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最新版微观经济学精品习题英文版 (with answer) (9)

最新版微观经济学精品习题英文版 (with answer) (9)
最新版微观经济学精品习题英文版 (with answer) (9)

Chapter 9 Application: International Trade

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. _ __ 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. _ __

1. Nations would gain from trade if a(n) ________ exists. ( c )

a.absolute advantage

b.specialization

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/0516520052.html,parative advantage

d.infant industry

2. If Canada has a comparative advantage over Denmark in the production of wood, this implies that ( b )

a.it requires fewer resources in Canada than in Denmark to produce wood.

b.the opportunity cost of producing wood in Canada is lower than in Denmark.

c.Denmark does not benefit by trading with Canada.

d.Canada should buy wood from Denmark.

3. Domestic producers gain from the opportunity to export goods to foreign countries because ( a )

a.the free-trade price of the good is higher than the domestic price in the

absence of trade.

b.producers are able to reach a wider market.

c.although the free-trade price is lower than in the absence of trade, producers

are able to sell a greater quantity.

d.production rises, although there is no change in the price of the good

compared to the no-trade situation.

4. If at the world equilibrium price the U.S. quantity demanded is greater than the U.S. quantity supplied, then ( a )

a.the United States will import the good.

b.the United States will export the good.

c.the world price will fall.

d.the world price will ris

e.

5. If the United States imports shoes in a free-trade situation, we can infer that ( c )

a.the domestic production of shoes in a no-trade situation is lower than if there

is free trade.

b.domestic consumption of shoes is higher in a no-trade situation than if there is

free trade.

c.the domestic price of shoes in a no-trade situation is higher than the free-trade

world price.

d.the domestic price of shoes in a no-trade situation is lower than the free-trade

world price.

6. With international trade ( d )

a.producers and consumers in both countries must gain; otherwise, there would

be no trade.

b.producers in both countries must gain.

c.consumers in both countries must gain.

d.consumer surplus in the country that imports the good rises.

7. A tariff and an import quota will both ( c )

a.increase the quantity of imports and raise domestic price.

b.increase the quantity of imports and lower domestic price.

c.reduce the quantity of imports and raise domestic price.

d.reduce the quantity of imports and lower domestic pric

e.

8. One big difference between tariffs and quotas is that tariffs ( b )

a.raise the priced of a good while quotas lower it.

b.generate tax revenues while quotas do not.

c.stimulate international trade while quotas inhibit it.

d.hurt domestic producers while quotas help them.

9. Suppose the United States decides to impose a $1,000 tax on every Japanese minivan sold in the United States. This is an example of ( a )

a. a tariff.

b. a subsidy.

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/0516520052.html,parative disadvantage.

d. a quota.

微观经济学试题库(含答案)

一、单选题(70题) 1. 下列哪一种资源是最不具有稀缺性的() A.医生;B.苹果;C.铁矿石;D.空气; 2. 下列中的哪一个问题是最有可能被微观经济学家所研究的() A. 一般物价的膨胀; B. 整个经济中的失业; C. 总产出的增长率; D. 汽车行业中的劳动就业; 3. 下列中的哪一个属于规范经济问题() A. 通货膨胀和失业是由什么引起的 B. 政府应该雇用所有失业的工人吗 C. 消费者如何对较低的价格做出反应 D. 收入与储蓄之间的关系是什么 4. 经济学有时被称作社会科学的皇后,这是因为:() A.它强调经济增长和经济发展; B. 几乎所有的学生都必须学习经济学; C. 它的边际分析方法广泛应用于其他学科; D. 规范经济学和实证经济学的区别。 5. 经济学家的理性行为假定:() A.仅仅在其提供有效预测的限度内才是有用的。 B.导致错误的理论,因为人们并非总是理性的。 C.只有当所有人都是理性的,才是有用的。 D.不管人们是否为理性的,都是有效的。 6. 微观经济学研究(),宏观经济学研究()。 A.现实的经济问题,抽象的经济理论;B.个量经济,总量经济 C.理性行为,非理性行为;D.企业行为,政府行为 7.经济学可定义为()。 A.政府对市场制度的干预 B.企业赚取利润的活动 C.研究稀缺资源如何有效配置的问题 D.个人的生财之道 8.“资源是稀缺的”是指() A.资源是不可再生的 B.资源必须留给下一代 C.资源终将被耗费殆尽 D.相对于需求而言,资源总是不足的. 9.失业问题如果反映在生产可能性曲线图上,可记为() A.生产可能性曲线内的一点 B.生产可能性曲线上的一点

