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2008-2015二级笔译实务真题及答案

2010年5 月英语二级笔译实务考试试题

实务英译汉－必译题

In the European Union, carrots must be firm but not woody, cucumbers must not be too curved and celery has to be free of any type of cavity. This was the law, one that banned overly curved, extra-knobbly or oddly shaped produce from supermarket shelves.

But in a victory for opponents of European regulation, 100 pages of legislation determining the size, shape and texture of fruit and vegetables have been torn up. On Wednesday, EU officials agreed to axe rules laying down standards for 26 products, from peas to plums.

In doing so, the authorities hope they have killed off regulations routinely used by critics - most notably in the British media - to ridicule the meddling tendencies of the EU.

After years of news stories about the permitted angle or curvature of fruit and vegetables, the decision Wednesday also coincided with the rising price of commodities. With the cost of the weekly supermarket visit on the rise, it has become increasingly hard to defend the act of throwing away food just because it looks strange.

Beginning in July next year, when the changes go into force, standards on the 26 products will disappear altogether. Shoppers will the be able to chose their produce whatever its appearance.

Under a compromise reached with national governments, many of which opposed the changes, standards will remain for 10 types of fruit and vegetables, including apples, citrus fruit, peaches, pears, strawberries and tomatoes.

But those in this category that do not meet European norms will still be allowed onto the market, providing they are marked as being substandard or intended for cooking or processing.

"This marks a new dawn for the curvy cucumber and the knobbly carrot," said Mariann Fischer Boel, European commissioner for agriculture, who argued that regulations were better left to market operators.

"In these days of high food prices and general economic difficulties," Fischer Boel added, "consumers should be able to choose from the widest range of products possible. It makes no sense to throw perfectly good products away, just because they are the 'wrong' shape."

That sentiment was not shared by 16 of the EU's 27 nations - including Greece, France, the Czech Republic, Spain, Italy and Poland - which tried to block the changes at a meeting of the Agricultural Management Committee.

Several worried that the abolition of standards would lead to the creation of national ones, said one official speaking on condition of anonymity because of the sensitivity of the discussions.

Copa-Cogeca, which represents European agricultural trade unions and cooperatives, also criticized the changes. "We fear that the absence of EU standards will lead member states to establish national standards and that private standards will proliferate," said its secretary general, Pekka Pesonen.

But the decision to scale back on standards will be welcomed by euro-skeptics who have long pilloried the EU executive's interest in intrusive regulation.

One such controversy revolved around the correct degree of bend in bananas - a type of fruit not covered by the Wednesday ruling.

In fact, there is no practical regulation on the issue. Commission Regulation (EC) 2257/94 says that bananas must be "free from malformation or abnormal curvature," though Class 1 bananas can have "slight defects of shape" and Class 2 bananas can have full "defects of shape."

By contrast, the curvature of cucumbers has been a preoccupation of European officials. Commission Regulation (EEC) No 1677/88 states that Class I and "Extra class" cucumbers are allowed a bend of 10 millimeters per 10 centimeters of length. Class II cucumbers can bend twice as much.

It also says cucumbers must be fresh in appearance, firm, clean and practically free of any visible foreign matter or pests, free of bitter taste and of any foreign smell.

Such restrictions will disappear next year, and about 100 pages of rules and regulations will go as well, a move welcomed by Neil Parish, chairman of the European Parliament's agriculture committee.

"Food is food, no matter what it looks like," Parish said. "To stop stores selling perfectly decent food during a food crisis is morally unjustifiable. Credit should be given to the EU agriculture commissioner for pushing through these proposals. Consumers care about the taste and quality of food, not how it looks."

参考译文

在欧盟，市场出售的胡萝卜必须脆而不糠，黄瓜也不能太弯，芹菜一点空心都不能有。因为过去法规禁止超市出售外形过弯、疙疙瘩瘩或者外形奇怪的农产品。

但是最终反对这条欧盟法规的人士取得了胜利，这意味着约100页规定果蔬尺寸、外形和质地的相关法规得以废除。周三，欧盟有关领导人同意废除对部分农产品的强制性标准，范围涉及豌豆、李子等26个品种。

In doing so, the authorities hope they have killed off regulations routinely used by critics - most notably in the British media - to ridicule the meddling tendencies of the EU.

