外文资料翻译
毕业设计（论文）外文翻译资料
论文题目：A.O.史密斯的营销战略研究
译文题目：Role of Relationship Marketing
in Competitive Marketing Strategy 关系营销在竞争中的营销策略
学院：管理学院
专业：市场营销
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完成时间： 2014年03月19日
NATURE OF RELATIONSHIP MARKETING
At the core of relationship marketing is exchange, that is profitable to parties involved in the exchange. The concept of exchanges as it applies to relationship marketing can be viewed at from either a transaction cost analysis approach or a social exchange theory approach.
Transactions are distinguished into discrete transactions and relational transactions. Relational contract law governs relational transactions. In classical contract law that governs discrete transactions identity of parties is not relevant; however this is not true in relationship marketing. In relational contracting the reference point shifts from the agreement (as in classical contract law), to the relation itself as it has developed over time.There might be or might not be an original agreement and if there is, there may not be any great deference to it. In a relational transaction, the contractual gaps between parties are reduced, as the relation becomes stronger and stronger. The frequency with which transactions recur influence the terms of the transaction (discounts as in frequent flyer). The degree to which durable transaction specific investments are incurred determine the rapidity of commitment given and received, the time period of commitment and the intensity of the relation between two parties. Transaction specific investments (asset specificity in physical capital and human capital) leads to relational exchanges where trust is a prime moderator. As such non-specific exchanges leads to transaction marketing and for exchanges that are not non-specific the concept of Relationship marketing will hold (Williamson, 1979). The Williamsonian approach to understand relational contracting has been augmented (Anderson and Weitz, 1992), by postulating that whenever idiosyncratic investments are made by the exchanging parties in one another then there is a stronger commitment to the relationship. In a relationship the set of understandings that has grown up over time (the implicit contract) is more influential. Exclusivity to the other party is also seen as a signal of commitment. Further the relationship dyad has been examined from perspective of a strong buyer facing a large
number of small suppliers ( Heide and John, 1992). It has been shown that relational norms do play a role in serving as a governance mechanism to safeguard against opportunistic behavior in the presence of transaction specific assets. It has also been shown that in case of a relationship dyad between a strong supplier and a large number of small buyers relational norms do not play a significant role (Berthon, Pierre et. Al, 2003)
George Homans (George Homans, 1961) first proposed social exchange theory. He said that exchanges of goods and services take place between two parties who are rational entities acting in their own self-interest and who will perform social action based on rewards and costs.The exchange of goods and services take place not only for money but also for non-monetary benefits such as love, esteem, affection and approval. Such exchanges are social exchanges. Social exchanges almost always involve an element of power, allowing one party to do activities the way it wants to do. Social exchanges involves interaction; interaction occurs when an activity emitted by one man is rewarded (or punished) by an activity emitted by another man. Social exchanges respect sentiment; sentiments are signs of the attitudes and feelings a party takes towards another party. This social exchange theory (George Homans, 1961) draws on the disciplines of behavioral psychology and elementary economics in proposing the principles of social exchange. Behavioral psychology decides on current actions based on past history of behavior / actions. Elementary economics decides on current action based on future stream of profits. It is difficult to balance these two directions. Further elementary economics assume perfect markets. Relationship marketing situations are far from perfect. Also relationships are built on future promises as much as on past behavior. In studying relationship marketing, both the transaction cost analysis and social exchange theory concepts can be used to explain and conceptualize relationship-marketing paradigms.
Relationship marketing refers to a wide range of ‘relationship type strategies’ that have developed over the past few decades in product as well as service markets and in consumer as well as business to business sectors. The antecedents of RM go to Industrial marketing and Services marketing. RM found ready acceptance in a
marketing world where it had become obvious that strategic competitive advantage could no longer be delivered on the basis of product characteristics alone and where corporate profitability was beginning to become associated with satisfying existing customers (John Egan, 2001). Relationship marketing as contrasted to transaction marketing involves relational exchanges that trace to previous agreements. There are four types of buyer-seller relationships –bilateral relationships, seller-maintained relationships,buyer-maintained relationships,discrete exchanges(Dwyer,Schurr and Oh 1987). For a firm relational exchanges could occur with goods suppliers, services suppliers, business units, employees, functional departments, intermediate customers, ultimate customers, competitors, nonprofit organizations, government (Hunt and Morgan 1994). Though conceptualizing relationship marketing accommodates all types of above mentioned relational exchanges, an adequate definition of relationship marketing for the purpose of this paper will relate to exchanges with intermediate customers and ultimate customers. For example, it is also stated that (Berry, 1983) ‘Relationship marketing is attracting, maintaining and - in multi service organizations –enhancing customer relationships’.
