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英语语法详解(完全版汇编)

英语语法详解(完全版汇编)
英语语法详解(完全版汇编)

英语语法详解

(完全版汇编)

第一讲词类、名词的数与格

一、词类:

英语中主要有:名词、动词、形容词、副词、介词、连接词、冠词等。对于初学者,必须搞清。

1、名词(包括代词和数词):在句子中作主语、宾语、表语和另一名词的形容词。

2、动词:见第二讲

3、形容词:可在句子中作表语阿、名词的定语

注意:以下-ly结尾的词不是副词,是形容词: friendly (友好的) lovely(可爱的) deadly(致命的) costly(昂贵的) likely(可能的) lonely(孤独的) alone (单独的) lively(活泼的) ugly(丑陋的) kindly(和蔼的) manly(男子气的)等

4、副词:主要用来说明动词、形容词和副词本身。

注意:除了in, up, down, on, inside, outside. 等只有一些表示方向和位置的副词外,副词不能作表语。

例如:Please help me water these flowers when I am out. (我不在时请帮我浇浇花。)

5、介词:又称前置词,即放在名词前面的"小词".

注意:

1)介词后面一定是个名词(除习惯外),例如不能说:because of ill,而应该为:because of illness;

2)介词后面不能跟that从句,即只能跟名词或带-wh开头的从句,这是英语语法的一条重要规则,如不能说:He did not come to the party because of he was ill. 但可以是:She got angry because of what he said. (她因他的话而生气了。)

6、连接词:用来连接两个或两个以上词或句子的词。

注意:英语中一般不能同时使用两个连接词,如不能说:Although he is very rich, but he is not happy. (只要将although 或but去掉一个即可)

关于连接词的使用,详见"第三讲:句子的连接"一节。

7、冠词:用来限定名词的词,分不定冠词a (an)和定冠词 the, 英语中的冠词使用十分复杂,简单地说:

1)不可数名词前不能用a (an)

2)第一次提到的单数可数名词用a (n)

3)能用what, who, which回答的名词用the,即3W原则

the teacher and the student / the patient and the doctor结构中的the可以表示泛指

词性不是一成不变的,是由其在句子中的位子和功能决定的。

如:She has gone home. (home为副词)

Is she at home? (home 为名词)

She looked at me patiently. (look为行为动词) She looked pale. (look 为连系动词)

二、名词的数:

重点应了解和掌握以下内容:

1、名词的可数和不可数:

与汉语不同,英语中名词要区分可数与不可数。

笼统地讲,物质名词,如:water(水), iron(铁), wood(木头)等, 和抽象名词,如:democracy(民主), freedom(自由), happiness(幸福)等为不可数。

不可数名词前不能加a (an),后面不能加s (es),这是考试中对此类题目判断的重要依据。

2、以下名词为不可数名词:

news(消息) information(信息)

furniture (家具) equipment(设备)

advice (劝告) weather(天气)

work*(工作) clothing(衣服)

baggage(行李)

work作 "工作" 解释时为不可数名词,"找工作"不能说to find a work, 应为to find a job; work作"著作"、"作品"解时是可数名词,如:Deng Xiaopin's works (邓小平著作)/ a work about Deng Xiaopin (一件关于邓小平的作品);作 "工厂" 解释时,单复数同形:a steel works (一个钢铁厂) / two chemical works(两家化工厂)

实例:

We have a large staff but there ______ in the office.

A. haven't many furnitures

B. aren't many furnitures

C. hasn't much furniture

D. isn't enough furniture

解题思路:根据名词数的概念A、B肯定错,不必考虑;C、D的主要差异是"hasn't"与"isn't", 句子中有there,说明该句是there be句型,故正确答案为D.题中staff, office 等词与解题无关。

注意辨别句子中斜体词的数及其意义:

There is still much room for improvement. (仍有许多改进的余地)

He has published two important papers on this subject. (他在这个课题上已发表了两篇重要论文。)

3、以下名词单复数同形:

means(手段) headquarters(司令部)

works(工厂) species(物种)

aircraft(飞机) Chinese(中国人)

sheep(羊) fish(鱼)

中国的计量单位:li(里), yuan(元), mu(亩)等

实例:

Every means has been tried out, but without satisfactory results. (每个方法都试过了,但结果不令人满意。)

4、形式上是复数的学科名称,如physics , statistics, dynamics 作单数看待;时间、距离、钞票、重量等复数,可以看作一个整体作单数处理,如:Two days is not enough for me to finish the task. (要我完成此项任务两天是不够的。)

5、名词做另一名词的修饰语:

一般用单数形式,如:a college student中的college 为单数形式。

注意:

(1)以下名词做另一名词修饰语时要用复数形式:sport → a sportsman (运动员)/ sale → a sales department(销售部) / savings → a savings account (储蓄存款)/ communication → a communications satellite (通讯卫星) / greeting → a greetings cable(慰问电)

(2)不规则名词修饰另一名词时数的变化:a woman doctor (一个女医生)→ two women doctors (两个女医生) / the Chinese women's volleyball team (中国女排) / a children hospital (儿童医院)

6、family(家庭), group(小组), police(警察),committee(委员会), team(组), box(盒), audience(观众)等词,可以是单数,也可以是复数,关键要看题目所给的提示,例如:

The whole box of matches _____ wet; I couldn't light a simple one

A. was

B. is

C. were

D. are

解题思路:这道题如果没有后半句I couldn't light a simple one,是没办法解答的。这句话提示了两点:

(1)时态为"过去时",故B、D已不可能了;

(2)"a simple one"说明是指盒子内的一根根火柴,故答案为 C.试想,如果我们把后半句改为 "I had to throw it away", 那么正确答案应是A.

