最新英文版宏观经济学期末考试试卷(附答案)
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1．In the United States real GDP is reported each quarter.
a.These numbers are adjusted to make them measure at annual and seasonally adjusted rates.
b.These numbers are adjusted to make them annual rates, but no adjustment for seasonal
variations are made.
c.These numbers are quarterly rates that have been seasonally adjuste
d.
d.These numbers are at quarterly rates and have not been seasonally adjusted.
2．The price of CD players increases dramatically, causing a 1 percent increase
in the
CPI. The price increase will most likely cause the GDP deflator to increase by
a.more than 1 percent.
b.less than 1 percent.
c. 1 percent.
d.It is impossible to make an informed guess without more information.
3．If increases in the prices of U.S. medical care cause the CPI to increase by 2 percent, the GDP deflator will likely increase by
a.more than 2 percent.
b. 2 percent.
c.less than 2 percent.
Assume that the closing price was also the average price at which each stock transaction took place.
What was the total dollar volume of Gillette stock traded that day?
a. $912,840,000
b. $91,284,000
c. $9,128,400
d. $912,840
7．Suppose that in a closed economy GDP is equal to 10,000, taxes are equal to 2,500 Consumption equals 6,500 and Government expenditures equal 2,000. What are private saving, public saving, and national saving?
a. 1500, 1000, 500
b. 1000, 500, 1500
c. 500, 1500, 1000
d. None of the above are correct.
economic growth.
d. All of the above are correct.
6．Use the following table to answer the following
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d. All of the above are correct.
8．Risk-averse people will choose different asset portfolios than people who are not risk averse. Over a long period of time, we would expect that
d. diminishing returns for low levels of capital, and increasing returns for
high
5． Which of the following is correct?
a. Political instability can reduce foreign investment, reducing growth.
b. Gary's Becker proposal to pay mothers in developing countries to keep
their children in school has not worked very well in practice. c. Policies designed to prevent imports from other countries generally increase person.
9． The natural rate of unemployment is the
a. unemployment rate that would prevail with zero inflation.
b. rate associated with the highest possible level of GDP.
4． The traditional view of the production process is that capital is subject to
a. constant returns.
b. increasing returns.
c. diminishing returns.
levels of capital.
a. every risk-averse person will earn a higher rate of return than every non-risk averse person.
b. every risk-averse person will earn a lower rate of return than every non-risk averse
person.
c. the average risk-averse person will earn a higher rate of return than the average non-risk
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c.difference between the long-run and short-run unemployment rates.
d.amount of unemployment that the economy normally experiences.
10．Suppose that the reserve ratio is 5 percent and that a bank has $1,000 in deposits. Its required reserves are
a.$5.
b. $50.
c. $95.
d. $950.
11．Suppose a bank has $200,000 in deposits and $190,000 in loans. It has a reserve ratio of
a. 5 percent
b.9.5 percent
c.10 percent
d.None of the above is correct.
12．The inflation tax
a.transfers wealth from the government to households.
b.is the increase in income taxes due to lack of indexation.
c.is a tax on everyone who holds money.
d.All of the above are correct.
13．In 1898, prospectors on the Klondike River discovered gold. This discovery caused an unexpected price level
a.decrease that helped creditors at the expense of debtors.
b.decrease that helped debtors at the expense of creditors.
c.increase that helped creditors at the expense of debtors.
d. increase that helped debtors at the expense of creditors.
14．Ivan, a Russian citizen, sells several hundred cases of caviar to a restaurant chain in the United States. By itself, this sale
a.increases U.S. net exports and has no effect on Russian net exports.
b.increases U.S. net exports and decreases Russian net exports.
c.decreases U.S. net exports and has no effect on Russian net exports.
d.decreases U.S. net exports and increases Russian net exports.
15．Suppose that the real exchange rate between the United States and Kenya is defined 精品文档
In real terms, U.S. goods are more expensive than goods in which country(ies)?
a.Brazil and Mexico
b.Japan, Sweden, and Thailand
c.Japan and Sweden
d.Thailand.
in terms of baskets of goods. Which of the following will increase the real exchange rate (that is increase the number of baskets of Kenyan goods a basket of U.S. goods buys)?
a. an increase in the number of Kenyan shillings that can be purchased with a dollar
b. an increase in the price of U.S. baskets of goods
c. a decrease in the price in Kenyan shillings of Kenyan goods
d. All of the above are correct.
16．Use the (hypothetical) information in the following table to answer the next question.
17．Which of the following would tend to shift the supply of dollars in foreign-currency exchange market of the open-economy macroeconomic model to the left?
a. The exchange rate rises.
b. The exchange rate falls.
c. The expected rate of return on U.S. assets rises.
d. The expected rate of return on U.S. assets falls.
18．The real exchange rate equals the relative
a. price of domestic and foreign currency.
b. price of domestic and foreign goods.
c. rate of domestic and foreign interest.
d. None of the above is correct.
19．In the open-economy macroeconomic model, if the supply of loanable funds increases, the interest rate
c.the price level and real GDP both to stay the same.
d.All of the above are possibl
e.
23．Suppose the economy is in long-run equilibrium. In a short span of time, there is a large influx of skilled immigrants, a major new discovery of oil, and a major new technological advance in electricity production. In the short run, we would expect
a.the price level to rise and real GDP to fall.
b.the price level to fall and real GDP to rise.
c.the price level and real GDP both to stay the same.
d.All of the above are possibl
e.
24．According to liquidity preference theory, the money supply curve is
a.upward sloping.
b.downward sloping.
c.vertical.
d.horizontal.
The initial effect of an increase in the budget deficit in the loanable funds market is illustrated as
a move from
a. a to
b.
b. a to
c.
c. c to b.
d. c to d.
21．When the government spends more, the initial effect is that
a.aggregate demand shifts right.
b.aggregate demand shifts left.
c.aggregate supply shifts right.
d.aggregate supply shifts left.
22．Suppose the economy is in long-run equilibrium. In a short span of time, there is a sharp increase in the minimum wage, a major new discovery of oil, a large influx of immigrants, and new environmental regulations that reduce
electricity production. In the short run, we would expect
a.the price level to rise and real GDP to fall.
b.the price level to fall and real GDP to rise. 25．When the Fed buys government bonds, the reserves of the banking system
a.increase, so the money supply increases.
b.increase, so the money supply decreases.
c.decrease, so the money supply increases.
d.decrease, so the money supply decreases.
26．According to the theory of liquidity preference, an increase in the price level causes the
a.interest rate and investment to rise.
b.interest rate and investment to fall.
c.interest rate to rise and investment to fall.
d.interest rate to fall and investment to ris
e.
27．If the stock market crashes,
a.aggregate demand increases, which the Fed could offset by increasing the money supply.
b.aggregate demand increases, which the Fed could offset by decreasing the money supply.
c.aggregate demand decreases, which the Fed could offset by increasing the money supply.
d.aggregate demand decreases, which the Fed could offset by decreasing the money supply. 28．If the MPC = 3/5, then the government purchases multiplier is
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a. and the real exchange rate increase.
b. and the real exchange rate decrease.
c. increases and the real exchange rate decreases.
d. decreases and the real exchange rate increases. 20．For the following question, use the graph below.
