土木专业英语英译汉第18章.doc

Build materials

Materials for building must have certain physical properties to be structurally useful. primaril y ,they must be able to carry a load , or weight , without changing shape permanently . when a loa d is applied to a structure member , it will deform that is , a wire will stretch or a beam will bend . however , when the load is removed ,the wire and the beam come back to the original position ,thi s material property is called elasticity ,if a material were not elastic and a deformation were presen t in structure after removal of the load , repeated loading and unloading eventually would increase the deformation to the point where the structure would become useless . all material used in archit ectural structure , such as stone and brick , wood , steel , aluminum , reinforced concrete ,and plast ics , behave elastically within a certain defined range of loading . if the loading is increased above the range , two type of behavior can occur ; brittle and plastic . in the former , the , material will br eak suddenly . in the latter , the material begins to flow at a certain load (yield strength) , ultimatel y leading to fracture . as example , steel exhibits plastic behavior , and stone is brittle . the ultimate strength of a material is measured by the stress at which failure (fracture) occurs .

建筑材料必须有一定结构上的使用性的物理特性。首先，它们必须能够承担荷载或重量而没有永久性的变形。当荷载作用在结构构件上时，构件将变形，那就是说绳索将被拉伸或梁将弯曲。然而，当荷载被移去时，绳索和梁将回到原始位置。这种材料特性就叫做弹性。如果材料不是弹性的，那么在移去荷载后变形存在，重复加载和卸载最终增加变形到结构失去作用。所有用在建筑结构里的材料如石材，砖，木材，铝材，钢筋混凝土和塑料在一定范围内的荷载作用下表现弹性。如果加载超出了范围，两种情况会发生：脆性和塑性。如果是前者，材料将突然破坏；如果是后者，在一定荷载（屈服强度）材料开始屈服流动，最后导致破坏。例如，钢材呈现塑性，石材是脆性。材料最终强度由破坏发生时的应力决定。

A second important property of a building is its stiffness . this property is defined by the elast ic modulus ,which is the ratio of the stress (force per unit area) , to the strain (deformation per unit length) . the elastic modulus , therefore , is a measure of the resistance of a material to deformatio n under load . for two material to equal area under the same load , the one with the higher elastic modulus has the smaller deformation .structural steel , which has an elastic modulus of 30 million pounds per square inch (psi) , or 2100000 kilograms per square centimeter , is 3 time as stiff as alu minum , 10 times as stiff as concrete , and 15 times as stiff as wood

建筑材料的又一个重要特性是它的刚度。这个特性由弹性模量决定。应力（每单位面积上的力）与应变（每单位长度上的变形）的比率就是弹性模量。弹性模量就是描述材料在荷载作用下的变形能力。对于两种有相同面积且荷载相同的材料。弹性模量大的材料变形小。结构用钢的弹性模量是磅每平方英寸或千克每平方厘米，是铝的3倍，混凝土的10倍，木材的15倍。.

Masonry consists of natural materials , such as stone , or manufactured products , such as bric k and concrete block . masonry has been used since ancient times mud brick were used in the city of Babylon for secular buildings , and stone was used for the great temples of the Nile Valley . the great pyramid in Egypt . standing 481 feet (147 meters) high , is the most spectacular masonry con struction . masonry units originally were stacked without using any bonding agent , but all modern construction uses a cement mortar as a bonding material . modern structural materials include sto ne , brick of burnt clay or slate , and concrete blocks .

砌体。砌体由天然材料如石材和人造材料如砖，混凝土块组成。砌体在古代就被使用了。砖用在巴比伦城市非宗教的建筑物，石材用在尼罗河谷的大寺庙。埃及金字塔，高481英尺

（147米），是最壮观的砌体结构。砌体单元最初没有用任何粘结材料堆起来，而现代砌体结构用水泥浆作为粘结材料。现代结构用材包括石，红烧粘土砖或瓦，混凝土块。

Masonry is essentially a compressive material ; it cannot withstand a tensile force , that is , a pull. The ultimate compressive strength of bonded masonry depends on the strength of the masonr y until and the mortar. The ultimate strength will vary form 1000 to 4000 psi (70 to 280 kg/sq cm), depending on the particular combination of masonry unit and mortar used.

砌体本质上是一种受压材料，它不能承受拉力，砌体最终强度取决于砌块和泥浆。最后强度在1000至4000磅每英寸（70至280千克每平方厘米）范围内变化，取决于砌块和泥浆粘结情况。

Timber is one of the earliest construction materials and one of the few natural materials with good tensile properties. Hundreds of different species of wood are found throughout the world , an d each species exhibits different physical characteristics. Only a few species are used structurally a s framing members in building construction. In the untied states, for instance, out of more than 60 0 species of wood, only 20 species are used structurally. These are generally the conifers, or softw oods, both because of their abundance and because of the ease with which their wood can be shape d. The species of their more commonly used in the untied states for construction are Douglas fir, s outhern pine, spruce, and redwood. The ultimate tensile strength of these species varies form 5000 to 8000 psi (350 to 560 kg/sq cm). Hardwood are used primarily for cabinetwork and for interior f inishes such as floors.

木材。木材是一种最早的建筑材料而且是一种少有的抗拉性能好的天然材料。世界发现了好几百种木材，并且每种都存在不同的物理特性。只有一些用在建筑结构中作框架构件。在美国，例如，在超过600种木材里，只有20种用在结构中。这些一般是针叶树或是软木，两者都是因为丰富和木材容易成型。在美国，更多普通用在结构中的木材种类是美国松，云杉和红木。这些木材的抗拉强度在5000至8000磅每平方英寸（350至560千克每平米）范围内。硬木最初用作细木家具和内部装饰如地板。

Because of the cellular of wood, it is stronger along the grain than across the grain. Wood id particularly strong in tension and compression parallel to the grain. And it has great bending streng th. These properties make it ideally suited for columns and beams in structures. Wood is not effecti vely used as a tensile member in a truss, however, because the tensile strength of a truss member d epends upon connections between members. It is difficult to devise connections which do not depe nd on the shear or tearing strength along the grain, although numerous metal connectors have been produced to utilize the tensile strength of timbers.

