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自学考试01英语二第一单元[2014-12]

自学考试01英语二第一单元[2014-12]
自学考试01英语二第一单元[2014-12]

《英语二》考试题型及备考建议

英语二要求掌握的词汇量为4500。考纲对听、说、读、写都有基本要求。(见教材第四页).命题按照标准化测试要求设计,命题难度和广度根据大纲规定的知识范围和能力要求确定。部分命题素材取自《英语二自学教程》,统考以阅读和写作为主,听、说不做统考要求。

考试题型分为客观性和主观性试题,试卷由七部分组成:

阅读判断

阅读选择

概括段落大意和补全句子

填句补充

填词补文

完型补文

短文写作

Unit 1

The power of language

Language is the dress of thought 语言是思维的外衣

Samuel Johnson

Samuel Johnson,英国作家、文学评论家和诗人。1728年进入牛津大学学习。因家贫而中途辍学。1737年开始为《绅士杂志》撰写文章。以后自编周刊《漫步者》(1750~1752)。经九年的奋斗,终于编成《英语大辞典》(1755)。约翰逊从此扬名。1764年协助雷诺兹成立文学俱乐部,参加者有鲍斯韦尔、哥尔德斯密斯、伯克等人,对当时的文化发展起了推动作用。一生重要作品有长诗《伦敦》(1738)、《人类欲望的虚幻》(1749)、《阿比西尼亚王子》(1759)等。还编注了《莎士比亚集》(1765)

Samuel Johnson ,British man of letters, one of the most outstanding figures of the 18th century in England, He made lasting contributions to English literature as a poet, essayist, moralist, literary critic, biographer, editor and lexicographer. Johnson has been described as “arguably the most distinguished man of letters in English history”.

man of letters n.学者,作家;文人

biographer[英][bai??ɡr?f?] [美][ba??ɑɡr?f?, bi-] n.传记作者复数:biographers;lexicographer[英][?leks??k?gr?f?] [美][?l?ks??kɑɡr?f?] n.词典编纂者

Critical Reading

批判性阅读

第一段:

Critical reading applies to non-fiction writing in which the author puts forth a position or seeks to make a statement. 【注 1 】

批判性阅读适用于纪实文学作品,作者会在这类作品中提出立场或试图表明观点。

注释:

1,本句话是由in which引导的定语从句,修饰先行词writing;

2,apply to 是固定搭配,意思是“使用与、适用于”

3,put forth 固定搭配,意思为“提出,产生”

4,生词:

non-fiction(n. 非小说;非小说类文学作品)

critical[英][?kritik?l] [美][?kr?t?k?l] adj.批评的,爱挑剔的;危险的,危急的;

决定性的;[物]临界的

关于英语中的从句,我们做如下的学习:句子的各个组成部分,句子的主要组成部分有:主语、谓语、宾语、补语、表语、定语、状语和同位语等。

Music is the key that unlocks my soul.

音乐是开启我灵魂的钥匙。

主语:句子所叙述的主体。

谓语:陈述主语的动作、状态和性质等。

宾语:动作的承受者,位于及物动词后。

补语:补充宾语,使句子意义完整。

表语:描述主语的特征、身份、状态等,位于系动词后。

定语:修饰名词或代词,说明其特性。

状语:修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句。

同位语:用于解释或说明句子的某一成分。

Jane became beautiful

2.基本句型英语的基本句型有五种,即:

1 主语 + 谓语动词。 SV the bird flies

2 主语 + 谓语动词 + 宾语。 SVO I beat him

3 主语 + 连系动词 + 表语。 SVC I am fine

4 主语 + 谓语动词 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语。 SVO间 O 直(双宾语)

5 主语 + 谓语动词 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语。 SVOC(复合宾语)

熟悉以上几种基本句型可以增强分析千变万化句型的能力。

3.句子分类,按照结构分为:简单句、并列句和复合句,学习的重点是复合句。由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句所构成的句子结构叫复合句,也叫主从复合句。从句由关联词引导,将从句与主句联系在一起。依据在复合句中的作用,从句可分为:

名词从句(主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句)