所以,看清题目的提示对于解题是非常重要的。

7、注意以下表达方式中名词的复数形式

to be / make friends with(友好 / 交朋友)

to change places with (交换位置)

to make preparations for(为…作准备)

to give regards to(向…问好)

to make matters worse(把事情弄糟)

to hurt feelings(伤害感情)

to be all smiles(满脸堆笑)

to take sides (偏袒某方)

to have words with(吵架)

to burst into tears (突然哭了)

8、量词的使用:

由于英语中名词分可数与不可数,量词的使用也有区别:

修饰可数名词

(a) few / fewer / fewest

many / more / most

a great (good) many

many a

a number of

the number of

既可修饰可数名词也可修饰不可数名词

a lot of / lots of

plenty of (time, money, people)

修饰不可数名词

(a) little / less / least

much / more / most

a great (good) deal of

an amount of / amounts of

the amount of

量词使用中应注意的几个问题:

1)分清可数名词和不可数名词是前提;

2)不要把量词的形式搞混淆了:下面哪个表达形式是对的?

A. A lot students have come back from the summer holiday.

B. A few of the students have come back from the summer holiday.

C. A great many of students have come back from the summer holiday.

D. Many a student has have come back from the summer holiday.

E. The number of students have come back from the summer holiday.

F. A number of students have come back from the summer holiday.

以上六个表达方式中只有F 是对的。为什么?

A. a lot students → a lot of students

B. a few of the students → a few students

C. a great many of students → a great many students

D. Many a student has come back from the summer holiday.

E. The number of 表示数目,如:The number of the students in our class is 50.

A number of 表示"一些","不少",认真对比一下,看出问题来了吗?

问多少钱、多少重量时用:How much…?问距离时用:How far is it from…to…?

9、单位词的使用

(1)不可数名词表示多少,一般用much, (a) little, a lot of, enough 等词表达,要数1,2,3,4…时要用"量词"表达,最常用的是a piece of (news, advice, furniture, information…)。

(2)成双成对的名词一般用复数,如:a pair of trousers (裤子) / scissors(剪刀) / glasses (spectacles)(眼镜) / pliers(钳子)

(3) a couple of表示一对,或2-3…,如:a couple of days / people / things (4)记住以下量词表达方式:

a loaf (two loafs) of bread (一个(两个)面包)

a burst of laughter(一阵笑声)

a fit of anger / chill(一阵发怒 / 发冷)

a game of chess (一盘棋)

a lump of sugar (一块方糖)

10、其他应注意的数的表达形式

1)a three-year-old boy 比较The boy is three years old

2) five thousand people / several thousand people比较 thousands of people 表达具体数字时,thousand不加 "s",后面不加 "of "; ten, million, billion情况以此类推。

3) One-third of the students have passed College English Test Band IV.

Two-thirds of the students have passed College English Test Band IV.

One-third of the population in this area is living below the poverty line.

(这个地区有1/3人口生活在贫困线以下。)

注意:几分之几的表达形式;动词的单复数由后面的名词数决定。

4) a looker-on 比较two lookers-on(旁观者) / a brother-in-law比较two brothers-in-law(姻亲兄弟)

5) my father, together with (along with / with / as well as my mother and brothers)结构中,主语作单数处理,即my father

11、不定代词的数

英语中要对 "2 "这个数特别敏感:

1)两个中一个、另一个: one , the other;三个或三个以上中另一个:another / any one

2)两个都:both;两个都不:neither;两个中任一个:either

3)三个或三个以上都:all;都不:none

4)不知总数:一些:some ;另一些:others(有余数)

5)知道总数:一些:some ;另一些(没有余数了):the others

注意以下表达方式:each other / one another / one after another / one by one / the other day (过去的某一天)/ some day (今后的某一天) / every other day (隔天)/ on alternative days(隔天)/ someone else (别人) / something (anything, nothing)else (别的事)

实例:

I'm sorry, I'm a stranger, too. You may ask ______ across the street.

A. another one

B. others

C. the other one

D. someone else

解题思路:虽然A、B、C没有语法错误,但D是习惯表达方式。

三、名词的格

1、人称代词

英语中,人称代词有主格,宾格和所有格("的格")形式之分,而"的格"又有形容词和名词两种形式,即:I, me, my (mine),/ we, us, our (ours) / he , him, his (his)/ she, her, her (hers) / they, them, their (theirs) / you, you, your (yours)/ it, it, its (its)这里就不详细讲解了。记住一点:形容词"的格"永远不能单独使用;名词"的格"永远是单独使用的。

实例:

Come if you like to see ______ painting. ______ very beautiful.

A. your / That's

B. her's / It's

C. hers / That's

D. his / It's

解题思路:根据形式和上述使用原则,B(形式错误),C(hers只能单独使用),故是错的。A逻辑不通,且使用不当,故正确答案只能是D

2、名词的所有格和双重所有格

英语中除了人称代词,其他名词没有主格和宾格之分。表示一个名词"…的"时,称为所有格,即"的格".英语中"的格"一般用介词"of "或名词后加"'"来表示,如:"学校的财产",原则上可以有两种表达方式:the property of the school或 the school's property.但

是若用此表达"鲁迅的书" Luxun's book 或a book of Luxun时,便可能出现意义上的混淆,即,也可能是"一本关于鲁迅的书".因此,若要表示"鲁迅(拥有的)书"时,要表达为a book of Luxun's , 称为"双重所有格",即"of "与 "'"同时使用。

双重所有格除了以上用途外,还表示亲切,如:a friend of my father's比 my father's friend更显亲切。

解题思路:考试时如果你实在搞不清,应倾向选择有","的选项,如:

My wife bought me ______ at a ______ shop.

A. a piece of clothes / tailors

B. a new clothing / tailor

C. an article of clothing, tailor's

D. a piece of clothing, tailor's

解题思路:这道题考两个语法点:单位词和所有格。如果考生看不懂这个句子,一般应在C、D中选择,正确答案是C(一件衣服), "一块布"用a piece of cloth

3、反身代词-self /-selves

1)反身代词-self /-selves不能脱离其主格或宾格单独使用,如不能说: The boss wanted to have a talk with herself.(老板想亲自和她谈谈。)→ The boss (himself)wanted to have a talk with her herself. 实际使用中很少会这样讲话。

2)注意以下表达方式:

of one's own / to oneself 如:She wants to have a room of her own (to herself)(她想要一间属于自己的房间。)

on one's own 如:She wants to finish it on her own. (她想独立完成这项工作。)by oneself, 如:She has been living by herself for three years.(她已单身生活了三年。)

