ERP yingwen翻译

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Discussing about ERP Development

and Application in Purchasing Management

Human society has entered the information era, with the socio-economic development and scientific and technological progress, In particular, the rapid development of information technology, Information resources and their management have become an increasing general concern all sectors of society, efficient access、working、delivery and the use of information to the human ability to greatly enhance, Information and knowledge in human life and economic activities such as the important role of an increasingly prominent. Information resources is a very important strategic resource, effective use of information resources has become an important content of promoting the socio-economic development.

For a large number of enterprises in China, the information age has brought unprecedented opportunities for development, Also enable them to face new challenges. under the conditions of market economy, Increasingly fierce competition among enterprises, Traditional, manual management of the business models are increasingly unable to meet the needs of enterprise survival and development, unable to adapt to fast-paced changes in the information age, let alone meet the need for rapid response to changing market demands. In this case, Chinese enterprises only make full use of information technology, the use of modern management methods to improve the overall quality of employees, The use of modern means of purchase, sales, inventory and other business management, so that advanced information technology and advanced scientific management and integration phase in order to truly improve the operational efficiency of enterprises to maximize existing equipment, resources, people, technology, the role of to promote the development of enterprises and enhance the competitiveness of enterprises and create more economic benefits. That is to vigorously promote enterprise information. Enterprise Information is the use of information and information technology to improve production and management level and efficiency of decision-making process, thereby enhancing competitiveness and economic benefits. To promote information technology is to strengthen the popularization and application of information technology to promote the development and use of information resources. All to promote information-based content and processes are in order to develop information resources as a starting point so, on the

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use of information resources for the ultimate home. Enterprise information resources are very rich, such as market information, product and design information, materials, technology equipment, apparatus and all kinds of fixed tooling information, quality information, inventory information, capital and financial information, sales information, suppliers and customer information, statistical information and the decision-making information. Production and operation management process is essentially a variety of information processing and delivery of data generation and use of the process, the product is the ultimate physical expression. ERP as an enterprise resource planning comprehensive management system for an outstanding representative of the development of enterprise information important direction, which constitutes the core of modern enterprise information content. In the enterprise, the introduction of ERP technology, can greatly improve the management level and vigor.

Enterprise Resource Planning ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) originated in the 20th century, the early 60s, is recognized by the U.S. research firm Gartner (Gartner Group Ine.) The first to propose a management philosophy, which was built on the basis of information technology, using a systematic The management philosophy for business decision-makers and staff to run the means to provide the decision-making management platform. ERP is a computer realization of scientific management thinking, which emphasizes product development and design, job control, production planning, procurement of inputs, marketing, sales, inventory (input materials, semi-finished products), financial and personnel aspects integrated optimization of the management, and including the corresponding module components. Mainly due to the management of enterprise logistics, information flow and capital flow, the general ERP management module also includes three aspects: production control (planning, manufacturing), logistics management (sales, purchasing, inventory management) and Financial Management (Accounting, financial management).ERP is not a mechanical enterprise to adapt to existing processes, but a reasonable part of the proposed business process improvement and optimization recommendations, and may lead to organizational redesign and business process restructuring.

Its main purpose is to enterprises owned by the human, financial, material, information, time and space integrated resources into a holistic balance and optimize the management, and for the global market, and coordinating the various administrative departments, around the market-oriented business activities, making

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enterprises in the fierce market competition to play in all-round ability to obtain the best economic benefits.

ERP system integrates information technology and advanced management ideas in one, reflecting the times of the enterprises to rationally allocate resources to maximize the creation of social wealth to meet the requirements of modern enterprise running mode, and has become a modern enterprise in the information age survival, development cornerstone.

ERP focuses on information technology in the growing conditions and how to expand the traditional business management. The formation of ERP generally experienced five stages: basic MRP stage, the closed-loop MRP stage, MRPII stage, ERP and ERP II stage of the formative stages. ERP, with the formation of the theory of the increase in product complexity, market competition intensifies and information generated by globalization. Study of ERP, it is necessary to recall the development of MRPII. The development of MRPII through the following stages: as stock ordering program —MRP(Material Requirements Planning), that is, material requirements planning stage; as a Production Planning and Control System Closed-loop MPR stages: as a production management information system —MRP II, namely, manufacturing resource planning stage.

The 20th century, 60 years of manufacturing in order to break the "orders, and reminders" project management methods, set the safety stock quantity for the demand and order lead-time to provide a buffer. The 20th century, 70 years, corporate managers have clearly recognized that the real need is a valid orders for the exchange of the date, because Korea had a right inventory management and utilization of materials, forming a material requirements planning —MRP. MRP is the master production schedule and then decide how much to produce the final product under the bill of materials, the entire enterprise to produce the number of products into parts needed to produce the quantity and control of existing inventories, the number of available processing also need to , how much the final purchase amount. It as a stock order scheme can only suggest that the demand priorities, did not say whether it is possible.

Closed-loop MRP in the MRP based on the increase in capacity planning and implementation of the plan functions, constitute a complete planning and control systems. But the closed-loop MRP implementation of the plan does not make clear what the benefits to the enterprise, whether the benefits of achieving this overall objective of the enterprise. This requires the enterprise's financial accounting system

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can be synchronized to obtain financial information from the production system at any time to control and guide production and business activities so as to meet the business's overall strategic objectives.

The 20th century, 80 years, corporate managers and industry recognized the need for an integrated plan to address the various problems that impede production. Necessary to the integration of production and inventory control methods to solve the problem, rather than stock to cover or hours to compensate for the buffer, so that the manufacturing resource planning MRPII created. MAPII realized the integration of logistics and cash flow to form a complete production and management information systems. It can be well-conceived plan to effectively balance the business under a variety of resources for the control of funds used inventory, shorten production cycle, reduce production costs.

Since the 20th century, 90 years, with the scientific and technological progress and their continued production and inventory control to the penetration, as the market competition is becoming increasingly inspired some enterprises began to feel the traditional MRP II software includes a feature has been unable to meet the business a full range of information management, so ERP theory came into being. Inventory and production control to address legitimate issues to deal with large amounts of information and enterprise resource management more complicated, require more efficient information processing. The traditional manual management difficult to adapt to the above requirements, when to rely on computer systems to achieve. And the integration of information be extended to the enterprise of this resource utilization and management, resulting in a new generation of management theory and computer systems —enterprise resource planning ERP.