构成名词从句的常用关联词有下列三类:

·主从连词:that, whether, if 等;

·连接代词:who, whom, whose, what, which等;

·连接副词:when, where, why, how等。

·主语从句:句型:主语从句 + 谓语 + 其它成分

当主语从句较长时,可用形式主语 It 代替从句位置,将从句后置。

以that 引导的主语从句置于句首时,that无具体意义,但不能省略,后置时则可以省略。

·宾语从句:句型:谓语(或及物动词后) + 宾语从句 + 其它成分

·表语从句:句型:主语 + 谓语(系动词) + 表语从句 + 其它成分

·同位语从句:解释或说明句子的某一成分(抽象名词)

定语从句:在句中用作定语的从句称为定语从句,修饰名词或代词。

定语从句通常位于它所修饰的名词或代词之后,这种名词或代词称为先行词。

引导定语从句的常用引导词有下列两类:关系代词和关系副词

关系代词: that which who whom whose as

关系副词: when where why

关系代词在定语从句中可用作主语、宾语、和定语等;

关系代词在定语从句中用作主语时,从句谓语动词的人称和数要与先行词保持一致。

关系副词在定语从句中用作状语。

限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句

1)限制性定语从句

通常限制性定语从句与先行词关系密切,因此不能缺少,否则会影响全句的意义;从句前不用逗号。

2)非限制性定语从句

非限制性定语从句与先行词只是一种松散的修饰关系,一般只是补充其意思,即使省略了也不会影响主句意义的完整性;从句前常用逗号分开,从句中的关系代词不能省略。

状语从句

它在句中的位置比较灵活,可以放在主句之前或之后。

状语从句由从属连词引导,不同的连词引出不同的状语从句。

定语从句的概念:在复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词,定语从句一般放在先行词的后面。

定语从句的关系词:引导定语从句的关系词有关系代词和关系副词,常见的关系代词包括that, which, who(宾格whom,所有格whose)等,关系副词包括where, when, why等。关系代词和关系副词放在先行词及定语从句之间起连接作用,同时又作定语从句的重要成分。

定语从句的分类:根据定语从句与先行词的关系,定语从句可分为限制性定语从句及非限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句紧跟先行词,主句与从句不用逗号分开,从句不可省去,非限制性定语从句主句与从句之间有逗号分开,起补充说明作用,如省去,意思仍完整。

关系代词的用法

1.that 既可以用于指人,也可以用于指物。在从句中作主语或宾语,作主语时不可省略,作宾语可省略。例如:

Mary likes music that is quiet and gentle. 玛丽喜欢轻柔的音乐。(that作主语)The coat (that) I put on the desk is blue. 我放在桌子上的那件外套是蓝色的。(that作宾语)

2.which用于指物,在句中作主语或宾语,作主语不可省略,作宾语可省略。例如:

The building which stands near the train station is a supermarket. 位于火车站附近的那座大楼是一家超市。(作主语)

The film we saw (which) last night was wonderful. 我们昨天晚上看的那部电影很好看。(作宾语)

3.who, whom用于指人,who用作主语,whom用作宾语。在口语中,有时可用who代替whom,也可省略。例如:

T he girl who often helps me with my English is from England.

经常在英语方面帮助我的那个女孩是英国人。(作主语)

Who is the teacher (whom) Li Ming is talking to? 正在与李明谈话的老师是谁?(作宾语)

注意:

(1)当定语从句中含有介词,介词放在句末时,who, that, which可省略,但介词在关系代词前时,只能用“介词+which/whom”结构。例如:

This is the house in which we lived last year.这是我们去年居住的房子。

Please tell me whom you borrowed the English novel from. 请告诉我你从谁那借的这本英文小说。

(2)含有介词的固定动词词组中,介词不可前置,只能放在原来的位置上。例如:This is the person whom you are looking for. 这就是你要找的那个人。

(3)that 作介词的宾语时,介词不能放它的前面,只能放在从句中动词的后面。例如:The city that she lives in is very far away. 她居住的城市非常远。