以上讲了许多关于名词的数与格问题,内容似乎很多。但考试时,此类题目只占1-2题,复习时不要花费太多的时间。

第二讲动词、五个基本句型、动词的时态和语态

一.动词

从一定意义上讲,英语语法就是动词的语法,因此,掌握动词的特性、变化、句型是学习英语语法的重中之重。为了能更好地理解下面的讲课内容,首先要搞清动词的几个基本概念。

1) be 动词和do动词:be动词也称状态动词,用于说明状态或性质,主要用于构成英语的主系表句型;do动词也称为行为动词,分及物动词和不及物动词;

2)及物动词和不及物动词:不及物动词后面不跟宾语, 也没有被动语态;及物动词后面一定要有宾语;

3)双宾语(直接宾语和间接宾语)结构和复合宾语(宾语 + 宾语补足语)结构:比较下面两个句子:

My mother made me a cake.(母亲给我做了块蛋糕。)

My father made me a doctor. (父亲把我培养成一名医生。)

第一句是双宾语结构,即 My mother made a cake for me.

第二句是复合宾语结构,其句法功能为:My father made me (to) be a doctor (I am a doctor). 说明复合宾语结构中,宾语和宾语补足语之间有"主谓关系".

4)情态动词:must, should, ought to, can, may, need, used to 等动词称为情态

动词,有三大特征:A. 不受主语人称和数的影响,如:He may go now. / May I go now? 句中may的形式不变;B. 否定时在后面加not, 如:You ought not to have cheated her. C. 与另一动词连用,中间不用 + " to ", 如上举例。

请根据上述原则,(从语法角度)说出以下那种表达方式是对的:

A. She needs to see a doctor.

B. She doesn't need to see a doctor.

C. Does she need to see a doctor?

D. She needs not see a doctor.

E. She needn't see a doctor.

F. She doesn't need see a doctor.

G. She needs see a doctor.

从语法角度看,A、B、C、E是对的。

5)助动词:帮助实意动词构成某种结构的词,如: He did come yesterday; I saw him in the office.(他昨天确实来了;我在办公室见到他的。——表示强调)二.五个基本句型

根据动词的特性,构成英语中五个基本句型:

1)主语 + 系动词 + 表语

2)主语 + 不及物动词(+ 其他成分)

3)主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语

4)主语 + 及物动词 + 双宾语

5)主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语

我们在学习5个基本句型时,主要关心每个句型中的出题点在哪里。

(一)第一句型:主语 + 系动词 + 表语

1)系动词一般为be 动词。

注意:look, feel, sound, smell, taste, get, become, come, go, turn, grow, keep, seem, stand等词可以作"半系动词"用,按行为动词方式变化,起系动词的作用。

试验比较:

—— He felt the pockets thoroughly but did not find a single penny.(他摸遍了口袋但没有找到一分钱。—— feel为行为动词)

—— You look pale. Do you feel unwell? (你脸色苍白,感到不舒服?—— look / feel为系动词)

一般来说,动词后面跟的是个形容词或名词,该动词为系动词,如:The plan sounds perfect. / The flower smells nice. / The dish tastes delicious. / It is getting dark.

实例:

"Don't worry. Let me take your pulse first." "Oh, it ______ normal." (脉搏正常)

A. is felt

B. is feeling

C. feels

D. felt

解题思路:normal为形容词,前面应为系动词;系动词没有被动语态,故A不对; look, feel, sound, taste, smell, seem等半系动词一般不用进行时,B也不对;D时态错了,故正确答案为C.

2)there be是英语中非常重要的一个句型: there是引导词,不解释 "那里"; 这是个

倒装句, 主语在be动词的后面, be动词的单复数由后面的主语决定。

注意中国学生容易搞错的问题:

There isn't enough furniture in the room.(房间里家具不够)

错:There hasn't enough furniture in the room.

There is no doubt that smallpox has been wiped out in China.(毫无疑问,中国已消灭天花。)

错:It is no doubt that smallpox has been wiped out in China.

There is ample evidence that AIDS is spreading quickly in Asia. (充分证据表明,爱滋病正在亚洲迅速蔓延。——同位语从句)

错:It is evidence that AIDS is spreading quickly in Asia. (可以: It is evident that AIDS is spreading quickly in Asia. - 主语从句)

(二)第二句型:主语 + 不及物动词(+ 其他成分)

在这个句型中主要注意及物动词与不及物动词的区分:

不及物动词及物动词

rise /rose / risen(升起) raise /raised / raised (提高)

arise / arose / arisen (from)(产生) arouse / aroused / aroused(唤起)lie / lay / lain(躺下) lay / laid / laid(放下)

arrive at(到达) reach(到达)

wait for(等待) await(等待)

remain(仍旧) maintain(保持,维修)

*上面所注仅为典型词义,要根据句子判别其他意思。

此外,该句型常采用倒装形式,注意辨别,主要是以下两种情况:

1)用here 或 there引导:Here comes the bus. (汽车来了。) / There rings the bell. (铃响了。)

2)在动词 + 介词短语的结构中,往往将介词短语提前:On the top of the hill stands a pretty little house.(山顶上有一座漂亮的小房子。)

(三)第三句型:主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语

我们知道,名词可以做主语和宾语,非谓语动词 -ing和 to do也可以做主语和宾语,作主语:

Learning a foreign language is not easy.(学门外语并不容易。)

To learn a foreign language is not easy. (= It is not easy to learn a foreign language.)

从语法角度讲,上述两个表达方式都可以。

但是,当动词处于宾语位置时,就不能这样"随心所欲"了,因为英语语法有以下几个规定:

1)acknowledge / admit / appreciate / avoid / consider / contemplate / defer / deny / dislike / enjoy / escape / evade / excuse / facilitate / fancy / favor / feel like / finish / give up / cannot help / cannot stand / imagine / include / keep (on)/ do not mind / miss / permit / practice / regret / resent / risk / suggest 等词后面的动词宾语必须用-ing 形式,重点和首先要掌握黑体字部分。由于这些次的词义与解题关系不大,没有给出具体词义解释。若需要,请学生自己查字典解决。

这是语法考试的一个重点,要对以上词特别敏感,例如:

It is impossible to avoid ______ by the stormy weather.