由于木材纹理特性，它沿着纹理的强度大于横向纹理的强度。木材抗拉强度和顺纹抗压强度特别大，并且它有很大的抗弯强度。这些特性使它很适合作结构中的柱和梁。木材作为桁架的抗拉构件是无效的，因为桁架构件的抗拉强度取决于构件间的结点，虽然生产出了很多利用木材抗拉强度的金属连接件，但是很难设计出顺纹方向的抗剪强度或抗拉强度关系不大的构件。

Steel is an outstanding structural material. It has a high strength on a pound-for-pound basis when compared to other materials, even thought its volume-for-volume weight is more than times that of wood. It has a high elastic modulus, which results in small deformations under load. It can be formed by rolling into various structural shapes such as I-beams, plates, and sheets; it also can be cast into complex shapes; and it is also produced in the form of wire strands and ropes for use a s cables in suspension bridges and suspended roofs, as elevator rope, and as wire for pestering con crete. Steel element can be joined together by various means, such as bolting, riveting, or welding.

Carbon steels are subject to corrosion through oxidation and must be protected form contact with the atmosphere by painting them or embedding them in concrete. Above temperatures of about 70 0F(37℃), steel rapidly loses its strength, and therefore it must be covered in a jacket of a fireproof material(usually concrete) to increase its fire resistance.

钢材。钢材是一种重要的结构材料。当对比起其它材料受等重量时，它有很高的强度，即使它等体积的重量是木材的十倍。它的弹性模量很大，结果在荷载作用下变形很小。它能轧制成很多结构形式如工字型梁，板。它也能铸成复杂样式，它也能生产成绳索型式用作悬索桥和吊顶里的缆绳，生产成电梯绳和预应力混凝土里的拉杆。钢构件可以通过很多方式连结在一起，如螺栓连接，铆接和焊接。碳素钢易遭受氧化锈蚀因此必须靠喷漆或插入到混凝土中来避免与空气接触。超过钢材很快失去了强度，因此必须套一个耐火材料（通常是混凝土）以便增加其耐火能力。

The addition of alloying elements, such as silicon or manganese, results in higher strength ste els with tensile strengths up to 250000 psi(17500kg/sq cm). These steels are used where the size o f a structural member become critical, as in the case of columns in a skyscraper.

添加像硅或锰这样的合金元素，会得到抗拉强度达250000磅/平方英寸（17500千克/平方厘米）的高强钢筋。这些钢用在结构关键部位，如摩天大楼的柱子。

Aluminum is especially useful as a building when lightweight, strength, and corrosion are all important factors. Because pure aluminum is extremely soft and ductile, alloying elements, such a s magnesium, silicon, zinc, and copper, must be added to it to impart the strength required for stru ctural use. Structural aluminum alloys behave elastically. They have an elastic modulus one third a s great as steel and therefore deform there times as much as steel under the same load. The unit we ight of an aluminum alloy is one third that of steel, and therefore an aluminum member will be lig hter than a steel member of comparable strength. The ultimate tensile strength of aluminum alloys ranges form 20000 to 60000 psi (1400 to 4200kg/sq cm).

铝。当轻质，高强和抗锈蚀都成为重要因素时，铝就成了一种特别有用的建筑材料。因为纯铝是极其软和延性的，所以，合金成分，如锰，硅，锌和铜必须加进去增加结构所需强度。结构用的铝合金表现弹性。它们的弹性模量是钢材的1/3，因此在同样荷载作用下变形是钢材的3倍。每单位铝合金重量是钢的1/3。因此相同强度下，铝合金构件比钢构件重量轻。铝合金的极限抗拉强度变化幅度在20000至60000磅/平方英寸（1400到4200千克/平方厘米）之间。

Aluminum can be formed into a variety of shapes; it can be extruded to form I-beams, drawn to form wire and rode, and rolled to form foil and plates. Aluminum members can be put together in the same way as steel by riveting, bolting, and (to a lesser extent) by welding. Apart form its use f or framing members in buildings and prefabricated housing, aluminum also finds extensive use for window frames and for skin of the building in curtain-wall construction

铝能塑成很多形状，它能被挤压形成工字梁，拉成绳和杆，轧制成箔和板。铝构件能像钢用同样的方法：铆接，螺栓连接，低强度的焊接连接起来。除了用作建筑框架和预制房，铝也广泛用作窗框和结构幕墙框。

. Concrete is a mixture of water, sand and gravel, and Portland cement. Crushed stone, manufactur ed lightweight stone, and seashells are often use in lieu of natural gravel. Portland cement, which i s a mixture of materials containing calcium and clay, is heated in a kiln and then pulverized. Concr ete derives its strength form the fact that pulverized Portland cement, when mixed with water, hard ens by a process called hydration. In an ideal mixture, concrete consists of about three fourths san d gravel (aggregate) by volume and one cement paste. The physical properties of concrete are high

ly sensitive to variations in the mixture of the components, so a particular combination of these in gredients must be custom-designed to achieve specified resultsin terms of strength or shrinkage. When concrete is poured into a mold or form, it contains free water, not required for hydration, wh ich evaporate. As the concrete hardens, it releases this excess water over a period of time and shrin ks. As a result of this shrinkage, fine cracks often develop. In order to minimize these shrinkage cr acks, concrete must be hardened by keeping it moist for at least 5 days. The strength of concrete i n time because the hydration process continues for years; as a practical matter, the strength at 28 d ays is considered standard.

