样的重视。

132. "The university community consists of three different worlds—the sciences, the humanities, and the social sciences. Because each world operates on its own assumptions and has its own special habits of thinking, rarely is there meaningful interaction among the sciences, the humanities, and the social sciences."

大学包括了三个不同的领域——科学、人文学科以及社会学科。因为每一个领域都根据自己的前提运转，每一个领域都有自己独特的思维习惯，所以在自然科学、人文科学和社会科学之间几乎是不存在有意义的交互的。

（四）教育的方法：228，230，111

228 "The best way to teach -- whether as an educator, employer, or parent -- is to praise positive actions and ignore negative ones."

228．最佳教育方式，不管是作为一个教育工作者、雇主还是父母，都是表扬积极的行为，忽略负面的行为。

230 "College students -- and people in general -- prefer to follow directions rather than make their own decisions. Therefore, colleges should eliminate as many choices as possible in order to offer students clear direction."

230．大学生－还有普通人－都更喜欢跟从指导，而不是做出自己的决定。因此，大学应该尽可能让学生少做选择，给学生提供明确的方向。

111 "The worldwide distribution of television programs and advertisements is seriously diminishing the differences among cultures."

111．全球性电视节目和广告极大地减少了各种文化之间的差异。

（五）教育与学生的关系：223，214

223 "Education is primarily a personal matter; it has little to do with school or college."

223．教育主要是个人的事情，与学校或者大学基本没有关系。

214 "Society should identify those children who have special talents and abilities and begin training them at an early age so that they can eventually excel in their areas of ability. Otherwise, these talents are likely to remain undeveloped." 214．社会应该找出那些具有特殊天才和能力的孩子，并在小时候就训练他们，这样他们最终能在此领域表现出众，否则这些潜能可能得不到发展。

（六）其它：51（=90，80）

51 "Education will be truly effective only when it is specifically designed to meet the individual needs and interests of each student."

51．只有针对每个学生的需要和兴趣，教育才真正的有意义。

90 "College students should be encouraged to pursue subjects that interest them rather than seek programs that promise entry into the job market."

90．应该鼓励大学学生学习他们感兴趣的课程，而不是学习好找工作的课程。

80 "All students should be required to take courses in the sciences, even if they have no interest in science."

80．所有的学生都应该被要求学习理科课程，尽管有些人对理科不感兴趣。

32. "A school or college should pay its teachers at the same rate in all disciplines, regardless of differences in salaries for related fields in the world outside of school. For example, entry-level teachers in mathematics and in the arts should receive the same pay, even if outside of school, math specialists earn a much higher salary on average than do specialists in the arts."

不管在校园外不同领域之间薪水的差异有多大，学校对于所有学科老师的待遇应该是一视同仁的。比如，低年级的数学和美术老师应该享有同样的收入，即便在校外，数学专家的收入一般是要比艺术家高得多。

第四类：传媒类：

（一）传媒的作用：111，105，151，161

111 "The worldwide distribution of television programs and advertisements is seriously diminishing the differences among cultures."

111．全球性电视节目和广告极大地减少了各种文化之间的差异。

105 "The true strength of a country is best demonstrated by the willingness of its government to tolerate challenges from it's own citizens."

105．当政府愿意接受来自其公民的质疑时，才表明这个国家真正的强大。

151 "High-speed electronic communications media, such as electronic mail and television, tend to prevent meaningful and thoughtful communication."

151．高速的电子通讯媒介，如电子邮件和电视，阻止了人们有思想、有意义的交流。

161 "In this age of intensive media coverage, it is no longer possible for a society to regard any woman or man as a hero. The reputation of anyone who is subjected to media scrutiny will eventually be diminished."

161．在媒体铺天盖地的年代，不可能树立英雄。任何人在媒体的“审视”下都会名声扫地。

（二）其它：109，215，107，38

109 "The purpose of many advertisements is to make consumers want to buy a product so that they will 'be like' the person in the ad. This practice is effective because it not only sells products but also helps people feel better about themselves." 109．很多广告的目的是要让消费者因为拥有产品后“像”广告中的人物而购买某种产品，这样的广告是有效的，因为这样既销售了产品，又让人们自我感觉良好。

107 "Instant communication systems encourage people to form hasty opinions and give quick replies rather than take the time to develop thoughtful, well-reasoned points of view."