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b.5/2.
c. 5.
d. 15.
29.Ifthe government raises government expenditures, in the ShOrt run, PriCeS
a.rise and Unemployment falls.
b.fall and Unemployment rises.
c.and Unemployment rise.
d.and unemployment fall.
30.Ifthe Iong-run PhilliPS CUrVe ShiftS to the left, for any given rate Of money growth and
inflatiOn the economy WiII have
a.higher Unemployment and IOWer output.
b.higher Unemployment and higher output.
c.IOWer Unemployment and IOWer output.
d.IOWer Unemployment and higher output.
31.When an AmeriCan doctor OPens a PraCtiCe in BermUda, his PrOdUCtiOn there is Part of U.S. GDP. F
32.In CoUntries Where WOmen are CIiSCriminated against, POliCieS that inCreaSe their Career and educatiOnal OPPOrtUnities are Iikely to inCreaSe the birth rate. F
33.MiChael Kramer found that WOrICl growth rates have inCreaSeCl as POPUIatiOn has. T
34.SUPPOSe a Small ClOSeCl economy has GDP Of $5 billion, ConSUmPtiOn Of $3 billion, and GOVernment expenditures Of $1 billion. Then domestic inVeStment and national SaVing are both $1 billion. T
35.ACCOrCIing to the efficient markets hypothesis, at any moment in time, the market PriCe is the best guess Of the COmPany's ValUe based On available information. T
36.ACCOrCIing to the efficient markets hypothesis, StOCkS follow a random Walk SO that StOCkS that increase in PriCe One year are more Iikely to inCreaSe than decrease in the next year. F 37.In the United States, blacks and WhiteS have SimiIar IabOr force PartiCiPatiOn rates, but blacks have a higher Unemployment rate. T
a. 5/3.
38.ACCOrCIing to the theory Of efficiency wages, firms OPerate more efficiently if they Can Pay WageS that
are below the equilibrium level. F
39.In the months Of NOVember and DeCember, PeOPle in the United StateS hold a Iarger Part Of their money
in the form Of CUrrency because they intend to ShOP for the holidays. AS a result, the money SUPPly inCreaSeS,ceteris ParibUS .F
40.IrI the 1990s, U.S. PriCeS rose at about the Same rate as in the 1970s,F
41.ACCOrding to the theory Of PUrChaSing-power parity, the real exchange rate defined as foreign goods Per
Unit Of U.S. goods WiII equal the domestic PriCe IeVel CIiVideCl by the foreign PriCe level. F
https://www.sodocs.net/doc/0518234137.html, CaPital OUtflOW represents the quantity Of dollars SUPPIied in the foreign-cuιτency exchange
market.T
43. If POIiCymakerS impose import restrictiOnSon automobiles, the U.S. trade deficit WOUICl Shrink. F
44.
MOSt econo mists believe that CIaSSiCaI theory explai ns the WOrICl in the ShOrt run, but not the Iong run. F 45.BeCaUSe not all PriCeS adjust instantly to Changing Conditions, an Unexpected fall in the PriCe IeVel
IeaVeS SOme firms With higher-than-desired prices, and these higher-than-desired PriCeS depress SaIeS and
induce firms to reduce the quantity Of goods and SerViCeS they produce. T
46.AIl explanations for the UPWard SlOPe Of the ShOrt-rUn aggregate SUPPly CUrVe SUPPOSe that OUtPUt SUPPlieeI inCreaSeS When the PriCe IeVel inCreaSeS more than expected.T
47.BOth the multiplier and the in VeStme nt accelerator tend to make the aggregate dema nd CUrVe Shift farther than the inCreaSe in government expenditures. T
48.DUring recessiOns, the government tends to run a budget deficit. T
49.If macroec OnomiC POliCy expa nds aggregate dema nd, Un employme nt WiII fall and in flati On WiII rise in
the ShOrt run.T
50.The analysis Of Friedman and PhelPS argues that any Change in inflatiOn that is expected has no impact On the Unemployment rate.T
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、名词解释（每小题2 分，共10
分）
will be little incentive for foreigners to invest in the real or financial assets of the country.
The distortion of incentives will reduce efficiency in resource allocation and will reduce saving
and investment which in turn will reduce the standard of living.
51．diminishing returns: the property whereby the benefit from an extra unit of an
input declines as the quantity of the input increases.
52．nominal exchange rate: the rate at which a person can trade the currency of
one country for the currency of another.
53．crowding-out effect: the offset in aggregate demand that results when
expansionary fiscal policy raises the interest rate and thereby reduces investment
spending.
54．stagflation: a period of falling output and rising
prices.
55．automatic stabilizers: changes in fiscal policy that stimulate aggregate demand
when the economy goes into a recession without policymakers having to take any
deliberate action.
四、简答题（ 8题中任选6 题；每小题5 分，共
30 分）
56．Why are property rights important for the growth of a nation's standard of living?
Property rights are an important prerequisite for the price system to work in a
market economy. If an individual or company is not confident that claims over
property or over the income from property can be protected, or that contracts can
be enforced, there will be little incentive for individuals to save, invest, or
57．Suppose that you are a broker and people tell you the following about themselves. What sort of bond
would you recommend to each? Defend your choices.
a. "I am in a high federal income tax bracket and I don't want to take very much risk."
A municipal bond, because generally they have low credit risk and are not subject to federal income
tax.
b. "I want a high return and I am willing to take a lot of risk to get it."
A junk bond. Because of their high risk, they have a high return.
c. "I want a decent return and I have enough deductions that I don't value tax breaks highly."
A corporate bond that isn't a junk bond. Because they have more risk than government bonds and have
no special tax treatment, they pay moderate rates of return.
58．Draw a simple T-account for First National Bank of Me, which has $5,000 of deposits, a reserve ratio of
10 percent, and excess reserves of $300.
First National Bank of Me
Assets Liabilities
Reserves $800 Deposits $5,000
Loans $4,200
59．What are the costs of inflation?
The costs of inflation include "shoeleather costs," the cost of reducing your money holdings to
reduce your inflation tax; "menu costs," the costs of price adjustments; the costs of resource
misallocation that result from the relative-price variability induced by inflation; the costs of
inflation-induced tax distortions; the costs of confusion and inconvenience; and the costs associated
with the arbitrary redistribution of wealth that accompany unexpected inflation.
60．Make a list of things that would shift the long-run aggregate supply curve to the right.
Examples in the text (or variations) include increased immigration, a decrease in the minimum wage,
more generous unemployment insurance, an increase in the capital stock, an increase in the average
level of education, a discovery of new mineral deposits, technology, and removal of barriers to
international trade.
