HND经济学导论

An investigative report on Welfare Policy in the U.K. Market

Outcome 3

Candidate Name: WANGGAI

Grade and Class: 11 Financial services class 6

Catalog ●Introduce

●Section 1

●Section 2

●Research

Introduce：This report is market failure and government's role and the social welfare policy survey report, report the information from the website as well as books, in a report last may elucidate.

1、Market failure：Market malfunction is due to intrinsic functional defects and external conditions caused by the defect of market mechanism in the allocation of resources in certain areas of operation. Because the market monopoly and price distortion or for the public goods character because of the asymmetric information and the external reasons, causes the resources disposition of invalid or small effect, which can realize resource to configure zero opportunity cost of resource allocation state. Usually used for invalid rate of special major, or non market mechanism is more efficient and the ability to create wealth is better when the private choice. On the other hand, the market failure is usually used to describe the market forces can not meet the status of public interest. Market failure establishes the basis for government intervention. The roles of government in attempting to correct these failures: merit goods, public goods, externalities and imperfect competition。Specific policy measures used by the government of the UK, such as competition, health care, transport etc. The market mechanism may fail to provide the optimal mix of output. The optimal mix of output is the most desirable combination of output attainable with existing resources, technology and social values.

Government intervention in economic activities, but complementary, grant of. The government in market economy economic role, is to remedy market flaw or insufficient needs a decision. The role of government can be divided into regulation of human character, commonweal character, control characters, the arbitrator roles and role of night watchman.

2、Public goods：The market mechanism works efficiently only if the benefits of consuming the good or service are available only to individuals who purchase it.

Public goods are common. Pay consumer items, such as national power grid, public radio, all kinds of public facilities consulting and so on, and provide these is the government, the government is responsible for the provision of public goods to let you use.

3、Externalities：In market economy, a main body of the market (consumer or producer) of the consequences of the Act (cost or revenue), not by the subject himself to bear, but by other subjects to bear, this is called external, or call the market externalities. Externalities cause of market mechanism in the allocation of resources function failure, is "market failure" which is one of the reasons. For example, Western countries set up factories in developing countries: more emission of waste gas waste water in other countries, in domestic emissions pollution are subject to strict fine, the developed country takes industrial waste shipped to some developed countries, at the same time, give some benefits in terms of commitment, to maintain their environment.

4、Merit Goods: Merit goods are required by individuals on a basis of need rather than on their ability to pay. Where a free market economy may fail to provide merit goods as they could be financially unattractive, the government will intervene and provide such a necessity as education. For example,Air has the use value, is one of the three elements of survival, but no value, which could not be called commodities, if a person into the deep mountains and forests, with bottles and cans of fresh air is transported to the polluted city in sale, the air will have a value, may be called a commodity.

5、Imperfect competition：Imperfect competition refers to such market perfect competition cannot be maintained, because at least one large enough to influence the market price to the buyer (or seller), and therefore face a downward-sloping demand curve (or supply).Includes various incomplete factors, such as monopoly, oligopoly or monopoly competition. For example,In December 4, 1991, the United States

Pan-American Airlines went bankrupt, the enterprise continuous loss of business for 10 years, because it relies on to sell its assets to keep the business. It put their assets to billion price has sold to the American government, as well as the major companies and business tycoon.

Section 2

( a )The welfare policy in U.K.

( b )As a traditional bourgeois state, the British welfare policies are asset based, now is at the forefront of welfare policy debate。The British educational, medical, buy a house, the endowment has a corresponding social welfare policy, this article introduced the UK housing welfare policy.

British housing welfare policy formation are also began in the late 40's.The economic crisis that experienced 30 time and the two World War, the British government is facing in the twentieth Century the most serious of the housing shortage. In order to social stability, promote economic recovery, the British government began to actively to build public housing, rental to the general public.1945 to 1975, the British government is directly built nearly 3900000 houses for the supply and improve housing conditions. This stage, the British housing number higher than the growth rate of population. According to statistics, in 1951 the British still lacks 800000 residential buildings, but by 1976 the UK is 500000 residential building. The British government has a large number of public housing to rent rental to ordinary people, can be said that the British housing welfare policy after the Second World War, Britain is a part of national revival. The British government put forward 1971 "fair rent" concept. The so-called "fair rent" is the public housing rent and the market rent levels remained consistent, actually "fair rent" will be higher than the previous public housing rent. In order to fully protect low income family housing, the British