混凝土。混凝土是水，砂，石料和普通硅酸盐水泥的混合物。碎石，人造轻质石，和贝壳被用在天然石料场。普通硅酸水泥是包含钙和粘土的混合物。在窑里加热，然后研磨成粉。混凝土强度来源于混合了水的粉状的普通硅酸盐水泥，然后硬化。在一个理想的混合物里，混凝土由3/4体积的砂和石料和1/4体积的水泥浆。混凝土的物理特性对混合物成分的变化很敏感，因此必须根据强度或收缩设计成分的配合比以达到特别的结果。当混凝土倾倒在模板里时，它包含自由水，不再需要水化作用的水会蒸发掉。随着混凝土的硬化，它在一定时期内释放出多余的水，并且收缩。由于收缩，细裂缝产生了。为了把收缩裂缝减少到最小，混凝土硬化时必须保湿至少5天。混凝土强度随时间增长，因为水化过程会持续几年；实际上，28天强度就被认为是标准的。

Concrete deform under load in an elastic manner. Although its elastic modulus is one tenth th at of steel, similar deformations will result since its also about one tenth that of steel. Concrete is b asically a compressive material and has negligible tensile strength.

混凝土在荷载作用下是弹性变形。虽然它的弹性模量是钢的1/10，但是变形却一样，因为它的强度也只有钢的1/10。混凝土本质上是一种抗压材料，它的抗拉强度可以忽略不计。

Reinforced concrete, Reinforced concrete has steel bars that are placed in a concrete member to carry tensile force. These Reinforced bars, which range in diameter form 0.25 inch(0.64cm) to 2 .25 inches (5.7cm), have wrinkles on the surfaces to ensure a bond with the concrete. Although rei nforced concrete was developed in many countries, its discovery usually is attributed to Joseph M onnier, a French gardener, who used a wire network to reinforce concrete tuber in 1868. this proce ss is workable because steel and concrete expand and contract equally when temperature change. I f this were not the case, the bond between the steel and concrete would be broken by a change in t emperature since the two materials would respond differently. Reinforced concrete can be molded into innumerable shapes, such as beams, columns, slabs, and arches, and is therefore easily adapte d to a particular form of building. Reinforced concrete with ultimate tensile strengths in excess of 10000 psi (700 kg/sq cm) is possible, although most commercial concrete is produced with strengt hs under 6000 psi (420 kg/sq cm).

钢筋混凝土。钢筋混凝土由置于到混凝土中的钢筋承担拉力。这些钢筋直径在0.25英寸（0.64厘米）和2.25英寸（5.7厘米）之间，表面有刻痕以确保粘结住混凝土。虽然钢筋混凝土在很多国家有所发展，但是它的发现要归功于一个法国园艺师,Joseph Monnier在1868年用一个钢筋网加强混凝土筒。这个操作是可行的，因为当温度变化时，钢筋和混凝土同等的膨胀和收缩。如果不是这样的话，温度改变时，钢筋和混凝土之间的连接被破坏，因为两种材料的反应不同。钢筋混凝土可被浇筑成各种形状，例如梁，柱，板和拱。因此，它易适用于建筑的特殊结构。虽然大部分商品混凝土强度在6000磅/平方英寸（420千克/平方厘米），但是钢筋混凝土的极限抗拉强度超过10000磅/平方英寸（700千克/平方厘米）是有可能的。

Plastic plastics are rapidly becoming important construction materials because of the great va riety, strength, durability, and lightness. A plastic is a synthetic material or resin which can be mol ded into any desired shape and which uses an organic substance as a binder. Organic plastic are di vided into two general groups; thermosetting and thermoplastic. The thermosetting group becomes rigid though a chemical change that occurs when heat is applied; once set, these plastics cannot be remolded. The thermoplastic group remains soft at high temperatures and must be cooled before b ecoming rigid; this group is not used generally as a structural material..The ultimate strength of most plastic materials is from 7,000 to 12,000 psi (490 to 840 kg/sq cm),although nylon has a tensile strength up to 60,000 psi (4.200 kg/sq cm).

塑料。由于品种多，强度高，耐久性和轻质,塑料迅速成为重要的结构材料。塑料是合成材料或树脂，能被塑成任何期望的形状并且用有机物作胶结剂。有机塑料分成两类:热固性和热塑性。热固性塑料在加热时通过化学物质的变化变得坚固，一旦成型，这些塑料不能再被铸造。热塑性塑料在高温时是软弱的，变得坚固前一定要冷却，这种塑料一般不用作结构材料。虽然尼龙抗拉强度达到60000磅/平方英寸（4200千克/平方厘米），但是大部分塑料的极限强度在7000至12000磅/平方英寸（490至840千克/平方厘米）范围内。