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精品文档64. Assume the economy is in a recession. Explain how each of the following policies would affect consumption and investment. In each case, indicate any direct effects, any effects resulting from changes in total output, any effects resulting from changes in interest rate, and the overall effect. If there are conflicting effects making the answer ambiguous, say so. a). a reduction in taxes; b) an expansion of the money supply.
a) 税收减少增加了储蓄的收益、减少了投资的成本，但税收减少对储蓄和投资的影响要视情况而定。储蓄的增加取决于储蓄的税收弹性，如果储蓄的税收弹性大，则消费会大量减少，反之，消费不会减少许多；投资的增加也取决于投资的税收弹性，如果投资的税收弹性大，则投资会大量增加，反之，投资不会增加多少。它的总效应不确定，这要看储蓄的税收效应和投资的税收效应的大小。
b) 货币供给的扩张减低了利率，利率下降意味着投资成本和消费下降，因而会刺激消费和投资增加，这是一种产生于利率变动的间接效应。它的总效应是增加社会总需求。
65. In 1939, with the U.S. economy not yet fully recovered from the Great Depression, President Roosevelt proclaimed that Thanksgiving would fall a week earlier than usual so that the shopping period before Christmas would be longer. Explain this decision, using the model of aggregate demand and aggregate supply.
当罗斯福总统宣布感恩前一周时，刺激了居民的消费支出，经济中对物品与劳务的需求会增加，从而总需求曲线从AD 1右移到AD 2.随着经济从A点变动到B点，产量从Y1增加到Y2，
Over time technological advances cause the long-run aggregate supply curve to shift
right. Increases in the money supply cause the aggregate demand curve to shift
right. Output growth puts downward pressure on the price level, but money supply
growth contributes to rising prices.
62．Why do economists think that the wealth effect and exchange-rate effect are not very
important factors in explaining why aggregate demand slopes downward, at least in the
United States?
The wealth effect is not very important because it operates through changes in the
real value of money, and money is only a small fraction of household wealth. So it
is unlikely that changes in the price level will lead to large changes in
consumption spending through this channel. The exchange-rate effect is not very
important in the United States because trade with other countries represents a
relatively small fraction of U.S. GDP.
63．Describe the process in the money market by which the interest rate reaches its
equilibrium value if it starts above equilibrium.
If the interest rate is above equilibrium, there is an excess supply of money.
People with more money than they want to hold given the current interest rate
deposit the money in banks and buy bonds. The increase in funds to lend out causes
the interest rate to fall. As the interest rate falls, the quantity of money
demanded increases, which tends to diminish the excess supply of money.
P2.
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物价水平众P1升至
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《宏观经济学》试卷於考答案
I.a2.d 3.c4.c5.a6.b7.b8.d 9.d 10.b 11.a 12.c13.d 14.d 15.d 16.d 17.c18.b 19.b20.c
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21 .a 22.d 23.b 24.c 25.a 26.c 27.c 28.b 29.a 30.d
31 .F 32. F 33.T 34.T 35.T 36.F 37.T 38.F 39.F 40.F 41 .F 42.T 43.F 44.F 45.T 46.T 47.T 48.T 49.T 50.T
51 .the PrOPerty Whereby the ben efit from an extra Unit Of an in PUt decli nes as the qua ntity Of the in PUt in CreaSes.
52.the rate at WhiCh a PerSOn Can trade the CUrrency Of One CoUntry for the CUrrency Of another.
53.the OffSet in aggregate dema nd that results When expa nsionary fiscal POliCy raises the in
terest rate and thereby reduces inVeStment SPeriding.
54. a PeriOd Offalling OUtPUt and rising prices.
55.cha nges in fiscal POliCy that StimUlate aggregate dema nd When the economy goes into a recessi On WithOUt POliCymakerS having to take any deliberate action.
56.Property rights are an important PrereqUiSite for the PriCe SyStem to WOrk in a market economy. If an in CliVicIUaI Or COmPa ny is not con fide nt that ClaimS OVer PrOPerty Or OVer the in COme from PrOPerty Can be PrOteCtecI, Or that Con tracts Can be en forced, there WiII be Iittle incentive for in CIiVidUalS to save, in vest, Or Start new businesses. Likewise, there WiII be IittIe incentive for foreigners to inVeSt in the real OrfinanCiaI assets Of the country. The CIiStOrtiOn OfinCentives WiII reduce efficiency in resource allocatiOn and WiII reduce SaVing and inVeStment WhiCh in turn WiII reduce the Standard Of living.
57. a. A municipal bond, because gen erally they have IOW CreCIit risk and are not SUbjeCt to federal in COme tax.
b.AjUnkbond. BeCaUSe Of their high risk, they have a high return.
c. A COrPOrate bond that isrΓt a junk bon
d. BeCaUSe they have more risk than government bonds
and have no SPeCial tax treatment, they Pay moderate rates Of return.
58.First NatiOnal Bank Of Me
ASSetS LiabilitieS
ReSerVeS $800 DePOSitS $5,000
LOanS $4,200
59.The COStS Of in flati On in ClUde "shoeleather costs," the COSt Of red u ci ng your money holdi ngs to reduce your inflatiOn tax; "menu costs," the COStS Of PriCe adjustments; the COStS Of resource misallocation that result from the relative-price Variability induced by inflation; the COStS Of
inflatiOn-induced tax CIiStOrtiOns;
the COStS OfCOnfUSion and inconvenience; and the COStS associated With the arbitrary redistributiOn Of
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wealth that accompany unexpected inflation.
60.Examples in the text (or variations) include increased immigration, a decrease in the minimum wage, more generous unemployment insurance, an increase in the capital stock, an increase in the average level of education, a discovery of new mineral deposits, technology, and removal of barriers to international trade.
61.See graph. to fall. As the interest rate falls, the quantity of money demanded increases, which tends to
diminish the excess supply of money.
64. a) 税收减少增加了储蓄的收益、减少了投资的成本，但税收减少对储蓄和投资的影
响要视情况而定。储蓄的增加取决于储蓄的税收弹性，如果储蓄的税收弹性大，则消费
会大量减少，反之，消费不会减少许多；投资的增加也取决于投资的税收弹性，如果投
资的税收弹性大，则投资会大量增加，反之，投资不会增加多少。它的总效应不确定，
这要看储蓄的税收效应和投资的税收效应的大小。
b) 货币供给的扩张减低了利率，利率下降意味着投资成本和消费下降，因而会刺激消费
和投资增加，这是一种产生于利率变动的间接效应。它的总效应是增加社会总需求。
65. 当罗斯福总统宣布感恩前一周时，刺激了居民的消费支出，经济中对物品与劳务的需求会增加，从而总需求曲线从AD 1右移到AD 2.随着经济从A点变动到B点，产量从Y1增加到Y 2，物价水平众P1升至P2.
Over time technological advances cause the long-run aggregate supply curve to
shift right. Increases in the money supply cause the aggregate demand curve to
shift right. Output growth puts downward pressure on the price level, but money supply growth contributes to rising prices.