中级微观经济学考试试题复习资料完整版

一.简答题 1.机会成本相关 答:是指为了得到某种东西而所要放弃另一些东西的最大价值。 在稀缺性的世界中选择一种东西意味着放弃其他东西。一项选择的机会成本,也就是所放弃的物品或劳务的价值。机会成本是指在资源有限条件下,当把一定资源用于某种产品生产时所放弃的用于其他可能得到的最大收益。 2.劣等品和低档品的逻辑推导(P78) 答:低档品或劣等品(inferior goods):指消费量随收入的上升而下降的物品。 对于正常商品,替代效应与价格呈反方向变动,收入效应也与价格成反方向变动,所以总效应与价格成反方向变动,因此正常商品的需求曲线向右下方倾斜。对于低档品来说,替代效应与价格成反方向变动,收入效应与价格同向变动,但替代效应大于收入效应的作用,总效应与价格反方向变动,需求曲线向右下方倾斜。吉芬商品,替代效应与价格反方向变动,收入效应与价格通向变动,收入效应极大地大于替代效应,使总效应与价格同向变动,其需求线向右上方倾斜。 二.计算题 1.生产理论:已知企业的生产函数要素价格需求函数企业生产量 求:市场长期均衡的产品价格和企业数量 EG A: 已知生产函数为Q=KL-0.5L2—0.32K2,其中Q表示产量,K表示资本,L表示劳动,若 K=10,求: (1)写出劳动的平均产量函数和边际产量函数。 (2)分别计算出当总产量、平均产量和边际产量达到极大值时,厂商雇佣的劳动量。

(3)证明当APL 达到最大值时,APL=MPL=2 AN A: (1)TP=Q=10L-0.5L^2-30 把K=10带进去 边际产量(MPL )函数 就是上式对L 求导。MPL=10-L 平均产量(APL )函数 就是总产量除以投入的劳动。APL=TP/L=10-0.5L-30/L (2)当TP 最大时,MPL=0。令MPL=10-L=0 ,解得L=10,所以当劳动投入量L=10时,劳动的总产量TP 达到极大值。 当APL 最大时,是APL 与MPL 相交的时候。令APL 的导数=0,解得L=2倍根号15(负值舍去),所以当劳动投入量L=2倍根号15 时,劳动的平均产量达到极大值。 当MPL 最大时,是TP 以递减的速度增加。由MPL=10-L 可知,边际产量曲线是一条斜率为负的直线。考虑到劳动投入量总是非负的,所以劳动投入量L=0时,劳动的边际产量达到极大值。 (3)当劳动的平均产量APL 达到极大值时,一定有APL=MPL 。由(2)可知,当L=2倍根号15 时,劳动的平均产量APL 达到极大值, 即相应的极大值为 APLmax=10-0.5 * 2倍根号15-30/2倍根号15 =10-2倍根号15 又因为APL 达到极大值,有APL=MPL 所以 边际产量函数MPL=10-2倍根号15 很显然,当APL 一定有极大值时,APL=MPL=10-2倍根号15 EN B: 5.某完全竞争行业中每个厂商的长期成本函数为 。假设市场需求函数是。试求市场的均衡价格,数量和厂商数目. 解:已知LTC q q q =-+3248,则LAC q q =-+248,欲求LAC 的最小值,只要令d d LAC q =0,即 q -=240,q=2。 当每个厂商的产量为q=2时,长期平均成本最低,其长期平均成本为:224284LAC =-?+=。当价格p 等于长期平均成本4时,厂商既不进入,也不退出,即整个行业处于均衡状态。故行业长期供给函数即供给曲线是水平的,行业的长期供给函数为p=4。 需求曲线为d Q p =-2000100,而行业的供给函数为p=4。 所以行业需求量d Q =-?=200010041600 。 由于每个厂商长期均衡产量为2,若有n 个厂商,则供给量QS=2n 。行业均衡时,Qd=QS ,即 1600=2n ,n=800。故整业行个均衡价格为4,均衡产量为1600,厂商有800家。 EN C . 某竞争 行业所有厂商的规模都相等,都是在产量达到500单位时达到长期平均成本的最低点4元,当用最优的企业规模生产600单位产量时,每一个企业的短期平均成本为4.5元,市场需求函数为 ,供给函数为Q =40000+2500P ,求解下列问题: (1)市场均衡价格是多少?该行业处于短期均衡还是长期均衡? (2)当处于长期均衡时,该行业有多少厂商?