In industrial marketing, relationship marketing is referred to as marketing oriented towards strong, lasting relationships with individual accounts (Jackson, 1985). From a sales management perspective, the term relationship marketing is applied to a number of different marketing activities ranging from consumer frequency marketing programs to selling activities directed towards building partnerships with key business – to – business customers (Weitz and Bradford, 1999). In developing long term relationships with channel members, it is stated (Anderson and Weitz, 1989) that such relationships combine the advantages of vertically integrated distributed systems (control and coordination), with the advantages of systems utilizing independent channel members (flexibility, scale economies, efficiency and low overhead). They also state that channel relationships are dependent on (1) continuity of relationship (2) trust and (3) communications.
Many global packaged goods manufacturers regard resellers (wholesalers, retailers) as their customers. The literature cites the case of Proctor and Gamble who
regard retailers as their customers and Intel which has built its business around OEM customers (Webster Jr., 2000). Consequently developing relationships with resellers is also an important part of RM effort in marketing strategy process. The relationship between manufacturer, reseller and consumer as shown below is a three-way relationship.
In such a context, the manufacturer and reseller are in a partnership relationship that includes competition and conflict (Webster Jr., 2000). Both manufacturer and reseller deliver value to consumer. In this three-way relation, the quality of relationship for any single player depends on the quality and strength of relationship between the other two.
Other authors have noted multiple uses of the term RM (Brodie et. Al, 1997). They suggested RM be applied at four levels. At the first level, RM is a
technology-based tool of database marketing. At a second level, RM focuses on relationships between businesses and its customers with an emphasis of customer retention. At a third level, RM is a form of ‘customer partnering’ with buyers cooperatively involved in the design of the product or service offering. At a fourth and broadest level, RM was seen as incorporating everything from databases to personalized services, loyalty programs, brand loyalty, internal marketing,
personal/social relationships and strategic alliances.
A number of terms have been used as substitutes for relationship marketing or to describe similar concepts (Buttle, 1996). These include direct marketing, database marketing, customer relationship management, data driven marketing, micromarketing, one-to-one marketing, loyalty based marketing, segment of one marketing, customer partnering, dialogue marketing and interactive marketing. All this suggests that RM is also an umbrella philosophy for relational approaches in
marketing. To succeed in RM, a company must have both a flow of new customers and there must be a restriction on customers exiting (Leaky Bucket Theory). Though RM has a dual focus on both acquisition and retention strategies, it is retention strategies that are given more prominence. It has been proposed that dual benefits of customer retention (Buttle, 1996) are: (a) existing customers are less expensive to retain than to recruit, (b) securing a customer’s loyalty over time produces superior profits. Acquisition costs include (1) personal selling (2) commission payments (3) direct costs and indirect costs of detailed information gathering (4) supply of equipment (5) advertising and other communications expenditure.
Different models are suggested in literature for different relational stages in RM. One model (Dwyer, 1987) suggests that the stages are – Awareness, Exploration, Expansion, Commitment. A second model (Payne, 1995) suggests that the stages are –Prospects, Customers, Clients, Advocates, Members, Partners. A third model (Kotler, 1997) suggests that the stages are – Suspects, Prospects, First time customers, Repeat customers, Clients, Advocates, Members, Partners.
There must be two characteristics present for an exchange situation to be described as a relationship (Barnes and Howlett, 1998). These are: (1) the relationship is mutually perceived to exist and is acknowledged as such by both parties, (2) the relationship goes beyond occasional contact and is recognized as having some special status. Inclusion of ‘status recognition in a relationship’ puts a doubt whether a relationship could be developed with for example a local supermarket. The existence of special status is less obvious in consumer markets.
Three characteristics are important for customers to desire continuity with the same provider. These are variability, complexity, involvement (Berry, 1995). The author says that relationship marketing occurs at three levels. Level one relationship marketing relies primarily
on pricing incentives to secure customers’ loyalty. However the sustainability of competitive advantage is minimal on this level one, as pricing moves can be matched quickly. Level two relationship marketing relies primarily on social bonds, though pricing is still a vital element. This involves personalization and customization of the relationship. Level three relationship marketing relies on structural solutions to customer problems, such as Federal Express providing computer terminals in offices of high volume customers.
From the above discussion, for the purpose of this paper, RM is defined as the
identification, establishment, maintenance, enhancement, modification and termination of relationships with customers / consumers to create value for customers and profit for organization by a series of ongoing exchanges that have both a history and a future. Such exchanges are called relational exchanges.