ERP in terms of the traditional MRPII system was a big leap forward, it expanded the scope of the management of information integration, in addition to finance, sales and cattle - production management, it also integrates with other enterprise management functions, such as human resources, quality management, decision-making support, and support the Internet, intranet and external network (Extranet), e-commerce (E – Commerce) and so on. Enterprise management from the enterprise extends to outside the enterprise to customer demand, production and supply of the resources together to form a supply chain, and supply chain management of all aspects. As in 2000 the prevalence of global e-commerce, business-to-ERP knowledge is changing. On the one hand, ERP not only did not "outdated", and it has become an enterprise information management and

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implementation of B2B, B2C e-commerce such as the cornerstone; On the other hand, ERP is also stepped down, more and more enterprises begin to realize, ERP by no means universal savior, it was like to help businesses get rid of long-standing abuse of the "bitter medicine." These enterprises generally pay more attention to the enterprise's own management, enterprise information management of a more comprehensive needs of an ERP is not only a need for better solutions, but also including customer relationship management (CRM), supply chain management (SCM), as well as the entire enterprise The application and implementation of the internal management of the huge demand for ERP greatly facilitated the growth and development. In 1990, the U.S. research Gartner Group first proposed the concept of ERP, and SAP through the "Management + IT", after a further interpretation, as is now the usual sense of the ERP software. In 2000, that is, 10 years after the ERP concept was put forward, Gartner has once again put forward a new concept - ERPII, and predicted that after 2005, ERPII will replace ERP enterprise information management to become one of the trends of development .Gartner to ERPII definition: ERPII by supporting and optimizing the enterprise and business synergies between the operational and financial processes. in order to create customer and shareholder value as a business strategy and a set of industry-specific areas of applications. In order to distinguish it from the internal management of ERP attention of enterprises, Gartner describing ERPII, the concept of "collaborative commerce" concept. Collaborative Commerce (Collaborative Commerce-- c-Commerce), refers to the internal personnel, corporate and business partners, enterprises and customers of the electronic business process of interaction. In order to make ERP processes and systems to adapt to this change, business-to-ERP processes and external factors that made more demands, which is "ERPII". In 1990, Gartner defines ERP, Resource Plan for the area to build a new vision. When companies seek to provide SCM, CRM and e-commerce enabled applications so that they can transcend competitors, ERP supplier's response is through partnership, acquisition, or the original product development versions of enterprise applications suite. However, the package version does not understand the saying "all persons within the enterprise to provide all" the unspoken concerns led to its needs and the external communication of the future non-adaptive. ERPII focus on in-depth expertise in various industry sectors, enterprises, rather than the business processes within an enterprise, I can very well adapt to future needs. Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) in the next chapter has begun, the title is "ERPII". Companies are started to transform itself from a focus on internal functions to

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optimize the vertical integration organization, into a more flexible core competency-based entities, to enable enterprises in the supply chain and value network to find the best location. The main features of this position is not only engaged in B2B and B2C electronic transactions, but also participation in the Collaborative Commerce (c-commerce) process. In a collaborative world, the competitiveness of enterprises depends not only on products and services, availability, cost and quality, but also rely on collaborative partners, they can provide the quality of information

The concept of ERP has been brought up later in the academic and business circles aroused a great response, has been attached great importance to many domestic and foreign scholars from various perspectives to study them. Overall, the study abroad ahead of the first in the domestic and the domestic. Foreign software QAD, FOURTHSHIFT, SYMIX, SCALA, MACOLA, MRP9000, LILLY, ORACLE and so on. The field at the end of which there are well-known JPOBS groups, namely J. D. EDWARDS, ORACLE, BABN, SAP, as well as CA and SSA; at a relatively low-end area of a QAT, FOURTHSHIFT, SYMIX so. More representative of the ERP products include SAP's SAP R / 3, ORACLE Corporation E. Business Suite and so on. They represent an international ERP technology development trend.

Since the mid 1990s China began to study, the beginning of ERP research strength are mainly concentrated in institutions of higher learning and scientific research institutions, theoretical study. With the development of market economy, more and more urgent need for businesses to import ERP and CIMS and similar software to improve the management level, which effectively advance our ERP study toward more practical-oriented direction, but also resulted in some representatives of commercial products, including the domestic market, high-profile software Kingdee, UFIDA, open thinking, Lima, Kim thought, and the good, the days of heart, speed up and so on. At present domestic ERP research more focused on the following aspects:

1.Universal ERP architecture.

2.Specific functions of ERP modules and research. Such as logistics module, financial module, human resources module.

3.ERP & Business Process Reengineering (Business Process Reengineering - BPR) the relationship between the studies.

4.ERP integration with other software companies, such as PDM integration.

Although the ERP fame abroad, and achieved great success, but from the view of the circumstances of China's enterprises are not very satisfactory. Since 1981,

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Shenyang No. 1 Machine Tool Plant of China's imported from Germany since the first set of MRP II software, MRP II / ERP applications considered to have been more than 20 years. However, according to an authoritative body in China in 1985, a survey released by China since the 80's began to promote the MRP II and the subsequent promotion of the ERP, a total of more than 10 billion invested in all the pilot enterprises, about 10% -20% of the enterprises of the more successful systems integration, and better application of a little more than foreign companies did not achieve the integration and part of the realization of an integrated accounting for about 30% of failure accounted for 50%.

Overall, the Chinese enterprises to invest in applications MRPIIFERP huge gains are not proportional. Why ERP is an advanced management ideology in China, but can not wait should yield? In general there are about a few reasons:

1.ERP itself is raised by a U.S. company's management philosophy, it is always associated with a country's circumstances. If you do not consider the introduction of foreign software, it is likely not suited to China's national conditions, leading to project failure.

2.The enterprise's senior leaders not pay enough attention. The implementation of ERP is not just a software installation and implementation, it has to involve all aspects of business operations and all departments and employees, to involve people's ways of thinking and behavior patterns change, these enterprises to each employee that is a big shock, it will inevitably produce some conflict psychology and behavior, so if you want to continue the implementation without senior management commitment and support will not work.

