4.11限时训练

4.11限时训练

一．选择题（共28小题）

1．下列关于细胞结构和功能的叙述正确的是（）

A．线粒体是所有细胞进行有氧呼吸的必需结构

B．核仁是所有细胞形成核糖体的必需结构

C．中心体是所有细胞进行分裂的必需结构

D．核糖体是所有细胞合成蛋白质的必需结构

2．下列关于生命系统结构层次的叙述，不正确的是（）

A．单细胞生物属于生命系统研究的细胞和个体层次

B．生物圈不属于生命系统研究的结构层次

C．病毒不属于生命系统的结构层次

D．培养基被污染后，除大肠杆菌外，又滋生了别的微生物，其中所有的生物属于群落层次

3．在低倍显微镜下观察到某一细胞后，欲换用高倍镜进一步观察，下列操作不正确的是（）

A．将要观察的细胞移至视野中央

B．将小光圈调整为大光圈

C．转换到高倍物镜前，需要先升镜筒，以免镜头破坏玻片标本

D．转换到高倍物镜后，应使用细准焦螺旋将物像调至清晰

4．下列各组物质中，由相同种类元素组成的一组是（）

A．胆固醇、脂肪酶、乳糖B．淀粉、半乳糖、肌糖原

C．氨基酸、核苷酸、纤维素D．脂肪、胰岛素、抗体

5．非洲猪瘟是由非洲猪瘟病毒（一种DNA病毒）引起的，以家猪和野猪为主要传染源的自然疫源性疾病，那么在猪、非洲猪瘟病毒这两种生物体内，碱基种类及组成遗传物质的核苷酸种类数依次是（）

A．5、8和4、4B．8、4和8、4C．5、4和4、4D．5、4和8、8 6．下列关于DNA和RNA的叙述正确的是（）

A．小麦的遗传物质彻底水解产物有8种

B．SARS病毒和蓝细菌都不含有腺嘌呤核糖核苷酸

C．甲基绿染液能将口腔上皮细胞DNA染色，体现了细胞膜的选择透过性

D．在“观察DNA和RNA的分布实验”中，盐酸可促进染色质中的DNA和蛋白质分离7．下列有关生命的物质基础和结构基础的阐述，错误的是（）

A．必需氨基酸必须从外界环境中直接获取

B．C、H、O、N、P是染色质、磷脂共有的化学元素

C．并非所有的病毒都需要依赖活细胞才能生活

D．多糖、蛋白质、核酸是生物大分子，都是以碳链为基本骨架

8．下列关于“检测生物组织中的糖类、脂肪和蛋白质”的叙述，正确的是（）A．用于检测还原性糖的斐林试剂可以直接用来检测蛋白质

B．用斐林试剂检测还原性糖时，应将甲液和乙液等量混合后再加入

C．用双缩脲试剂检测蛋白质时，需水浴加热后才能看到紫色

D．若要检测花生种子中是否含有脂肪，一定需要用显微镜观察

9．某蛋白质的相对分子量为12392，在合成这个蛋白质分子过程中，脱水量为1944，假设氨基酸的平均相对分子量为128，则该蛋白质分子含有几条肽链（）

A．2 条B．3 条C．4 条D．5 条

10．下表是一组探究生物体内主要有机物存在与否的鉴别实验，①～③依次是（）待检物质试剂颜色反应

蛋白质双缩脲③

脂肪②红色

①斐林试剂砖红色沉淀

A．葡萄糖、苏丹Ⅲ、紫色B．蔗糖、苏丹Ⅳ、紫红色

C．还原糖、苏丹Ⅳ、紫色D．果糖、苏丹Ⅲ、蓝紫色

11．如图表示一个由153个氨基酸残基构成的蛋白质分子。下列叙述错误的是（）

A．该分子中含有153个肽键和1个二硫键

B．参与构成该分子的氨基酸中至少有1个氨基酸含2个羧基，1个氨基酸含2个氨基

C．该分子中至少有2个氨基酸R基含硫

D．如果氨基酸的相对分子质量平均为100，则该蛋白质分子的相对分子质量是12546 12．烟草细胞、烟草花叶病毒、噬菌体中含有的物质，下列叙述正确的是（）A．核酸的种类依次是2、1、1

