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评价理论在英汉新闻语篇分析中的应用

评价理论在英汉新闻语篇分析中的应用
评价理论在英汉新闻语篇分析中的应用

评价理论在英汉新闻语篇分析中的应用

本文应用评价理论对英汉新闻语料进行了语篇分析, 揭示了新闻作者在撰写新闻语篇时利用语言的评价资源来掩饰其主体间立场的策略, 并且对比分析了英汉新闻语篇中评价策略的异同点。

标签:评价理论英汉新闻语篇分析

一、引言

评价理论是由James R.Martin等学者于20世纪90年代在系统功能语言学的框架下发展起来的。针对词汇人际意义的阐释性理论,它主要研究人们如何运用语言中的评价资源来表达人际态度,并调节主体间立场。2005年Martin和White 合著的《评价语言——英语的评价系统》是评价理论的最新发展成果。我国已有学者运用该理论进行语篇分析的研究。王振华(2001,2004)分别研究了评价系统的运作和硬新闻语篇中的态度词汇。唐丽萍(2004)则对学术书评语类结构进行了评价分析。李战子(2004)综述了评价理论在话语分析中的应用和问题。本研究将应用评价理论对英汉新闻语篇进行评价分析,以求揭示新闻作者利用语言的评价资源来掩饰其主体间立场的策略,并对比英汉新闻语篇中评价策略的异同点。

二、评价理论简述

评价理论包括三大系统:态度(attitude)、介入(engagement)和级差(graduation)。态度又分为情感(affect)、判定(judgement)和鉴赏(appreciation)。情感是作者对人或事的感情反应或倾向。判定是作者根据社会规范对人类行为的评价,其中包括属于道德范畴的社会尊重(social esteem)和属于法律范畴的社会约束(social sanction),而社会尊重又分三类:行为规范(normality)、做事才干(capacity)和坚忍不拔(tenacity),社会约束则分两类:真实可靠(veracity)和行为正当(propriety)。鉴赏是作者依据某领域内的审美原则和价值标准对事物的评价,包括三方面:反应(reaction)、构成(composition)和价值(valuation)。可见,态度系统就是针对人品或物值的评价系统,由于新闻作者力求客观公正,需要隐藏自身的情感和立场,因此他们通常以引述他人或象征化形式来间接利用态度资源。

介入是新闻作者运用最为广泛的评价资源,它是作者参与话语的方式,协商与话语参与者关系的手段,具有主体间特征。利用介入资源,作者表明自己对所写内容的责任和态度,并建立和读者的同盟关系。介入系统分为单声(monogloss)和多声(heterogloss)两类,单声是指作者肯定且直接地陈述某一命题,对此命题负全责并拒绝引入其它观点,因此单声关闭了与其它声音磋商或对话的空间。多声是指作者把同一命题的几种不同观点引入语篇,创造多种声音共存的空间。多声又分为对话紧缩(dialogically contractive)和对话扩展(dialogically expansive),前者通过压制或排斥其它声音从而紧缩对话空间,后者则通过强调某一声音的主观性和非唯一性来唤起其它声音,从而扩展对话空间。

英汉对比论文(英汉委婉语的对比)

本科生课程论文 论文题目英汉的委婉语的对比 完成时间 课程名称 专业 年级

英汉的委婉语的对比 摘要:人们在交际和交流中希望找到一种合适的表达方式,即使双方能够顺利完成交际,又使双方感到此次交际是愉快的。完成了理想的交际任务,委婉用语就是实现这一理想交际的合适的表达方式。它是使用较含蓄的语言表达各种强烈的、难以启齿的话语。这种委婉用语是人们在一定的语境中选择语言文字的结果,以英汉两种语言均有大量的委婉语。它们既有相同之点,但更有不同之处。 关键词:委婉语;英汉;对比研究 一.引言 委婉语是人类语言使用过程中的一种普遍现象, 是人们谈论那些令人不快或尴尬的事情时, 所使用的较为礼貌的说法。人类使用委婉语的历史悠久, 英语的“euphemism”一词就是从古希腊语借用而来的。在古希腊语中, 词头“eu-”的意思是“well”或“sounding well”, 即“好”或“听起来好”,词语“phe- mism”的意思是“speech”, 即“说话, 言语”, 合起来意思便是“说话好听”。因而,“说话好听”就可以算是委婉语的最基本的定义。(李儒寿,1989:61) 二. 英汉委婉语的对比 2.1英语的委婉语 英语委婉语的构造方法是各式各样,丰富多彩的。一般可分为下面几种类型:构词手段、语音手段、拼写手段、词汇手段、语法手段和修辞手段等,熟悉这些手段,对于阅读理解、评析鉴赏和翻译写作都是大有裨益的。委婉语的构词大体上有两个原则:美好中听原则和若即若离原则。众所周知委婉的目的主要是向人们提及那些不愿或不宜直接提及的事物,所以言词应当尽量美好中听,这是自不待言的。所谓若即若离,是指委婉语的本义既要与婉指义有所联系,又要保持一定距离。“言”外之“意”是若隐若现,若暗若明,“即”的目的是要读者或听众能迅速明白婉指指义。(刘纯豹,2001:9-14)委婉语的产生有两个主要方面的原因: (1)由于人类潜意识的心理恐惧和社会伦理道德观念的约束,许多自然、生理现象与事物的名称成了语言忌讳(taboo) ,而由新的语言符号取而代之,如fall asleep(长眠) ,wash one’s hands (方便一下)等皆属于此类。(2) 为了