3.ERP implementation is a long-term process, need to go through the system framework and functions of the initial establishment and upgrading of improved processes. In the initial stages of effects tend to reflect not come out easily allows business users of the ERP effect of cattle suspected of producing, so that ERP implementation to achieve desired results or implementation do not go on.

4.Most enterprises in China lags behind computer applications, while the ERP implementation requires both a deep understanding of the operation of enterprises also need to understand that some computer knowledge, it is difficult to guarantee the implementation of human resources.

5.Some of the original management of the enterprise is more confused after the implementation of ERP is no corresponding change in business management, so that the implementation of the basic conditions needed for ERP are not ready, there is no

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way to continue the implementation.

6.There are some details of the factors. Basic data is not accurate, for example, inventory records are not accurate, not accurate bill of materials, etc., so can not be the basis of these data is an effective plan data to guide people's production and business activities; implementation plans for the lack of active and practical, time-off continued, too long, so that employees lost their enthusiasm for the implementation of projects. Key positions of employees transfer to another job, new employees do not understand the situation, resulting in blocked implementation of the project; The company's employees have been reluctant to abandon the customary ways of working to use MRPII system, they always want to modify the MRPII system to adapt to their original work. Inadequate education and training. Employees about how to apply the MRPII / ERP systems to solve business problems and in-depth understanding of the lack of a comprehensive, do not know how to maintain the system did not know how to measure the system operating conditions.

Despite all these unfavorable factors, we should see some influential businesses with the successful implementation of ERP after the country more and more enterprises realize the important role of ERP. ERP is an advanced management concepts in China, will greatly facilitate the implementation of enterprise information process, enhanced competitiveness of enterprises, the Government also began to attach importance to the promotion of ERP, which will push forward the pace of China's enterprises to implement ERP.

ERP in business management in the field of application and popularity to promote the new technology platform, the new technical features continue to emerge, the characteristics of information systems for domestic enterprises slowly into the area of procurement, procurement management system allows businesses to enter a new period of development. The traditional mode of operation can not adapt to the rapid development of today's market, so with the increase in corporate purchases, companies should also begin to change their mode of operation.

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/085088016.html,pared to traditional procurement methods and the ERP system has the obvious advantage

"Pre-control, a matter of supervision, after analysis" of this management and control concept in the concrete application of ERP system is its information systems with the traditional distinction between the most obvious is that it can significantly improve the efficiency of the fundamental guarantee. Its advantage is reflected in: process orderly, strict examination and approval, monitoring well and the information

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immediately.

2.The application of ERP management technology has brought profound changes in procurement management

1) Functions as the core

(1)In the ERP system, each corresponding to the various duties of employees first, to enable enterprises to staff responsibilities clearly. Facilitate the assessment and management.

(2)System will be part of the work from all or part of the procurement module spin-off, that is, the work will be accomplished by broken down into related functions, and corresponds to the module reflects the centralized management thinking.

2) Procurement management functions of the ERP to bring about change

Purchasing management ERP system to bring about a qualitative change in the daily work to make it the main focus will be on the same internal staff and suppliers to study how to reduce costs.

(1)To determine a reasonable volume for each procurement of goods, safety stocks, control inventory amount of funds used.

(2)With the planning departments and suppliers together to study the measures to shorten the procurement lead times and improve response to changes in sensitivity.

(3)Together with technical departments to guide suppliers to improve the performance of the quality of purchased materials to study the cost-reduction measures.

(4)Choose the right suppliers and suppliers according to the system to provide performance reports for screening

(5)The use of information integration system, according to market demand and business plans to improve the predictability of the work of procurement and supply.

(6)Track the progress of purchase orders, to jointly coordinate transportation, to ensure the timely supply.

3) Reduce the impact of objective factors to work

ERP system requires that all procurement documents must be recorded in the system, this right will bring the following changes in procurement management:

(1) Strong traceability business. ERP system can check at any time with any vendor at any time occurred in procurement operations, and can find out the status of sum operations. Including inventory receiving the number of returns the number of procurement, invoice quantity.

(2) To reduce the human factor in business operations in the management of

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suppliers. Such as quotas and set the appropriate priority, and so on inquiry, so that the operational staff mobility to work to minimize the impact, new business can easily check through the system a certain type of supplier-related information, and In accordance with supply strategy set by the implementation of procurement operations.

3.ERP technology applications to reduce procurement costs have a significant effect

ERP system, through the standardization of business processes. To reduce procurement costs play a role in a series of guarantees, such as:

1)Reduction in procurement costs, reduce procurement administrative costs. Through the material classification information, for each type of materials, on-demand use of the frequency, provides principle of preference to simplify the procurement of goods varieties specifications, to maintain a certain volume, seek concessions.

2)Well-planned, and better to ensure supplies. ERP program can continue into the future a certain arbitrary date, so not only on-demand procurement, but also to ensure adequate procurement lead time and procurement budget, and prevent sudden increase in the procurement of additional procurement costs.

3)Control of procurement authority. To strictly control costs, we must first control the outflow of funds. ERP system has set up a buyer for each purchase of materials and payment of the scope of competence (the procurement of goods price ceiling), while providing more than the approval limit the level and authority to regulate the procurement management.

4)Control of inventory. Reduce the super storage waste. In the system, it is necessary for each type of material provides maximum storage capacity and the longest shelf-life. More than the maximum, the system will issue a prompt signal. For management to take corrective measures, thereby reducing inventory levels, reduce the super-storage waste, reduce inventory amount of funds used.

5)Supplier certification, to ensure the quality of materials. According to IS0900l requirements, in order to ensure product quality, first of all to ensure quality of the material into the plant. A variety of materials, suppliers must be certified, a supplier master file. Failed to establish the main document to the supplier procurement, the system will be rejected..

6)Track procurement contracts, improve the delivery fulfillment. System can provide a variety of ways to query, from the contract code, material number, the supply of firms, buyer code, delivery date, etc. in making inquiries, to track the

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implementation of procurement contracts, improve delivery fulfillment.

7)Strictly control the payment process, reduce the financial error rate. Before making a payment, the system will automatically conduct a series of contrast. Several aspects must be consistent in order to enforce payment procedures, and strictly control the undesirable outflow of funds.

8)Set target cost (standard cost), and strictly control the purchasing cost. Each fiscal year, companies have to be simulated by running the ERP system, the cost to determine the standard cost, which is the cost limits must be strictly controlled.