107．实时通信系统促使人们匆忙决定并快速作出回应，而不是花时间得出一个仔细思考过、合情合理的观点。

215 "The bombardment of visual images in contemporary society has the effect of making people less able to focus clearly and extensively on a single issue over a long period of time."

215．当今社会视觉影像的爆炸使得人们不能长时间明确且全面地关注某一问题。

38 "In the age of television, reading books is not as important as it once was. People can learn as much by watching television as they can by reading books."

38．在电视机时代，阅读书籍已经没有原来那样重要了。人们从电视上学到的东西丝毫不比从书本中学来的少。

第五类：艺术类：

（一）想象类作品：14，49

49 "Imaginative works such as novels, plays, films, fairy tales, and legends present

a more accurate and meaningful picture of human experience than do factual accounts. Because the creators of fiction shape and focus reality rather than report on it literally, their creations have a more lasting significance."

49．有想象力的作品，比如小说、戏剧、童话和传说向人们展示了过去人们经验的精确且有意义的画面，而事实记述则稍逊。因为小说的作者重在刻画和关注事实，而非表面事实的报道，他们的作品有更深远的意义。

73. "In most professions and academic fields, imagination is more important than knowledge."

在大多数职业和学术领域中，想象力要比知识更加重要。

14 "It is necessary for everyone to read poetry, novels, mythology and other types of imaginative literature."

14．每个人都有必要去阅读诗、小说、神话和其他有想象力的文学作品。

（二）政府对艺术的态度：85，101

85 "Government funding of the arts threatens the integrity of the arts."

85．政府对艺术的资助威胁着艺术的独立性。

101 "Governments should provide funding for artists so that the arts can flourish and be available to all people."

101．政府应资助艺术家，促进艺术繁荣，以便人们都能接触到艺术。

（三）艺术家与评论家：96，143，144

96 "Although, critics who write about the arts tend to deny the existence of any objective standards for evaluating works of art, they have a responsibility to establish standards by which works of art can be judged."

96．尽管那些评价艺术作品的批评家企图否定在评价艺术作品时任何客观标准的存在，他们还是有责任建立起一套艺术作品的评判标准。

143 "Artists should pay little attention to their critics. *Criticism tends to undermine and constrain the artist's creativity." *those who evaluate works of art, such as novels, films, music, paintings, etc.

143．艺术家应该对给予他们的批评毫不理会。批评家总是削弱和限制艺术家的创造力。 *评价艺术作品，例如小说、电影、音乐、绘画等的人。

144 "It is the artist, not the critic,* who gives society something of lasting value." *a person who evaluates works of art, such as novels, films, music, paintings, etc. 144．是艺术家而不是批评家，带给社会一些具有持久价值的东西。*批评家指经常评价艺术作品，例如小说、电影、音乐、绘画等的人。

（四）艺术的价值：131，218

131 "The arts (painting, music, literature, etc.) reveal the otherwise hidden ideas and impulses of a society."

131．艺术（绘画、音乐、文学等）展现了那些隐藏的观点和社会的脉动。

218 "In order for any work of art -- whether film, literature, sculpture, or a song -- to have merit, it must be understandable to most people."

218．艺术作品要有价值，不管是电影、文学还是歌曲，都必须让大多数人能够理解。

（五）其它：76，190

76 "Truly profound thinkers and highly creative artists are always out of step with their time and their society."

76．真正影响深远的思想家和具有高度创造力的艺术家们总是与他们的时代和社会步伐不一致。

36. "The greatness of individuals can be decided only by those who live after them, not by their contemporaries."

一个人是否伟大是由后人评定的而非他同时代的人。

190 "As long as people in a society are hungry or out of work or lack the basic skills needed to survive, the use of public resources to support the arts is inappropriate -- and, perhaps, even cruel -- when one considers all the potential uses of such money."

190．当人们挨饿、失业或者缺少维持生存的基本技能时，动用公众资源来支持艺术就不合适了，也许，考虑到这些金钱的所有可能用途时，就更不人道了。

第六类：科技类：

（一）科技的影响：88，114，129，135，166，196，115，219，237

88 "Technologies not only influence but actually determine social customs and ethics."