government established "standard housing welfare standards". On the right in this standard family, the government will give certain housing welfare, relief of rent; below this standard family, the government will appropriate to increase the welfare housing; the higher the standard family, the government will be a corresponding reduction in welfare housing. Of course, applicants need to pass local government economic review, determine their ability to pay, will give corresponding rent relief. In 1997, Blair led the labour party. Blair think, high welfare system to UK competitiveness, sustainable development and traditional ethics may bring negative effect, that should be cut and the role of government, to the national, social and individual rights and obligations between the. And Mrs. Thatcher's Britain since government towards the welfare state policy attitudes remain the same. In office 10 years, Blair is committed to the establishment of the mixture of public and private social welfare institutions, especially in the public medical security system substantially investment, making patients more choice, hospitals have more freedom. Compared with public health, welfare and housing still in a state of austerity. From 1997 to 2007 10 years, housing prices rose by 200%, so that low-income housing shortage problem reappears. The British welfare housing security and entered a transformation in the new period.

( c ) views: Britain is a capitalist country, but also the world a few developed countries, in the UK after World War II, pay attention to the development of national welfare, now the British welfare in the world is quite famous, but along with the development of national welfare, to bring not only financial pressures, and people for fair welfare supervision and the pursuit of, for example, the British housing welfare policy to the government, with funding pressures, increasing population caused by the defects, and housing price growth, welfare are unlikely to meet all the class level of demand, so the national citizen complaints. This is a thing two-sided.

Reference ：

1、引用《政府经济学》（2003年11月第一版）第六章公共产品

2、引用新浪https://www.sodocs.net/doc/0410788743.html, 2007年09月21日金羊网 - 新快报《聚焦英国住房福利政策》

3、https://www.sodocs.net/doc/0410788743.html,/view/1190547.htm

HND经济学导论

An investigative report on Welfare Policy in the U.K. Market Outcome 3 Candidate Name: WANGGAI Grade and Class: 11 Financial services class 6

Catalog ●Introduce ●Section 1 ●Section 2 ●Research

Introduce：This report is market failure and government's role and the social welfare policy survey report, report the information from the website as well as books, in a report last may elucidate. 1、Market failure：Market malfunction is due to intrinsic functional defects and external conditions caused by the defect of market mechanism in the allocation of resources in certain areas of operation. Because the market monopoly and price distortion or for the public goods character because of the asymmetric information and the external reasons, causes the resources disposition of invalid or small effect, which can realize resource to configure zero opportunity cost of resource allocation state. Usually used for invalid rate of special major, or non market mechanism is more efficient and the ability to create wealth is better when the private choice. On the other hand, the market failure is usually used to describe the market forces can not meet the status of public interest. Market failure establishes the basis for government intervention. The roles of government in attempting to correct these failures: merit goods, public goods, externalities and imperfect competition。Specific policy measures used by the government of the UK, such as competition, health care, transport etc. The market mechanism may fail to provide the optimal mix of output. The optimal mix of output is the most desirable combination of output attainable with existing resources, technology and social values. Government intervention in economic activities, but complementary, grant of. The government in market economy economic role, is to remedy market flaw or insufficient needs a decision. The role of government can be divided into regulation of human character, commonweal character, control characters, the arbitrator roles and role of night watchman. 2、Public goods：The market mechanism works efficiently only if the benefits of consuming the good or service are available only to individuals who purchase it.