《土木工程专业英语》段兵延第二版全书文章翻译精编版

第一课 土木工程学土木工程学作为最老的工程技术学科，是指规划，设计，施工及对建筑环境的管理。此处的环境包括建筑符合科学规范的所有结构，从灌溉和排水系统到火箭发射设施。 土木工程师建造道路，桥梁，管道，大坝，海港，发电厂，给排水系统，医院，学校，公共交通和其他现代社会和大量人口集中地区的基础公共设施。他们也建造私有设施，比如飞机场，铁路，管线，摩天大楼，以及其他设计用作工业，商业和住宅途径的大型结构。此外，土木工程师还规划设计及建造完整的城市和乡镇，并且最近一直在规划设计容纳设施齐全的社区的空间平台。 土木一词来源于拉丁文词“公民”。在1782年，英国人John Smeaton为了把他的非军事工程工作区别于当时占优势地位的军事工程师的工作而采用的名词。自从那时起，土木工程学被用于提及从事公共设施建设的工程师，尽管其包含的领域更为广阔。 领域。因为包含范围太广，土木工程学又被细分为大量的技术专业。不同类型的工程需要多种不同土木工程专业技术。一个项目开始的时候，土木工程师要对场地进行测绘，定位有用的布置，如地下水水位，下水道，和电力线。岩土工程专家则进行土力学试验以确定土壤能否承受工程荷载。环境工程专家研究工程对当地的影响，包括对空气和地下水的可能污染，对当地动植物生活的影响，以及如何让工程设计满足政府针对环境保护的需要。交通工程专家确定必需的不同种类设施以减轻由整个工程造成的对当地公路和其他交通网络的负担。同时，结构工程专家利用初步数据对工程作详细规划，设计和说明。从项目开始到结束，对这些土木工程专家的工作进行监督和调配的则是施工管理专家。根据其他专家所提供的信息，施工管理专家计算材料和人工的数量和花费，所有工作的进度表，订购工作所需要的材料和设备，雇佣承包商和分包商，还要做些额外的监督工作以确保工程能按时按质完成。 贯穿任何给定项目，土木工程师都需要大量使用计算机。计算机用于设计工程中使用的多数元件（即计算机辅助设计，或者CAD）并对其进行管理。计算机成为了现代土木工程师的必备品，因为它使得工程师能有效地掌控所需的大量数据从而确定建造一项工程的最佳方法。 结构工程学。在这一专业领域，土木工程师规划设计各种类型的结构，包括桥梁，大坝，发电厂，设备支撑，海面上的特殊结构，美国太空计划，发射塔，庞大的天文和无线电望远镜，以及许多其他种类的项目。结构工程师应用计算机确定一个结构必须承受的力：自重，风荷载和飓风荷载，建筑材料温度变化引起的胀缩，以及地震荷载。他们也需确定不同种材料如钢筋，混凝土，塑料，石头，沥青，砖，铝或其他建筑材料等的复合作用。 水利工程学。土木工程师在这一领域主要处理水的物理控制方面的种种问题。他们的项目用于帮助预防洪水灾害，提供城市用水和灌溉用水，管理控制河流和水流物，维护河滩及其他滨水设施。此外，他们设计和维护海港，运河与水闸，建造大型水利大坝与小型坝，以及各种类型的围堰，帮助设计海上结构并且确定结构的位置对航行影响。 岩土工程学。专业于这个领域的土木工程师对支撑结构并影响结构行为的土壤和岩石的特性进行分析。他们计算建筑和其他结构由于自重压力可能引起的沉降，并采取措施使之减少到最小。他们也需计算并确定如何加强斜坡和填充物的稳定性以及如何保护结构免受地震和地下水的影响。 环境工程学。在这一工程学分支中，土木工程师设计，建造并监视系统以提供安全的饮用水，同时预防和控制地表和地下水资源供给的污染。他们也设计，建造并监视工程以控制甚至消除对土地和空气的污染。他们建造供水和废水处理厂，设计空气净化器和其他设备以最小化甚至消除由工业加工、焚化及其他产烟生产活动引起的空气污染。他们也采用建造特殊倾倒地点或使用有毒有害物中和剂的措施来控制有毒有害废弃物。此外，工程师还对垃圾掩埋进行设计和管理以预防其对周围环境造成污染。

土木工程专业英语全部

Lesson 1 Compression Members New Words 1. achieve achievement 2. eccentricity center, 中心; ec centric 偏心的；ec centricity 偏心，偏心距 3. inevitable evitable 可避免的avoidable; in evitable 不可避免的unavoidable 4. truss 桁架triangular truss, roof truss, truss bridge 5. bracing brace 支柱，支撑；bracing, 支撑，撑杆 6. slender 细长，苗条；stout; slenderness 7. buckle 压曲，屈曲；buckling load 8. stocky stout 9. convincingly convince, convincing, convincingly 10. stub 树桩，短而粗的东西；stub column 短柱 11. curvature 曲率；curve, curvature 12. detractor detract draw or take away; divert; belittle，贬低，诽谤； 13. convince 14. argument dispute, debate, quarrel, reason, 论据（理由） 15. crookedness crook 钩状物，v弯曲，crooked 弯曲的 16. provision 规定，条款 Phrases and Expressions 1. compression member 2. bending moment shear force, axial force 3. call upon (on) 要求，请求，需要 4. critical buckling load 临界屈曲荷载critical 关键的，临界的 5. cross-sectional area 6. radius of gyration 回转半径gyration 7. slenderness ratio 长细比 8. tangent modulus 切线模量 9. stub column 短柱 10. trial-and-error approach 试算法 11. empirical formula 经验公式empirical 经验的 12. residual stress 残余应力residual 13. hot-rolled shape 热轧型钢hot-rolled bar 14. lower bound 下限upper bound 上限 16. effective length 计算长度 Definition （定义） Compression members are those structural elements that are subjected only to axial compressive forces: that is, the loads are applied along a longitudinal axis through the centroid of the member cross section, and