(4)关系词只能用that的情况:

a. 先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰,或本身是序数词、基数词、形容词最高级时,只能用that,而不用which.例如:

He was t he first person that passed the exam. 他是第一个通过考试的人。

b. 被修饰的先行词为all, any, much, many, everything, anything, none, the one 等不定代词时,只能用that,而不用which。例如:

Is there anything that you want to buy in the shop? 你在商店里有什么东西要买吗?

c. 先行词被the only, the very, the same, the last, little, few 等词修饰时,只能用that,而不用which。例如:

This is the same bike that I lost. 这就是我丢的那辆自行车。

d. 先行词里同时含有人或物时,只能用that,而不用which。例如:

I can remember well t he persons and some pictures that I saw in the room. 我能清楚记得我在那个房间所见到的人和一些照片。

e. 以who或which引导的特殊疑问句,为避免重复,只能用that.例如:

Who is the girl tha t is crying? 正在哭泣的那个女孩是谁?

f. 主句是there be 结构,修饰主语的定语从句用tha t,而不用which.例如:

There is a book on the desk tha t belongs to Tom. 桌子上那本书是汤姆的。

(5)关系词只能用which,而不用that 的情况:

a. 先行词为that, those时,用which,而不用that。例如:

What's that which is under the desk? 在桌子底下的那些东西是什么?

b. 关系代词前有介词时,一般用which,而不用that。例如:

This is the room in which he lives. 这是他居住的房间。

c. 引导非限制性定语从句,用which,而不用that。例如:

Tom came back,which made us happy. 汤姆回来了,这使我们很高兴。

关系副词的用法

(1)when指时间,其先行词表示时间,在句中作时间状语。例如:

This was t he time when he arrived. 这是他到达的时间。

(2)where指地点,其先行词表示地点,在句中作地点状语。例如:

This is place where he works. 这是他工作的地点。

(3)why 指原因,其先行词是原因,起原因状语作用。例如:

Nobody knows t he reason why he is often late for school. 没人知道他为什么上学总迟到。

which 和 as

在定语从句的非限制性定语中,which 和as 是容易混淆的。在很多情况下两者兼可互换,但在下列情况中不可互换:

(1)通常as 可以放在整句的句首,而which 只能在逗号之后,as 本身含有“正如”,as 在定语从句中既可是主语也可做宾语。

As appear from her paper, she has read widely in Romantic literature.

She is remarkable, as I have told you .

(2)which 在做非限制性定语从句关联词时可以无明确先行词,指前句整个的意思,如:She has married again, which surprises us.

all that 和 what

在定语从句中,许多人往往分不清all that 和what,what 实际上只引导名词性从句,它相当于all that 两个字,例如:

All that I know is that he has made up his mind to heave the country for a new place.

= What I know is that he has...

Critical reading is active reading.

批判性是主动阅读

active adj. 积极的;活跃的;主动的;有效的;现役的

n. 主动语态;积极分子

It involves more than just understanding what an author is saying. 这需要的不仅仅是理解作者在说什么。【注 2 】

本句是What 引导的名词性从句。

involves v. 包含;牵涉(involve的第三人称单数形式)

I don’t understand what he said.

Don’t involve me in your quarrel.

His rudeness is more than I can stand.

more than 超过,不只是

Critical reading involves questioning and evaluating what the author is saying, and forming your own opinions about what the author is saying.

批判性阅读需要对作品内容提出疑问并且做出评价,然后对作品内容形成自己的观点。

evaluating what the author is saying、what the author is saying两个名词性从句。

forming your own opinions形成你自己的意见

所谓名词性从句,就是指其作用相当于名词的从句,它包括主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句。

一、主语从句

1. 引导词:主语从句就是在复合句中用作主语的从句,引导主语从句的引导词主要有三类:一是that;二是whether;三是那些可以用作疑问词的词语,如what, who, which, when, where, how, why等。如:

That we shall be late is certain. 我们要晚了,这是确定无疑的。

What he says is not important. 他说的话并不重要。

How this happened is not clear to anyone. 这件事怎样发生的,谁也不清楚。

Which side wins makes no difference to him. 哪边赢他都无所谓。

Whether it will do us harm remains to be seen. 是否对我们有害还要看一看。

2. 形式主语:有时为了避免句子显得“头重脚轻”,可用it作形式主语放在句首,而把真正的主语放在句末。如:

It’s a pity that he didn’t come.很遗憾他没来。

It’s not yet known what she did. 她做什么还不得而知。

It was uncertain whether he could come or not. 他是否会来还不肯定。

这三句句首的it均为形式主语,相应的真主语分别是that he didn’t come / what she did / whether he could come or not。

二、表语从句

表语从句就是在复合句中用作表语的从句。一般说来,可用于引导主语从句的引导词也可用于引导表语从句,如that, what, who, which, when, where, how, why, whether等。如:

My idea is that we should do it right away. 我的意见是马上就干。

That is what he meant. 这就是他的意思。

The problem is how we can find him. 问题是我们如何找到他。

The morning is when I’m busiest. 早上是我最忙的时候。

That’s where you are wrong. 这就是你不对的地方。

That’s why he didn’t come. 这就是他没有来的缘故。

另外,表语从句还可以用as if, as though, because等来引导。如:

It is because he is too foolish. 那是因为他太蠢了。

It is not as though we were poor. 又不是我们家里穷。

三、宾语从句

1. 引导词:宾语从句就是在复合句中用作宾语的从句。一般说来,可用于引导主语从句的引导词也可用于引导宾语从句,如that, what, who, which, when, where, how, why, whether等。如:

We believe that he is honest. 我们相信他是诚实的。

She has got what she wanted. 她要的东西得到了。

I haven’t decided whether I should go. 我还没决定我是否会去。

I asked how he was getting on. 我问他情况怎样。

He asked when the train would get in. 他问火车什么时候进站。

He asked me where I was going. 他问我到哪儿去。

Please tell me which you like. 告诉我你喜欢哪一个。

He asked who lived next door. 他问谁住在隔壁。

She asked why he was silent. 她问他为什么一言不发。

2. if与whether:if通常不用于引导主语从句或表语从句,但可以用于引导宾语从句,与whether用法相同,常可互换。如:

I wonder if it’s large enough. 不知它是否够大。

She didn’t say if he was still alive. 她没说他是否还活着

但是,当于用于介词后引导宾语从句时,只能用whether,不能用if。如:

I worry about whether I hurt her feelings. 我为是否伤了她的感情而忧虑。

3. that的省略:that引导主语从句或表语从句时通常不省略,但引导宾语从句时通常可以省略。如:

She said (that) she didn’t want to know. 她说她不想知道。

I don’t think (that) she’s interested in it. 我想她对这事没有兴趣。

4. 否定转移:当主句主语为第一人称,且主句谓语动词为think, believe, suppose, expect, imagine等时,若其后接一个表示否定意义的宾语从句,此时通常应将否定转移到主句上。如:

I don’t think that he will leave. 我认为他不会离开。

I don’t believe that it is easy. 我相信这不会容易。

四、同位语从句

在复合句中用作同位语的从句叫同位语从句。所谓同位语,就是指两个语法单位指同一个人或事物,并且句法功能也一样,此时我们就把后一项称为前一项的同位语。所谓同位语从句,就是指用于名词后对该名词的内容进行说明解释的从句。如:

The judge paid no attention to the fact that she had just lost her husband. 法官毫不考虑她刚刚失去丈夫一事。

句中的that she had just lost her husband为修饰名词the fact的同位语从句,用以具体说明the fact的内容。

Mary suddenly got the feeling that someone was watching her. 玛丽突然感到有人在看她。

句中的that someone was watching her为修饰名词the feeling的同位语从句,用以具体说明the feeling的内容。

英语中只有少数名词可后接同位语从句,比较常见的有belief, doubt, fact, feeling, hope, idea, message, news, opinion等

另外,同位语从句的引导词也比较有限,主要是由that引导,有时可也可用when, how, where, whether, who等引导,但是不能用if也引导,也不能用what来引导。如:

2003年4月自考大学英语(二)试题及答案

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