HND经济学导论Outcome1考试题及翻译

Assessment task instructions Read the following passage and answer the questions which follow. SteamScot is a privately run rail company, which provides steam train journeys in Scotland. At present they operate three specific rail journeys in various parts of Scotland. These journeys are aimed at the tourist market and operate throughout the summer months. Around 70% of passengers are domestic tourists with the other 30% overseas visitors. The company has been fairly profitable over the last decade, and with the help of various grants available, they are considering an expansion of its operations. However, it is also aware that within the next five years a major overhaul of its capital stock as well as major repairs will have to be undertaken. It is this dilemma that the board of the company faces. It is estimated that in the coming year it will have ￡2.5 million to spend. This money could be used to open a new line between Inverness and Fort William, or to begin the repair and replacement plan on its current routes. A recent report has highlighted that following recent terrorist threats, visitors from the USA are expected to fall within the next three years, but that European visitors are likely to increase as the Euro rises in value. It is also expected that Visit Scotland (the tourist organization) will mount a major advertising campaign in England to encourage more visitors from that country. The boards of directors of SteamScot are also considering a change in their pricing

HND_经济学导论_outcome2_标答

Outcome 2 1. 书178，179二个图 Households buy commodities from firms, using the income individuals receive for their labour and capital supplied to firms The firms use the income received from the sale of commodities to pay for the labour and to invest in new premises,plant and equipment. 2. Injections： Investments：Loan from banks, building societies, insurance companies etc. Money saved by household can be re-injected back into the inner flow as investment by business sector (firms) after they borrow the money out of financial institutions. Government Spending：Roads, hospitals, https://www.sodocs.net/doc/0410788743.html,ing the fund largely collected through taxation, the government can be the biggest buyer spending money on the products and services provided by firms If government wishes to expend the flow of income in circulation, it may choose to increase the amount of its spending and probably adopt a tax-cutting. Exports：These are goods and services that are sold abroad. The payment for them will return to the firms in this country. For example, if someone buys textiles of China, then the proceeds of the sale belong to our country. This increases the circular flow and creates more economic activity in the economy for our country. Withdraws： Savings：Amount of income that consumers choose not to spend but retain for the future uses (normally deposit in financial institutions, e.g. banks and building society). Ability or desire to save out of income is measured by …marginal propensity to save (MPS)?. Level of income is the biggest factor affects level of savings, i.e. the higher the income is, the greater savings (withdrawal) out of circular. Taxation：Through forms as personal income tax, V AT, corporate income tax, the disposable money circulated in the economy is drawn out by the government as its revenue. This can be in the form of direct tax on our income or indirect tax on purchases, for example V AT. Imports：Part of the consumption of both households and firms are on foreign products or products contain imported components. So that portion of expenditure will eventually go into foreigners? pockets therefore reduce the total income circulated

HND 大二经济学

The micro economic about Sony 詻筱敉 Summary: As a manager of a company, he should consider the economic of scale. It relation to many problems, like the range of cost in the long run, how to get the profit maximization, how to choose the market structure and the characters of the market and so on. This report will relation to these problems. Also it will talk about the alternatives to profit maximization. Key words: cost, profit, price and output, the structure of market Sony is a famous company in the world. The play station 2 represents a huge gamble that will pay off only if it sells in vast quantities. Sony is conscious that if the product sells in limited quantities, that its costs will be about $ 100 per unit, however , if they sell about 50 million worldwide, that its costs will drop to about $ 10 per unit. Long run is defined as that period of time when all the factors of production can be varied. If for example, a firm had been restricted because of space and now finds it can expand or move to a bigger production unit it could also perhaps purchase more equipment, employ more labor. All the factors of production can be varied a firm should be able to expand the scale of its operations to continue obtaining falling costs as output level increases. These activities should allow reductions in costs, coming about because of size and know as economies of scale. The purpose of a company is to get more profit. Sony hope that their new machine will be a focal point for devices such as TVs, audio systems, digital cameras and will connect customers to the internet. Profits can also be termed ‘Normal’or ‘Supernormal’. Profit is the reward to entrepreneurs and the incentive that encourages them to take risks. It has two functions, one hand is that for an entrepreneur profit is an incentive to undertake a risk in the belief that a gain can be made. On the other hand, profit is also a reward. It must be earned, as we have seen, generally in an imperfect competitive situation. Many business fail and for many different reasons. To some extent we have already touched on this premise in suggesting that profit maximization is not always the main goal of a firm. This relate to alternatives to profit maximization. I will give two theory-Satisficing Behaviour Theory and Sales Revenue Maximization Theory. Satisficing Behaviour theory This particular theory was expounded by H A Simon and his colleague A Cyert. It is based on the fact that achieving specific targets with regard to sale, profit and market share will result in ‘satisficed behaviour’ by those who own and those who run firms. They know that it may be possible to do better but in the long run to press for further profit may result in unintended damage. Sales Revenue Maximization theory Propounded by Professor W J Boumal based on the following: 1. Managers get better perks and salaries from sales than profit. 2. Market share is considered a better sign of progress of a firm. 3. Because of the above, heavy adverting will take place to maximise sales.