土木工程专业英语正文课文翻译

第一课土木工程学 土木工程学作为最老的工程技术学科，是指规划，设计，施工及对建筑环境的管理。此处的环境包括建筑符合科学规范的所有结构，从灌溉和排水系统到火箭发射设施。 土木工程师建造道路，桥梁，管道，大坝，海港，发电厂，给排水系统，医院，学校，公共交通和其他现代社会和大量人口集中地区的基础公共设施。他们也建造私有设施，比如飞机场，铁路，管线，摩天大楼，以及其他设计用作工业，商业和住宅途径的大型结构。此外，土木工程师还规划设计及建造完整的城市和乡镇，并且最近一直在规划设计容纳设施齐全的社区的空间平台。 土木一词来源于拉丁文词“公民”。在1782年，英国人John Smeaton为了把他的非军事工程工作区别于当时占优势地位的军事工程师的工作而采用的名词。自从那时起，土木工程学被用于提及从事公共设施建设的工程师，尽管其包含的领域更为广阔。 领域。因为包含范围太广，土木工程学又被细分为大量的技术专业。不同类型的工程需要多种不同土木工程专业技术。一个项目开始的时候，土木工程师要对场地进行测绘，定位有用的布置，如地下水水位，下水道，和电力线。岩土工程专家则进行土力学试验以确定土壤能否承受工程荷载。环境工程专家研究工程对当地的影响，包括对空气和地下水的可能污染，对当地动植物生活的影响，以及如何让工程设计满足政府针对环境保护的需要。交通工程专家确定必需的不同种类设施以减轻由整个工程造成的对当地公路和其他交通网络的负担。同时，结构工程专家利用初步数据对工程作详细规划，设计和说明。从项目开始到结束，对这些土木工程专家的工作进行监督和调配的则是施工管理专家。根据其他专家所提供的信息，施工管理专家计算材料和人工的数量和花费，所有工作的进度表，订购工作所需要的材料和设备，雇佣承包商和分包商，还要做些额外的监督工作以确保工程能按时按质完成。 贯穿任何给定项目，土木工程师都需要大量使用计算机。计算机用于设计工程中使用的多数元件（即计算机辅助设计，或者CAD）并对其进行管理。计算机成为了现代土木工程师的必备品，因为它使得工程师能有效地掌控所需的大量数据从而确定建造一项工程的最佳方法。 结构工程学。在这一专业领域，土木工程师规划设计各种类型的结构，包括桥梁，大坝，发电厂，设备支撑，海面上的特殊结构，美国太空计划，发射塔，庞大的天文和无线电望远镜，以及许多其他种类的项目。结构工程师应用计算机确定一个结构必须承受的力：自重，风荷载和飓风荷载，建筑材料温度变化引起的胀缩，以及地震荷载。他们也需确定不同种材料如钢筋，混凝土，塑料，石头，沥青，砖，铝或其他建筑材料等的复合作用。 水利工程学。土木工程师在这一领域主要处理水的物理控制方面的种种问题。他们的项目用于帮助预防洪水灾害，提供城市用水和灌溉用水，管理控制河流和水流物，维护河滩及其他滨水设施。此外，他们设计和维护海港，运河与水闸，建造大型水利大坝与小型坝，以及各种类型的围堰，帮助设计海上结构并且确定结构的位置对航行影响。 岩土工程学。专业于这个领域的土木工程师对支撑结构并影响结构行为的土壤和岩石的特性进行分析。他们计算建筑和其他结构由于自重压力可能引起的沉降，并采取措施使之减少到最小。他们也需计算并确定如何加强斜坡和填充物的稳定性以及如何保护结构免受地震和地下水的影响。 环境工程学。在这一工程学分支中，土木工程师设计，建造并监视系统以提供安全的饮用水，同时预防和控制地表和地下水资源供给的污染。他们也设计，建造并监视工程以控制甚至消除对土地和空气的污染。

土木工程专业英语词汇(整理版)

第一部分必须掌握，第二部分尽量掌握 第一部分： 1 Finite Element Method 有限单元法 2 专业英语Specialty English 3 水利工程Hydraulic Engineering 4 土木工程Civil Engineering 5 地下工程Underground Engineering 6 岩土工程Geotechnical Engineering 7 道路工程Road (Highway) Engineering 8 桥梁工程Bridge Engineering 9 隧道工程Tunnel Engineering 10 工程力学Engineering Mechanics 11 交通工程Traffic Engineering 12 港口工程Port Engineering 13 安全性safety 17木结构timber structure 18 砌体结构masonry structure 19 混凝土结构concrete structure 20 钢结构steelstructure 21 钢-混凝土复合结构steel and concrete composite structure 22 素混凝土plain concrete 23 钢筋混凝土reinforced concrete 24 钢筋rebar 25 预应力混凝土pre-stressed concrete 26 静定结构statically determinate structure 27 超静定结构statically indeterminate structure 28 桁架结构truss structure 29 空间网架结构spatial grid structure 30 近海工程offshore engineering 31 静力学statics 32运动学kinematics 33 动力学dynamics 34 简支梁simply supported beam 35 固定支座fixed bearing 36弹性力学elasticity 37 塑性力学plasticity 38 弹塑性力学elaso-plasticity 39 断裂力学fracture Mechanics 40 土力学soil mechanics 41 水力学hydraulics 42 流体力学fluid mechanics 43 固体力学solid mechanics 44 集中力concentrated force 45 压力pressure 46 静水压力hydrostatic pressure 47 均布压力uniform pressure 48 体力body force 49 重力gravity 50 线荷载line load 51 弯矩bending moment 52 torque 扭矩53 应力stress 54 应变stain 55 正应力normal stress 56 剪应力shearing stress 57 主应力principal stress 58 变形deformation 59 内力internal force 60 偏移量挠度deflection 61 settlement 沉降 62 屈曲失稳buckle 63 轴力axial force 64 允许应力allowable stress 65 疲劳分析fatigue analysis 66 梁beam 67 壳shell 68 板plate 69 桥bridge 70 桩pile 71 主动土压力active earth pressure 72 被动土压力passive earth pressure 73 承载力load-bearing capacity 74 水位water Height 75 位移displacement 76 结构力学structural mechanics 77 材料力学material mechanics 78 经纬仪altometer 79 水准仪level 80 学科discipline 81 子学科sub-discipline 82 期刊journal ,periodical 83文献literature 84 ISSN International Standard Serial Number 国际标准刊号 85 ISBN International Standard Book Number 国际标准书号 86 卷volume 87 期number 88 专着monograph 89 会议论文集Proceeding 90 学位论文thesis, dissertation 91 专利patent 92 档案档案室archive 93 国际学术会议conference 94 导师advisor 95 学位论文答辩defense of thesis 96 博士研究生doctorate student 97 研究生postgraduate 98 EI Engineering Index 工程索引 99 SCI Science Citation Index 科学引文索引 100ISTP Index to Science and Technology Proceedings 科学技术会议论文集索引 101 题目title 102 摘要abstract 103 全文full-text 104 参考文献reference 105 联络单位、所属单位affiliation 106 主题词Subject 107 关键字keyword 108 ASCE American Society of Civil Engineers 美国土木工程师协会 109 FHWA Federal Highway Administration 联邦公路总署