关系营销的本质
关系营销的核心是交换，即交换所涉及的各方利润。概念的交流，它适用于关系营销可以在从交易成本的分析方法或社会交换理论的方法。
交易被区分为离散的交易和关系的交易。关系合同的法律管辖关系的交易。在古典合同法的管辖方的离散交易的身份是不相关的，但是这是不正确的关系营销。在关系的协议，承包基准点变化（如在古典合同法），对关系本身而言，因为它已经发展了一段时间。可能是，也可能不是最初的协议，即便是，对于它也缺乏最初的定义。在关系型交易中，随着关系变得越来越强，当事人之间的合同差距也减小，交易频率次数影响交易（折扣作为常客）的条款。对于持久的交易和特定的投资的程度，要在所承诺的时间和交易双方关系强度下，必须快速的给予和接受。交易专用性投资（实物资本和人力资本）就会使信任成为主要的影响因素。这种非特异性交易影响交易市场和没有非特异性关系营销的理念将继续保留（威廉姆森 1979）。威廉姆森所理解的关系交易已经被广泛的推广（安德森和韦茨 1992），通过假定当特殊的投资是由交换各方彼此还有更强的承诺关系。在一个关系集合的理解随着时间的推移（隐含的合同）更加具有影响力。排他性向对方也被视为一个承诺的信号。进一步二分体的关系面临来自一个具有独特视角的强大买家面对大量小供应商的检验（海德和约翰 1992）。它已经表明，关系规范在做作为治理机制以防止投机行为在交易专用性资产的存在起到一定的作用。它也表明,对于关系之间的一对强大的供应商和大量小买家关系规范不扮演重要角色（伯松皮埃尔阿尔 2003）。
乔治?霍曼斯（乔治?霍曼斯 1961）最早提出社会交换理论。他说,交流双方之间发生的商品和服务是理性的实体行为都是为了自身利益,谁将执行基于奖励和社会行动的成本。商品和服务的交换发生不仅要钱,还等非货币性福利的爱,尊重,爱和批准。这样的交流是社会交往。社会交往几乎总是包含一个元素的权力,允许一方做它想做的活动。社会交往涉及交互,交互发生在一个人发出的一个
活动是由一个活动奖励(或惩罚)发出的另一个人。社会交往尊重的情绪;情绪是人的态度和感受一方需要向另一方迹象。这种社会交换理论（乔治?霍曼斯 1961）借鉴行为心理学和经济学基础的学科中提出社会交换的原则。行为心理学决定当前的行动基于过去的历史行为/动作。基本经济学决定当前行动基于未来的利润。很难平衡这两个方向。此外经济学的基本假设完美的市场.关系营销的情况并非十全十美。关系仍然是建立在未来的承诺，也取决于过去的行为。在研究关系营销，无论是交易成本分析和社会交换理论概念可以用来解释和概念化的关系营销范式。
关系营销是指一系列已在产品和服务的市场和消费者以及企业对企业部门的发展在过去几十年的‘关系型战略’。再营销的前身转向工业营销和服务营销。在营销世界里，发现再营销已成为明显的战略优势，可以不再单独的依靠产品特性和共同的利润联系满足现有的客户（约翰?伊根 2001）。作为对比，以交易营销关系营销涉及到追溯至以前的协议关系的交流。有四种类型的买卖双方关系 - 双边关系，卖家维护关系，买方保持关系，离散交流（德怀尔舒尔和Oh 1987）。对于一个坚定的关系往来可能发生的货物供应商，服务供应商，业务部门，员工，职能部门，中间客户，最终客户，竞争对手，非营利组织，政府(亨特和摩根 1994)。虽然概念化关系营销提供所有类型的上述关系交往,关系营销的一个适当定义的目的,本文将涉及与中间客户和最终客户交流。例如,它也指出（拜里 1983）,“关系营销是吸引、保持和多服务机构——加强客户关系。
在工业营销，关系营销是指营销面向与个人账户强，持久的关系（杰克逊1985）。从销售管理的角度来看，长期的关系营销应用到许多不同的营销活动，从消费频率的营销计划，销售针对关键业务建立企业到企业客户伙伴关系活动（威茨布拉德福 1999）。在发展与渠道成员长期的合作关系，更说明这种关系相结合的垂直整合分布式系统（控制和协调）的优点，与使用独立的渠道成员系统的优势（灵活性、规模经济效率和较低的开销）。他们还指出，渠道关系是依赖于（ 1 ）连续性关系（ 2 ）信任和（ 3 ）通信。
许多全球性包装商品生产企业都把经销商（批发商，零售商）作为他们的客户。文献引用的情况下,宝洁作为零售商他们客户和英特尔建立了其业务在主要客户（韦伯斯特 Jr. 2000）。因此开发与经销商的关系也是一个重要的营销策略
过程中再营销努力的一部分。制造商的关系,经销商和消费者三方关系如下所示。
在这样的背景下，制造商和经销商在包括竞争和冲突的伙伴关系（(Webster Jr. 2000）。制造商和经销商为消费者提供价值。在这三方关系中,任何一方的关系质量取决于质量和强度的另外两个之间的关系。
其他学者也注意到再营销的多重用途（Brodie et. Al, 1997）。他们建议再营销被应用在四个层次。在第一个层面上,再营销是基于技术的数据库营销的工具。在第二个层次，再营销注重与客户保留的重点企业和客户之间的关系。在第三层次，再营销是的'客户建立伙伴关系'与买家共同参与产品或服务提供的设计形式。在第四和最广泛的层面， RM被看作是结合一切从数据库到个性化的服务，忠诚度计划，品牌的忠诚度，内部营销，个人/社会关系和战略联盟。
一些术语被用作替代关系营销或描述相似的概念（Buttle, 1996）。包括直接营销、数据库营销、客户关系管理、数据驱动营销,微码营销、一对一营销、基于忠诚度营销，一对一营销分部，客户伙伴关系，对话营销和互动营销。这一切表明, 对于关系营销方法再营销也是一把雨伞哲学。在再营销取得成功，公司必须有新的客户既有流动，并且必须有一个限制的客户退出（漏桶理论）。虽然再营销有两个重点采集和保留策略，它是保留策略，给予更多的重视。有人提出了客户维系（巴特尔 1996）双重好处是：（一）现有客户比招募更便宜的保留，（二）随着时间的推移产生卓越的利润，确保客户的忠诚度。收购成本包括：（ 1 ）个人销售（ 2 ）佣金支出（ 3 ）直接成本和详细信息间接成本收集（ 4 ）电源设备（ 5广告和其他通信费用。
在再营销不同的关系阶段,提出在文学的不同模型。一个模型(Dwyer, 1987)表明，该阶段是 - 认识，探索，扩张，承诺。第二个模型（佩恩， 1995）表明，
阶段是 - 前景，消费者，客户，倡导者，同事，合作伙伴。第三个模型（科特勒， 1997）表明，阶段是 - 犯罪嫌疑人，展望，第一次顾客，回头客，客户，提倡，成员合作伙伴。
两个特点的交流现状被描述为一个关系(艾浩利巴恩斯和,1998)。它们是：（ 1 ）关系是相互感知的存在，而被公认为是这样的双方，（ 2 ）关系超越了偶然的接触，被认为具有一些特殊的地位，包含的状态识别关系”可以开发了怀疑的关系,例如当地超市。特殊身份的存在是不太明显的消费市场。
三个特征对顾客欲望相同的连续性很重要供应商，这些都是可变性、复杂性、财政困难（拜里 1995）。作者说,关系营销发生在三个层次。一级关系营销主要依赖价格激励措施以确保客户的忠诚度。。然而竞争优势的可持续性是最小的在这一级,随着定价可以快速匹配。二级关系营销主要依赖社会关系,但价格仍然是一个至关重要的元素。这涉及到个性化和定制的关系。三级关系营销依靠结构性的解决方案，以客户的问题，如联邦快递提供的大量客户办公室的电脑终端。
从上面的讨论,本文的目的,再营销定义为识别、建立、维护、改进、修改和终止与客户/消费者的关系,为客户创造价值和利润的组织一系列的持续交流,历史和未来。这样的交流被称为关系交流。
指导教师意见
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计算机专业外文文献及翻译