62.The wealth effect is not very important because it operates through changes in
the real value of money, and money is only a small fraction of household wealth. So
it is unlikely that changes in the price level will lead to large changes in consumption spending through this channel. The exchange-rate effect is not very important in the United States because trade with other countries represents a relatively small fraction of U.S. GDP.
63. If the interest rate is above equilibrium, there is an excess supply of money. People with more money than they want to hold given the current interest rate deposit the money in banks and buy bonds. The increase in funds to lend out causes the
宏观经济学试题及答案99694
宏观经济学B卷答案 一、名词解释（10分每小题2分） 1GNP：国民生产总值。某国身份家的公民在一定时期内运用生产要素所能生产的全部最终产品的市场价值。 2、税收乘数：税收增加一个单位所引起的均衡国民收入增加的倍数。 3、货币流动偏好：由于货币具有使用上的灵活性人们宁肯牺牲利息收入来保持财富的心理倾向。 4、LM曲线：货币市场均衡时L m =，此时反映利率r和国民收入y之间对应关系的曲线。 5、扩张性的货币政策：货币当局通过改变货币供给m或利率r等金融杠杆进而使国民收入增加的政策。 二、单项选择（20分每小题2分） 1——5 DDADB 6——10 BBABC 三、简答题（20分每小题5分） 1、在其他条件不变的前提下，如果国家增加政府转移支付，IS曲线将如何移动， 请画图分析并说明理由。 答：在三部门经济中，IS曲线为 1 e g t tr r y d d αβββ ++-+- =-，当其他条 件不变，政府转移支付tr增加时，纵截距 e g t tr d αββ ++-+ 增大，斜率不变， 所以IS曲线向右上方平移。 2、什么是汇率？汇率有几种标价法？并举例说明。 答：汇率是一国货币交换另一国货币的比率。有直接标价法和间接标价法。直接标价法如：1美元=6.19人民币；间接标价法如：1人民币=1/6.19美元。 3、宏观经济政策目标是什么？为达到这些目标可采用的政策工具有哪些？ 宏观经济政策目标包括充分就业、物价稳定、经济增长和国际收支平衡。工具有财政政策和货币政策。财政政策又包括扩张性的财政政策和紧缩性的财政政策。货币政策又包括扩张性的货币政策和紧缩性的货币政策。
宏观经济学试题及答案解析
《宏观经济学》模拟试题及参考答案 第Ⅰ部分模拟试题 一、填空题（每空1分，共10分） 1、平均消费倾向表示与之比。 2、在二部门经济中，均衡的国民收入是和相等时的国民收入。 3、宏观财政政策包括政策和政策。 4、交易余额和预防余额主要取决于，投机余额主要取决于。 5、宏观货币政策的主要内容有调整法定准备金率、、。 1、消费支出、可支配收入。 2、总支出、国民收入。 3、财政支出、财政收入。 4、国民收入、利息率。 5、调整贴现率、在公开市场上买卖政府债券。 二、判断题（下列各题，如果您认为正确，请在题后的括号中打上“√”号，否则请打上“×”号，每题1分，共10分） 1、财政政策的内在稳定器有助于缓和经济的波动。（） 2、从短期来说，当居民的可支配收入为0时，消费支出也为0。（）。 3、消费曲线的斜率等于边际消费倾向。（） 4、当某种商品的价格上涨时，我们就可以说，发生了通货膨胀。（）， 5、投机动机的货币需求是国民收入的递增函数。（） 6、当投资增加时，IS曲线向右移动。（） 7、在IS曲线的右侧，I 第一章宏观经济学的课后答案 复习题 1、由于整个经济的事件产生于许多家庭与许多企业的相互作用，所以微观经济学和宏观经济学必然是相互关联的。当我们研究整个经济时，我们必须考虑个别经济行为者的决策。由于总量只是描述许多个别决策的变量的总和，所以宏观经济理论必然依靠微观经济基础。 2、经济学家是用模型来解释世界，但一个经济学家的模型往往是由符号和方程式构成。经济学家建立模型有助于解释GDP、通货膨胀和失业这类经济变量。这些模型之所以有用是因为它们有助于我们略去无关的细节而更加明确地集中于重要的联系上。模型有两种变量：内生变量和外生变量，一个模型的目的是说明外生变量如何影响内生变量。 3、经济学家通常假设，一种物品或劳务的价格迅速变动使得供给量与需求量平衡，即市场走向供求均衡。这种假设称为市场出清。在回答大多数问题时，经济学家用市场出清模型。 持续市场出清的假设并不完全现实。市场要持续出清，价格就必须对供求变动作出迅速调整。但是，实际上许多工资和价格调整缓慢。虽然市场出清模型假设所有工资和价格都是有伸缩性的，但在现实世界中一些工资和价格是粘性的。明显的价格粘性并不一定使市场出清模型无用。首先偷格并不总是呆滞的，最终价格要根据供求的变动而调整。市场出清模型并不能描述每一种情况下的经济，但描述了经济缓慢地趋近了均衡。价格的伸缩性对研究我们在几十年中所观察到的实际GDP增长这类长期问题是一个好的假设。 第二章宏观经济学数据 复习题 1、GDP既衡量经济中所有人的收入，又衡量对经济物品与劳务的总支出。 GDP能同时衡量这两件事，是因为这两个量实际上是相同的：对整个经济来说，收入必定等于支出。这个事实又来自于一个更有基本的事实：由于每一次交易都有一个买者和一个卖者，所以，一个买者支出的每一美元必然成为一个卖者的一美元收入。 2、CPI衡量经济中物价总水平。它表示相对于某个基年一篮子物品与劳务价格的同样一篮子物品与劳务的现期价格。 3、劳工统计局把经济中每个人分为三种类型：就业、失业以及不属于劳动力。一 失业率是失业者在劳动力中所占的百分比，其中劳动力为就业者和失业者之和。一 -I、奥肯定理是指失业与实际GDP之间的这种负相关关系。就业工人有助于生产物品与劳务，而失业工人并非如此。失业率提高必定与实际GDP的减少相关。舆肯定理可以概括为等式：实际GDP变动百分比-3%-2×失业率的变动，印如果失业率保持不变，实际GDP增长3% 左右。这种正常的增长率是由于人口增长、资本积累和技术进步引起的。失业率每上升一个百分比，实际GDP一般减少2个百分比。一 问题和应用一 1、大量经济统计数字定期公布，包括GDP、失业率、公司收益、消费者物价指数及贸易结余。GDP是一年内所有最终产品与劳务的市场价值。失业率是要工作的人中没有工作的人的比例。公司利润是所有制造企业税后会计利润，它暗示公司一般的财务健康情况。消费者物价指数是衡量消费者购买的物品的平均价格，它是通货膨胀的衡量指标。贸易结余是出口物品与进口物品之间的价差。一 2、每个人的增值是生产的物品的价值减去生产该物品所需的原材料的价值。因此，农夫增值是1美元，面粉厂的增值是2美元，面包店的增值是3美元。GDP就是总的增值，即为6 美元，它正好等于最终物品的价值。一 3、妇女与她的男管家结婚，GDP减少量等于男管家的工资。这是由于GDP是衡量经济中所有人 宏观经济学试题库 第一单元 一、单项选择题 1、宏观经济学的中心理论是（） A、价格决定理论； B、工资决定理论； C、国民收入决定理论； D、汇率决定理论。 2、表示一国在一定时期内生产的所有最终产品和劳务的市场价值的总量指标是（） A、国民生产总值； B、国内生产总值； C、名义国民生产总值； D、实际国民生产总值。 3、GNP核算中的劳务包括（） A、工人劳动； B、农民劳动； C、工程师劳动； D、保险业服务。 4、实际GDP等于（） A、价格水平除以名义GDP； B、名义GDP除以价格水平； C、名义GDP乘以价格水平； D、价格水平乘以潜在GDP。 5、从国民生产总值减下列项目成为国民生产净值（） A、折旧； B、原材料支出； C、直接税； D、间接税。 6、从国民生产净值减下列项目在为国民收入（） A、折旧； B、原材料支出； C、直接税； D、间接税。 二、判断题 1、国民生产总值中的最终产品是指有形的物质产品。