最新版微观经济学精品习题英文版 (with answer) (9)

Chapter 9 Application: International Trade 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. _ __ 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. _ __ 1. Nations would gain from trade if a(n) ________ exists. ( c ) a.absolute advantage b.specialization https://www.sodocs.net/doc/0516520052.html,parative advantage d.infant industry 2. If Canada has a comparative advantage over Denmark in the production of wood, this implies that ( b ) a.it requires fewer resources in Canada than in Denmark to produce wood. b.the opportunity cost of producing wood in Canada is lower than in Denmark. c.Denmark does not benefit by trading with Canada. d.Canada should buy wood from Denmark. 3. Domestic producers gain from the opportunity to export goods to foreign countries because ( a ) a.the free-trade price of the good is higher than the domestic price in the absence of trade. b.producers are able to reach a wider market. c.although the free-trade price is lower than in the absence of trade, producers are able to sell a greater quantity. d.production rises, although there is no change in the price of the good compared to the no-trade situation. 4. If at the world equilibrium price the U.S. quantity demanded is greater than the U.S. quantity supplied, then ( a ) a.the United States will import the good. b.the United States will export the good. c.the world price will fall. d.the world price will ris e.

(完整版)微观经济学试题与答案

微观经济学试题 出题人:郑勇 一、单选题(每题2分,共20分) 1、经济学研究的基本问题是() A、怎样生产 B、生产什么,生产多少 C、为谁生产 D、以上都是 2、下列各项哪一项会导致一国生产可能性曲线向外移动() A、失业 B、有用性资源增加或技术进步 C、通货膨胀 D、经济能力增长惟一决定于劳动力数量 3、保持所有其它因素不变,某种商品的价格下降将导致() A、失业 B、有用性资源增加或技术进步 C、通货膨胀 D、经济能力增长惟一决定于劳动力数量 4、若某行业中许多生产者生产一种标准化产品,我们可以估计到其中任何 一个生产者的需求将是:() A、毫无弹性 B、有单元弹性 C、缺乏弹性 D、富有弹性 5、如果人们收入水平提高,食物在总支出中的比重将() A、大大增加 B、稍有增加 C、下降 D、不变 6、若无差异曲线上任一点的斜率为:-1/2,这意味着消费者有更多x的时, 他更愿意放弃()单位x而获得一单位y。 A、1/2 B、2 C、1 D、1.5 7、恩格尔曲线从()导出 A、价格——消费曲线 B、收入——消费曲线 C、需求曲线 D、无差异曲线 8、使用自有资金也应计算利息收入,这种利息从成本角度看是() A、固定成本 B、隐含成本 C、会计成本 D、生产成本 9、长期成本曲线呈“U”型的原因与()有关 A、规模报酬 B、外部经济与不经济 C、要素的边际生产 D、固定成本与可变成本所占比重 10、在拐折需求曲线模型中,拐点左右两边的需求弹性是() A、左边大,右边小 B、左边小,右边大 C、左右一样大 D、、以上均不对 二、判断是非题(每题1分,共10分) (注:对的打“√”,错的打“×”) 1、实证经济学回答的问题是:应该是什么() 2、对于一个正常品来说,它的替代品价格上涨时,它的需求曲线回向右上 方移动()