88．科学技术不但影响而且决定了社会风俗和道德规范。

114 "Humanity has made little real progress over the past century or so. Technological innovations have taken place, but the overall condition of humanity is no better. War, violence, and poverty are still with us. Technology cannot change the condition of humanity."

114．人道主义在上个世纪并没有真正的发展。科技发展，但是人道主义的整体面貌并没有得到改善。战争、暴力、贫穷一直困扰着我们。科技不能改变人道主义状况。

129 "Technology is a necessary but not always a positive force in modern life." 129．科技对现代生活是必须的，但并非任何时候都能起到积极的作用。

135 "While most of the environmental problems we face result from the use of technology, society must depend upon technology to find solutions to these problems." 135．虽然我们面临的大多数环境问题都来源于科技的应用，我们应该依靠科技本身来寻找这些问题的解决方案。

166 "Over the past century, the most significant contribution of technology has been to make people's lives more comfortable."

166．上个世纪，科技的最大贡献在于使人们的生活更舒适。

196 "Technology creates more problems than it solves, and may threaten or damage the quality of life."

196．科技产生的问题多于所解决的，可能威胁或降低人们的生活质量。

115 "It is through the use of logic and of precise, careful measurement that we become aware of our progress. Without such tools, we have no reference points to indicate how far we have advanced or retreated."

115．通过逻辑思维和精确的测量手段才能获知我们的进步。没有这些工具，就没有参考点来标明我们进步了多少，退步了多少。

219 "Now that computer technology has made possible the rapid accessing of large amounts of factual information, people are less likely than ever to think deeply or originally. They feel unable to compete with -- much less contribute to -- the quantity of information that is now available electronically."

219．现在计算机技术已经使快速地访问大量的信息成为可能，人们已经不像以前那样进行深入和有创造力地思考了。他们感觉无法，也没有意义去和现在可以电子化获取的信息量相比。237．"Computers and video technology can make facsimiles of original works such as paintings and historical documents available to everyone. The great advantage of this new technology is that it will enable anyone—not just scholars—to conduct in-depth research without having access to the original works."

237．计算机以及视频技术可以制作原件的复制品，使得普通人都能接触到绘画或历史文件，此新技术的巨大优点在于它使得每一个人－而不只是学者－能够不接触原件而进行深入的研究。

41. "Such nonmainstream areas of inquiry as astrology, fortune-telling, and psychic and paranormal pursuits play a vital role in society by satisfying human needs that are not addressed by mainstream science."

研究界的一些非主流领域，比如星象学、占卜术和意念及超自然探索，在社会中起到了很重要的作用，因为它们满足了人们无法从主流科学获得的需求。

150. "Because of television and worldwide computer connections, people can now become familiar with a great many places that they have never visited. As a result, tourism will soon become obsolete."

由于电视和全球范围内的计算机网络，人们现在可以熟悉很多以前从未涉足过的地方。其结果就是使得旅游变得过时了。

（二）技术的目标：30，66，176

30 "The primary goal of technological advancement should be to increase people's efficiency so that everyone has more leisure time."

30．技术进步的主要目标是提高人们的效率，使得每个人都有更多的闲暇时间。

66 "As people rely more and more on technology to solve problems, the ability of humans to think for themselves will surely deteriorate."

66．人们越来越依赖于技术去解决问题，而人类自身思考的能力却被消弱。

159. "The human mind will always be superior to machines because machines are only tools of human minds."

人类的智慧将总是高于机器，因为机器只是人类智慧的工具。

176 "The function of science is to reassure; the purpose of art is to upset. Therein lies the value of each."

176．科学的目的是使人们安心，艺术的目的是使人们不安。这就是它们各自的价值。119. "When research priorities are being set for science, education, or any other area, the most important question to consider is: How many people's lives will be improved if the results are successful?"

当研究的重点被置于科学、教育或者其他领域中时，最重要的问题就是要考虑如果研究获得成功会有多少人的生活得以改善。

（三）其它：4，9

4 "No field of study can advance significantly unless outsiders bring their knowledge and experience to that field of study."

4．任何领域要取得重大进展，都需要外领域者的知识和经验。

9 "Academic disciplines have become so specialized in recent years that scholars' ideas reach only a narrow audience. Until scholars can reach a wider audience, their ideas will have little use."