（） 2、今年建成并出售的房屋和去年建成而在今年出售的房屋都应计入今年的国民生产总值。 （） 3、同样的服装，在生产中作为工作服就是中间产品，而在日常生活中穿就是最终产品。 （） 4、国民生产总值一定大于国内生产总值。（） 5、居民购房支出属于个人消费支出。（） 6、从理论上讲，按支出法、收入法和部门法所计算出的国民生产总值是一致的。（） 7、所谓净出口是指出口减进口。（） 8、在三部门经济中如果用支出法来计算，GNP等于消费＋投资＋税收。（） 三、简答题 1、比较实际国民生产总值与名义国民生产总值。 2、比较国民生产总值与人均国民生产总值。 3、为什么住房建筑支出作为投资支出的一部分？ 4、假定A为B提供服务应得报酬400美元，B为A提供服务应得报酬300美元，AB商定相 互抵消300美元，结果A只收B100美元。应如何计入GNP？ 第一单元答案： 一、C、A、D、B、A、D； 二、错、错、对、错、错、对、对、错； 三、1、实际国民生产总值与名义国民生产总值的区别在于计算时所用的价格不同。前者用不变价格，后者用当年价格。两者之间的差别反映了通货膨胀程度。 2、国民生产总值用人口总数除所得出的数值就是人均国民生产总值。前者可以反映一国的综合国力，后者可以反映一国的富裕程度。 3、由于能长期居住，提供服务，它比一般耐用消费品的使用寿命更长，因此把住房的 第一章结论 复习思考题： 1．重要概念：超长期；总供给曲线；实际GDP的趋势线；长期；总需求曲线；产出缺口；中期；菲利普斯曲线；潜在产出；短期；增长率；通货膨胀；增长理论；经济周期；消费价格指数；总供给-总需求模型 2．长期中为什么产出水平只取决于总供给？ 3．短期中为什么产出水平只取决于总需求？ 第二章国民收入核算 复习思考题： 1．重要概念：GDP；GNP；GDP缩减指数；CPI；PPI；生产要素；最终/中间产品；名义GDP/实际GDP；通货膨胀；名义利率/实际利率 2．下列交易的价值是否应当计入国内生产总值（GDP）？为什么？ （1）顾客在饭店支付餐费。 （2）一家公司购买一幢旧楼。 （3）一家供应商向制造个人计算机的公司出售计算机芯片。 （4）一位消费者从交易商手中买进一辆汽车。 3．国内生产总值（GDP）高是否一定意味着福利状况好呢？在评价经济福利状况时还应考虑哪些因素？ 4．.假定某经济社会有A、B、C三个厂商，A厂商年产出5000美元，卖给B、C和消费者。其中B买A 的产出200美元，C买2000美元，其中2800美元卖给消费者。B年产出500美元直接卖给消费者，C年产6000美元，其中3000美元由A买，其余由消费者买。 （1）假定投入在生产中用光，计算价值增加； （2）计算GDP为多少； （3）如果只有C有500美元折旧，计算国民收入。 5．假定GDP是6000美元，个人可支配收入是5100美元，政府预算赤字是200美元，消费是3800美元，外贸赤字是100美元，求： （1）储蓄S是多大； （2）投资I是多大； （3）政府支出是多大？ 第三章增长与积累 复习思考题： 1．重要概念：增长核算方程；柯布－道格拉斯生产函数；趋同；全要素生产率；索洛剩余；新古典增长理论；稳态均衡； 2．索络增长模型能否有助于解释趋同现象？ 宏观经济学 第十五章MEASUREING A NATION’S INCOME一国收入的衡量 Microeconomics the study of how households and firms make decisions and how they interact in markets. 微观经济学：研究家庭和企业如何做出决策，以及他们如何在市场上相互交易。 Macroeconomics the study of economy-wide phenomena,including inflation,unemployment,and economic growth 宏观经济学：研究整体经济现象，包括通货膨胀、失业和经济增长。 GDP is the market value of final goods and services produced within a country in a given period of time. 国内生产总值GDP：给定时期的一个经济体内生产的所有最终产品和服务的市场价值 Consumption is spending by households on goods and services, with the exception of purchased of new housing. 消费：除了购买新住房，家庭用于物品与劳务的支出。 Investment is spending on capital equipment inventories, and structures, including household purchases of new housing. 投资：用于资本设备、存货和建筑物的支出，包括家庭用于购买新住房的支出。 Government purchases are spending on goods and services by local, state, and federal government. 政府支出：地方、州和联邦政府用于物品和与劳务的支出。 Net export is spending on domestically produced goods by foreigners (exports) minus spending on foreign goods by domestic residents (imports) 净出口：外国人对国内生产的物品的支出（出口）减国内居民对外国物品的支出（进口）。 Nominal GDP is the production of goods and services valued at current prices. 名义GDP：按现期价格评价的物品与劳务的生产。 Real GDP is the production of goods and services valued at constant prices. 实际GDP：按不变价格评价的物品和服务的生产。 GDP deflator is a measure of the price level calculated as the ratio of nominal GDP to real GDP times 100. GDP平减指数：用名义GDP与实际GDP的比率计算的物价水平衡量指标。 第一章宏观经济学导论习题及参考答案 一、习题 1．简释下列概念： 宏观经济学、经济增长、经济周期、失业、充分就业、通货膨胀、GDP、GNP、名义价值、实际价值、流量、存量、萨伊定律、古典宏观经济模型、凯恩斯革命。 2．宏观经济学的创始人是（）。 A．斯密；B．李嘉图； C．凯恩斯；D．萨缪尔森。 3．宏观经济学的中心理论是（）。 A．价格决定理论；B．工资决定理论； C．国民收入决定理论；D．汇率决定理论。 4．下列各项中除哪一项外，均被认为是宏观经济的“疾病”（）。 A．高失业；B．滞胀； C．通货膨胀；D．价格稳定。 5．表示一国居民在一定时期内生产的所有最终产品和劳务 的市场价值的总量指标是（）。 A．国民生产总值；B．国内生产总值； C．名义国内生产总值；D．实际国内生产总值。 6．一国国内在一定时期内生产的所有最终产品和劳务的市 场价值根据价格变化调整后的数值被称为（）。 A．国民生产总值；B．实际国内生产总值； C．名义国内生产总值；D．潜在国内生产总值。 7．实际GDP等于（）。 A．价格水平/名义GDP；B．名义GDP/价格水平×100； C．名义GDP乘以价格水平；D．价格水平乘以潜在GDP。 8．下列各项中哪一个属于流量？（）。 A．国内生产总值；B．国民债务； C．现有住房数量；D．失业人数。 9．存量是（）。 A．某个时点现存的经济量值；B．某个时点上的流动价值； C．流量的固体等价物；D．某个时期内发生的经济量值。 10. 下列各项中哪一个属于存量？（）。 A. 国内生产总值； B. 投资； C. 失业人数； D. 人均收入。 11．古典宏观经济理论认为，利息率的灵活性使得（）。 A．储蓄大于投资；B．储蓄等于投资； C．储蓄小于投资；D．上述情况均可能存在。 12．古典宏观经济理论认为，实现充分就业的原因是（）。 A．政府管制；B．名义工资刚性； C．名义工资灵活性；D．货币供给适度。 13．根据古典宏观经济理论，价格水平降低导致下述哪一变量减少（）。 A．产出；C．就业； C．名义工资；D．实际工资。 14．在凯恩斯看来，造成资本主义经济萧条的根源是（）。 A．有效需求不足；B．资源短缺； C．技术落后；C．微观效率低下。 宏观经济学题库及答案 1.宏观经济学的创始人是(A)。 