(完整word版)英语专业翻译实践报告

实践报告 这周是英语专业的翻译实践周，这次的专业实习让我受益匪浅，收获颇多。专业实习的主要目的是要培养我们理论联系实际，综合运用所学基础知识、基本理论和技能，独立分析、解决问题的能力。在大学的第三学年，实习是一个很重要的环节，对我们以后的工作实习也有一定的帮助。所以，我们要端正态度，认真对待这次的专业实习。 我们的主要任务是进行英译汉和汉译英的翻译实践，为此在实践的过程中，我总结了四种必备的翻译工具：一是灵格斯翻译工具，里面可安装各式的词典；二是百度搜索工具；三是有道词典；四是英汉词典；五是汉英词典。翻译的过程如下：首先可以现在灵格斯里查询不懂的单词和词组，寻找最符合原文的解释。然后采取同时在百度和有道词典搜索的做法，并对同种搜索工具搜索结果进行比较。他们有着各自的优缺点。所以我们最后用到的就是英汉和汉英辞典，可以对我们翻译之中的词汇，进行最后的确认，确定出最最准确的译法。 在翻译过程中也遇到到了一些困难，这说明在漫漫的英语学习过程中我还要继续努力。学如逆水行舟，不进则退，只要每天我认真学习，那就是一种进步。人生总归会有许多挫折，但我们若不跨过这道坎，就不会有进步，滞留不前。我们要用有限的生命创造无限的价值，勇敢面对每一个挑战。 翻译是运用一种语言把另一种语言所表达的思维内容准确而完整地表达出来的语言行为。当然纸上谈兵是无稽之谈，光有理论知识而不实践操作也是没有用的。有位翻译家这么说过，“学翻译犹如学游泳。只在岸边看别人游，或只听教练讲解，是学不会的。”所以要想提高自己的翻译能力，一定要通过实践。实践可以分为两类，直接的实践和间接的实践。 所谓直接的实践，就是自己亲身参加的实践，也就是自己动手翻译。一回生，二回熟，日积月累，第一手经验多了，做起来得心应手，翻译能力有所提高。所谓“熟能生巧”，就是这个道理。但自己能译的东西是有限的，从这种实践中得出的经验也是有限的。因此，还需要借助于间接的实践。 所谓间接的实践，就是研究别人的译文。比如，一篇文章在手，准备翻译，这时先找一些有关的资料或同类文章的译文看一看，在词语和风格方面定会有所借鉴。别人的译文是别人直接实践的产物，看了别人的译文，就是从事间接实践。

土木工程专业英语课文原文及对照翻译

土木工程专业英语课文原 文及对照翻译 Newly compiled on November 23, 2020

Civil Engineering Civil engineering, the oldest of the engineering specialties, is the planning, design, construction, and management of the built environment. This environment includes all structures built according to scientific principles, from irrigation and drainage systems to rocket-launching facilities. 土木工程学作为最老的工程技术学科，是指规划，设计，施工及对建筑环境的管理。此处的环境包括建筑符合科学规范的所有结构，从灌溉和排水系统到火箭发射设施。 Civil engineers build roads, bridges, tunnels, dams, harbors, power plants, water and sewage systems, hospitals, schools, mass transit, and other public facilities essential to modern society and large population concentrations. They also build privately owned facilities such as airports, railroads, pipelines, skyscrapers, and other large structures designed for industrial, commercial, or residential use. In addition, civil engineers plan, design, and build complete cities and towns, and more recently have been planning and designing space platforms to house self-contained communities. 土木工程师建造道路，桥梁，管道，大坝，海港，发电厂，给排水系统，医院，学校，公共交通和其他现代社会和大量人口集中地区的基础公共设施。他们也建造私有设施，比如飞机场，铁路，管线，摩天大楼，以及其他设计用作工业，商业和住宅途径的大型结构。此外，土木工程师还规划设计及建造完整的城市和乡镇，并且最近一直在规划设计容纳设施齐全的社区的空间平台。 The word civil derives from the Latin for citizen. In 1782, Englishman John Smeaton used the term to differentiate his nonmilitary engineering work from that of the military engineers who predominated at the time. Since then, the term civil engineering has often been used to refer to engineers who build public facilities, although the field is much broader 土木一词来源于拉丁文词“公民”。在1782年，英国人John Smeaton为了把他的非军事工程工作区别于当时占优势地位的军事工程师的工作而采用的名词。自从那时起，土木工程学被用于提及从事公共设施建设的工程师，尽管其包含的领域更为广阔。 Scope. Because it is so broad, civil engineering is subdivided into a number of technical specialties. Depending on the type of project, the skills of many kinds of civil engineer specialists may be needed. When a project begins, the site is surveyed and mapped by civil engineers who locate utility placement—water, sewer, and power lines. Geotechnical specialists perform soil experiments to determine if the earth can bear the weight of the project. Environmental specialists study the project’s impact on the local area: the potential for air and