9．近年来学术领域如此专业化，以至于学者们的思想只能使少部分人了解。只有使更多的人理解，他们的思想才能发挥作用。

第七类：文化类：10，6，63，207，243

10 "Governments must ensure that their major cities receive the financial support they need in order to thrive, because it is primarily in cities that a nation's cultural traditions are preserved and generated."

10．政府必须保证主要城市用于发展的财政支持，因为国家的文化传统大部分发源于并保留在城市中。

6 "The most effective way to understand contemporary culture is to analyze the trends of its youth."

6．了解当代文化最有效途径是分析其年青人的趋势和潮流。

63 "To truly understand your own culture -- no matter how you define it -- requires personal knowledge of at least one other culture, one that is distinctly different from your own."

63．为了真正地了解你自己的文化，不管你怎样定义它，你需要了解至少一种其他的文化，并且这种文化和你的文化完全不同。

207 "Rituals and ceremonies help define a culture. Without them, societies or groups of people have a diminished sense of who they are."

207．典礼和仪式有助于确立一种文化，否则人们的社会或群体的角色归属感削弱。243．"The true value of a civilization is reflected in its artistic creations rather than in its scientific accomplishments."

243．文明真正的价值反映在它的艺术创作上，而不是科学成就上。

173. "Originality does not mean thinking something that was never thought before; it means putting old ideas together in new ways."

创新并不意味着一定要想一些人们从未想过的东西；它意味着用新方法来重组老观点。172. "Important truths begin as outrageous, or at least uncomfortable, attacks upon the accepted wisdom of the time."

重要的真理一开始都是令人难以容忍的，或者至少是令人不快的，而且都是在反对当时的权威思想。

227. "To remain vigorous, any academic field needs to be led by truly independent thinkers who are willing to ignore established boundaries and challenge long-standing assumptions."

为了保持活力，所有的学术领域都需要真正的独立思想家的领导，他们可以无视既定的限制而挑战经久不衰的理论。

第八类：行为类：

（一）目标：212，126，118

212 "If a goal is worthy, then any means taken to attain it is justifiable. " 212．如果一个目标是值得的，那么追求目标的任何手段都是正当的。

126 "Society's external rewards are no measure of true success. True success can be measured only in relation to the goals one sets for oneself."

126．社会所给予的外部奖励不是成功的真正衡量标准。真正的成功只能通过自己所设立的目标来衡量。

118 "In any field of endeavor -- the sciences, the humanities, the social sciences, industry, etc. -- it is not the attainment of a goal that matters, but rather the ideas and discoveries that are encountered on the way to the goal."

118．在任何领域如科学、人文、社会科学、工业等，我们最大的收获在于达成目标的道路上的经验和发现，而不是获取目标本身。

31. "Money spent on research is almost always a good investment, even when the results of that research are controversial."

花在研究上的资金基本上都是不错的投资，即使研究的结果是有争议的。

（二）人的性格与价值观：91，145，12，

91 "Most people think that their deeply held values are the result of rational choice, but reason often has little to do with the way people form values."

91．大多数人认为他们持有的价值关是理性选择的结果，但其实理性和价值观的形成关系不大。

145 "A crucial test of character is whether one is able to adapt to changing social conventions without sacrificing one's principles."

145．性格测试最关键的一点就是看一个人能否在不牺牲个人原则的基础上适应变化的社会习俗。

12 "People's attitudes are determined more by their immediate situation or surroundings than by any internal characteristic."

12．人们的态度更多情况下取决于当时的处境和环境，而非人们的任何内在性格。

（三）个性差异与一致统一：198，238，59，141

198 "Instead of encouraging conformity, society should show greater appreciation of individual differences."

198．社会应该赞赏个性差异，而不是鼓励一致统一。

238．"Conformity almost always leads to a deadening of individual creativity and energy."

238．一致性几乎总是压抑个性化创造和活力。

59 "Too much emphasis is placed on role models. Instead of copying others, people should learn to think and act independently and thus make the choices that are best for them."

59．人们用太多的精力来模仿他人。人们应该学会独立思考和行动，而不要照搬别人的东西，这样才能做出最适合他们的选择。

141 "Most people recognize the benefits of individuality, but the fact is that personal economic success requires conformity."