曼昆微观经济学英文版课后练习题第一章

曼昆微观经济学英文版课后练习题第一章

————————————————————————————————作者:————————————————————————————————日期: 1

1 Chapter 1 Ten Principles of Economics Multiple Choice 1. The word that comes from the Greek word for "one who manages a household" is a. market. b. consumer. c. producer. d. economy. ANS: D DIF: 1 REF: 1-0 TOP: Economy MSC: Definitional 2. The word “economy” comes from the Greek word oikonomos , which means a. “environment.” b. “production.” c. “one who manages a househol d.” d. “one who makes decisions.” ANS: C DIF: 1 REF: 1-0 TOP: Economy MSC: Definitional 3. Resources are a. scarce for households but plentiful for economies. b. plentiful for households but scarce for economies. c. scarce for households and scarce for economies. d. plentiful for households and plentiful for economies. ANS: C DIF: 1 REF: 1-0 TOP: Resources, Scarcity MSC: Interpretive 4. Economics deals primarily with the concept of a. scarcity. b. poverty. c. change. d. power. ANS: A DIF: 1 REF: 1-0 TOP: Scarcity MSC: Definitional 5. Which of the following questions is not answered by the decisions that every society must make? a. What determines consumer preferences? b. What goods will be produced? c. Who will produce the goods? d. Who will consume the goods? ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: 1-0 TOP: Economies MSC: Interpretive 6. The overriding reason as to why households and societies face many decisions is that a. resources are scarce. b. goods and services are not scarce. c. incomes fluctuate with business cycles. d. people, by nature, tend to disagre e. ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: 1-0 TOP: Scarcity MSC: Interpretive 7. The phenomenon of scarcity stems from the fact that a. most economies’ production methods are not very good. b. in most economies, wealthy people consume disproportionate quantities of goods and services. c. governments restricts production of too many goods and services. d. resources are limited. ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: 1-0 TOP: Scarcity MSC: Interpretive

微观经济学题库完整

债券的有效收益率(effective yield) 递增规模报酬(increasing returns to scale) 支持价格(support price) 寻租(rent seeking) 公共产品(public goods) 产权(Property Rights)与所有权(Ownership); 劣等品(Inferior Goods)与吉芬品(Giffen Goods); 均衡(Equilibrium)与非均衡(Non-equilibrium); 公共产品(Public Goods)与私人产品(Private Goods) 私人成本(Private Cost)与社会成本(Social Cost); 边际替代率(Marginal Rate of Substitution)与边际技术替代率(Marginal Rate of Technical Substitution); 产业集中指数(Industrial Concentration Index) 勒纳指数(Lerner’s Index)与贝恩指数(Bain’s Index); 价格歧视(Price Discrimination)与二重价(Two-part Tariff); 占优均衡(Dominant Equilibrium)与纳什均衡(Nash Equilibrium). 规模经济(Economies of scale)与范围经济(Economies of scope) 交易成本(Transactions costs)与沉没成本(Sunk cost) 纵向兼并(Vertical merger)与横向兼并(Horizontal merger) 不完善信息(Imperfect information)与不对称信息(Asymmetric information) 基尼系数(Gini coefficient)和价格指数(Price index) 微观经济学于宏观经济学 需求 供给 均衡价格 消费者剩余 生产者剩余 需求弹性 供给弹性 效用 基数效用论 边际效用递减规律 序数效用论 无差异曲线 预算约束线 消费者均衡 收入效应与替代效应 柯布-道格拉斯函数 生产函数 边际收益递减规律 规模报酬 内在经济与外在经济 生产要素投入的经济区域 生产要素最优组合 利润最大化原则 机会成本与经济成本 短期成本与长期成本 成本函数 厂商均衡 完全竞争 完全竞争厂商(行业)的供给曲线 完全竞争厂商的关闭点(停止生产点) 完全垄断 产品差别 垄断竞争 寡头垄断 折拐的需求曲线 差别/歧视价格