土木工程专业英语

non-destructive test 非破损检验 non-load—bearingwall 非承重墙 non—uniform cross—section beam 变截面粱 non—uniformly distributed strain coefficient of longitudinal tensile reinforcement 纵向受拉钢筋应变不均匀系数 normal concrete 普通混凝土 normal section 正截面 notch and tooth joint 齿连接 number of sampling 抽样数量 O obligue section 斜截面 oblique—angle fillet weld 斜角角焊缝 one—way reinforced(or prestressed)concrete slab “单向板” open web roof truss 空腹屋架， ordinary concrete 普通混凝土(28) ordinary steel bar 普通钢筋(29) orthogonal fillet weld 直角角焊缝(61) outstanding width of flange 翼缘板外伸宽度(57) outstanding width of stiffener 加劲肋外伸宽度(57) over-all stability reduction coefficient of steel beam·钢梁整体稳定系数(58) overlap 焊瘤(62) overturning or slip resistance analysis 抗倾覆、滑移验算(10) P padding plate 垫板(52) partial penetrated butt weld 不焊透对接焊缝(61) partition 非承重墙(7) penetrated butt weld 透焊对接焊缝(60) percentage of reinforcement 配筋率(34) perforated brick 多孔砖(43) pilastered wall 带壁柱墙(42) pit·凹坑(62) pith 髓心(?o) plain concrete structure 素混凝土结构(24) plane hypothesis 平截面假定(32) plane structure 平面结构(11) plane trussed lattice grids 平面桁架系网架(5) plank 板材(65) plastic adaption coefficient of cross—section 截面塑性发展系数(58) plastic design of steel structure 钢结构塑性设计(56) plastic hinge·塑性铰(13) plastlcity coefficient of reinforced concrete member in tensile zone 受拉区混凝土塑性影响系数

各专业的英文翻译

中国教育在线考研频道提供考研全方面信息指导及咨询服务，为您成功考研提供一切帮助。 哲学Philosophy 马克思主义哲学Philosophy of Marxism 中国哲学Chinese Philosophy 外国哲学Foreign Philosophies 逻辑学Logic 伦理学Ethics 美学Aesthetics 宗教学Science of Religion 科学技术哲学Philosophy of Science and Technology 经济学Economics 理论经济学Theoretical Economics 政治经济学Political Economy 经济思想史History of Economic Thought 经济史History of Economic 西方经济学Western Economics 世界经济World Economics 人口、资源与环境经济学Population, Resources and Environmental Economics 应用经济学Applied Economics 国民经济学National Economics 区域经济学Regional Economics 财政学（含税收学）Public Finance (including Taxation) 金融学（含保险学）Finance (including Insurance) 产业经济学Industrial Economics 国际贸易学International Trade 劳动经济学Labor Economics 统计学Statistics 数量经济学Quantitative Economics 中文学科、专业名称英文学科、专业名称 国防经济学National Defense Economics 法学Law 法学Science of Law 法学理论Jurisprudence 法律史Legal History 宪法学与行政法学Constitutional Law and Administrative Law 刑法学Criminal Jurisprudence

土木工程专业英语修正版

Take the road of sustainable development civil engineering Abstract: Civil Engineering is the oldest in human history "technical science" as a system of industrial activity, the essence of civil engineering production process, is a technical process Civil engineering is the construction of various facilities in science and technology, collectively, both refer to the construction of the object, that is built on the ground, underground, water facilities, a variety of projects, but also refers to the application of materials, equipment and carried out survey and design , construction, maintenance, repair and other technology. As an important basis for discipline, civil engineering has its important attributes: a comprehensive, social, practical, technical and economic and artistic unity. With the progress of human society and development, civil engineering has already evolved into large-scale comprehensive subject, and has many branches, such as: construction, railroad engineering, road engineering, bridge engineering, specialty engineering structures, water supply and drainage projects, port engineering, hydraulic engineering, environmental engineering and other disciplines. There are six professional civil engineering: architecture, urban planning, civil engineering, built environment and equipment engineering, water supply and drainage works and road and bridge projects. Civil engineering is a form of human activity. Human beings pursued it to change the natural environment for their own benefit. Buildings, transportations, facilities, infrastructures are all included in civil engineering. The development of civil engineering has a long history. Our seniors had left a lot of great constructions to us. For example, Zhao Zhou Bridge is the representative of our Chinese civil engineering masterpieces. It has a history of more than 1300 years and is still service at present. Civil engineering has been so rapid development of the period. A lot of new bridges have been constructed, and many greater plans are under discussion. China is a large county. And she is still well developing. However, civil engineers will be facing more complex problems. We should pay attention to the growing population and a lot of deteriorating infrastructures. We should prepare for the possibility of natural disasters. To meet grow needs in the