B．核苷酸的种类依次是8、5、4

C．五碳糖的种类依次是2、2、1

D．含N碱基的种类依次是5、5、4

13．下列有关生物实验的叙述，正确的是（）

A．“探究植物细胞吸水和失水”实验中，水分子进出细胞平衡时，内外溶液浓度一定相等

B．“观察DNA和RNA在细胞中分布”的实验步骤是：水解﹣冲洗﹣染色﹣制片﹣观察

C．“探究细胞大小与物质运输的关系”实验中，琼脂块大小是自变量，扩散速度是因变量

D．新制的斐林试剂是含有铜离子的碱性溶液，可被麦芽糖还原生成砖红色沉淀14．下列有关“分离”的叙述，错误的是（）

A．分离绿叶中各种色素的原理是色素能溶解在层析液中且溶解度不同

B．分离细胞内各种细胞器时，常用差速离心法进行分离

C．观察植物细胞有丝分裂实验中，用盐酸和酒精的混合液处理可使植物组织中的细胞相互分离

D．观察DNA和RNA在细胞中的分布实验中，使用酒精使染色质中DNA和蛋白质分离15．如图是某些细胞器的亚显微结构模式图，相关叙述错误的是（）

A．③是叶绿体，是蓝藻细胞进行光合作用的场所

B．②是线粒体，是真核细胞有氧呼吸的主要场所

C．①是中心体，是不含有磷脂的细胞器

D．④是内质网，是细胞内蛋白质合成和加工的“车间”

16．在显微镜下观察到某黑藻细胞中的一个叶绿体位于液泡的右下方，细胞质环流方向为逆时针，如图所示。相关描述错误的是（）

A．实际上叶绿体应位于液泡的左上方，细胞质环流方向仍为逆时针

B．因能被健那绿染液染色，该叶绿体才能在显微镜下可见

C．液泡内含糖类、无机盐、蛋白质等物质，可以调节植物细胞内的环境

D．若滴加适当高浓度的蔗糖溶液浸泡该细胞，其细胞液的吸水能力增强

17．科学家从线粒体中发现某种复合酶（简称F），F在形成大量A TP时必不可少。生化实验还证实，当F处于分离状态时，便能催化A TP的水解。下列相关说法正确的是（）A．物质F可为A TP的形成提供活化能