微软Visual Studio 1微软Visual Studio Visual Studio 是微软公司推出的开发环境，Visual Studio可以用来创建Windows平台下的Windows应用程序和网络应用程序，也可以用来创建网络服务、智能设备应用程序和Office 插件。Visual Studio是一个来自微软的集成开发环境IDE，它可以用来开发由微软视窗，视窗手机，Windows CE、.NET框架、.NET精简框架和微软的Silverlight支持的控制台和图形用户界面的应用程序以及Windows窗体应用程序，网站，Web应用程序和网络服务中的本地代码连同托管代码。 Visual Studio包含一个由智能感知和代码重构支持的代码编辑器。集成的调试工作既作为一个源代码级调试器又可以作为一台机器级调试器。其他内置工具包括一个窗体设计的GUI应用程序，网页设计师，类设计师，数据库架构设计师。它有几乎各个层面的插件增强功能，包括增加对支持源代码控制系统（如Subversion和Visual SourceSafe）并添加新的工具集设计和可视化编辑器，如特定于域的语言或用于其他方面的软件开发生命周期的工具（例如Team Foundation Server的客户端：团队资源管理器）。 Visual Studio支持不同的编程语言的服务方式的语言，它允许代码编辑器和调试器（在不同程度上）支持几乎所有的编程语言，提供了一个语言特定服务的存在。内置的语言中包括C/C + +中（通过Visual C++）,https://www.sodocs.net/doc/003652584.html,（通过Visual https://www.sodocs.net/doc/003652584.html,），C＃中（通过Visual C＃）和F＃（作为Visual Studio 2010），为支持其他语言，如M,Python,和Ruby等，可通过安装单独的语言服务。它也支持的 XML/XSLT,HTML/XHTML ,JavaScript和CSS.为特定用户提供服务的Visual Studio也是存在的：微软Visual Basic，Visual J＃、Visual C＃和Visual C++。 微软提供了“直通车”的Visual Studio 2010组件的Visual Basic和Visual C＃和Visual C + +，和Visual Web Developer版本，不需任何费用。Visual Studio 2010、2008年和2005专业版，以及Visual Studio 2005的特定语言版本（Visual Basic、C++、C＃、J＃），通过微软的下载DreamSpark计划，对学生免费。 2架构 Visual Studio不支持任何编程语言，解决方案或工具本质。相反，它允许插入各种功能。特定的功能是作为一个VS压缩包的代码。安装时，这个功能可以从服务器得到。IDE提供三项服务：SVsSolution，它提供了能够列举的项目和解决方案; SVsUIShell，它提供了窗口和用户界面功能（包括标签，工具栏和工具窗口）和SVsShell，它处理VS压缩包的注册。此外，IDE还可以负责协调和服务之间实现通信。所有的编辑器，设计器，项目类型和其他工具都是VS压缩包存在。Visual Studio 使用COM访问VSPackage。在Visual Studio SDK中还包括了管理软件包框架(MPF)，这是一套管理的允许在写的CLI兼容的语言的任何围绕COM的接口。然而，MPF并不提供所有的Visual Studio COM 功能。
外文翻译
Load and Ultimate Moment of Prestressed Concrete Action Under Overload-Cracking Load It has been shown that a variation in the external load acting on a prestressed beam results in a change in the location of the pressure line for beams in the elastic range.This is a fundamental principle of prestressed construction.In a normal prestressed beam,this shift in the location of the pressure line continues at a relatively uniform rate,as the external load is increased,to the point where cracks develop in the tension fiber.After the cracking load has been exceeded,the rate of movement in the pressure line decreases as additional load is applied,and a significant increase in the stress in the prestressing tendon and the resultant concrete force begins to take place.This change in the action of the internal moment continues until all movement of the pressure line ceases.The moment caused by loads that are applied thereafter is offset entirely by a corresponding and proportional change in the internal forces,just as in reinforced-concrete construction.This fact,that the load in the elastic range and the plastic range is carried by actions that are fundamentally different,is very significant and renders strength computations essential for all designs in order to ensure that adequate safety factors exist.This is true even though the stresses in the elastic range may conform to a recognized elastic design criterion. It should be noted that the load deflection curve is close to a straight line up to the cracking load and that the curve becomes progressively more curved as the load is increased above the cracking load.The curvature of the load-deflection curve for loads over the cracking load is due to the change in the basic internal resisting moment action that counteracts the applied loads,as described above,as well as to plastic strains that begin to take place in the steel and the concrete when stressed to high levels. In some structures it may be essential that the flexural members remain crack free even under significant overloads.This may be due to the structures’being exposed to exceptionally corrosive atmospheres during their useful life.In designing prestressed members to be used in special structures of this type,it may be necessary to compute the load that causes cracking of the tensile flange,in order to ensure that adequate safety against cracking is provided by the design.The computation of the moment that will cause cracking is also necessary to ensure compliance with some design criteria. Many tests have demonstrated that the load-deflection curves of prestressed beams are approximately linear up to and slightly in excess of the load that causes the first cracks in the tensile flange.