Anyhow, the enterprise ERP system is efficient and advanced management tools and thought, once the ERP system and effective operation, the enterprise will get the benefit of inestimable, make our enterprise in competition of severe situation invincible.

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探讨ERP的发展及在采购管理中的应用

人类社会已经进入信息化时代，随着社会经济的发展和科学技术的进步，尤其是信息技术的飞速发展，信息资源及其管理日益受到社会各界的普遍关注，人类高效获取、加工、传递和利用信息的能力大大提高，从而使得信息知识在人类生活与经济等活动中的重要作用越来越突出。信息资源是一种十分重要的战略资源，有效地利用信息资源已成为推动社会经济发展的重要内容。

对于我国大量的企业来说，信息时代给它们带来了空前的发展机遇，也使它们面临新的挑战。在市场经济条件下，企业之间的竞争日趋激烈，传统的以手工方式管理业务的模式越来越不能适应企业生存与发展的需要，也无法适应信息时代快节奏的变化，更不能满足对市场变化做出快速反应的要求。在这种情况下，我国企业只有充分利用信息技术，利用现代化的管理方法提高企业员工的整体素质，使用现代化手段对进货、销售、库存等业务进行管理，使先进的信息技术与先进的管理科学相融合，才能真正提高企业的运作效率，最大限度地发挥现有设备、资源、人、技术的作用，促进企业的发展，增强企业的竞争力，创造更多的经济效益。这就是要大力推进企业信息化。企业信息化就是利用信息和信息技术提高生产经营管理决策水平和效率的过程，从而提高竞争力和经济效益。推进信息化就是要加强信息技术的推广应用，促进信息资源的开发和利用。一切推进信息化的内容和过程都是以开发信息资源为出发点，又以利用信息资源为最终归属。企业信息资源十分丰富，如市场信息产品及其设计信息、物料工艺工装设备器具及各类定额信息、质量信息、库存信息、资金及财务信息、销售信息、供应商及客户信息、统计信息及决策信息等。企业生产经营管理的过程实质上是各种信息数据生成处理传递和使用的过程，产品就是其最终物质体现。ERP作为企业全面资源计划管理系统的杰出代表，是企业信息化发展的重要方向，它构成了现代企业信息化的核心内容。在企业中引入ERP技术，可以大大提高管理水平，增强活力。

企业资源计划ERP(Enterprise Resource Planning)起源于20世纪60年代初，是由美国加特纳公(Gartner Group Ine．)最早提出的一种管理理念，是建立在信息技术的基础上，用系统化的管理思想为企业决策层及员工提供决策运行手段的管理平台。ERP是一种科学管理思想的计算机实现，它强调对产品研发与设计、作业控制、生产计划、投入品采购、市场营销、销售、库存(投入品、半成品、成品)、财务和人事等方面进行集成优化的管理，并包括相应的模块组成部分。由于企业的管理主要涉及物流、信息流和资金流，一般的ERP管理模块也主要包括三方面的内容：生产控制(计划、制造)、物流管理(销售、采购、库存管理)和财务管理(会

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计核算、财务管理)。ERP并非机械地适应于企业现有流程，而是对企业流程不合理部分提出改进和优化建议，并可能导致组织机构的重新设计和业务流程的重组。

它的主要宗旨是对企业所拥有的人、财、物、信息、时间和空间等综合资源迸行综合平衡和优化管理，面向全球市场，协调企业各管理部门，围绕市场导向开展业务活动，使得企业在激烈的市场竞争中全方位的发挥能力，取得最好的经济效益。

ERP系统集信息技术与先进的管理思想于一身，反映了时代对企业合理调配资源，最大化地满足创造社会财富的要求，是现代企业的运行模式，并且已经成为现代企业在信息时代生存、发展的基石。

ERP着眼于在不断发展的信息技术条件下，如何拓展传统的企业管理方式。ERP的形成大致经历了5个阶段：基本MRP阶段、闭环MRP阶段、MRPII阶段、ERP形成阶段和ERPII阶段。ERP理论的形成是随着产品复杂性的增加，市场竞争的加剧及信息全球化而产生的。要研究ERP，有必要先回顾一下MRPII的发展。MRPII的发展经历了以下阶段：作为库存订货计划——MRP(Material Requirements Planning)，即物料需求计划阶段；作为一种生产计划与控制系统一一闭环MPR阶段：作为一种企业生产管理信息系统一一MRP II，即制造资源计划阶段。

20世纪60年代的制造业为了打破“发出订单，然后催办”的计划管理方法，设置了安全库存量，为需求和订货提前期提供缓冲。20世纪70年代，企业的管理者们已经清楚地认识到，真正需要的是有效的订单交换日期，因丽产生了对物料清单的管理与利用，形成了物料需求计划一一MRP。MRP是在主生产计划决定生产多少最终产品后再根据物料清单，把整个企业要生产的产品数量转变为所需要生产的零部件的数量，并对照现有的库存量，可得到还需要加工多少，采购多少的最终数量。它作为一种库存订货计划，只说明了需求的优先顺序，没有说明是否有可能实现。

闭环MRP在MRP的基础上增加了能力计划和执行计划的功能，构成一个完整的计划和控制系统。但是闭环MRP没有说清楚执行计划后给企业带来什么效益，这种效益是否实现了企业的总体目标。这就要求企业的财务会计系统能同步从生产系统获得资金信息，随时控制和指导生产经营活动，使之符合企业的整体战略目标。

20世纪80年代，企业的管理者又认识到制造业需要有一个集成的计划，以解决阻碍生产的各种问题。要以生产与库存控制的集成方法来解决问题，而不是以库存来弥补或以缓冲时间的方法来补偿，于是MRPII即制造资源计划产生了。MAPII实现了物流和资金流的集成，形成了一个完整的生产经营信息系统。它可

外文翻译

以在周密的计划下有效地平衡企业的各种资源，控制库存资金占用，缩短生产周期，降低生产成本。

20世纪90年代以来，随着科学技术的进步及其不断向生产与库存控制方面的渗透，随着市场竞争的日趋激励，一些企业开始感觉到传统的MRP II软件所包含的功能已不能满足企业全范围的信息管理，于是ERP理论应运而生。解决合理库存与生产控制问题所需要处理的大量信息和企业资源管理的复杂化，要求信息处理的效率更高。传统的人工管理方式难以适应以上要求，这时只能依靠计算机系统来实现。而且信息的集成度要求扩大到企业的这个资源的利用和管理，因此产生了新一代的管理理论与计算机系统——企业资源计划ERP。