曼昆微观经济学课后练习英文答案(第七章)

rkets WHAT’S NEW IN THE SIXTH EDITION: There are no major changes to this chapter. LEARNING OBJECTIVES: By the end of this chapter, students should understand: the link between buyers’ willingness to pay for a good and the demand curve. how to define and measure consumer surplus. the link between sellers’ costs of producing a good and the supply curve. how to define and measure producer surplus. that the equilibrium of supply and demand maximizes total surplus in a market. CONTEXT AND PURPOSE: Chapter 7 is the first chapter in a three-chapter sequence on welfare economics and market efficiency. Chapter 7 employs the supply and demand model to develop consumer surplus and producer surplus as a measure of welfare and market efficiency. These concepts are then 7 CONSUMERS, PRODUCERS, AND THE EFFICIENCY OF MARKETS

微观经济学题库完整版

第一章导论 一、选择题 1、下列哪一种资源是最不具稀缺的?() A、医生; B、苹果; C、铁矿石; D、经济学课程; E、空气。 2、下列中的哪一个属于规范经济问题?() A、通货膨胀和失业是由什么引起的? B、政府应该雇用所有失业的工人吗? C、消费者如何对较低的价格做出反映? D、收入和储蓄之间的关系是什么? 3、经济学可定义为( )。 A、政府对市场经济的调节 B、企业获取报酬的活动 C、研究如何最合理地分配稀缺资源及不同的用途 D、人们靠工资生活 4、经济学主要是研究( )。 A、与稀缺性和选择有关的问题 B、如何在证券市场上盈利 C、何时无法作出选择 D、用数学方法建立模型 5、“资源是稀缺的”是指( )。 A、世界上大多数人生活在贫困中 B、相对于资源的需求而言,资源总是不足的 C、资源必须保留给下一代 D、世界上的资源最终要被消耗光 6、经济物品是指( ) A、有用的物品 B、稀缺的物品 C、市场上贩卖的物品 D、有用且稀缺的物品 7、一国生产可能性曲线以内的一点表示( )

A、供给大于需求 B、失业或者资源未被充分利用 C、该国可利用的资源减少以及技术水平降低 D、资源得到最适度分配使用 8、生产可能性曲线说明的基本原理是( )。 A、一国资源总能被充分利用 B、假定所有经济资源能得到充分有效的利用,则只有减少一种物品的生产才能 导致另—种物品生产的增加 C、改进技术会引起生产可能性曲线向内移动 D、经济能力增长惟一取决于劳动力的数量 9、下列各项中哪一项会导致一国生产可能性曲线向外移动()。 A、失业 B、通货紧缩 C、资源增加或者技术进步 D、消费品生产减少,资本品生产下降 10、经济学研究的基本问题是( )。 A、怎样生产 B、生产什么,生产多少 C、为谁生产 D、以上都包括 11、下列命题中哪一个不是实证经济学命题( )。 A、 1982年8月美联储把贴现率降到10% B、1981年失业率超过9% C、联邦所得税对中等收入家庭是不公平的 D、社会保险税的课税依据现己超过30000美元 12、微观经济学所要论证的根本思想或目的是 A、一般均衡论 B、“看不见的手”的原理 C、整个资本主义经济可以实现有效率的资源配置 D、完全竞争市场下可以实现帕累托最优 二、简答题 1、什么是西方经济学? 2、试述西方经济学企图解决的两个问题及两重属性。

曼昆微观经济学第四版关键概念中英文对照

微观经济学关键概念中英文对照 CHAPTER 1 scarcity稀缺性 economics经济学 efficiency效率 equity平等 opportunity cost机会成本 rational people理性人 marginal changes边际变动 incentive激励 market economy市场经济 property rights产权 market failure市场失灵 externality外部性 market power市场势力 productivity生产率 inflation通货膨胀 business cycle经济周期