A. being much affected

B. having much affected

C. to be much affected

D. to have been much affected

解题思路:1)一看到avoid一词,便可确定正确答案在A、B中; 2)affect意为"影响",及物动词,故B不对。[如果做题时间来不及,此类题目若有"主动语态"和"被动语态"之分,一般选"被动语态"的正确率高些。]

2) remember / forget:后面既可跟 -ing, 也可跟 to do,但意思不一样:to do表示说话时还没有发生的事,-ing表示对已经发生过事的回忆,如:"我昨天出门时忘了关窗了。"显然是指出门时还没有做的事,因此用to do形式;"我不记得以前见过你。"显然是指说话以前的事,因此用 -ing形式,即:

I forgot to close the windows when I left home yesterday.

I don't remember seeing you before.

因此,除了知道这个规定外,分清"发生过"还是"没有发生"是解题的关键。

实例:

Do you remember ______ to Professor Smith during your last visit?

A. to have been introduced

B. having introduced

C. being introduced

D. to be introduced

解题思路:1)第一步要确定"发生过"还是"没有发生",即A、D还是B、C,"你记得上次访问时被介绍给Smith教授的情况吗?"显然是已发生的事,选B、C;2)"introduce"(介绍)后没有宾语,说明是"被动语态:,故选C [再看一下上一节中的 "解题思路"] 3)need / want / require等解释为"需要"时,有两种表达方式,如:

"这间会客室需要打扫一下"

A.This waiting room needs to be cleaned. (to 被动式)

B.This waiting room needs cleaning.(-ing主动式)

考试时若同时出现两种选择,选B

4)look forward to / object to / subject to / be subjected to / be opposed to / oppose to中的 "to" 是介词,后面应跟名词或动名词-ing,

(四)第四句型:主语 + 及物动词 + 双宾语

有些动词(主要是"授予动词")后面需要或可以接双宾语结构,如:give, write, buy, send, make等

You may send him an E-mail or write him a letter.

这个句子也可使用以下结构:

You may send an E-mail (to him) or write a letter to him. 所以 "to" 和 "for" 是连接双宾语结构的重要介词。

该句型的重点是要记住以下短语,特别是所用的介词:

to cure … of(治愈…)

to accuse …of(谴责…)

to convince… of(说服…)

to inform… of(通知…)

to notify… of (通知…)

to clean… of (清除…)

to warn…… of / against (警告…)

to cheat… of(欺骗)

to rob… of(抢劫…)

例如:

We have to inform the family of the patient's condition as soon as possible. / Have the family been informed of the patient's condition? (我们得尽快将病人的病情通知其家属。/ 已经将病人的病情通知其家人了吗?)

注意下面句子的结构变化:

May I ask you a question? → May I ask a question of you?

直接和间接宾语的位置与上面短语有何不同?

(五)第五句型:主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语

先回顾一下本讲第一节中有关宾语和宾语补足语的概念。

这个句型也是考试的重点,主要有三个难点:

1)要不要 "to"的问题:

The director wants you to come right now. (主任要你马上就来。)

句中to come 是宾语you的补足语。也就是说,当宾语补足语是动词时,一般要用 "to"连接。但是,以下情况例外:

n make, let, have等使役动词,如:

Shall I have him come here?(要我叫他来吗?)

I won't have him cheat me. (否定式,表示"容许":我决不容许他欺骗我)

上述句型变为被动语态时,一般要加 "to",如:

The nurse made the patient eat something. (护士让病人吃了点东西。)

→The patient was made to eat something.

有时,宾语补足语也可用 -ing形式,如:

His joke made us laughing for a couple of minutes. (他的笑话使我们笑了几分钟。- 注意后面的时间状语for a couple of minutes)

记住下面重要表达方式:

to have / get (something) done,如:

I am going to have (get) my watch repaired.(我去修一下表。)

n see, hear, notice, observe, watch, look at, listen to 等感觉动词:

使用原则与上述大致相同。

2)要不要 "it"的问题:

先看两个句子:

We sometimes find it difficult to get rid of a bad habit. (有时我们发现要改掉一个坏习惯很难。)该句的原始结构可理解为:We sometimes find (to get rid of a bad habit) difficult. 括号部分(动词不定式)为宾语,difficult为宾语补足语The doctor has made it clear to you that there is nothing wrong with your stomach.(医生已经跟你说得很清楚了,你的胃没有什么问题。)该句的原始结构可理解为:The doctor has made (there is nothing wrong with your stomach)clear. 括号部分(句子)为宾语,clear为宾语补足语

归纳:

n 在主语 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语结构中,当宾语是"动词不定式"或"句子"时,要用it(不是this, that或其他任何词)作形式宾语,将动词不定式或句子移到句子的后面去。

n 考试时,判断要不要 "it",主要看句子后面有没有"动词不定式"或"句子",若有,要选 "it"

n 宾语、宾语补足语倒装:当宾语(名词)较长,宾语补足语较短(往往是1个形容词,如possible, impossible, difficult, easy, clear等)时,为了句子结构均衡,往往采用倒装,这里不存在"it"的使用问题, 对下句作出判断:

The development of ultrasound has made ______ early diagnosis of some fatal diseases. (超声波的出现使许多致命疾病的早期诊断成为可能。)

A. it possible

B. possible

C. it is

D. it

该题的正确答案应为B,因为句子采用了倒装形式,原结构为:

The development of ultrasound has made [early diagnosis of some fatal diseases] possible.