ERP对传统的MRPII系统来讲是一次大的飞跃，它扩展了管理信息集成的范围，除财务、销售和牛-产管理以外，还集成了企业的其他管理功能，如人力资源、质量管理、决策支持等，并支持因特网(Internet)、企业内部网(Intranet)和外部网(Extranet)、电子商务(E--Commerce)等。将企业管理从企业内部延伸到企业外部，把客户需求、企业生产和供应商的资源整合在一起，形成一条供应链，并对供应链所有的环节进行管理。随着2000年全球电子商务的盛行，企业对ERP的认识正在发生改变。一方面，ERP不仅没有“过时”，而且它已经成为企业信息化管理和开展B2B、B2C等电子商务的基石；另一方面，ERP也正在走下神坛，越来越多的企业开始认识到，ERP决非万能的救世主，它更像是帮助企业革除积弊的“苦口良药”。这些企业普遍更加重视企业自身的管理，对企业信息化管理提出了更加全面的需求一不仅需要更好的ERP解决方案，还包括客户关系管理(CRM)、供应链管理(SCM)，以及整个企业内部管理的应用与实施，巨大的需求极大地推动了ERP的增长和发展。1990年，美国研究机构Gartner Group率先提出ERP的概念，并经过SAP的“管理+IT”的进一步诠释之后，成为现在通常意义上的ERP软件。在2000年，也就是ERP概念提出10年之后，Gartner再一次提出了一个全新的概念——ERPII，并且预言，到2005年之后，ERPII将取代ERP而成为企业信息化管理的发展趋势之一。Gartner给ERPII的定义是：ERPII是通过支持和优化企业内部和企业之间的协同运作和财务过程，以创造客户和股东价值的一种商务战略和一套面向具体行业领域的应用系统。为了区别于ERP对企业内部管理的关注，Gartner在描述ERPII时，引入了“协同商务”的概念。协同商务(Collaborative Commerce一一c—Commerce)，是指企业内部人员、企业与业务伙伴、企业与客户之间的电子化业务的交互过程。为了使ERP流程和系统适应这种改变，企业对ERP的流程以及外部的因素提出了更多的要求，这就是“ERPII”。在1990年，Gartner定义了ERP，为资源计划领域构建了一个新的视野。当公司寻求可以提供SCM、CRM和电子商务功能的应用软件以使他们可以超越竞争对手时，ERP供应商的反应是通过合作伙伴、收购、或原产品的开发提供企业应用套

西安交通大学城市学院本科生毕业设计(外文翻译)

装版本。然而，套装版本未明白说出的“为企业内所有的人提供所要的一切”的潜台词导致了它对关注需求和外部沟通的未来的不适应性。ERPII专注于深层次的各行业领域的专门技术、企业间而不是企业内的业务过程，因而可以很好的适应未来需求。企业资源计划(ERP)的下一篇章已经开始，标题就是“ERPII”。企业正开始把自己从关注内部功能最优化的垂直一体化组织，转变为更灵活的以核心能力为基础的实体，努力使企业在供应链和价值网络中找到最佳定位。这种定位的主要特征是不仅仅从事B2B和B2C电子交易，还参于协同商务(c—commerce)过程。在一个协作世界中，企业的竞争不仅靠产品和服务的实用性、成本和质量，还要靠他们能够提供给协作伙伴的信息的质量。

ERP的概念提出来了以后，在学术界和企业界引起了极大反响，受到了高度重视，国内外许多学者从各个角度对其进行了研究。总的说来，国外的研究先于国内而且领先于国内。国外的软件有QAD、FOURTHSHIFT、SYMIX、SCALA、MACOLA、MRP9000、LILLY、ORACLE等。其中处于高端领域的有著名的JPOBS 集团即J．D．EDWARDS、ORACLE、BABN、SAP以及CA和SSA；处于相对中低端领域的有QAT、FOURTHSHIFT、SYMIX等。比较有代表性的ERP产品包括SAP公司的SAP R／3、ORACLE公司的E．Business Suite等等。它们代表了国际ERP技术发展的潮流。

国内自90年代中期开始对ERP的研究，一开始研究力量主要集中在高校和科研机构，以理论研究为主。随着市场经济的发展，越来越多的企业迫切需要导入ERP和CIMS等类似的软件以提高管理水平，这就有力地推动我国ERP研究向着更加实用化的方向发展，同时产生了一些有代表性的商品化产品，其中国内市场知名度较高的软件有金蝶、用友、开思、利马、金思维、和佳、天心、速达等。目前国内对ERP的研究较多的集中于以下几个方面：

1.通用型ERP体系结构。

2.ERP中具体模块的功能和研究。如物流模块，财务模块，人力资源模块等。

3.ERP与企业业务流程重组(Business Process Reengineering--BPR)之间关系的研究。

4.ERP与企业其它软件的集成，例如与PDM集成等。

尽管ERP在国外风光无限，取得了很大成功，但是从我国企业实施的情况来看不是很理想。从1981年沈阳第一机床厂从德国引进我国第一套MRP II软件以来，MRP II／ERP的应用算来己经超过20年了。但是根据1985年我国某权威机构发布的一项调查报告，我国自80年代开始推广的MRP II以及后来推广的ERP，总计投入超过100亿，在所有试点企业中，约有10％-20％的企业进行了较为成功的系统集成，并且应用的比较好一点的多是外资企业，没有实现集成和部分实现集成的占30％左右，失败的却占了50％。

外文翻译

总的来看，我国企业在MRPIIFERP应用方面投资巨大，收益却不成正比。为什么ERP作为一种先进的管理思想在中国却等不到应有的收益呢?总的说来有一下几点原因：

1.ERP本身是由一家美国公司提出来的管理理念，它总是和一个国家的国情相关。如果不加考虑的引进国外软件，就很可能不适应我国国情，从而导致项目失败。

2.企业的高层领导不够重视。ERP的实施不仅仅是一个软件的安装和实施，它要涉及到企业运营的各个环节以及所有的部门和员工，要涉及到人的思维方式和行为方式的改变，这些对企业的每一个员工来说都是一个大的冲击，就难免会产生一些抵触心理和行为，所以要想实施下去没有高层领导的决心和支持是不行的。