HND经济学2

Q1: 1. 原因In article unemployment is structural unemployment. Liverpool was originally a port city, dominated by heavy industry. The industry will shift to the tertiary industry,because of the development of tourism, the unemployment rate in 1996 rose by 22%.And in the supermarket Linda passed the Diploma in hotel management that explain the concern of the hotel industry is also increasing. Structural unemployment is changes in industry demand result of long-term unemployed, people's incomes and consumption levels will have a certain impact. The hazards of unemployment for different age groups are not the same. New industry needs to work experience, pre-employment training, and learning ability of young people is barrier-free. While the elderly will not be able to learn new skills for re-employment, so the structure unemployment for the old age is larger impact. The original industry recession because impact of international competitiveness; such as the American impact of heavy industry, Japan impact of the automotive industry. 2. The New Deal is a programmer of active labor market policies. The purpose is to reduce unemployment by providing training. The New Deal has include: New Deal for Young People, New Deal 25+, New Deal for Lone Parents, New Deal for the Disabled, New Deal 50+, New Deal for Partners and New Deal for Musicians. New deal for unemployed young people is In order to provide policy support for young people 18-24 years of age out of unemployment, promotion of employment. Participate in the project more Dole six months is mandatory. Specifically divided into three stages. A. Gateway stage: this stage no more than four months, every participant can get job-seekers allowance. This training is provided by an external organization such as CSV, YMCA Training. B. Options stage: After the gateway stage, also unemployed young people can choose training. 1) Employment option, The subsidy is ￡60 per week, and lasts 6 months; a ￡750 training allowance. 2) Full time education and training, this is basic vocational skills and human resources to strengthen.time up to 12 months. the people can get NVQ and subsidies. 3) V oluntary sector option, to gain work experience and skills.it maintain at least 13 months, participants can get outside in addition to grants of ￡ 400 to support. 4) Environment task force option, there is work experience, career awareness and the common development of the ecological environment. This is a continuous six months, and will get two weeks officially recognized vocational training oriented courses. C. Follow-through: this is personalized tracking courses. This phase lasted for four months, if you have not found work after 26 weeks to re-enter the New Deal. New Deal 50+ is for the crowd is over 50 years of age but not yet reached retirement age, middle-aged unemployed. This policy is not mandatory, participants must be at least 50 years . The government will send a personal adviser employment assistance to help participants : (1) An established employment plans. (2) to help them find employment for job preparation.(3) Improve their skills, seek training opportunities.(4) seek any voluntary activities. (5) in the plan adjusted to meet market demand. 3. From a personal point of view, unemployment will lose a lot; salaries, and self-esteem, partners and friends. family members are consciously cut spending. Long-term unemployment will cause a decline in the level of consumption.

HND经济学答案

Economics 2: The World Economy Outcome1, 2 and 3 Candidate Name: Xu Lun SCN: 095352561 Due Date: January 4th 2011 Tutor Name: Zhang Ju

Outcome 1

This report is aiming to use tables and figures to present Premier a clear picture of what the real world economy is and help him to make a major choice of weather or not join the European Union. I am a member of government, I will use my knowledge and skills to help Mr Premier have a better understanding of the world economy rules and I hope which can help a little. First of all, when countries trade goods and services without wishing, or being able, to impose any barrier to the trade, which is called Free Trade. The reasons why we do Free Trade business are a lot, but to obtain more financial resources is believed more important. And their goal of Free Trade is never changed-to reduce non-tariff barriers. For instance: in 2009, there’s an agreement about Free Trade was signed between South Korea and East Asia Union. It can helps a lot on both sides economy development. Free Trade is the main reason why we should join European Union, and which has also been called International Trade, originally focus on goods and services could be exchanged freely between two countries without any barriers. Before compare or explain, there needs two assumptions. First one is no barriers of any kind would be imposed upon entry of the goods to any market. Second is the selling price would be the “economists price”which we can understand as price is uncertainty. Recently, there are some popular topics has been discussed a lot. Like Free Trade always talked with Trade Protection, Non-tariff banners and Tariff banners. What’s more, Free Trade also can bring us a lot of benefits. Increase the world-wide output is one the key benefits. Also, it can increase the foreign currency reservation. Everything has two sides, Free Trade brings the culture erosion too. On the International Trade, there are two kinds of policy: liberalization and protectionism. Let’s take a look at their history, in 1815, the British Corn Laws took effect, which can ensuring self-sufficiency, then in 1846 it was abolished. There was a time of Free Trade until 1914, especially in the exchange between UK and it colony.