宾语补足语

3)记住以下短语:

to take…as(把…当作…)

to think of…as(把…看作…)

to regard…as(把…看作…)

to refer to…as(把…叫作…)

关于五个基本句型,重点要掌握每个句型的出题点,举一反三。

三.动词的时态和语态

时态和语态是英语动词的两个最基本特征,是英语语法基础的基础,这里不一一解释了,只是将学生容易搞错以及考试的重点部分作一些说明。

许多学生和个别老师认为只有英语才有时态,这是个误解。其实,任何语言都有三个基本时态:过去、现在、将来。只是英语把时态的表述方式通过动词的变化分得比较细,如:现在时中又分为:一般式,进行式,完成式,完成进行式等。过去和将来时也可以此类推。

(一)几个基本时态的概念、用法和考点

n 一般现在时:用来表述真理、习惯、现在的状态和性质等,常与always, usually, often, frequently, occasionally, seldom, rarely 等频度副词或from time to time, at all times 等短语连用。

要点:频度副词的位置:

She seldom comes here. (行为动词之前)

She is always late. (be动词之后)

n 现在完成时:用来表述已经完成或部分完成的动作或状态,其特点是1)不出现动作发生的具体时间(一旦出现,就变成"过去时");2)常与 "for" 或 "since" 引导的时间状语(表示一个时间段,不是一个时间点)连用。

要点:"for" 和 "since" 是现在完成时的标志词

实例:

______ the end of 1999 the output of the consuming products in Shanghai has increased by over 30%.

A. At

B. By

C. Since

D. After

在实考中,许多考生选了A,特别是有一定英语基础的考生,他们误认为该题是考at the

end of 这个短语,我们将此类选项称为"干扰项",往往安排在A的位置。因此,当你认为A 特别简单时,要小心辨别是否是"干扰项".此题的正确答案为C, 现在完成时。

n 现在进行时:用来表述正在进行的行为,常与now, look, listen等表示"现在"的词连用(注意:be, know, want, believe和部分半系动词一般没有进行时),如:Look, the sun ______ brightly in the sky.

A. shines

B. was shining

C. is shining

D. has shown

解题思路:look"看",表示与说话时间同步;brightly是副词,说明 shine不是半系动词,故答案为C

n 现在完成进行时:用来表述说话时已完成部分内容,目前还在做的行为,其特点是除了"for" 或 "since"外,常出现all day, all the morning等包括说话时间在内的时间状语连用,如"整个上午",说话时也是上午。

n 一般过去时和过去完成时:这是中国学生学习的一个难点,因此也是考试的一个重点过去完成时:发生在过去一个时间点之前的一个过去行为或状态,常用在:

1)宾语从句(间接引语)中:He said (that) he had read the book several times.

2)状语从句中(特别是时间状语从句):When we arrived at the cinema, the film had begun.

3)由by引导的时间状语句中:He had completed all the college courses by 15 years of age. (15岁时,他已经完成了大学的所有课程。)

错:We had finished the task yesterday.

对:We finished the task yesterday. 或We had finished the task by yesterday.

要点:"by" 是过去完成时(和将来完成时)的标志词。

分清现在完成时、过去时、过去完成时的区别是英语时态学习的重点。

n 过去将来时:用来表述过去一个时间点以后的事情,其方向正好与过去完成时相反,如:

He said he would come to the meeting personally. (他说他将亲自出席会议。)n 一般将来时和将来完成时:记住上面一句话: "by" 是将来完成时的标志词。

比较:

The world population will be over 6.5 billion in 2050.

The world population will have been over 6.5 billion by 2050.

其他的时态,如过去进行时,将来进行时等,只要把握好时间状语,一般比较容易理解,这里不再举例。

(二)语态:表示行为的主动或被动,即:to do something 还是to be done (by)语态始终是英语语法的一个考点,只有及物动词才有被动语态。但要区分动词的及物和不及物不是靠几个讲座能解决的,要注意观察,特别是对本节"第二句型"和"第五句型中提到的有关问题要反复思考。

解题思路:当你对"主动"和"被动"选项犹豫不决时,应倾向选"被动"项。

小结:第二讲的重点是:1)"五个基本句型"中应注意的问题; 2)英语时态的基本特征和用法,是英语语法必考内容。

第三讲句子的连接、并列复合句、状语从句

1.句子的连接

导言:上一讲讨论了英语的五个基本句型,都为简单句。如何将两个或两个以上的简单句连接起来,就是句子的连接问题。

牢牢记住:逗号","不能连接两个句子

这是英语书面语中句子连接的核心思想,如:

错:He is ill, he cannot come to the party this evening. (他病了,今晚不能来参加派对。)

改:He is ill and he cannot come to the party this evening. 或:

Because he is ill, he cannot come to the party this evening. 或:

He is ill so he cannot come to the party this evening.

当然,还可以有其他几种改法。但不管怎么改,都必须有"连接词",如上句中的 "and", "because", "so" 都称为"连接词".不同的连接词有不同的句法功能,名称五花八门。为了便于学习,讲座中将尽量避免使用语法术语,大家只要记住"连接词"这个概念就可以了。

上述两个句子的连接,如果不用连接词连接,就必须将其中一个句子(一般为从句)的谓语动词改为"动词非谓语形式",即:

Being ill, he cannot come to the party this evening.

关于这个问题,将在"第五讲:动词非谓语形式"具体讨论。

举出上述例子,是想告诉考生一个重要的语法现象:当考题中出现两个句子(或类似两个句子的结构)要求连接时,A,B,C,D选项的正确答案要么是"连接词",要么是"动词非谓语形式",其他形式都是错的。这个概念对于应试是非常重要的。

例如:

Some metals are better conductors than others, ______ means that the former has atoms that contain more free electrons than the latter.

A.it

B. that

C.this

D. which

不要考虑这个句子是什么意思,首先看到的是这两个句子中间是个","号,其考点只有一个,即A,B,C,D四个选项中哪个是连接词。A,C在英语中不是连接词,永远不可能用来连接两个句子。这是个"非限制性定语从句"(具体概念见"第四讲"),故正确答案为D.

又如:

It ______ fine, all the students went to Xishan for a picnic.

A.was

B. is

C. be

D. being

这两个句子中间又是个","号。显然,这道题的A,B,C,D选项不是连接词,而是"动词",只有用"动词非谓语形式"才能把这两个"句子"连起来,故正确答案只能是D.

本讲座一再强调的一个思想是:对于某些语法题,解题思路比单纯认识几个英文单词更为重要。

英语中,句子的连接有以下几种形式:

1)并列复合句2)状语从句

3)定语从句(含同位语从句)

4)名词性从句(即主、宾、表语从句)

2.并列复合句

简单地说,由简单并列连词and, but, or,或复合并列连词both… and…, neither…nor…, either…or…, not only…but also…连接的句子称为并列复合句。

重点:

1) and - 不能简单地理解为"和",除了起连接作用外,应根据句子的上下文判别其实际意义,总的表示"递进".