英汉委婉语的对比及翻译

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评价理论在英汉新闻语篇分析中的应用

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Listen to the BBC news recording and complete the following exercises. Item 1. Listen to the news recording and decide whether the statements are True or False. 1.David Cameron said the United Kingdom takes this irresponsible action extremely seriously. 2.Iranian offices in Tehran were smashed and flags torn down in the attacks. 3.The Iranian foreign ministry described the incident as the unacceptable behaviour of a small group of protesters. Item 2. Listen to the news recording and fill in the blanks. The US doctor 1 ending the life of Michael Jackson has been given the 2 of four years in jail. The judge said Doctor Conrad Murray had 3 and was caught in a cycle of 4 that violated 5 as a doctor. He was found guilty earlier this month of 6 . Listen to the news recording and choose the right answer to each question. 41. Who read a statement to the court? a. a lawyer of the Jackson family b. a friend of the Jackson family c. the Jackson family d. a lawyer and friend of the Jackson family 42. Conrad Murray is NOT convicted of _____________. a. providing a dangerous drug to a vulnerable man b. not caring for him once he stopped breathing c. not caring for him after his death d. trying to cover up what he'd done Item 3. Listen to the news recording and choose the right answer to each question. 43. Laurent Gbagbo is on a plane heading for ____________. a. Ivory Coast b. Korhogo c. the Hague d. Abidjan 44. ____________ has been keen for Mr Gbagbo to be sent to the International Criminal Court. a. The former president b. The government of President Alassane Ouattara c. Pro-Gbagbo armed groups d. the International Criminal Court 45. presence on Ivorian soil caused tension. a. President Alassane Ouattara’s b. Pro-Gbagbo armed groups’ c. T he country's national prosecutor’s d. Laurent Gbagbo’s 46. Around 3,000 people died in . a. April b. National Assembly elections c. a post-election crisis d. the International Criminal Court Item 5. Listen to the news recording and fill in the blanks. The measure: Purpose of the measure: President’s demand: Item 6. Listen to the news recording and decide whether the statements are True or False. 47. Two psychiatrists spent 36 hours talking to Anders Breivik and checking his diaries and police

英汉委婉语对比研究 (3)