A.斯密; B.李嘉图; C.凯恩斯; D.萨缪尔森。 2.宏观经济学的中心理论是(C)。 A.价格决定理论; B.工资决定理论; C.国民收入决定理论; D.汇率决定理论。 3.下列各项中除哪一项外,均被认为是宏观经济的“疾病”(D)。 A.高失业; B.滞胀; C.通货膨胀; D.价格稳定。 4.表示一国居民在一定时期内生产的所有最终产品和劳务的市场价值的总量指标是(A)。 A.国民生产总值; B.国内生产总值; C.名义国内生产总值; D.实际国内生产总值。 5.一国国内在一定时期内生产的所有最终产品和劳务的市场价值根据价格变化调整后的数 值被称为(B)。 A.国民生产总值; B.实际国内生产总值; C.名义国内生产总值; D.潜在国内生产总值。 6.实际GDP等于(B)。 A.价格水平/名义GDP; B.名义GDP/价格水平×100; C.名义GDP乘以价格水平; D.价格水平乘以潜在GDP。 7.下列各项中属于流量的是(A)。 A.国内生产总值; B.国民债务; C.现有住房数量; D.失业人数。 8.存量是(A)。 A.某个时点现存的经济量值; B.某个时点上的流动价值; C.流量的固体等价物; D.某个时期内发生的经济量值。 9. 下列各项中哪一个属于存量?(C)。 A. 国内生产总值; B. 投资; C. 失业人数; D. 人均收入。 10.古典宏观经济理论认为,利息率的灵活性使得(B)。 A.储蓄大于投资; B.储蓄等于投资; C.储蓄小于投资; D.上述情况均可能存在。 11.古典宏观经济理论认为,实现充分就业的原因是(C)。 A.政府管制; B.名义工资刚性; C.名义工资灵活性; D.货币供给适度。 12.根据古典宏观经济理论,价格水平降低导致下述哪一变量减少(C)。 A.产出; B.就业; C.名义工资; D.实际工资。 13.在凯恩斯看来,造成资本主义经济萧条的根源是(A)。 A.有效需求不足; B.资源短缺; C.技术落后; D.微观效率低下。 14.下列各项中不是流量指标的是(D) A.消费支出; B.PDI; C.GDP; D.个人财富。 15.在国民收入核算账户中,下列各项中除了哪一项外均计入投资需求(D)。 A.厂商购买新的厂房和设备的支出; B.居民购买新住房的支出; C.厂商产品存货的增加; D.居民购买股票的支出。 精品文档 1．In the United States real GDP is reported each quarter. a.These numbers are adjusted to make them measure at annual and seasonally adjusted rates. b.These numbers are adjusted to make them annual rates, but no adjustment for seasonal variations are made. c.These numbers are quarterly rates that have been seasonally adjuste d. d.These numbers are at quarterly rates and have not been seasonally adjusted. 2．The price of CD players increases dramatically, causing a 1 percent increase in the CPI. The price increase will most likely cause the GDP deflator to increase by a.more than 1 percent. b.less than 1 percent. c. 1 percent. d.It is impossible to make an informed guess without more information. 3．If increases in the prices of U.S. medical care cause the CPI to increase by 2 percent, the GDP deflator will likely increase by a.more than 2 percent. b. 2 percent. c.less than 2 percent. Assume that the closing price was also the average price at which each stock transaction took place. What was the total dollar volume of Gillette stock traded that day? a. $912,840,000 b. $91,284,000 c. $9,128,400 d. $912,840 7．Suppose that in a closed economy GDP is equal to 10,000, taxes are equal to 2,500 Consumption equals 6,500 and Government expenditures equal 2,000. What are private saving, public saving, and national saving? a. 1500, 1000, 500 b. 1000, 500, 1500 c. 500, 1500, 1000 d. None of the above are correct. economic growth. d. All of the above are correct. 6．Use the following table to answer the following 精品文档 一、1、在一般情况下，国民收入核算体系中数值最小的是： A、国内生产净值 B、个人收入 C、个人可支配收入 D、国民收入 E、国内生产总值 2、下列哪一项应计入GDP中： A、面包厂购买的面粉 B、购买40股股票 C、家庭主妇购买的面粉 D、购买政府债券 E、以上各项都不应计入。 3、计入GDP的有： A、家庭主妇的家务劳动折算合成的收入 B、拍卖毕加索作品的收入 C、出神股票的收入 D、晚上为邻居照看儿童的收入 E、从政府那里获得的困难补助收入 4、在下列各项中，属于经济中的注入因素是 A、投资； B、储蓄； C、净税收； D、进口。 5、政府支出乘数 A、等于投资乘数 B、比投资乘数小1 C、等于投资乘数的相反数 D、等于转移支付乘数 E、以是说法都不正确 6、在以下情况中，投资乘数最大的是 A、边际消费倾向为0.7； B、边际储蓄倾向为0.2； C、边际储蓄倾向为0.4； D、边际储蓄倾向为0.3。 7、国民消费函数为C=80+0.8Y，如果消费增加100亿元，国民收入 A、增加100亿元； B、减少100亿元； C、增加500亿元； D、减少500亿元。 8、如果政府支出增加 A、对IS曲线无响应 B、IS曲线向右移动 C、IS曲线向左移动 D、以上说法都不正确 9、政府税收的增加将 A、对IS曲线无响应 B、IS曲线向右移动 C、IS曲线向左移动 D、以上说法都不正确 10、位于IS曲线左下方的收入与利率的组合，都是 A、投资大于储蓄； B、投资小于储蓄； C、投资等于储蓄； D、无法确定。 11、当经济中未达到充分就业时，如果LM曲线不变，政府支出增加会导致 A、收入增加、利率上升； B、收入增加、利率下降； C、收入减少、利率上升； D、收入减少、利率下降。 12、一般地，在IS曲线不变时，货币供给减少会导致 A、收入增加、利率上升； B、收入增加、利率下降； C、收入减少、利率上升； D、收入减少、利率下降。 13、如果现行产出水平为10万亿元，总需求为8万亿，可以断定，若经济不是充分就业，那么： A、就业水平将下降 B、收入水平将上升 C、收入和就业水平将均衡 D、就业量将上升 E、就业水平将上升，收入将下降 14、在流动陷阱（凯恩斯陷阱）中 A、货币政策和财政政策都十分有效 B、货币政策和财政政策都无效 C、货币政策无效，财政政策有效 D、货币政策有效，财政政策无效 E、以上说法都不正确 15、如果实施扩张性的货币政策，中央银行可采取的措施是 A、卖出国债； B、提高法定准备金比率； C、降低再贴现率； D、提高再贴现率； 16、如果名义利率为6%，通货膨胀率为12%，那么实际利率是 A、6%； B、18%； C、12%； D、-6%。 