例如:He is ill and he cannot come to the party this evening.

2) But - 表示"转折"

所以要确定,应根据上下文,特别是两个句子中的用词是"同方向的"还是"反方向的",前者一般用 "and", 后者一般用 "but",.

例如:

There was little rain last year______ the farmers still got a bumper crop.

这个句中"little rain"(少雨)和"a bumper crop"(丰收)是相反方向的用词,故应填"but".请回忆一下"第一讲"中的有关示例。

3) or - 解释为"或者",表示选择,但在"非真实条件句中"解释为"否则",引出"含蓄虚拟式" (见"虚拟语气"一讲),不要混淆。 6)

4)关于复合并列连词,主要注意两个问题,一是"数",二是句子的"均衡".

在历年军队职称考试中,并列复合句方面的题出得较少。

3.状语从句

所谓状语从句,是指用来说明主句行为(或状态)发生的时间、原因、条件、地点、目的、结果及方式等。

1)时间状语从句:记住以下连接词的意思和重点:

(1)when / while / as (当…时侯)

注意:while除了做时间状语的连接词外,还解释为"虽然…","而…".

例如:He is very diligent, while she is very lazy. (他很勤奋,而她却很懒。)

(2)before (after)在…之前(后)

(3)until / not until(直到)注意:not until放在句首时,往往要求倒装(详见"第七讲")

(4)as soon as / once (一…就…)

(5)immediately / instantly / directly 原本是副词,这里作连接词,表示"一…就…",

例如: I knew I had made a mistake directly (或用immediately / as soon as)I had done it. (刚做完这件事,我就知道我做错了。)

(6)the moment / each time / every time / next time / the first time / the instant / the year原本是名词或副词,这里作连接词用。

(7)hardly (scarcely)…when… / no sooner…than…"一…就…"

注意:这是时间状语考试的重点句型,一是不要把两个句型中的when和than的搭配搞错了,二是要用倒装语序(详见"第七讲")。

例如:

Hardly had I sat down when the telephone rang. (我刚坐下,电话铃就响了。)重点:在时间(和条件)状语中,用一般时代替将来时。

例如:

We'll start as soon as the leader ______. (领导一来就开始。)

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/054272902.html,es

B.is coming

C.will come

D.came

根据英语"时态一致性"原则,主句与从句的时态应一致,答案似乎应该是B或C,但是正确答案是A,因为在时间状语中,用一般时代替将来时。将上句改为过去时,道理也一样:He said (that) we would start as soon as the leader _____.

A.came

B.was coming

C.would come

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/054272902.html,es

答案应为A

2)条件状语从句:分真实条件句和非真实条件句(虚拟语气)

重点:在条件(时间)状语中,用一般时代替将来时(可参见时间状语从句例子)

虚拟语气(见"第六讲")

主要连接词:

(1)if / unless (除非 = if not 如果不)

例如:

Children should not be taken into the room of a very sick person ______ there is some special reason for it.

A.except

B. besides

C. unless

D.whereas

解题思路:根据上面说过的连接原则,这里必须是一个"连接词",而A,B都是介词,因此正确答案只能在C,D中选。"whereas"意为"而",故正确答案为C.(不应把儿童带到重病人房间,除非有某种特殊原因。)

(2)provided / on condition that (跟句子)(如果…)知道这也是连接词就可以了,一般说,当考题中出现这种词时,应倾向选择。

3)原因状语从句:

主要连接词:because/ since / as

要点:不要把连接词 because与介词短语because of ( + 名词或-ing形式)相混淆;

不要把表示原因的since与表示时间的since"自从…"相混淆;

不要把表示原因的as与表示时间的as"随着…"相混淆;

顺便提一下, because表示直接"因果关系",而since, as 是对事实的说明,主句和从句之间并不一定具有"因果关系".

例如:

As you are already 18 years old, you should know what to do and what not to do. (你已经18岁了,应该知道什么该干什么不该干。)

这个句子用because连接就不太合适。好在军队职称考试中并不要求作这种分辨。

…for 注意:一般只能放在主句后面,即主句 + for从句,例如:

He must have gone to bed, for it is too late. (他肯定已经睡了;现在已经很晚了。)——该句不能用because

now that / seeing that / considering that (由于…)

Seeing that this problem was settled, they proceeded to the next one.(鉴于这个问题已经解决,他们开始进行下一个问题。) n

…in that(在于…)一般放在主句后面,例如:

Humans are superior to animals in that they can use languages as a tool to communicate. (人比动物高等,因为人能以语言作为工具进行交际。)

4)让步状语从句:

主要连接词:although (虽然)/ even if (though)(即使)/ while (尽管)后两个是考试的重点。no matter what…(= whatever无论…什么…) / no matter how…(=however,无论怎样…) / whether…or not (不论…还是…)这是让步句考试的重点。

例如:

No matter what (或Whatever) may happen, we will not change our plan. (无论可能发生什么,我们决不改变计划。)

No matter how difficult (或However difficult) the journey may be, we will not change our plan. (不管路程有多难,我们决不改变计划。)

We should not worry her whether she is well or ill (或whether she is ill or

not).(无论她身体好坏,我们都不应使她烦恼。)

注意:no matter what后面跟名词或名词性结构;no matter how后面跟形容词或副词,不要搞错;用了no matter what / no matter how就不能再用whatever / however.

5)比较状语从句:

这是英语语法必考内容,要特别加以重视。

基本概念:两个比较级,三个或三个以上最高级。要对数字"2"特别敏感,试选择:Of Mary and Jane, who is ______?

A. smart

B.the smartest

C. more smarter

D.the smarter

解题思路:很显然这是一道考形容词比较级的题目,从句子结构和选题A可以判断smart 是个形容词原级,因此可以断定C的形式错了(重复比较,如不能说more happier 一样的道理)。B是最高级,但句中只有两个人Mary 和Jane,因此正确答案只能是D,这是一个较特殊的比较级句型,即the + 形容词比较级 + of (两个)。

比较级的主要句型:

(1)原级比较:as +形容词或副词原级+ as,否定式:not so (或as) +形容词或副词原级+ as

注意问题:as…as 之间的形容词或副词是否采用了原级;as…as 之间该用形容词还是副词;用as much as 还是用as many as

表示倍数时用下面结构,如3倍:three times as …as…

例如:

The size of the island is about ______ that of this one.