CHAPTER 2 circular-flow diagram循环流向图production possibilities frontier生产可能性边界 microeconomics微观经济学 macroeconomics宏观经济学 positive statements实证表述 normative statements规范表述 CHAPTER 3 absolute advantage绝对优势 opportunity cost机会成本 comparative advantage比较优势 imports进口 exports出口 CHAPTER 4 market市场 competitive market竞争市场 quantity demanded需求量 law of demand需求定理 demand schedule需求表 demand curve需求曲线

normal good正常物品 inferior good低档物品 substitutes替代品 complements互补品 quantity supplied供给量 law of supply供给定理 supply schedule供给表 supply curve供给曲线 equilibrium均衡 equilibrium price均衡价格 equilibrium quantity均衡数量 surplus过剩 shortage短缺 law of supply and demand供求定理 CHAPTER 5 elasticity弹性 price elasticity of demand需求价格弹性 total revenue总收益 income elasticity of demand需求收入弹性cross-price elasticity of demand需求的交叉价格弹性price elasticity of supply供给价格弹性

微观经济学考试题库(含答案完整版)

第一章引论 一、单选题(70题) 1. 下列哪一种资源是最不具有稀缺性的? () A.医生;B.苹果;C.铁矿石;D.空气; 2. 下列中的哪一个问题是最有可能被微观经济学家所研究的? () A. 一般物价的膨胀; B. 整个经济中的失业; C. 总产出的增长率; D. 汽车行业中的劳动就业; 3. 下列中的哪一个属于规范经济问题? () A. 通货膨胀和失业是由什么引起的? B. 政府应该雇用所有失业的工人吗? C. 消费者如何对较低的价格做出反应? D. 收入与储蓄之间的关系是什么? 4. 经济学有时被称作社会科学的皇后,这是因为:() A.它强调经济增长和经济发展; B. 几乎所有的学生都必须学习经济学; C. 它的边际分析方法广泛应用于其他学科; D. 规范经济学和实证经济学的区别。 5. 经济学家的理性行为假定:() A.仅仅在其提供有效预测的限度内才是有用的。 B.导致错误的理论,因为人们并非总是理性的。 C.只有当所有人都是理性的,才是有用的。 D.不管人们是否为理性的,都是有效的。 6. 微观经济学研究(),宏观经济学研究()。 A.现实的经济问题,抽象的经济理论;B.个量经济,总量经济 C.理性行为,非理性行为;D.企业行为,政府行为 7.经济学可定义为()。 A.政府对市场制度的干预 B.企业赚取利润的活动 C.研究稀缺资源如何有效配置的问题 D.个人的生财之道 8.“资源是稀缺的”是指() A.资源是不可再生的 B.资源必须留给下一代 C.资源终将被耗费殆尽 D.相对于需求而言,资源总是不足的. 9.失业问题如果反映在生产可能性曲线图上,可记为()

曼昆的《微观经济学原理》课业笔记 英文版

Ch 1 Ten Principles of economic ?Scarcity: the limited nature of society’s resources ?Economics: the study of how society manages its scarce resources, e.g. ?There are 10 principle of economic which are needed to be remember throughout. ?People face trade-off 1. Individual(time,money) and society(efficiency vs equality). ?Cost of something is what your give up to get it.\ 1. The opportunity cost of any item is whatever must be given up to obtain it. ?Rational people thinking at margin(effect of one additional item) 1. This principle assume that everyone is rational people(made their decision base on their interests) this was addressed on Adam Smith's Wealth of Nation. ?People respond to incentives(诱惑物) 1. This statement reveals that human psychology is a important feature in economic study. ?Trade can make everyone better-off 1.Ex: trade of agricultural product and technology between Japan and America, it will break the law of PPF. It involved absolute advantages(low input) and comparative advantage(low opportunity cost win) ?Markets are usually a good way to organize economy activity. 1.Markets can balance the price. ?Government can sometime improve market outcome. ? A country's standard of living depends on its ability to produce goods and services. ?Price rise when government print too much money.