17、自发投资增加10亿元，会使IS曲线 A、右移10亿元 B、左移10亿元 C、右移10亿元乘以支出乘数 D、左移10亿元乘以乘数 18、由于经济萧条而出现的失业属于： A、摩擦性失业 B、结构性失业 C、周期性失业 D、自愿性失业 19、如果某人刚进入劳动力队伍尚未找到工作，这是属于 A、摩擦性失业 B、结构性失业 C、周期性失业 D、自愿性失业 20、根据哈罗德的分析，如果有保证的增长率大于实际增长率，经济将： A、累积性扩张 B、累积性萧条 C、均衡增长 宏观经济学复习题及答案 一、名词解释： 1、GDP与GNP GDP国内生产总值是指在一定时期内，一个国家或地区的经济中所生产出的全部最终产品和劳务的价值。 GNP国民生产总值是指一个国家地区的国民经济在一定时期内以货币表现的全部最终产品（含货物和服务）价值的总和。 2、CPI与PPI CPI消费者物价指数是对一个固定的消费品篮子价格的衡量，主要反映消费者支付商品和劳务的价格变化情况。 PPI生产者物价指数是用来衡量制造商出厂价的平均变化的指数。 3、财政政策与货币政策 财政政策指国家根据一定时期政治、经济、社会发展的任务而规定的财政工作的指导原则，通过财政支出与税收政策来调节总需求。 货币政策指中央银行为实现其特定的经济目标而采用的各种控制和调节货币供应量或信用量的方针和措施的总称，包括信贷政策、利率政策和外汇政策。 4、经济增长与经济发展 经济增长通常是指在一个较长的时间跨度上，一个国家人均产出（或人均收入）水平的持续增加。 经济发展是一家摆脱贫困落后状态，走向经济和社会生活现代化的过程。 5、挤出效应指政府支出增加所引起的私人消费或投资降低的效果。 6、结构性失业与结构性通货膨胀 结构性失业尽管劳动市场有职位空缺，但人们因为没有所需的技能，结果继续失业，也就是由于劳动力的供给和需求不匹配而造成的失业。 结构性通货膨胀是指物价上涨是在总需求并不过多的情况下，而对某些部门的产品需求过多，造成部分产品的价格上涨的现象。 7、适应性预期与理性预期 适应性预期是指人们在对未来会发生的预期是基于过去，在估计或判断未来的经济走势时，利用过去预期与过去实际间的差距来矫正对未来的预期。理性预期是在有效地利用一切信息的前提下，对经济变量作出的在长期中平均说来最为准确的，而又与所使用的经济理论、模型相一致的预期。 二、简答： 1、简述国民收入核算的两者基本方法。 答：1、支出法核算国民收入 就是通过核算在一定时期内整个社会购买最终产品和劳务的总支出，即最终产品和劳务的总卖价来核算国民收入的方法。产品和劳务的最后使用，除了家庭部门的消费，还有企业部门的投资，政府部门的购买及外贸部门的净出口。因此，用支出法核算国民收入，就是核算经济社会（指一个国家或一个地区）在一定时期内消费、投资、政府购买以及净出口这几方面支出的总和。 2、法核算国民收入 第20章货币制度 1、为什么银行不持有百分百的准备金银行持有的准备金量和银行体系所创造的货币量有什么关系 参考答案： 银行不持有百分百的准备金是因为把存款用于放贷并收取利息比持有全部存款更有利可图。银行持有的准备金量和银行体系通过货币乘数所创造的货币量是相关的。银行的准备金率越低，货币乘数越大，所以银行存款的每一元钱可以创造更多的货币 2、考察以下情况如何影响经济的货币制度。 a、假设雅普岛的居民发现了一种制造石轮的简单方法。这种发现如何影响石轮作为货币的有用性呢并解释之。 b、假设美国某个人发现了一种仿造100美元钞票的简单办法。这种发现将如何影响美国的货币制度呢并解释之。 参考答案： a、如果有一种制造石轮的简单方法，雅普岛上的居民就会制造多余的石轮，只要每个石轮的货币价值大于制造它的成本。结果，人们会自己制造货币，于是就有太多的货币被制造出来。最有可能的是，人们会停止接受石轮作为货币，而转向其他资产作为交换的媒介 b. 如果美国有人发现了伪造百元面值美钞的简单方法，他们就会大量地生产这种假钞，而降低百元美钞的价值，结果可能是转为使用另一种通货。 3、伯列戈瑞德州银行(BSB)有亿美元存款，并保持10％的准备率。 a)列出BSB的T账户。 b)现在假设BSB的大储户从其账户中提取了1000万美元现金。如果BSB决定通过减 少其未清偿贷款量来恢复其准备率，说明它的新T账户。 c)解释BSB的行动对其他银行有什么影响 d)为什么BSB要采取(b)中所描述的行为是困难的讨论BSB恢复其原来准备金率的另 一种方法。 参考答案： a. BSB的T账户如下：: b. 当BSB的大储户提取了1000万美金现金，而BSB通过减少其未清偿贷款量来恢复其准备率，它的T账户如下： Answers to Textbook Questions and Problems CHAPTER 7 Unemployment and the Labor Market Questions for Review 1. The rates of job separation and job finding determine the natural rate of unemployment. The rate of job separation is the fraction of people who lose their job each month. The higher the rate of job separation, the higher the natural rate of unemployment. The rate of job finding is the fraction of unemployed people who find a job each month. The higher the rate of job finding, the lower the natural rate of unemployment. 2. Frictional unemployment is the unemployment caused by the time it takes to match workers and jobs. Finding an appropriate job takes time because the flow of information about job candidates and job vacancies is not instantaneous. Because different jobs require different skills and pay different wages, unemployed workers may not accept the first job offer they receive. In contrast, structural unemployment is the unemployment resulting from wage rigidity and job rationing. These workers are unemployed not because they are actively searching for a job that best suits their skills (as in the case of frictional unemployment), but because at the prevailing real wage the quantity of labor supplied exceeds the quantity of labor demanded. If the wage does not adjust to clear the labor market, then these workers must wait for jobs to become available. Structural unemployment thus arises because firms fail to reduce wages despite an excess supply of labor. 