A.three times as much as

B.as three times much as

C.as three times greater than

D.three times as big as

解题思路:B、C违反了上述句型规定,A、D的区别是size(大小 / 尺寸)是与much 搭配还是与big搭配,D是对的。

(2)比较级:more …than…

注意:

1)比较形式是否正确,如是否有类似"more better"这样重复比较的错误;

2)两者之间是比较级,三者以上是最高级,看看是"两者"还是"三者或三者以上;

3)只有同类的人或物才能比较(可比性);比较不能包括"自己",常用other表示排除。

例如不能说:

He is taller than any students in this class.

而应说:

He is taller than any other student(s) in this class.

4)修饰比较级的词有:much, even, far, by far, still, a lot, a bit 等,例如:John did badly in the sports meet. I did even worse (than John did).

你能看出下句的问题吗?

His salary as a bus driver is more higher than a teacher. (他是个公共汽车司机,他的工资要比教师高。)

该句有两个大错1)high的比较级为higher,2)主语his salary(他的工资)而比较对象是a teacher,两者不可比,怎样的表达才是对的呢?请选择:

His salary as a bus driver is much higher ______.

A.in comparison with a teacher

B.than a teacher

C.than a teacher's

D.than that of a teacher's

正确答案是C,也可以写成than that of a teacher(请联系名词格的概念想一想)最高级the most of +比较范围 / 最高级+名词+that (不是which)定语从句,例如:This is the most interesting film that I have ever seen. (这是我看过的最有趣的电影。)

the more…the more…

The longer you wear glasses, the more you depend on them. (眼镜戴的时间越长越有依赖性。)

考试时,一般只要认准"the" 和比较级形式就不难判别。

其他表示比较意思的形式

A is superior / inferior to B(A 比B高级 / 低级)

注意:superior/ inferior前不能再加 more 或者less; 用to不是用 than.

例如:

Humans are superior to animals in that they can use languages to communicate.(人比动物高级在于人能用语言进行交际。)

prefer… rather than (宁可…而不…)

例如:

I preferred to stay out in the cold rather than spend the night there. (我宁可呆在外面受冷,也不在那儿过夜。)

Would rather…than………(用法和意思与上句型差不多)

6)地点状语从句:

主要连接词:where / wherever / everywhere

注意地点状语从句中where与定语从句中关系副词where的区别与联系:

Put the book where it is. (把书放好,即"把书放在该放的地方。)

Put the book in the place where it is.

以上两个句子的意思是一样的,第一个句子是"地点状语从句",第二个句子是"定语从句"(详见"第四讲"),where作关系副词修饰the place

7)方式状语从句:

as按时(正如…/ 就象…)

Air is to man as water is to fish.

要点:不要把as 与like 混淆,like是介词,不是连接词, 如不能说:All plants need air like they need water,应为:All plants need air as they need water. (所有的植物需要空气,正如他们需要水一样。)

as if / as though(好象…)可以是真实的,也可以是"虚拟"的,如:

The meat tastes as if (though) it has already gone bad.(这肉吃起来好象变质了。——确实坏了)

He speaks English as though (if) he were an Englishman. (他说起英语来好象英国人。——他不是英国人,动词用的是were)

8)目的 / 结果状语从句

目的状语从句:

so that / in order that

lest / for fear that (惟恐… / 一以免…)注意:该句型一般使用"should型"虚拟式(见"第六讲")

结果状语从句:

so…that / such…that…/ so that / that / so

The professor speaks so fast that we find it difficult to follow him. (这位教授讲话很快,我们感到很难理解他讲话的意思。要点:so + 形容词或副词)He give me such good advice that I finished the task smoothly. (他给了我很好的建议,因此我顺利地完成了任务。要点:such + 名词)

The film was such that everyone was deeply moved. (这部电影如此精彩,每个观众都被深深打动了。要点:such在这里做代词,可以理解为:The film is such a good film that…)

顺便提一下,"…,only to do…" 虽不属于从句,但是是一个重要的表(意想不到的)结果的句型,请记住,例如:

For nearly three hours we waited for the decision, only to be told to return the next day. (为这个决定我们几乎等了三个小时,可结果被告知第二天返回。)从考试角度看,状语从句的重点是:时间、原因、条件、让步和比较

注:如前所述,本讲座不是经典语法书,有些讲法从广义上说是不完整的,甚至是不确切的,如:"逗号","不能连接两个句子"的提法,但这些概念对于理解英语的某些语法现象,特别是解题是实用的。"相信我,没错的".

第四讲定语从句、名词性从句

一.定语从句:

(一)什么叫定语从句?

定语从句也称为"形容词从句",或"的从句",顾名思义,就是用来修饰或说明名词的从句,被修饰或说明的那个名词称为"先行词",即:

名词(先行词)←连接词 + 句子

由于汉语中的定语总是放在名词的前面,而英语中的定语从句总是放在被修饰或说明的名词后面,又要使用连接词加以连接,因此定语从句,特别是连接词的使用,成为中国学生学习的一个难点,也是考试的一个重点。

要搞清定语从句,初学者必须首先建立以下基本概念:

比较:我昨天买的那本书很有趣。

The book that I bought yesterday is very interesting.

昨天买的那本书很有趣。

The book that was bought yesterday is very interesting.

从以上句子可以看出:

(1)定语从句一定是修饰或说明"名词"的,上句中就是"the book"

(2)定语从句中的"连接词"就是前面那个名词的"化身", 一般都紧跟在名词的后面,上句中连接词"that"代表的就是前面的"the book",即that = the book;

(3)定语从句中的"连接词"必须在从句中充当一个句子成分(当主语、宾语或表语时称为关系代词;当地点、时间状语时称为关系副词),在上句中"that"当动词"bought"的宾语,也就是说,以下表达是错误的:

The book that I bought it is very interesting.