3.ERP的实施是一个长期的过程，需要经过系统框架和功能的初步建立和升级完善的过程。在最初的阶段效果往往会体现不出来，容易使得企业使用者对ERP的效果产牛怀疑，从而使ERP实施达不到预期的效果或者实施不下去。

4.我国的大多数企业的计算机应用水平落后，而ERP实施需要既要对企业运作深刻了解又需要懂得一定的计算机知识，所以实施人才难以保证。

5.有些企业的管理原来就比较混乱，实施了ERP后没有相应的改变企业的管理方式，从而使实施ERP所需要的基础条件都没有准备好，也就没有办法实施下去。

6.还有一些细节因素。基础数据不准确，例如，库存记录不准确、物料清单不准确等等，于是不能根据这些数据得到有效的计划数据来指导人的生产经营活动；实施过程缺乏积极且切实可行的计划，时断时续，拖得太久，以至于员工对项目的实施失去了热情。关键岗位的员工调换工作，新来的员工不了解情况，致使项目实施受阻；公司的员工不愿意放弃业已习惯的工作方式去使用MRPII系统，他们总是希望修改MRPII系统来适应他们原有的工作方式。教育和培训不足。公司员工对于如何应用MRPII／ERP系统来解决企业的问题缺乏全面和深入的理解，不了解如何对系统进行维护也不了解如何衡量系统的运行情况。

虽然有以上种种不利因素，我们应该看到随着一些有影响的企业成功实施ERP以后，国内越来越多的企业意识到ERP的重要作用。ERP作为一种先进的管理理念，在中国实施一定会大大促进企业的信息化进程，全面增强企业的竞争实力，所以政府也开始重视ERP的推广，这将有力推动我国企业实施ERP的步伐。

ERP在企业管理领域中的应用和普及，推动新的技术平台、新的技术特点不断涌现，适合国内特点的信息系统慢慢进入企业采购领域，使得企业采购管理系统进入了一个新的发展时期。传统的运作模式已经不能适应当今市场的快速发

西安交通大学城市学院本科生毕业设计(外文翻译)

展，因此，随着企业采购量的增加，企业也开始要改变自身的运作模式。

1.ERP系统与传统采购方式相比具有明显优势

“事前控制、事中监督、事后分析”这一管理控制理念在ERP系统中的具体运用，是其与传统信息系统最明显的区别，也是其能够显著提高工作效率的根本保障。其优势体现在：流程有序、审批严格、监督有方、信息即时。

2.ERP管理技术的应用给采购管理工作带来了深刻变革

1)以职责为核心

(1)在ERP系统中，每名员工首先是对应各个职责，使企业人员职责明确。便于考核和管理。

(2)系统将部分工作从采购模块中全部或部分剥离出来，也就是将所要完成的工作分解成相关的职责，并对应到模块中，体现集中管理的思想。

2)ERP给采购管理职能带来的变化

ERP系统给采购管理的日常工作带来质的变化，使其主要精力将放在同企业内部人员和供应商一起研究如何降低成本上。主要有：

(1)确定每种采购物资的合理批量、安全库存量，控制库存资金占用。

(2)同计划部门和供应商一起，研究缩短采购提前期的措施，提高响应变化的灵敏度。

(3)会同技术部门指导供应厂商改进外购物资的性能质量，研究降低成本的措施。

(4)选择合适的供应商，并根据系统提供的供应商业绩报告进行筛选。

(5)运用信息集成系统，根据市场需求和企业计划，提高采购供应工作的预见性。

(6)跟踪采购订单进度，共同协调运输，保证及时供应。

3)减少客观因素对工作的影响

ERP系统要求所有的采购单据都要在系统中进行记录，这样做对采购管理会带来如下变革：

(1)业务的可追溯性强。ERP系统可随时查询任何时候与任何供应商发生的采购业务，并可以查出该笔业务进行的状态。包括库存接收的数量、采购退货的数量、发票数量等。

(2)减少业务操作中的人为因素对供应商的管理。如设定相应的配额和询价优先级等，这样将业务人员的调动对工作的影响程度尽可能减小，新来的业务人员可以通过系统方便地查询某一类供应商的相关资料，并按照设定的供应策略实施采购业务。

3.ERP技术的应用对降低采购成本具有显著作用

ERP系统通过业务处理流程规范化。对降低采购成本起到一系列的保证作

外文翻译

用，如：

1)减少采购成本，降低采购管理费用。通过物资分类查询，对每一类物资，按需用的频度，规定优选原则，以简化采购物资的品种规格，保持一定批量，争取优惠。

2)周密计划，更好地保证物资供应。ERP的计划可以延续到未来某个任意日期，这样不但可以按需采购，而且可以保证足够的采购提前期和采购预算，防止因突发性采购而增加额外的采购费用。

3)控制采购权限。要严格控制成本，首先要控制资金流出。ERP系统设置了每一个采购员的采购物料范围和支付权限(所采购物资的最高限价)，同时规定超过限额的审批层次和权限，以规范采购管理。

4)控制库存量。减少超储浪费。在系统中，要对每一种物料规定最大储存量和最长储存期限。超过最大值时，系统会发出提示信号。以便管理人员采取纠正措施，从而降低库存量，降低超储浪费，减少库存资金占用。

5)供应商认证，保证物资质量。根据IS0900l的要求，为了保证产品质量，首先要保证进厂材料的质量。各种物料的供应商都必须经过认证，建立供应商主文件。向没有建立主文件的供应商采购，系统将拒绝执行。