3. The real wage may remain above the level that equilibrates labor supply and labor demand because of minimum wage laws, the monopoly power of unions, and efficiency wages. Minimum-wage laws cause wage rigidity when they prevent wages from falling to equilibrium levels. Although most workers are paid a wage above the minimum level, for some workers, especially the unskilled and inexperienced, the minimum wage raises their wage above the equilibrium level. It therefore reduces the quantity of their labor that firms demand, and creates an excess supply of workers, which increases unemployment. The monopoly power of unions causes wage rigidity because the wages of unionized workers are determined not by the equilibrium of supply and demand but by collective bargaining between union leaders and firm management. The wage agreement often raises the wage above the equilibrium level and allows the firm to decide how many workers to employ. These high wages cause firms to hire fewer workers than at the market-clearing wage, so structural unemployment increases. Efficiency-wage theories suggest that high wages make workers more productive. The influence of wages on worker efficiency may explain why firms do not cut wages despite an excess supply of labor. Even though a wage reduction decreases the firm’s wage bill, it may also lower worker productivity and therefore the firm’s profits. 4. Depending on how one looks at the data, most unemployment can appear to be either short term or long term. Most spells of unemployment are short; that is, most of those who became unemployed find jobs quickly. On the other hand, most weeks of unemployment are attributable to the small number of long-term unemployed. By definition, the long-term unemployed do not find jobs quickly, so they appear on unemployment rolls for many weeks or months. 5. Europeans work fewer hours than Americans. One explanation is that the higher income tax rates in Europe reduce the incentive to work. A second explanation is a larger underground economy in Europe as a result of more people attempting to evade the high tax rates. A third explanation is the greater importance of unions in Europe and their ability to bargain for reduced work hours. A final explanation is based on preferences, whereby Europeans value leisure more than Americans do, and therefore elect to work fewer hours. 宏观经济学部分 第十五章 一选择题 1、下列哪一项不是转移支付（） A 退伍军人的津贴； B 失业救济金； C 贫困家庭补贴； D 以上均不是。 2、作为经济财富的一种测定，GDP的基本缺点是（）。 A 它测定的是一国国民生产的全部产品的市场价值； B 它不能测定私人产出产量； C 它所用的社会成本太多； D 它不能测定与存货增加相联系的生产。 3、在国民收入核算体系中，计入GNP的政府支出是指（）。 A 政府购买物品的支出； B 政府购买物品和劳务的支出； C政府购买物品和劳务的支出加上政府的转移支付之和； D 政府工作人员的薪金和政府转移支付。 4、已知：消费额=6亿元，投资额=1亿元，间接税亿元，政府用语商品和劳务的支出费=亿元,出口额=2亿元,进口额=亿元,则（）。 A NNP=亿元 B GNP=亿元 C GNP=亿元 D NNP=5亿元 5所谓净出口是指（）。 A 出口减进口； B 进口减出口； C 出口加出口； D GNP减进口。 6在三部门经济中，如果用支出法来衡量，GNP等于（）。 A 消费+投资； B 消费+投资+政府支出； C消费+投资+政府支出+净出口 D 消费+投资+净出口。 7、计入国民生产总值的有（）。 A 家庭主妇的劳务折合成的收入； B 出售股票的收入； C 拍卖毕加索作品的收入； D 为他人提供服务所得收入。 8、国民生产总值与国民生产净值之间的差别是（）。 A 直接税； B 折旧； C 间接税； D 净出口。 9、按最终使用者类型，将最终产品和劳务的市场价值加总起来计算GDP的方法是（）。 A 支出法； B 收入法； C 生产法；D增加值法。 10、用收入法计算的GDP等于（）。 A 消费+投资+政府支出+净出口； B 工资+利息+地租+利润+间接税； C 工资+利息+中间产品+间接税+利润。 11、下列哪一项不是公司间接税（）。 A 销售税； B 公司所得税； C 货物税； D 公司财产税。 12、在统计中，社会保险税增加对（）项有影响。 A GDP B NDP C NI D PI。 三、名词解释 1、政府购买支出 第 20 章货币制度 1、为什么银行不持有百分百的准备金？银行持有的准备金量和银行体系所创造的货币量 有什么关系？ 参考答案： 银行不持有百分百的准备金是因为把存款用于放贷并收取利息比持有全部存款更有利 可图。银行持有的准备金量和银行体系通过货币乘数所创造的货币量是相关的。银行的准备金率越低，货币乘数越大，所以银行存款的每一元钱可以创造更多的货币 2、考察以下情况如何影响经济的货币制度。 a、假设雅普岛的居民发现了一种制造石轮的简单方法。这种发现如何影响石轮作为货 币的有用性呢？并解释之。 b、假设美国某个人发现了一种仿造100 美元钞票的简单办法。这种发现将如何影响美 国的货币制度呢？并解释之。 参考答案： a、如果有一种制造石轮的简单方法，雅普岛上的居民就会制造多余的石轮，只要每个 石轮的货币价值大于制造它的成本。结果，人们会自己制造货币，于是就有太多的货币被制 造出来。最有可能的是，人们会停止接受石轮作为货币，而转向其他资产作为交换的媒介 b.如果美国有人发现了伪造百元面值美钞的简单方法，他们就会大量地生产这种假 钞，而降低百元美钞的价值，结果可能是转为使用另一种通货。 3、伯列戈瑞德州银行(BSB)有 2.5 亿美元存款，并保持10％的准备率。 a)列出 BSB的 T 账户。 b) 现在假设BSB的大储户从其账户中提取了1000 万美元现金。如果 BSB决定通过减 少其未清偿贷款量来恢复其准备率，说明它的新T 账户。 c) 解释 BSB的行动对其他银行有什么影响？ d) 为什么 BSB要采取 (b) 中所描述的行为是困难的？讨论BSB恢复其原来准备金率的 另一种方法。 参考答案： a. 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