由于句中的"that"就是"bought"的宾语,因此"it"是多余的。这是考生在审题时要注意的一个问题。

以上概念是理解定语从句的基础,在没有搞清以上基本概念之前,不要进入下一节内容。

(二)什么叫限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句?

先看一个句子:

I have a brother who is an engineer.

这个句子可以有两个解释:

我有一个当工程师的兄弟。或

我有一个兄弟,他是个工程师。

第一个句子称为限制性定语从句,说明"我至少有有两个兄弟,其中一个是工程师",以便与另一个兄弟(或许他是个医生)相区分。所以,限制性定语从句也称为修饰性定语从句,在先行词(brother)与关系代词(who)之间一般没有","号分开。

第二个句子称为非限制性定语从句,说明"我只有一个兄弟,他是个工程师".所以,非限制性定语从句也称为说明性定语从句,中间一般有","号分开,特别是考试的时候。

该句一般写为:I have a brother, who is an engineer.

注意:凡说明世界上独一无二事物的都是非限制性定语从句,不管中间有没有","号,例如:

Mt. Tai which is located in Shandong Province attracts thousands of tourists every year.

(泰山位于山东省,每年吸引着成千上万的旅游者。)

按语法规定,这里的"which"是不能用"that"来代替的,为什么?见1.3节

(三)怎么连接?

关键是看先行名词(被修饰或说明的那个名词)在从句中充当什么成分(主语、宾语、表语?状语?定语?)这是能否辨别定语从句和能否正确选择连接词的关键所在。

(在从句中)当主语、宾语、表语时:

↗人→ who (宾格用whom)

限制性定语从句:that

↘物→ that ( = which)

注意:虽然在限制性定语从句中,关系代词that = which, 但是,当:

(1)先行词是all, both, none, nothing, anything, everything, much, such等不定代词时;

(2)先行词被形容词最高级修饰时;

(3)先行词被序数词(如第一,第二等)修饰时;

(4)先行词被the very, the only, any, no等词修饰时

只能用that,不能用which连接。

也就是说,在限制性定语从句中,连接物的关系代词用"that" 总是对的。

这是考试判题的重要思路。不一定要刻意去死背硬记上面四条具体的规则。

↗人→ who (宾格用whom)

非限制性定语从句:

↘物→ which (不要用that)

注意:非限制性定语从句(连接词前面一般有","号)中,不会出现"that"

记住上述要点了吗?做几道题,巩固一下上面所讲的内容:

尽量不要查字典!

1)The book ______ is now out of stock

A. which he bought it last week

B. which he bought last week

C. which he had bought last week

D. which it was bought last week

解题思路:如果你选择了A或D,说明你对"句子成分"的概念,或对关系代词在句子中

可以做什么成分还不清楚,应该好好复习"什么叫定语从句?"一节;如果选C,说明你对时态概念仍不清楚,再复习"过去完成时"一节;正确答案为B,"which"在从句中做动词bought 的宾语。这里能不能将"which"改成"that"呢?当然可以,而且现在更多的是用"that".实际使用中,该句子中的"which"或"that"可以省掉,即:The book he bought last week is now out of stock. (他上周买的那本书现在脱销。) ,即:当关系代词在从句中当宾语时,可以省掉。

2) He is the man ______ is capable of finishing this task.

A. he

B. whom

C. who

D. which

解题思路:正确答案为C,关系代词在从句中当主语,故选择主格who而不是whom;任何A、D选择说明学生缺乏最基本的语法概念,应补最基础的语法课。

3)The only thing _____ can be done is to stop them from going there.

A. which

B. that

C. what

D. who

解题思路:记住:定语从句中永远不可能出现what做连接词, 记住这句话对理解"名词性从句"会大有帮助; 既然先行词为thing(事情), 就不能用who连接;同时出现"which"和"that",又没有","号,当然选B(the only thing只能用 that连接,不能用 which连接)。下面一题的思路是一样的:

4)All ______ is a continuous supply of the basic necessities of life.

A. which is needed

B. that is needed

C. what is needed

D. is needed

正确答案是:B 注意:all that = what, 不可能出现all what

5) Some of the roads have been flooded(淹没), ______ our journey more difficult.

A. it makes

B. they make

C. which makes

D. which make

解题思路:四个答题中有两个区分点:第一个区分点是:C、D都用了连接词"which",而A、B没有用,根据"逗号不能连接两个句子"的原则,A、B肯定不对;第二个区分点是:C、D中,动词一个用单数形式makes,一个用复数形式,这里应选择C.为什么?非限制性定语从句中,除了说明先行的某个名词外,还可以说明整个句子的内容,此时动词用单数形式。全句意思:有的路已被洪水淹没,这使我们的旅行更加困难。"which"代表"有的路已被洪水淹没"这件事情。

考试时,当出现类似形式的题目而确实又看不懂句子意思时,应倾向于选择which + 单数动词的那个选项。

6)They have made another wonderful discovery, ______ of great importance to science.

A. which I think is

初中英语语法知识点总结

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10、感叹词(interj..)表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。如:oh, well, hi, hello. 2、句子成分:英语句子成分分为七种:主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语。 1、主语是句子所要说的人或事物,回答是“谁”或者“什么”。通常用名词或代词担任。如:I’m Miss Green.(我是格林小姐) 2、谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态,回答“做(什么)”。主要由动词担任。如:Jack cleans the room every day. (杰克每天打扫房间) 3、表语在系动词之后,说明主语的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者“怎么样”。通常由名词、代词或形容词担任。如:My name is Ping ping .(我的名字叫萍萍) 4、宾语表示及物动词的对象或结果,回答做的是“什么”。通常由名词或代词担任。 如:He can spell the word.(他能拼这个词) 有些及物动词带有两个宾语,一个指物,一个指人。指物的叫直接宾语,指人的叫间接宾语。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面。如:He wrote me a letter . (他给我写了一封信) 有时可把介词to或for加在间接宾语前构成短语,放在直接宾语后面,来强调间接宾语。如:He wrote a letter to me . (他给我写了一封信) 5、定语修饰名词或代词,通常由形容词、代词、数词等担任。如: Shanghai is a big city .(上海是个大城市)

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