6)跟踪采购合同，提高交货履约率。系统可以提供多种查询途径，从合同编码、物料号、供应商号、采购员代码、交货日期等进行查询，跟踪采购合同执行情况，提高交货履约率。

7)严格控制付款程序，减少财务差错率。付款前，系统将自动进行一系列的对比。必须几方面都相符才能执行付款程序，严格控制不良资金流出。

8)设置目标成本(标准成本)，严格控制采购成本。每一个会计年度，企业都必须通过运行ERP系统的模拟成本，确定标准成本，也就是必须严格控制的成本限额。

总之，企业ERP系统是有效、先进的管理工具和思想，一旦有效运转ERP 系统，企业将获得无法估量的效益，使我们的企业在竞争的严峻形势下立于不败之地。

四种翻译方法,十种翻译技巧

四种翻译方法 1.直译和意译 所谓直译，就是在译文语言条件许可时，在译文中既保持原文的内容，又保持原文的形式——特别指保持原文的比喻、形象和民族、地方色彩等。 每一个民族语言都有它自己的词汇、句法结构和表达方法。当原文的思想内容与译文的表达形式有矛盾不宜采用直译法处理时，就应采用意译法。意译要求译文能正确表达原文的内容，但可以不拘泥与原文的形式。（张培基） 应当指出，在再能确切的表达原作思想内容和不违背译文语言规范的条件下，直译有其可取之处，一方面有助于保存原著的格调，另一方面可以进新鲜的表达方法。 Literal translation refers to an adequate representation of the original. When the original coincides or almost tallies with the Chinese language in the sequence of vocabulary, in grammatical structure and rhetorical device, literal translation must be used. Free translation is also called liberal translation, which does not adhere strictly to the form or word order of the original.（郭著章） 直译法是指在不违背英语文化的前提下，在英译文中完全保留汉语词语的指称意义，求得内容和形式相符的方法。

中文名字的英文写法

中文名字最标准的英文写法就是直接翻译成汉语拼音： Li Leyang或 Lee Yeyang 西方人的习惯是名字在前，姓在后，二者间如果有中间名（Middle name），Middle name一般用简写，中国人如果有英文名字，在正式的场合可以参照这种格式。比如，搜狐创始人、董事局主席张朝阳的英文名字就写成：Charles CY. Zhang. 搜狐所有英文正式文件中张朝阳的名字都是这样写的。 如果没有英文名字，那么应该按照中国人的习惯（姓在前名字在后）直接把中文名字翻译成汉语拼音作为英文写法！很典型的例子，奥运会上，所有中国运动员的名字在运动衣上都是这样翻译的（以前不是，后来国家颁布了《汉语拼音方案》，并解释到《汉语拼音方案》是拼写中文人名地名唯一标准后，统一改过来了），所以，中国人名字的英文写法，就是汉语拼音：姓在前，名在后，姓和名分开写，姓和名的开头字母均大写！ 两个字的是：比如：张三就应该写：Zhang San 三个字的是：1.单姓,比如：李小言就应该写：Li Xiaoyan 2.复姓,比如：诸葛亮就应该写：Zhuge Liang 四个字的是：1.单姓,比如：李雨中生就应该写：Li Yuzhongsheng 2.复姓,比如：司马相如就应该写：Sima Xiangru 1. Last Name就是姓，First Name就是名，請勿混淆。 2. "國語羅馬拼音對照表" 乃外交部護照科所採用的中英文姓名翻譯原則，為了保持所有文 件的統一，建議同學根據此表來翻譯姓名及地址。 3. 同學的英文姓名，應由中文姓名音譯，並與大學英文畢業證書、英文成績單、TOEFL / GRE / GMAT考試及申請學校、辦理護照及簽證時所用的英文姓名完全一致，如姓名不 一致，將造成申請學校、辦護照、簽證時身份的困擾，徒增麻煩。 4. 如果有英文別名(如John、Mary...等)，可以將別名當做Middle Name。 [例] 王甫平有一個英文別名STEVE，其英文姓名可以下列方式列出： WANG FUPING S Last Name First Name . 5. 如果沒有英文別名，. 處不要填。 6. 如非必要，英文別名最好不要用，只用中文姓名的英譯最為單純。 7. 在國外使用英文姓名的建議：外國人習慣將名放在前面，姓放在後；而中國人的姓名， 則是姓在前名在後，有時在國外填寫資料時常會搞錯，建議在打履歷表、印名片或處理 資料時，如果填寫姓名的地方沒有註明Last Name時，英文姓名正確表達方法可以如： Fuping Wang 或Wang, Fuping

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Can you translate the sentence into English? 我不太满意他对这个句子的翻译。 I'm not satisfied with his interpretation of this sentence. 我正在逐字的翻译。 I am making a verbal translation. 我给你当翻译。 I'll act as interpreter for you. 要不要我来帮你翻译? Would you like me to interpret for you? 被翻译成英语的爱尔兰童话故事 Irish fairytales that had been translated into English 在你们的合同中已订定有可能要翻译这本书。 The possibility of the book being translated is provided for in your contract. 受控语言加机器翻译就是受控翻译。 Machine translation plus controlled language is called controlled translation. 这部书已经翻译成多种语言。 This book has been translated into several languages. 翻译诗歌在许多情况下都是困难的。 It's often difficult to translate poems.

[VIP专享]各国名字的英文翻译

国家地区英文名及读音/国家英文名和音标/国家英文名及读音/// Africa[5AfrikE]非洲 Algeria[Al5dViEriE]阿尔及利亚 Angola[AN5^EulE]安哥拉 Azores[E5zC:z]亚述尔群岛(在北大西洋,属葡萄牙) Benin[be5nin]贝宁湾(几内亚湾一部分,靠西非的尼日利亚、贝宁和多哥等国) Botswana[bCt5swB:nE]博茨瓦纳(位于南非共和国内,于1966年独立) Burkina Faso[b\:9ki:nE 5fAsEJ]布基纳法索 Cameroon[5kAmEru:n]喀麦隆 Cape Verde[keip v\:d]佛得角[塞内加尔西部](非洲最西端) Central Africa[5sentrEl5AfrikE]中非 Chad[tFAd]乍得 Comoros[5kCmErEus]科摩罗 Congo[5kCN^Eu]刚果 Cote d Ivoire[kEut]科特迪瓦注：Ivoire 未查到！ Djibouti[dVi5bu:ti]吉布提[非洲] Egypt[5i:dVIpt]埃及 Equatorial Guinea[7ekwE5tC:riEl5^ini]赤道几内亚 Eritrea[7eri5tri(:)E]厄立特里亚 Ethiopia[7i:Wi5EupjE]埃塞俄比亚 Gabon[^a5b][国名]加蓬(位于非洲中西部,首都利伯维尔) Gambia[5^AmbiE]冈比亚(非洲西部沿海一殖民地,1965年独立,首都Bathurst[5bAWE(:)st]巴瑟斯特(冈比亚首都班珠尔) Ganary Is加那利群岛（Is=Island/Islands) 注：Ganary尚未查到 Ghana[5^B:nE]加纳 Guinea[5^ini]几内亚 Guinea-Bissau[5^ini bi5sEu]几内亚比绍共和国 Ivory Coast[5aivEri5kEust]象牙海岸注：今为Cote d Ivoire科特迪瓦 Kenya[5ki:njE, 5kenjE]肯尼亚 Lesotho[lI5su:tu:]莱索托(非洲南部一王国, 首都Maseru)(西非国家 Liberia[lai5biEriE]利比里亚 Libya[5libiE]利比亚（北非国家） Madagascar[mAdE5^AskE]马达加斯加岛 Malawi[mB:5lB:wi]马拉维 Mali[5mB:li:]马里 Mauritania[7mC(:)ri5teinjE] 毛利塔尼亚 Mauritius[mE5riFEs]毛里求斯(非洲岛国)