第22卷第1期 湖北民族学院学报(哲学社会科学版) N o.1V ol.22 Journal of Hubei Institute for Nationalities (2004年第1期) (Philosophy and Social Sciences) N o.12004 收稿日期:2003-06-23 作者简介:徐长扬(1945-),男,湖北宣恩人,教授,主要研究方向为外语教学法。 英汉委婉语对比研究 徐长扬 (湖北民族学院大外部,湖北恩施445000) 摘要:英汉两种语言均有大量的委婉语。它们既有相同之点,但更有不同之处。委婉语作为语言客观存在的一部分,折射出社会文化现象的一个侧面,反映出民族心理的历史沉淀和深层构建。研究英汉委婉语,对研究修辞学、跨文化交际和外语教学等都有启发意义。 关键词:英汉委婉语;对比;研究 中图分类号:H31 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1004-941(2004)01-0106-03 引言 在社会语言交际过程中,由于说话的环境不同,现实生活中的场景各异,人们在遇到难言之隐或令人难堪的场合时,往往不直截了当地道出个中真由,而用委婉、含蓄、模糊的方式把它烘托出来,以达到恰当、轻松自如、大方得体地表达感情和交流思想的目的。委婉语这一修辞手法就是在这种背景下产生、发展,并为社会语言交际服务的。英汉文化中都存在着委婉语这一语言现象,它们既有相同之处,但更有相异之特点。 英语中的委婉语(euphemism )源自希腊语,由 词头“eu ”(good )和词干“phemism ” (speech )构成,意为吉利之语(words of good omen )或优雅说法(good speech )。汉语中的委婉语解释为:语言婉转,态度诚恳,即用一种不能明说,即用使人感到愉快或含糊的说法代替具有令人不悦的含义或不够尊敬的表达方式。由于委婉语的特殊修辞风格和它作为现实生活中语言交际的组成部分,随着社会的发展与进步,也发生了重大的变化,在当今社会,人们,尤其是青年人喜欢直言不讳,他们讨厌装腔作势,特别是在口头交际过程中如此。但是,在较正式场合则尽量使用委婉语。从总体上而言,委婉语的使用越来越广泛,几乎渗透到政治、经济、军事、文学、心理学、社会 学等各个领域。本文仅从委婉语中最有代表性的政 治、人们的心理因素和生理现象三方面进行探讨。  一、政治及官方语言中的委婉语 1.汉语委婉语分讳饰和婉曲。讳饰指表达观点时,不直接说出犯忌讳的事情,而采用委婉修辞代替的方法。如在近期中央电视台播出的电视剧《云淡天高》中有这么一段夫妻谈话,一位即将退休的省人大副主任的妻子为了给刚从部队转业的女儿安置一个满意的工作,对其丈夫说:你革命一辈子,你这只蜡烛总是照别人,你这只蜡烛现在已经快耗尽了,能否让女儿也沾点光。其委婉意思是叫其丈夫凭借地位走走“后门”。婉曲指运用委婉曲折的说法表达本意的修辞方式。如:2003年6月,中国主席胡锦涛会见美国总统布什就台湾问题时指出:……中方希望美方恪守承诺,妥善处理台湾问题,不向“台独”势力发出错误信号。语言委婉曲折,令人深思。毛泽东同志是一名伟大的语言大师,他在《别了,司徒雷登》一文中写道:……总之是没有人去理他,使得他“茕茕孑立,形影相吊”,没有什么事做了,只好夹起皮包走路。此处毛泽东同志没有直说司徒雷登“处境孤立”和“灰溜溜滚回美国”,则说他“茕茕孑立,形影相吊”和“夹起皮包走路”。语言委婉,回味无穷。  6 01

英汉委婉语对比研究论文

英汉委婉语对比研究 摘要:委婉语的创造和使用是人类语言中的一种普遍现象,也是一种社会现象和文化现象,是特定社会和文化的一面镜子。英汉委婉语具有很多相似处,但由于不同的文化传统、历史背景等因素,它们之间在表现形式及文化内涵等方面有着明显的差别。本文从英汉委婉语的词源、表现手法、表现形式、表现内容及文化意义等几个方面对英汉两种委婉语进行了对比研究。 关键词:英语;汉语;委婉语;对比研究 A Contrastive Study of English and Chinese Euphemisms Abstract: Euphemism is not only a widespread linguistic phenomenon, but also a social and cultural phenomenon. It is a mirror of a particular society. English and Chinese euphemisms have many similarities but more differences on forms and connotations because of different cultural tradition and historic background. This paper makes a comparative study of the cultural differences between English and Chinese euphemism from its origin, the way of its formation, its forms, contents and cultural significances. Key Words: English; Chinese; euphemisms; contrastive study 0. 引言 到目前为止,有关委婉语的研究已有许多,现有的研究主要是从语义学、社会语言学和语用学等角度进行的,。综观委婉语的研究历史,我们发现国内外委婉语研究者们的注意力主要集中在个别语言上,缺乏深入的多语间的对比研究。而关于英汉委婉语之间的对比研究,国内外著作较少,要揭示委婉语的普遍特征,或更好地理解某一语言委婉的特殊性,还须通过对比的方法。本文将从英汉委婉语的词源、表现手法、表现形式、表现内容及文化意义等几个方面来对比分析英、汉委婉语的异同。 1. 英汉委婉语的词源 英语中的euphemism(委婉语)一词源于希腊语的前缀eu(好)和词根pheme(说话)意为good speak(说好听的或善词令)。因此,euphemism 就是“说好听的话”或“讨人喜欢的话”。《牛津高级英汉双解词典》所给的定义是用比较模糊但更温和或比较委婉的单词或短语代替直言直语。王德春等认为,汉语辞