141．大多数人只意识到个性化的益处，但实际上个人的经济成功需要一致性。

（四）合作：42，46，213

42 "Because learning is not a solitary activity but one that requires collaboration among people, students of all ages will benefit academically if they work frequently in groups."

42．学习不是个人行为，而是需要人们的合作，所以各个年级的学生如果经常在一个群体里工作，他们将会在学业上获益非浅。

46 "While some leaders in government, sports, industry, and other areas attribute their success to a well-developed sense of competition, a society can better prepare its young people for leadership by instilling in them a sense of cooperation." 46．尽管一些政府领导，比如体育、工业和其他的领域的人把他们的成功归功于良好的竞争意识，一个社会还是应该给年轻人灌输合作的思想，这更有助于他们成为好的领导者。

213 "Too much emphasis has been placed on the need for students to challenge the assertions of others. In fact, the ability to compromise and work with others -- that is, the ability to achieve social harmony -- should be a major goal in every school." 213．学校太强调教学生怎么质疑他人的主张。实际上，培养折衷和与他人合作的能力，也就是促进社会和谐的能力应该被作为每个学校的主要目标。

194. "The best preparation for life or a career is not learning to be competitive, but learning to be cooperative."

对于生活或者事业最好的准备不是学会竞争而是学会合作。

（五）个体与集体：60，95，113，162，175，199

60 "The media -- and society in general -- mistakenly expect an individual to speak

for a particular group, whether or not that individual truly represents the views of the entire group."

60．通常情况下，媒体和社会都希望某个个人能代表一特定群体，无论此个人能否真正地表达整个群体的观点。

95 "People work more productively in teams than individually. Teamwork requires cooperation, which motivates people much more than individual competition does." 95．众人拾柴火焰高。团队需要合作，这样才能比个体之间的竞争更能激发人们的激情

113 "It is primarily through our identification with social groups that we define ourselves."

113．定位自己，主要是通过定位自己所处的社会团体。

162 "One often hears about the need for individuals to take responsibility for their own lives. However, the conditions in which people find themselves have been largely established long before people become aware of them. Thus, the concept of personal responsibility is much more complicated and unrealistic than is often assumed." 162．我们经常听到个人需要为自己的生活负责任。但是在人们认识到自己所处的情形之前，这些情形很大程度上已确定。所以个人责任要比通常认为的要复杂和不切实际的得多。

175 "It is always an individual who is the impetus for innovation; the details may be worked out by a team, but true innovation results from the enterprise and unique perception of an individual."

175．总是某个个人推动了革新；可能由团队完成细节，但是真正的革新来自于个人的进取心与不寻常的洞察力。

199 "Truly innovative ideas do not arise from groups of people, but from individuals. When groups try to be creative, the members force each other to compromise and, as a result, creative ideas tend to be weakened and made more conventional. Most original ideas arise from individuals working alone."

199．真正创新的思想不是来自群体，而是来自个人。当一个群体试图创新时，群体中的成员使得彼此相互妥协，最终削弱集体的创造性，趋向遵循传统。大部分创造性思想来自于个人的独立工作。

（六）个人成功：16，38，138，182，188，192，206，210，226，240

16 "Although many people think that the luxuries and conveniences of contemporary life are entirely harmless, in fact, they actually prevent people from developing into truly strong and independent individuals."

16．尽管很多人认为现在奢侈安逸的生活是完全无害的，但实际上这样的生活阻止了人们培养真正坚强独立的性格。

38 "In the age of television, reading books is not as important as it once was. People can learn as much by watching television as they can by reading books."

38．在电视机时代，阅读书籍已经没有原来那样重要了。人们从电视上学到的东西丝毫不比从书本中学来的少。

138 "Only through mistakes can there be discovery or progress."

138．不犯错误就不会有发现和进步。

182 "It is dangerous to trust only intelligence."

182．只相信智力是危险的。（Intelligence：The faculty of thought and reason.故智力－理性相对于直觉－感性，我的理解）

188 "Success, whether academic or professional, involves an ability to survive in a new environment and, eventually, to change it."

188．成功，不管是学术上还是专业上的，都包括适应新环境并最终改变它的能力。

192 "Success in any realm of life comes more often from taking chances or risks than from careful and cautious planning."

192．生活各个方面的成功更多是来自机遇或者冒险，而不是仔细和谨慎的规划。

206 "People are too quick to take action; instead they should stop to think of the possible consequences of what they might do."