中文名字的英文写法

中文名字最标准的英文写法就是直接翻译成汉语拼音：Li Leyang或Lee Yeyang 西方人的习惯是名字在前，姓在后，二者间如果有中间名（Middle name），Middle name一般用简写，中国人如果有英文名字，在正式的场合可以参照这种格式。比如，搜狐创始人、董事局主席张朝阳的英文名字就写成：Charles CY. Zhang. 搜狐所有英文正式文件中张朝阳的名字都是这样写的。 如果没有英文名字，那么应该按照中国人的习惯（姓在前名字在后）直接把中文名字翻译成汉语拼音作为英文写法！很典型的例子，奥运会上，所有中国运动员的名字在运动衣上都是这样翻译的（以前不是，后来国家颁布了《汉语拼音方案》，并解释到《汉语拼音方案》是拼写中文人名地名唯一标准后，统一改过来了），所以，中国人名字的英文写法，就是汉语拼音：姓在前，名在后，姓和名分开写，姓和名的开头字母均大写！ 两个字的是：比如：张三就应该写：Zhang San 三个字的是：1.单姓,比如：李小言就应该写：Li Xiaoyan 2.复姓,比如：诸葛亮就应该写：Zhuge Liang 四个字的是：1.单姓,比如：李雨中生就应该写：Li Yuzhongsheng 2.复姓,比如：司马相如就应该写：Sima Xiangru 1. Last Name就是姓，First Name就是名，請勿混淆。 2. "國語羅馬拼音對照表" 乃外交部護照科所採用的中英文姓名翻譯原則，為了保持所有文 件的統一，建議同學根據此表來翻譯姓名及地址。 3. 同學的英文姓名，應由中文姓名音譯，並與大學英文畢業證書、英文成績單、TOEFL / GRE / GMAT考試及申請學校、辦理護照及簽證時所用的英文姓名完全一致，如姓名不 一致，將造成申請學校、辦護照、簽證時身份的困擾，徒增麻煩。 4. 如果有英文別名 (如John、Mary...等)，可以將別名當做Middle Name。 [例] 王甫平有一個英文別名STEVE，其英文姓名可以下列方式列出： WANG FUPING S Last Name First Name M.I. 5. 如果沒有英文別名，M.I. 處不要填。 6. 如非必要，英文別名最好不要用，只用中文姓名的英譯最為單純。 7. 在國外使用英文姓名的建議：外國人習慣將名放在前面，姓放在後；而中國人的姓名， 則是姓在前名在後，有時在國外填寫資料時常會搞錯，建議在打履歷表、印名片或處理 資料時，如果填寫姓名的地方沒有註明Last Name時，英文姓名正確表達方法可以如： Fuping Wang 或 Wang, Fuping

英语单词翻译

1.point and click (鼠标）点击 2.integrated circuit 集成电路 3.online transactions 网上交易 https://www.sodocs.net/doc/085088016.html,puter monitor 电脑显示器 5. projector 投影仪 6. screen saver 电脑保护系统 7. virtual currency 虚拟货币 8. computerized system 计算机系统 9. internet distance learning 网络远程教育 10. anti-virus programs 杀毒软件 11. bar code 条形码 12. cordless telephone 无线电话 13. cyberspace 网络空间 14. desktop 桌面，台式机 15. digital television 数字电视 16. video camera 摄像机 17. electronic hearing aid 电子助听器 18. fiber optic technology 光纤技术 19. firewall 防火墙 20. genetic engineering 基因工程 21. hacker 黑客 22. intelligent system 智能系统 23. it-industry 信息产业 24. minicomputer 小型计算机 25. multimedia learning system 多媒体学习系统 26. palmtop 掌上电脑 27. password 密码，口令 28. software package 软件包 29. solar collector 太阳能集热器 30. terminal 终端 文化教育词汇 1. educational background 教育背景 2. educational history 学历 3. curriculum 课程 4. major 主修 5. minor 未成年的；次要的；较小的未成年人副修 6. educational highlights 课程重点部分 7. specialized courses 专业课 8. social practice 社会实践 9. part-time jobs 兼职 10. extracurricular activities 课外活动 11. recreational activities 娱乐活动 12. academic activities 学术活动

高一英语翻译技巧和方法完整版及练习题及解析

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中文名字翻译成英文

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范/樊--Fan/Van 房/方--Fang 费--Fei 冯/凤/封--Fung/Fong 符/傅--Fu/Foo G: 盖--Kai 甘--Kan 高/郜--Gao/Kao 葛--Keh 耿--Keng 弓/宫/龚/恭--Kung 勾--Kou 古/谷/顾--Ku/Koo 桂--Kwei 管/关--Kuan/Kwan 郭/国--Kwok/Kuo 公孙--Kung-sun 公羊--Kung-yang 公冶--Kung-yeh 谷梁--Ku-liang H:

韩--Hon/Han 杭--Hang 郝--Hoa/Howe 何/贺--Ho 桓--Won 侯--Hou 洪--Hung 胡/扈--Hu/Hoo 花/华--Hua 宦--Huan 黄--Wong/Hwang 霍--Huo 皇甫--Hwang-fu 呼延--Hu-yen I: J: 纪/翼/季/吉/嵇/汲/籍/姬--Chi 居--Chu 贾--Chia 翦/简--Jen/Jane/Chieh 蒋/姜/江/--Chiang/Kwong

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