(The linearity is a function of the rate at which the load is applied.)For this reason,normal elastic-design relationships can be used in computing the cracking load by simply determining the load that results in a net tensile stress in the tensile flange(prestress minus the effects of the applied loads)that is equal to the tensile strength of the concrete.It is customary to assume that the flexural tensile strength of the concrete is equal to the modulus of rupture of the
外文资料及其翻译
A Wavelet Based Approach for Fast Detection of Internal Fault in Power Transformers The power transformer is one of the most expensive elements of power system and its protection is an essential part of the overall system protection strategy. The differential protection provides the best protection for power transformer. Its operation principle is based on this point that the differential current during an internal fault is higher than normal condition. But, a large transient current (inrush current) can cause mal-operation of differential relays. Then, studies for the improvement of the transformer protection have focused on discrimination between internal short circuit faults and inrush currents in transformers. The magnetizing inrush current has a large second order harmonic component in comparison to internal faults. Therefore , some transformer protection systems are designed to halt operating during the inrush current by sensing this large second order harmonic. The second harmonic component in the magnetizing inrush currents tend to be relatively small in modern large power transformers because of improvements in the power transformer core materials. Also , it has been seen that the fault current can contain higher second order harmonics than the inrush current due to nonlinear fault resistance, CT saturation .the distributed capacitance in the transmission line, which transformer is connected to, or due to the use of extra high voltage underground cables. Various methods have been suggested for overcoming this protection system mal-operation. This paper presents a wavelet based method for discrimination among inrush current, internal short circuit ,external short circuit and energizing and it is not affected by CT saturation and it is able to detect internal faults while transformer energization. Unlike Artificial Neural Network and Fuzzy logic based algorithms. This approach is not system dependent. The operating time of the scheme is less than 10ms. The Daubechies mother wavelet is used with a sample rate of 5 kHz. Then , the differential currents of the three phases are decomposed into two details and only the second level will be considered by using db5 mother wavelet. Discrete Wavelet Transform The wavelet transform is a powerful tool to extract information from the non-stationary signals simultaneously in both time and frequency domains. The ability of the wavelet transform to focus on short time intervals for high-frequency components and long intervals for low-frequency components improves the analysis
土木外文翻译原文和译文