HND经济学1oc3

Economic Issues: An Introduction F7J8 34 Outcome 3 Candidate Name: Grade and Class:

Content 1.0 Introduction -------------------------------------------------------------------1 2.0 Market Failure ----------------------------------------------------------------1 3.0 Welfare policy ----------------------------------------------------------------3 4.0 Conclusion --------------------------------------------------------------------4 5.0 Reference ----------------------------------------------------------------------5

1.0 Introduction This outcome introduce the role of the government in managing the economy of the United Kingdom.And how to identify market failure and their specific forms of expression.Besides,how the government could attempt to correct these market failure and know the policy measures of the government. 2.0 Market Failure Market Failure is a situation in which the allocation of goods and services is not efficient. 2.1 The performance of Market Failure There are four forms of expression in Market Failure i.To provide public goods Theses are commodities, which would not be provided by the private sector because they would find that many people, even if they benefited from them. And they had right to refuse to pay.So there are very few people who provide public goods, because on the one hand it is technically impossible, on the other hand the cost of public goods is greater than the benefits.And the public goods are the products that the whole society must consume, so the lack of public goods and social members and economic development will be contradictory.So this situation will lead to market failure. ii.The existence of imperfect markets In the free market,little or no competition,for example,where a monopoly exists.This occurs when there is a single supplier,or a fewer very dominant suppliers,in a market.This is the imperfect markets.In this case there is a monopoly.The emergence of market monopoly means that monopoly companies are free to price commodities and impose repressive measures on some new competitors.In this way, there is no competition between companies, technology cannot be improved, and the industry cannot develop.In this way, prices and supply and demand cannot be regulated by the

HND经济学outcome3Report形式

Outcome3 Report F7J8 34 Economic Issues: An Introduction

Declaration I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and that, to the best of my knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or written by another person or material which has to a substantial extent been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma at any university or other institute of higher learning, except where due acknowledgment has been made in the text. 原创性声明 兹呈交的论文，是本人在导师指导下独立完成的研究成果，在论文写作过程中参考的其他个人或集体的研究成果均在文中以明确方式标明，本人依法享有和承担由此论文而产生的权利和责任。 Signature: ________________ Date: ________________

Content 1.Instruction (4) 2.Findings (4) 2.1 Market failure (4) 2.1.1 Public goods (4) 2.1.2Monopolies (5) 2.1.3External influence (5) 2.1.4 Asymmetric information (5) 2.2UK Government policy on welfare (6) 2.2.1Taxation: (6) 2.2.2 Reformation (7) 3.Evaluation (8) 4.Conclusion (9) 5.Reference (9)

hnd经济学2世界经济学

Economics2: The World Economy F86E 35 Candidate Name: REN LU Grade and Class: 2013 BA1

Introduction (3) 1. Free trade (4) 2. Absolute advantages and comparative advantages (4) 3. The benefits of free trade (5) 4. The purpose of carrying out trade protectionism (7) 5．One Mechanism of the World Trade Organization (8) 6. One measure of European Union promotes economic integration (9) 7. Balance of payments (10) 8. The general trends in UK trade over the last 30 year (13) 9. The balance of payments affected by exchange rates (14) 10. Advantages and disadvantages of fixed rate and floating rate (16) 11. Effects of fixed rate and floating rate on individuals and company (18) 12. The characteristics of the newly industrialized countries and the developing countries (19) 13. The issues of the newly industrialized countries and the developing countries (20) 14. The influences Multi-National Corporations bring to newly industrialized countries. (21) Conclusion (23) Reference (24)