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英汉委婉语对比研究

1)委婉是禁忌心理的产物。任何一种文化,任何一种社会,都存在语言禁忌。委婉语和禁忌语休戚相关。自古以来,人类就对某些事物心存忌讳,为了交际的和谐顺利,为了交际双方更易接受,遭到禁忌的事物的名称必须改头换面,有些刺激性的字眼,敏感的话题就得转移,以一种人们认为“得体、高雅”的名称出现。对犯忌讳的事物或避而讳之或委婉言之,于是避讳委婉的修辞手法应运而生。 2)共同的使用领域。随着社会的发展,委婉语已渗透到各个领域。中英两国在语言禁忌方面有着各自的特色和民族习惯。但是,仍然有些领域的禁忌是在两个社会中普遍存在的,成为了中英委婉语的共同使用领域。例如,英汉委婉语都与死亡、疾病、职业、犯罪、性和排泄等密切相关。 A.表达死亡。在《圣经》或其它与基督教有关的传说中存在许多与死亡有关的委婉语,例如:“to be with God”,“to be asleep in the Arms of God/in Jesus/to lie in Abraham’s bosom”,“to go to heaven/paradise”,“to be promoted to glory”。西方人也认为人类生来有原罪,也就必会受到惩罚,所以“死亡”也是“to pay the debt of nature”。中国对于死亡有禁忌,例如中国佛教把“死”婉称为“入寂”、“圆寂”;道家却称之为“仙去”、“仙逝”等。古代中国皇帝死亡则称为“驾崩”、“弃群臣”;百姓之死称为“过世”、“作古”等。老者死亡称为“寿终”、“谢世”;少年死亡称为“夭折”;中年死亡称为“早逝”;靓女弃世称作“玉陨香消”,等等。 B.人体排泄方面。如关于上厕所,英语有“wash one’s hand,relieve oneself,powder her nose,还有”feel the call of nature”(感觉到自然在召唤),意为“要上厕所”;汉语有“洗手、方便”。如果女士在场,就必须这样问:“我可以使用一下盥洗室吗?”或问“洗手间在什么地方?”C.关于性的委婉语 在中国和西方国家里,性关系和身体的某些部位是谈话的禁忌。随着经济的发展和人们对性解放的更深认识,在最近几年里西方国家对性的态度开放了许多。在小说和电影中类似“to make love”,“to have sex with”,“to go to bed with”这样的语言也出现了。谈到性关系,中国人更倾向于用“同房”,“夫妻生活”等语言来代替。英语中也有一些新创造的词汇“go to bed with”,“be in bed”,“do it”。与汉语相比而言,英语拥有更多的关于性方面的词汇,这可能与人们对性抱有更开放、更随意的态度有关。 D.教育生活方面:成绩差的学生是a below average student 或working on his own level,而do betterwith help则指反应比较迟钝的学生。学生考试作弊则冠以to depend on others to do his (her ) work.汉语中可用“学习要下劲、成绩要提高”来表达学习成绩差的含义。“考试时做小动作”等来代替考试作弊。美国学生考试不及格,回家对其父母说:“I didn’t make it.”E.社会地位、职业方面:对生活的贫富、职业的贵贱,倾向于低调陈述而不直言不讳。如对贫穷,英语有disadvantaged,underprivileged,汉语有“手头拮据”。有一部分职业委婉语,将一些平凡的职业名称予以改头换面,以此克服自卑感。比如hair dresser (女理发员)被誉为beautician (美容师)、cook (炊事员)被称作chef (厨师)、janitor (守门人)被冠以security officer(安全官员)。汉语中,我们称清洁工为“城市美容师”、小保姆为“小阿姨”、蹲监狱为“在高墙里面”等等。 3)共同的表达方式 如:使用缩写和省略。在所有的文化中,为了避免不愉快,或表示礼貌,或掩饰某些东西,某些词汇可能就会被省略掉。在英语里,“The woman is pregnant”被委婉的表达成“She is expecting”,在这个句子里“a baby”就被省略了。同样,“out”就是“out of work”省略后的委婉语。语音省略也是一种缩写,例如,“WC”是“water closet”,“G-man”是“garbage-man”的省略。汉语里也有利用缩写词委婉表达意思的,例如,“行将就木”中的“木”是“棺木”的委婉表达法。