(完整版)土木工程专业英语常用词汇

Part IV：Commonly Used Professional Terms of Civil Engineering development organization 建设单位 design organization 设计单位 construction organization 施工单位 reinforced concrete 钢筋混凝土 pile 桩 steel structure 钢结构 aluminium alloy 铝合金 masonry 砌体（工程）reinforced ~ 配筋砌体load-bearing ~ 承重砌体unreinforced ~非配筋砌体 permissible stress (allowable stress) 容许应力plywood 胶合板 retaining wall 挡土墙 finish 装修 finishing material装修材料 ventilation 通风 natural ~ 自然通风 mechanical ~ 机械通风 diaphragm wall (continuous concrete wall) 地下连续墙 villa 别墅 moment of inertia 惯性矩 torque 扭矩 stress 应力normal ~ 法向应力shear ~ 剪应力 strain 应变 age hardening 时效硬化 air-conditioning system空调系统 (air) void ration（土）空隙比 albery壁厨，壁龛 a l mery壁厨，贮藏室 anchorage length锚固长度 antiseismic joint 防震缝 architectural appearance 建筑外观 architectural area 建筑面积 architectural design 建筑设计 fiashing 泛水 workability (placeability) 和易性 safety glass安全玻璃 tempered glass (reinforced glass) 钢化玻璃foamed glass泡沫玻璃 asphalt沥青 felt (malthoid) 油毡 riveted connection 铆接 welding焊接 screwed connection 螺栓连接 oakum 麻刀，麻丝 tee三通管 tap存水弯 esthetics美学 formwork 模板（工程） shoring 支撑 batching 配料 slipform construction (slipforming) 滑模施工 lfit-slab construction 升板法施工 mass concrete 大体积混凝土 terrazzo水磨石 construction joint 施工缝 honeycomb蜂窝，空洞，麻面 piled foundation桩基 deep foundation 深基础 shallow foundation浅基础 foundation depth基础埋深 pad foundation独立基础 strip foundation 条形基础 raft foundation筏基 box foundation箱形基础 BSMT=basement 地下室 lift 电梯electric elevator lift well电梯井 escalator 自动扶梯 Poisson’s ratio 泊松比μ Young’s modulus , modulus of elasticity 杨氏模量，弹性模量E safety coefficient 安全系数 fatigue failure 疲劳破坏 bearing capacity of foundations 地基承载力bearing capacity of a pile 单桩承载力 two-way-reinforcement 双向配筋 reinforced concrete two-way slabs钢筋混凝土双向板 single way slab单向板 window blind 窗帘sun blind wind load 风荷载 curing 养护 watertight concrete 防水混凝土 white cement白水泥 separating of concrete混凝土离折segregation of concrete mortar 砂浆~ joint 灰缝 pilaster 壁柱 fire rating耐火等级 fire brick 耐火砖 standard brick标准砖

英语专业英译汉

Chinese-English Translation Course Unit One Error Analysis: Part One On the test paper I. Choose the one which is proper and idiomatic . 1. Our home, once full of laughters, now deafens us with its silence. 译文A: 我们的家，曾经充满了欢声笑语，现在却充满了令人震耳欲聋的沉寂。 译文B: 我们的家，曾经充满了欢声笑语，现在却十分安静。 2. There are few of us but admire his courage. 译文A: 我们人人都佩服他的勇气。 译文B: 我们中很少有人佩服他的勇气。 3. All cities did not look like as they do today. 译文A: 在过去，城市面貌并不都像今天这样千篇一律。 译文B: 过去，城市面貌与现在完全不同。 4. To starve oneself emotionally is a mistake. 译文A: 不满足自己感情上的需要是一种错误。 译文B: 使自己的感情挨饥受饿是一种错误。 5.The boss’s girl Friday called me. 译文A: 老板的女儿星期五打电话给我了。 译文B: 老板的女秘书打电话给我了 6. Marriage bed is full of roses and thorns. 译文A: 婚姻总是有苦有甜。 译文B: 婚姻的花坛里既长鲜花也生荆棘。 7. I never go past that kindergarten but think of my happy childhood there. 译文A: 每当我走过那所幼儿园，我就回想起在那里度过的幸福童年。 译文B: 尽管我从未经过那所幼儿园，但是我回想起在那里度过的幸福童年 8. And soon over the whole surface of the marsh, a great cloud of birds hung screaming and circling in the air. 译文A: 很快就有一块乌云似的一大群野鸟在沼泽上空惊叫着，盘旋着。 译文B: 很快就有黑压压的一大群野鸟在沼泽上空惊叫着，盘旋着。 9. SS guards then shoved each prisoner in the direction the doctor had indicated. 译文A: 希特勒的党卫军按医生所指的方向推着被监禁者。 译文B: 希特勒的党卫军按医生所指的方向推着犯人。 10. Thus it was that our little romantic friend formed visions of the future for herself. 译文A: 我们的小朋友一脑袋幻想，憧憬着美丽的未来。 译文B: 我们浪漫的小朋友憧憬着美好的未来。 II. Improve the Chinese version. 1. He was wrinkled and black, with scant gray hair. 译文：他又皱又黑，头发灰白稀疏。 2. Wall Street is a dog-eat-dog place. 译文：华尔街是个狗咬狗的地方。 3. All freely falling bodies descend from the same height in equal time. 译文：一切自由降落的物体，从同样的高度，以相等的时间下降。 4. Why waste breath on them, who have turned such an unwilling ear? 译文：为什么对他们浪费口舌呢？他们又不愿意听。 5. We have plenty of company in the way of wagonloads and mule-loads of tourists — and dust. 译文：跟我们做伴的人真不少，有乘马车的，有骑骡子的——一路尘土飞扬。 6. His speech leaves no room to improvement. 译文：他的演讲没有改进的余地。 7. He thought, not very vividly, of his father and mother. 译文：他并不是很鲜明地想到了他的爸爸和妈妈。 8. Casualties were taken to several hospitals in southwestern Georgia, some of which operated on backup generators. 译文：伤亡人员被送往佐治亚州西南部的几所医院里，其中一些伤者在备用发电机的帮助下动了手术。 9. To cure his patients, he relied on a palette of remedies that included modern science, folk medicine and plain common sense. 译文：为了治疗患者，他运用了调色板方法，其中包括现代科技、民间药物和自己的直觉。