微观经济学题库及答案详解

微观经济学试题(卷1答案) 一、名词解释(每题5分,共20分) 1、需求规律 在影响需求的其他因素既定的条件下,即商品的需求量与其价格之间存在着反向的依存关系,这一规律称为需求规律。 2、边际替代率 在效用水平保持不变的前提条件下,消费者增加一单位第一种商品可以代替的另外一种商品的消费数量,被称为第一种商品对第二种商品的边际替代率。 3、扩展线 扩展线是指在生产技术和要素价格保持不变的条件下,对应不同产量水平的最优要素投入组合点的轨迹。 4、公共物品 公共物品是指供整个社会即全体社会成员共同享用的物品,如国防、警务之类。这些公共物品只能由政府以某种形式来提供。这是由其消费的非排他性和非竞争性决定的。非排他性指一产品为某人消费的同时,无法排斥别人也不消费这一物品。非竞争性指公共物品可以同时为许多人所消费,且增加一名消费者的消费的边际成本为零,即一个人对这种物品的消费不会减少可供别人消费的量。 二、简答题(每题10分,共30分) 1、用替代效应和收入效应之间的关系解释低档商品和吉芬商品之间的区别。 当某低档商品的价格下降时,替代效应倾向于增加此商品的需求量,但收入效应则倾向于减少此商品的需求量。如果替代效应强于收入效应,此低档商品的需求曲线的斜率为负,这是最常见的情形;但如果收入效应等于替代效应,需求曲线呈垂线;如替代效应弱于收入效应,需求曲线的斜率为正,此物品被称为吉芬商品。由此可见,低档商品不一定为吉芬商品,低档商品是指收入和需求量之间的反向关系;而吉芬商品是因低档商品中的收人效应足够强以致于使该商品的价格与需求量发生了同方向变动。 2、在完全竞争条件下,试问: ⑴如果行业中每个企业都处于长期均衡状态,整个行业是否必定处于长期均衡状态,反之亦然否? ⑵如果企业和行业中都处于长期均衡状态,它们是否必定处于短期均衡状态,反之亦然否? ⑴如果行业中每个企业都处于长期均衡状态,则此时LMC SMC P ==。但是整个行业处于长期均衡的话,则不但要求LMC SMC P ==,还要求LAC SAC LMC SMC P ====。LMC SMC P ==不一定就有LAC SAC LMC SMC P ====。可见,即使每个企业都处于长期均衡状态,整个行业还不一定处于长期均衡状态。但LAC SAC LMC SMC P ====时,必定有LMC SMC P ==,即如果整个行业处于长期均衡状态,则行业中的每个企业必定处于长期均衡状态。 ⑵如果企业和行业中都处于长期均衡状态,即LAC SAC LMC SMC P ====,则企业必然处于短期均衡状态,因为企业短期均衡的条件是`SMC P =。如果所有企业都处于长期均衡状态,产品的价格和产量不再发生变动,那么该行业也就处于短期均衡状态。但当行业和企业处于短期均衡时,行业和企业不一定处于长期均衡状态。因为如上所述,SMC P =不一定有LAC SAC LMC SMC P ====。 3、在要素市场上,厂商利润极大化原则是什么?为什么? 厂商购买或雇佣生产要素是为了生产并销售产品以获取利润,厂商出售产品可获得收益,生产产品则需要花费成本。厂商在收益与成本之间权衡的结果是,为了获得最大利润,生产要素的使用量应当选择在边际收益产品等于边际要素成本之处,此即要素市场上厂商利润极大化原则。因为厂商在决定要素使用量时,一方面要考虑增加要素使用量能增加多少产品产量进而销售收益,即边际收益产品,另一方面要考虑增加要素使用量会增加多少成本,即边际要素成本。如果在某一要素使用量水平下边际收益产品大于边际要素成本,这意味着此时增加一单位要素使用量所带来的总收益的增加量将大于增加使用这单位要素所引起的总成本的增加量,因此增加的这单位要素使用量可以给厂商带来额外的利润,厂商将增加使用这单位要素,而且只要边际收益产品大于边际要素成本,厂商总是会增加要素使用量以增加利润;反之则反。 三、计算题(每题15分,共30分) 1、假定某人把一天的时间用作睡觉(S )、工作(W )和消费(C )三种用途。他在睡觉和消费中得到的效用函数为4 341),(C S C S U =。再假定此人在消费时每小时要花费6元钱,在工作时每小时可赚4元钱,而且他消费时的收入来源于他的工作所得,问: ⑴如果此人想效用最大,他应各花多少时间用来睡觉、工作和消费? ⑵睡觉和消费的机会成本各为多少?