A convection-conduction model for analysis of the freeze-thaw conditions in the surrounding rock wall of a tunnel in permafrost regions Abstract Based on the analyses of fundamental meteorological and hydrogeological conditions at the site of a tunnel in the cold regions, a combined convection-conduction model for air flow in the tunnel and temperature field in the surrounding has been constructed. Using the model, the air temperature distribution in the Xiluoqi No. 2 Tunnel has been simulated numerically. The simulated results are in agreement with the data observed. Then, based on the in situ conditions of sir temperature, atmospheric pressure, wind force, hydrogeology and engineering geology, the air-temperature relationship between the temperature on the surface of the tunnel wall and the air temperature at the entry and exit of the tunnel has been obtained, and the freeze-thaw conditions at the Dabanshan Tunnel which is now under construction is predicted. Keywords: tunnel in cold regions, convective heat exchange and conduction, freeze-thaw. A number of highway and railway tunnels have been constructed in the permafrost regions and their neighboring areas in China. Since the hydrological and thermal conditions changed after a tunnel was excavated，the surrounding wall rock materials often froze, the frost heaving caused damage to the liner layers and seeping water froze into ice diamonds，which seriously interfered with the communication and transportation. Similar problems of the freezing damage in the tunnels also appeared in other countries like Russia, Norway and Japan .Hence it is urgent to predict the freeze-thaw conditions in the surrounding rock materials and provide a basis for the design，construction and
毕业设计外文翻译资料
外文出处： 《Exploiting Software How to Break Code》By Greg Hoglund, Gary McGraw Publisher : Addison Wesley Pub Date : February 17, 2004 ISBN : 0-201-78695-8 译文标题： JDBC接口技术 译文： JDBC是一种可用于执行SQL语句的JavaAPI（ApplicationProgrammingInterface应用程序设计接口）。它由一些Java语言编写的类和界面组成。JDBC为数据库应用开发人员、数据库前台工具开发人员提供了一种标准的应用程序设计接口，使开发人员可以用纯Java语言编写完整的数据库应用程序。 一、ODBC到JDBC的发展历程 说到JDBC，很容易让人联想到另一个十分熟悉的字眼“ODBC”。它们之间有没有联系呢？如果有，那么它们之间又是怎样的关系呢？ ODBC是OpenDatabaseConnectivity的英文简写。它是一种用来在相关或不相关的数据库管理系统（DBMS）中存取数据的，用C语言实现的，标准应用程序数据接口。通过ODBCAPI，应用程序可以存取保存在多种不同数据库管理系统（DBMS）中的数据，而不论每个DBMS使用了何种数据存储格式和编程接口。 1．ODBC的结构模型 ODBC的结构包括四个主要部分：应用程序接口、驱动器管理器、数据库驱动器和数据源。应用程序接口：屏蔽不同的ODBC数据库驱动器之间函数调用的差别，为用户提供统一的SQL编程接口。 驱动器管理器：为应用程序装载数据库驱动器。 数据库驱动器：实现ODBC的函数调用，提供对特定数据源的SQL请求。如果需要，数据库驱动器将修改应用程序的请求，使得请求符合相关的DBMS所支持的文法。 数据源：由用户想要存取的数据以及与它相关的操作系统、DBMS和用于访问DBMS的网络平台组成。 虽然ODBC驱动器管理器的主要目的是加载数据库驱动器，以便ODBC函数调用，但是数据库驱动器本身也执行ODBC函数调用，并与数据库相互配合。因此当应用系统发出调用与数据源进行连接时，数据库驱动器能管理通信协议。当建立起与数据源的连接时，数据库驱动器便能处理应用系统向DBMS发出的请求，对分析或发自数据源的设计进行必要的翻译，并将结果返回给应用系统。 2．JDBC的诞生 自从Java语言于1995年5月正式公布以来，Java风靡全球。出现大量的用java语言编写的程序，其中也包括数据库应用程序。由于没有一个Java语言的API，编程人员不得不在Java程序中加入C语言的ODBC函数调用。这就使很多Java的优秀特性无法充分发挥，比如平台无关性、面向对象特性等。随着越来越多的编程人员对Java语言的日益喜爱，越来越多的公司在Java程序开发上投入的精力日益增加，对java语言接口的访问数据库的API 的要求越来越强烈。也由于ODBC的有其不足之处，比如它并不容易使用，没有面向对象的特性等等，SUN公司决定开发一Java语言为接口的数据库应用程序开发接口。在JDK1．x 版本中，JDBC只是一个可选部件，到了JDK1．1公布时，SQL类包（也就是JDBCAPI）
毕业设计外文资料翻译译文
附件1：外文资料翻译译文 包装对食品发展的影响 一个消费者对某个产品的第一印象来说包装是至关重要的，包括沟通的可取性，可接受性，健康饮食形象等。食品能够提供广泛的产品和包装组合，传达自己加工的形象感知给消费者，例如新鲜包装/准备，冷藏，冷冻，超高温无菌，消毒（灭菌），烘干产品。 食物的最重要的质量属性之一，是它的味道，其影响人类的感官知觉，即味觉和嗅觉。味道可以很大程度作退化的处理和/或扩展存储。其他质量属性，也可能受到影响，包括颜色，质地和营养成分。食品质量不仅取决于原材料，添加剂，加工和包装的方法，而且其预期的货架寿命（保质期）过程中遇到的分布和储存条件的质量。越来越多的竞争当中，食品生产商，零售商和供应商；和质量审核供应商有显着提高食品质量以及急剧增加包装食品的选择。这些改进也得益于严格的冷藏链中的温度控制和越来越挑剔的消费者。 保质期的一个定义是：在食品加工和包装组合下，在食品的容器和条件，在销售点分布在特定系统的时间能保持令人满意的食味品质。保质期，可以用来作为一个新鲜的概念，促进营销的工具。延期或保质期长的产品，还提供产品的使用时间，方便以及减少浪费食物的风险，消费者和/或零售商。包装产品的质量和保质期的主题是在第3章中详细讨论。 包装为消费者提供有关产品的重要信息，在许多情况下，使用的包装和/或产品，包括事实信息如重量，体积，配料，制造商的细节，营养价值，烹饪和开放的指示，除了法律准则的最小尺寸的文字和数字，有定义的各类产品。消费者寻求更详细的产品信息，同时，许多标签已经成为多语种。标签的可读性是为视障人士的问题，这很可能成为一个对越来越多的老年人口越来越重要的问题。 食物的选择和包装创新的一个主要驱动力是为了方便消费者的需求。这里有许多方便的现代包装所提供的属性，这些措施包括易于接入和开放，处置和处理，产品的知名度，再密封性能，微波加热性，延长保质期等。在英国和其他发达经济体显示出生率下降和快速增长的一个相对富裕的老人人口趋势，伴随着更加苛
【最新推荐】应急法律外文文献翻译原文+译文