B．线粒体内膜上有物质F的分布

C．线粒体中形成ATP所需要的能量直接来源于葡萄糖的分解

D．ATP水解为ADP和无机磷酸一般与放能反应相联系

18．下列有关生物学实验的叙述，正确的是（）

A．观察口腔上皮细胞的线粒体时，必须先在载玻片上滴生理盐水以保持细胞活性

B．利用发菜进行色素提取与分离实验时，在滤纸条上色素带自上而下依次呈橙黄、黄、蓝绿、黄绿色

C．鲁宾和卡门通过设置空白对照组，证明了光合作用中的氧气来自水

D．利用紫色洋葱鳞片叶外表皮细胞观察质壁分离和复原，第一次镜检可见几乎整个细胞呈紫色

19．图为叶绿体结构与功能示意图，下列说法错误的是（）

A．吸收光能的色素位于结构B

B．甲为暗反应过程中生成的（CH2O）

C．结构A释放的氧气可进入线粒体中

D．结构A为基粒，B为叶绿体基质

20．如图是细胞生物膜系统的概念图，下列对其叙述正确的是（）

A．图中1是指细胞膜

B．图中6是指内质网

C．图中5通常与1相连

D．图中8代表的膜面积等于4的外膜膜面积

21．细胞内很多化学反应都是在生物膜上进行的，如图表示真核细胞中4种生物膜上发生的化学变化示意图，相关叙述正确的是（）

A．①过程发生在高尔基体膜上，与呼吸酶的加工有关

B．②过程可发生在进行有丝分裂的植物细胞中

C．③过程发生在被光照射的叶绿体内膜上

D．④过程发生在线粒体内膜上，该过程产生的ATP可用于暗反应中CO2的固定22．如图为典型的细胞核结构模式图，关于该图的描述正确的是（）

A．只有在电子显微镜下才能看到该图所示的结构

B．图中3为染色体（质），易被甲基绿染成深色

C．大分子物质均可以通过4进出细胞核

D．不同细胞内，2的大小和数量相同

23．下列有关科学史的叙述正确的是（）

A．欧文顿提出：生物膜是由脂质和蛋白质组成的

B．斯他林和贝利斯通过实验证明小肠黏膜产生促胰液素并进入血液，随血液到达胰腺，引起胰液的分泌

C．卡尔文等用蓝藻做实验，探明了CO2中碳在光合作用中转换成有机物中碳的途径

D．孟德尔用豌豆做实验发现了两大遗传定律，提出性状是由基因控制的

24．受体介导的胞吞作用主要用于摄取特殊大分子物质，其过程如图所示，下列说法不正确的是（）

A．网格蛋白参与细胞膜的内陷运动

B．该过程需要细胞识别，不消耗能量

C．囊泡膜的基本支架是磷脂双分子层

D．该过程会导致细胞膜的膜面积减小

25．如图是有关人体内的某种化合物的结构组成模式图，下列说法正确的是（）

A．该分子的元素组成有C、H、O、N、P，且该分子包含有疏水的头部和亲水的尾部

B．该物质和蛋白质分子组成生物膜的基本骨架，使脂溶性小分子能优先通过

C．从鸡的红细胞中提取的脂质铺展成单分子层的面积恰为该细胞表面积的2倍

D．高等植物细胞内不含该化合物的细胞器只有核糖体

26．中国医学科学院屠呦呦获2015年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖，她研制的抗疟疾药青蒿素挽救了数百万人的生命。青蒿素是从植物黄花蒿的组织细胞中所提取的一种代谢产物，其作用方式目前尚不明确，推测可能是作用于疟原虫的食物泡膜，从而阻断了营养摄取的最早阶段，使疟原虫较快出现氨基酸饥饿，迅速形成自噬泡，并不断排出虫体外，使疟原虫损失大量胞浆而死亡。结合上述论述，下列叙述正确的是（）

A．疟原虫以胞吞的方式获取食物所消耗的ATP由黄花蒿提供

B．疟原虫的遗传物质是RNA

C．细胞质是细胞代谢的主要场所，疟原虫丟失胞浆会威胁到细胞生存

D．疟原虫寄生在寄主体内，所以它和硝化细菌一样都是自养型生物

27．对离体的心肌细胞施用某种毒素，可使心肌细胞对Ca2+吸收量明显减少，而对K+的吸收则不受影响。这种毒素的作用是（）

A．抑制呼吸酶的活性

B．抑制Ca2+载体的活动

C．改变了细胞膜的结构

D．改变了细胞膜两侧Ca2+的浓度

28．单纯的磷脂分子在水中可形成双层脂分子的球形脂质体（如图），它载入药物后可将药物送入靶细胞内，下列关于脂质体的叙述正确的是（）

A．在a处嵌入脂溶性药物，利用它的流动性将药物送入细胞

B．在b处嵌入脂溶性药物，利用它的流动性将药物送入细胞

C．在a处嵌入水溶性药物，利用它与细胞膜融合的特点将药物送入细胞

D．在b处嵌入水溶性药物，利用它与细胞膜融合的特点将药物送入细胞

二．实验题（共2小题）

29．研究者用荧光染料对细胞膜上某些分子（比如：膜蛋白）进行处理，并使膜发出荧光。

再用高强度激光照射细胞膜的某区域，使其瞬间被“漂白”，即荧光消失。随后，该漂白区域荧光逐渐恢复，如图1：检测该区域荧光强度随时间的变化，绘制得到荧光漂白恢复曲线，如图2．请回答问题：

（1）细胞膜以为基本支架。

（2）该实验中对膜蛋白进行荧光标记，发现细胞膜上被漂白区域的荧光强度得以恢复，推测其可能的原因有：①被漂白物质的荧光会自行恢复；②被漂白区域内外分子相互运动的结果。

（3）研究发现如果用特定方法去除细胞膜中的胆固醇，膜结构上蛋白质分子停泊的“平台”拆解，漂白区域荧光恢复的时间缩短，说明胆固醇对膜中分子运动具有作用，该结果支持推测（填：“①”或“②”），说明细胞膜具有的结构特点。

（4）图3为物质出入细胞膜的示意图，a、b、c、d、e表示运输方式。

人红细胞中K+的浓度比血浆（细胞外的液体）高30倍，Na+的浓度却只有血浆的．据

此可知e可以表示（从下列选项中选择），该过程属于反应（填“吸能”

或“放能”）需要利用的能量储存在ATP中，其结构式可以简写成。

A．红细胞吸收K+

B．红细胞排出K+

C．红细胞吸收Na+

D．红细胞排出Na+

30．在低温条件下，将叶片置于研钵中，加入某种溶液研磨后，将叶片研磨液用离心法进行分离：

第一次分离成沉淀P1（含细胞核和细胞壁碎片）和上层液体S1；

第二次将S1分离成沉淀P2（含叶绿体）和上层液体S2；

第三次离心将S2分离成沉淀P3（含线粒体）和上层液体S3；

最后一次离心将S3分离成沉淀P4（含核糖体）和上层液体S4。

请分析实验结果，根据下列问题填入相应符号（S1～S4和P1～P4）：

（1）含RNA最多的部分是

（2）NADPH存在于。

（3）与呼吸作用有关的酶存在于。

（4）蛋白质含里最多的部分是。

（5）能完成“氨基酸脱水缩合生成多肽”的细胞器存在于。

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