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News report Host Man(①): Good evening ,Audience friends! Host Woman(②): Good evening. Host Man: Today is December 8, 2011. November 14 on Lunar New Year. Welcome to “News Broadcast” program. Host Woman: Today`s major programs are that one hundred rare heavy snow comes to Chinese north city—baoding in recent days. Host Man: Devastating floods occurred in Bangkok,Thailand. Host Woman: It appeared a large number of dead fish in Yangtze river. Host Man: A thousand of citizens start public demonstrations for against factory pollution in America. Now Let`s look at a detailed report. Host Woman: Baoding known as its philosophy of environmental protection ushered in the first snow which last for a week. This heavy snow has made a big influence on people`s life. Let`s look at the reports brought back in front of reporters. Journanist A(③): Hello,now my location is New Campus of Hebei University, what you can see is a large block of snow lied on the main road.The amount of students on the self-study significantly reduced. Two students come towards us, let`s interview them. Hello,I am a journanist from CCTV, can I ask you some questions about the snow for a moment? Student A.B: Of course. Journanist A:Did this snow make a difference to you? Student A(④):yes,I love snow, but it`s too heavy for me so that I can`t study quietly. Student B(⑤):I always hate snow and I want to ask God what is wrong with you?(头对着天空说) Journanist A:Do you kown the reason why that happened? Student A.B: maybe it is about the environment.

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英汉委婉语的语用功能对比分析

XXXXXX学院 专科生毕业报告 论文题目:Comparative Analysis of Pragmatic Function Between English and Chinese Euphemism 英汉委婉语的语用功能对比分析 姓名: 指导教师: 专业: 年级: 类别: 分院: 完成时间:

Abstract Euphemism, cosmetic words, is not only a lingual phenomenon, but also a cultural and social phenomenon. It is like a mirror, reflecting the values, aesthetic conceptions and moral concepts in some extent. Euphemism plays an important part in social communication. It is like lube that avoids hurting the other party’s feeling. It oils the human relationship in communication and helps to save face of communicators. If people make full use of euphemism, it can accelerate and facilitate human communication. This paper elaborates on the features and social functions of euphemism. And it focuses on the relationships between its polite functions and Politeness Principle. As an important rhetoric means to harmonize interpersonal relationships, euphemisms are widely used in both Chinese and English verbal communication. However, in different context, euphemisms perform different pragmatic functions. Based on different pragmatic functions of euphemisms, this article aims to discuss the similarities and differences of Chinese and English euphemisms. This thesis is composed of six parts with Chapter Four and Five as its core: The first chapter focuses on the origin and definitions of euphemism. The second chapter discusses the features of euphemism in many ways. The third chapter talks about the social functions of euphemism from the angle of pragmatics. The fourth chapter forms the basis of the whole research by connecting euphemism with politeness and face-saving theory. The fifth chapter centers on euphemism and Politeness Principle. The last chapter concludes the whole thesis. Appropriate use of English euphemism can contribute a lot to successful message exchange. 【Key Words】euphemism, pragmatic functions, verbal communication

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1美国大选US Presidential Election US President-elect Donald Trump dominated news coverage on all fronts during the Republican primary and the general election where he beat Democrat Hillary Clinton in a massive upset, winning the White House in November. 2巴西政坛Brazilian Politics Among Brazil's many travails, its former president, Dilma Rousseff, was suspended from office in May. Brazil's Senate ordered her to stand trial in a historic decision brought on by a deep recession and a corruption scandal. 3增强现实手游“精灵宝可梦”Pokémon Go It was the newest craze — for a little while. People swarmed busy streets, parks, and national landmarks to play Pokémon Go. Organized meetups to hunt Pokémon inplaces like Central Park drew thousands of people. 4黑人的生命不容漠视Black Lives Matter Sometimes dubbed a modern-day civil-rights movement, groups affiliated with the Black Lives Matter organization rallied supporters in response to police shootings involving unarmed black civilians. The movement found an influential advocate in US President Barack Obama who in July said, "We have seen too many tragedies like this." 5 罗德里戈·杜特尔特和菲律宾民选Rodrigo Duterte & Philippine Presidential Election Davao city mayor Rodrigo Duterte won the 2016 Philippine presidential election on May 9. The 71-year-old mayor is known to have made Davao one of the safest cities in the Philippines through tough regulations andiron-fist approach in crime fighting. During the presidential campaign period, he vowed to wipe out corruption, drugs and criminality in three to six months if he wins the election. His aggressive behavior and offensive language won him a lot of supporters, but aroused concerns and controversy as well. 6里约奥运会The Olympics While athletes went for the gold, Facebook achieved a new record of views and clicks for its own coverage of the Rio Olympics 2016. Facebook saw more than 1.5 billion interactions — likes, posts, comments and shares — related to the Olympics throughout the games. From Aug. 5 to 21, 277 million people participated in the conversation around the world, meaning Facebook users, on average, interacted with Olympics-related stories 5 times.

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