文献出处：Thronson P. Toward Comprehensive Reform of America’s Emergency Law Regime [J]. University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform, 2013, 46(2). 原文 TOWARD COMPREHENSIVE REFORM OF AMERICA’S EMERGENCY LAW REGIME Patrick A. Thronson Unbenownst to most Americans, the United States is presently under thirty presidentially declared states of emergency. They confer vast powers on the Executive Branch, including the ability to financially incapacitate any person or organization in the United States, seize control of the nation’s communications infrastructure, mobilize military forces, expand the permissible size of the military without congressional authorization, and extend tours of duty without consent from service personnel. Declared states of emergency may also activate Presidential Emergency Action Documents and other continuity-of-government procedures, which confer powers on the President—such as the unilateral suspension of habeas corpus—that appear fundamentally opposed to the American constitutional order.
外文文献及翻译
文献翻译 原文 Combining JSP and Servlets The technology of JSP and Servlet is the most important technology which use Java technology to exploit request of server, and it is also the standard which exploit business application .Java developers prefer to use it for a variety of reasons, one of which is already familiar with the Java language for the development of this technology are easy to learn Java to the other is "a preparation, run everywhere" to bring the concept of Web applications, To achieve a "one-prepared everywhere realized." And more importantly, if followed some of the principles of good design, it can be said of separating and content to create high-quality, reusable, easy to maintain and modify the application. For example, if the document in HTML embedded Java code too much (script), will lead the developed application is extremely complex, difficult to read, it is not easy reuse, but also for future maintenance and modification will also cause difficulties. In fact, CSDN the JSP / Servlet forum, can often see some questions, the code is very long, can logic is not very clear, a large number of HTML and Java code mixed together. This is the random development of the defects. Early dynamic pages mainly CGI (Common Gateway Interface, public Gateway Interface) technology, you can use different languages of the CGI programs, such as VB, C / C + + or Delphi, and so on. Though the technology of CGI is developed and powerful, because of difficulties in programming, and low efficiency, modify complex shortcomings, it is gradually being replaced by the trend. Of all the new technology, JSP / Servlet with more efficient and easy to program, more powerful, more secure and has a good portability, they have been many people believe that the future is the most dynamic site of the future development of technology. Similar to CGI, Servlet support request / response model. When a customer submit a request to the server, the server presented the request Servlet, Servlet responsible for handling requests and generate a response, and then gave the server, and then from the server sent to
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河南科技学院新科学院 2013届本科毕业生论文（设计） 英文文献及翻译 Foreign capital inflows and welfare in an economy with imperfect competition 学生姓名：王艳杰 所在院系：经济系 所学专业：国际经济与贸易 导师姓名：侯黎杰 完成时间：2013年4月15日