曼昆微观经济学课后练习英文答案完整版

曼昆微观经济学课后练 习英文答案 集团标准化办公室:[VV986T-J682P28-JP266L8-68PNN]

the link between buyers’ willingness to pay for a good and the demand curve. how to define and measure consumer surplus. the link between sellers’ costs of producing a good and the supply curve. how to define and measure producer surplus. that the equilibrium of supply and demand maximizes total surplus in a market. CONTEXT AND PURPOSE: Chapter 7 is the first chapter in a three-chapter sequence on welfare economics and market efficiency. Chapter 7 employs the supply and demand model to develop consumer surplus and producer surplus as a measure of welfare and market efficiency. These concepts are then utilized in Chapters 8 and 9 to determine the winners and losers from taxation and restrictions on international trade. The purpose of Chapter 7 is to develop welfare economics—the study of how the allocation of resources affects economic well-being. Chapters 4 through 6 employed supply and demand in a positive framework, which focused on the question, “What is the equilibrium price and quantity in a market” This chapter now addresses the normative question, “Is the equilibrium price and quantity in a market the best possible solution to the resource allocation problem, or is it simply the price and quantity that balance supply and demand” Students will discover that under most circumstances the equilibrium price and quantity is also the one that maximizes welfare.

英文版微观经济学复习提纲Chapter 5. Economic efficiency, government price setting and taxes

5 Economic Efficiency, Government Price Setting, and Taxes Chapter Summary Although rent controls no longer in Australia, many governments around the world, such as Malaysia and the U.S., have placed ceilings on the maximum rent some landlords can charge for some apartments and houses. Governments also impose taxes in some markets. To understand the economic impact of government in markets it is necessary to understand consumer surplus and producer surplus. Consumer surplus is the dollar benefit consumers receive from buying goods and services at market prices less than the maximum prices they would be willing to pay. Producer surplus is the dollar benefit producers receive from selling goods and services at prices greater than the minimum prices they would be willing to accept. In a competitive market with no externalities the equilibrium price for a good or service occurs where the marginal cost of the last unit produced and sold is equal to the marginal benefit consumers receive from the last unit bought. At this same level of output, economic surplus, the sum of consumer and producer surplus, is maximized. Although price controls on rent no longer exist in Australia, there are many other examples of the government setting prices, such as the minimum wage in labour markets (a “floor price”). Compared to the competitive equilibrium, price ceilings and price floors reduce economic efficiency. A tax on the sale of a good or service also reduces economic efficiency. The burden of a tax (or tax incidence) is the degree to which consumers or producers actually pay the tax. The incidence of a tax depends on how responsive producers and consumers are to the price change caused by the tax. Learning Objectives When you finish this chapter you should be able to: 1Understand the concepts of consumer surplus and producer surplus. Consumer surplus is the benefit consumers receive from paying a price lower than the maximum price they would be willing to pay. Producer surplus is the benefit a firm receives from selling a good or a service at a price higher than the minimum the firm would be willing to accept. Economic surplus is the sum of consumer surplus plus producer surplus. 2Understand the concept of economic efficiency, and use a graph to illustrate how economic efficiency is reduced when a market is not in competitive equilibrium. An economically efficient outcome occurs when a competitive market equilibrium is reached. Maximum economic efficiency results when the marginal benefit received by consumers from the last unit bought equals the marginal

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