206．人们行动太快了；他们应该停下来想一想行动的可能后果。

210 "Most people choose a career on the basis of such pragmatic considerations as the needs of the economy, the relative ease of finding a job, and the salary they can expect to make. Hardly anyone is free to choose a career based on his or her natural talents or interest in a particular kind of work."

210．大多数人找工作是基于实用性的考虑：经济需求、较易找到工作，希望拿到的薪水。很少有人自由地根据自己对某一份工作的才能和兴趣出发去选择职业。

226 "People are mistaken when they assume that the problems they confront are more complex and challenging than the problems faced by their predecessors. This illusion is eventually dispelled with increased knowledge and experience."

226．人们错误地认为他们碰到的问题要比他们前辈碰到的问题更复杂、更具挑战性。这个错觉最终会随着知识和经验的积累消除。

240．"Although it is easy to respond positively to the work of another person or group, it is far more worthwhile to give negative feedback."

240．虽然很容易对他人和团体的工作给出肯定的反馈，但是给出否定的反馈更有价值。236. "Encouraging young people to believe that they can accomplish great things if they try hard enough is both misleading and potentially harmful."

鼓励年轻人们相信只要他们努力就能够完成伟大的事情，这样做不仅仅是在误导而且存在着潜在的危害性。

（七）个人与社会：77，75，93，145，234

203. "The best way to understand the character of a society is to examine the character of the men and women that the society chooses as its heroes or its heroines."

了解一个社会特点最好的方法是去考察被这个社会视为英雄的人们的特点。

75 "The people who make important contributions to society are generally not those who develop their own new ideas, but those who are most gifted at perceiving and coordinating the talents and skills of others."

75．为社会做出很大贡献的人往往不是发展出自己的新思想的人，而是他们具有感知和协调他人的才能和技巧的人。

171. "People who pursue their own intellectual interests for purely personal reasons are more likely to benefit the rest of the world than are people who try to act for the public good."

能够造福社会的是那些纯粹出于个人原因而追求自己兴趣知识的人，而不是那些打算为大众谋福利的人。

77 "People today are too individualistic. Instead of pursuing self-centered , separate goals, people need to understand that satisfaction comes from working for the greater good of the family, the community, or society as a whole."

77．今天人们过于个人主义。人们需认识到满足感来自于为家庭、社区或社会创造更大利益，而不是关注自我和个人目标。

93 "The concept of 'individual responsibility' is a necessary fiction. Although societies must hold individuals accountable for their own actions, people's behavior is largely determined by forces not of their own making."

93．“个人职责”的概念是必要的。尽管社会必须要求个人对他们自身的行为负责任，但人们的行为很大程度上是被迫的而并非个人素质。

145 "A crucial test of character is whether one is able to adapt to changing social conventions without sacrificing one's principles."

145．性格测试最关键的一点就是看一个人能否在不牺牲个人原则的基础上适应变化的社会习俗。

34．"Most people prefer restrictions and regulations to absolute freedom of choice, although they would probably deny such a preference."

34．大多数人更倾向于限制与规则，而不是绝对的自由，虽然他们可能会否认这一点。

（八）信仰：35，146，165，235

35 "No matter what the situation, it is more harmful to compromise one's beliefs than to adhere to them."

35．不管在什么样的情况下，坚持自己的信仰都要比放弃信仰好。

146 "People who are the most deeply committed to an idea or policy are the most critical of it."

146．对某思想或策略最执着的人往往对其最挑剔。

165 "In any given field, the leading voices come from people who are motivated not by conviction but by the desire to present opinions and ideas that differ from those held by the majority."

165．在任何领域，最主要的声音来自于这些人，他们并不是由信念驱动，而是由希望表达和大多数人相异的观点和想法的意愿所驱动。

235．"Most people are taught that loyalty is a virtue. But loyalty—whether to one's friends, to one's school or place of employment, or to any institution—is all too often a destructive rather than a positive force."

235．大多数人被教育说忠诚是一种美德。但是，忠诚－无论对于朋友、学校、受雇公司或任何机构来说，经常都是一种有害而非积极的力量。

（九）质疑：18，68，231

18 "Only by being forced to defend an idea against the doubts and contrasting views of others does one really discover the value of that idea."