Foreign capital inflows and welfare in an economy with imperfect competition Abstract:This paper examines the resource allocational and welfare effects of exogenous inflows of foreign capital in a general-equilibrium model with oligopolistic competition and unemployment. Although the welfare impact for the short run is ambiguous and dependent upon the strength of excess profits and scale economies relative to unemployment in manufacturing, in the long run additional inflows of foreign capital always improve national welfare with capital mobility. Hence, attracting foreign capital remains a sound policy for economies characterized by imperfect competition, scale economies,and regional unemployment. Keywords: International capital mobility; Imperfect competition; Welfare 1.Introduction The welfare effects of exogenous inflows of foreign capital in the presence of trade restrictions have been extensively studied. Brecher and Diaz Alejandro (1977) show that when imports are subject to tariffs, an introduction of fo reign capital inflows accentuates the tariff distortion and hence reduces national welfare if the import-competing sector is relatively capital-intensive. In contrast, Dei (1985) shows that when imports are restricted by quotas,foreign capital inflows in the presence of foreign-owned capital always improve welfare by depressing the rental and so lowering the payments to existing foreign-owned capital. Recently, Neary (1981), using a common framework for both tariffs and quotas, obtains more general results of foreign capital inflows; the welfare effect of such inflows depends crucially on whether foreign-owned capital exists initially in the home country. In addition, Khan (1982) and Grinols (1991) have examined the effects of foreign capital inflows for a generalized Harris-Todaro economy under tariff protection. Khan finds that the result by Brecher and Diaz Alejandro is still valid even in the presence of unemployment, whereas Grinols argues that increased foreign capital need not be detrimental to welfare if the opportunity costs of labor are sufficiently low. Noteworthy is that the models used by these authors are all based upon the premise of perfect competition along with constant returns-to-scale technology. Although perfect competition serves as a useful assumption in crystallizing theoretical insights, it nevertheless fails to depict many of the real-world phenomena. The real-world economy is characterized, to a large extent, by imperfect competition and economies of scale. The policy implications of imperfect competition and economies
毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译〔含原文〕
南京理工大学 毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译 教学点：南京信息职业技术学院 专业：电子信息工程 姓名：陈洁 学号： 014910253034 外文出处：《 Pci System Architecture 》 (用外文写) 附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。 指导教师评语： 该生外文翻译没有基本的语法错误，用词准确，没 有重要误译，忠实原文；译文通顺，条理清楚，数量与 质量上达到了本科水平。 签名： 年月日 注：请将该封面与附件装订成册。
附件1：外文资料翻译译文 64位PCI扩展 1.64位数据传送和64位寻址：独立的能力 PCI规范给出了允许64位总线主设备与64位目标实现64位数据传送的机理。在传送的开始，如果回应目标是一个64位或32位设备，64位总线设备会自动识别。如果它是64位设备，达到8个字节（一个4字）可以在每个数据段中传送。假定是一串0等待状态数据段。在33MHz总线速率上可以每秒264兆字节获取（8字节／传送＊33百万传送字／秒），在66MHz总线上可以528M字节／秒获取。如果回应目标是32位设备，总线主设备会自动识别并且在下部4位数据通道上（AD[31::00]）引导，所以数据指向或来自目标。 规范也定义了64位存储器寻址功能。此功能只用于寻址驻留在4GB地址边界以上的存储器目标。32位和64位总线主设备都可以实现64位寻址。此外，对64位寻址反映的存储器目标（驻留在4GB地址边界上）可以看作32位或64位目标来实现。 注意64位寻址和64位数据传送功能是两种特性，各自独立并且严格区分开来是非常重要的。一个设备可以支持一种、另一种、都支持或都不支持。 2.64位扩展信号 为了支持64位数据传送功能，PCI总线另有39个引脚。 ●REQ64#被64位总线主设备有效表明它想执行64位数据传送操作。REQ64#与FRAME#信号具有相同的时序和间隔。REQ64#信号必须由系统主板上的上拉电阻来支持。当32位总线主设备进行传送时，REQ64#不能又漂移。 ●ACK64#被目标有效以回应被主设备有效的REQ64#（如果目标支持64位数据传送），ACK64#与DEVSEL#具有相同的时序和间隔（但是直到REQ64#被主设备有效，ACK64#才可被有效）。像REQ64#一样，ACK64#信号线也必须由系统主板上的上拉电阻来支持。当32位设备是传送目标时，ACK64#不能漂移。 ●AD[64::32]包含上部4位地址／数据通道。 ●C/BE#[7::4]包含高4位命令/字节使能信号。 ●PAR64是为上部4个AD通道和上部4位C/BE信号线提供偶校验的奇偶校验位。 以下是几小结详细讨论64位数据传送和寻址功能。 3.在32位插入式连接器上的64位卡