18．只有通过质疑某个观点，并将其与其他观点做对比，人们才能真正理解那个观点的价值。

68 "People make the mistake of treating experts with suspicion and mistrust, no matter how valuable their contributions might be."

68．人们总是错误地对待专家，怀疑、不信任他们，不管专家们的贡献有多大。

231 " 'Moderation in all things' is ill-considered advice. Rather, one should say, 'Moderation in most things,' since many areas of human concern require or at least profit from intense focus."

231．“对所有事情适度”是不正确的建议。而应是“对大多数事情要适度。”因为人们从事的

许多领域需要或者至少得益于执着。（这里的适度类似中庸）

（十）其它：163，164，65，225，71，200，27，29，59，62

25. "Anyone can make things bigger and more complex. What requires real effort and courage is to move in the opposite direction—in other words, to make things as simple as possible."

任何人都可以把事情简单复杂化，但是需要真正努力和勇气的恰恰相反，也就是说应该把事情变得尽可能的简单。

163 "Most people live, whether physically or morally, in a very restricted circle. They make use of a very limited portion of the resources available to them until they face a great problem or crisis."

163．大多数人，不管是肉体上还是精神上，都局限于有限的范围内。直到他们遇到重大问题或危机的时候，才会发现自己只不过利用了可用资源很有限的一部分而已。

164 "Sometimes imagination is a more valuable asset than experience. People who lack experience are free to imagine what is possible and thus can approach a task without constraints of established habits and attitudes."

164．想象力有时比经验更有价值。缺乏实际经验的人对可能性有更自由的想象空间，所以能够不受固有的习惯和思维的限制来完成任务。

65 "People have been so encouraged by society to focus on apparent differences that they fail to see meaningful similarities among ideas, individuals, and groups." 65．人们经常被社会鼓励去关注思想、个体和团体之间表面的不同，以至于往往忽略其中有意义的相似之处。

225 "People often look for similarities, even between very different things, and even when it is unhelpful or harmful to do so. Instead, a thing should be considered on its own terms; we should avoid the tendency to compare it to something else." 225．人们经常寻找相似处，不管两个事物有多么不同，即便这样做没有意义或是有害的。我们应该就事论事，避免把它拿去和其他事物比较。

71 "Spending time alone makes one a better companion to others."

71．适当的独处有利于营造更为良好的相处关系。

200 "The most elusive knowledge is self-knowledge, and it is usually acquired through solitude, rather than through interaction with others."

200．最难的莫过于认知自我，通常只能通过独处，而非与他人交往来了解自己。

27 "No one can possibly achieve success in the world by conforming to conventional practices and conventional ways of thinking."

27．遵守传统经验和想法的人是不会成功的。

29 "Public figures such as actors, politicians, and athletes should expect people to be interested in their private lives. When they seek a public role, they should expect that they will lose at least some of their privacy."

29．公众人物，例如演员、政治家和运动员应该预料到人们对他们私生活的关注。当他们决定成为公众角色时，他们应该想到自己至少将失去某些隐私。

59 "Too much emphasis is placed on role models. Instead of copying others, people should learn to think and act independently and thus make the choices that are best for them."

59．人们用太多的精力来模仿他人。人们应该学会独立思考和行动，而不要照搬别人的东西，这样才能做出最适合他们的选择。

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CPO BOX 110 SEOUL KOREA-------受益人 Currency Code, Amount 32B USD 1,146,725.04-------信用证总额 Available with...by... 41D ANY BANK BY NEGOTIATION-------呈兑方式任何银行议付 有的信用证为ANY BANK BY PAYMENT, 些两句有区别, 第一个为银行付款后无追索权, 第二个则有追索权就是有权限要回已付给你的钱 Drafts at 42C 45 DAYS AFTER SIGHT-------见证45天内付款 Drawee 42D BANK OF CHINA LIAONING BRANCH-------付款行 Partial Shipments 43P NOT ALLOWED---分装不允许 Transhipment 43T NOT ALLOWED---转船不允许 Shipping on Board/Dispatch/Packing in Charge at/ from 44A RUSSIAN SEA----- 起运港 Transportation to 44B DALIAN PORT, P.R.CHINA -----目的港 Latest Date of Shipment 44C 990913--------最迟装运期 Description of Goods or Services: 45A

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