以英国媒体为首，各界批评家常就这一法规对欧盟动辄插手干涉的作风冷嘲热讽。有关部门希望此举能息事宁人/ 正是基于这一现状促使有关部门将其废除。

With the cost of the weekly supermarket visit on the rise, it has become increasingly hard to defend the act of throwing away food just because it looks strange.

老百姓去超市购物的花费每周都在上涨，在这种情况下，就因为蔬菜水果长得不够标准就扔掉，实在说不过去。

Beginning in July next year, when the changes go into force, standards on the 26 products will disappear altogether. Shoppers will then be able to chose their produce whatever its appearance.

明年七月开始，这些法规将被正式废除。届时，26种产品的标准将会一齐消失。消费者将能够随心所欲地挑选商品，无论它们的摸样是好是坏。

因为不少欧盟国家政府反对废除这一法规。作为妥协，包括苹果、柑橘类、桃子、梨、草莓和番茄等10种蔬菜水果的相关标准将予以保留。

But those in this category that do not meet European norms will still be allowed onto the market, providing they are marked as being substandard or intended for cooking or processing.

不过就算上述这类果蔬达不到欧盟的标准，只要注明非达标产品或专为烹饪及加工使用，仍然允许其上市销售。

欧盟委员会农业委员玛丽安?菲舍尔?伯尔表示：“这标志着弯黄瓜和坑坑洼洼的胡萝卜能重回市场了”，并提倡这类法规应由市场上的经营者说了算。

"In these days of high food prices and general economic difficulties," Fischer Boel added, "consumers should

be able to choose from the widest range of products possible. It makes no sense to throw perfectly good products away, just because they are the 'wrong' shape."

菲舍尔?伯尔补充道：“在食品价格居高、经济普遍堪忧的境况下，应该为消费者提供尽可能多的产品来选择。只因为外形不符合标准就把质量上乘的产品扔掉，这种做法毫无道理”。

Such restrictions will disappear next year, and about 100 pages of rules and regulations will go as well, a move welcomed by Neil Parish, chairman of the European Parliament's agriculture committee.

到明年这些限制将会取消，同时约100页相关法律法规也会一并失效。对于这一举措，欧洲议会农业委员会主席Neil Parish表示赞同。

“不管长的怎么样，食品毕竟只是食品。在粮食危机的当下还禁止商家出售质量尚好的农产品，这从道德层面说不过去。欧盟委员会农业委员推动这些提案通过的做法值得称赞。毕竟，消费者关心的是食品味道和品质，而不是长得什么样”。

英译汉－选译题一

Ask mothers why babies are constantly picking things up from the floor or ground and putting them in their mouths, and chances are they'll say that it's instinctive - that that's how babies explore the world. But why the mouth, when sight, hearing, touch and even scent are far better at identifying things?

Since all instinctive behaviors have an evolutionary advantage or they would not have been retained for millions of years, chances are that this one too has helped us survive as a species. And, indeed, accumulating evidence strongly suggests that eating dirt is good for you.

In studies of what is called the hygiene hypothesis, researchers are concluding that organisms like the millions of bacteria, viruses and especially worms that enter the body along with "dirt" spur the development of a healthy immune system. Several continuing studies suggest that worms may help to redirect an immune system that has gone awry and resulted in autoimmune disorders, allergies and asthma.

One leading researcher, Dr. Joel Weinstock, the director of gastroenterology and hepatology at Tufts Medical Center in Boston, said in an interview that the immune system at birth "is like an unprogrammed computer. It needs instruction."

He said that public health measures like cleaning up contaminated water and food have saved the lives of countless children, but they "also eliminated exposure to many organisms that are probably good for us."

"Children raised in an ultra-clean environment," he added, "are not being exposed to organisms that help them develop appropriate immune regulatory circuits."

Studies he has conducted with Dr. David Elliott, a gastroenterologist and immunologist at the University of Iowa, indicate that intestinal worms, which have been all but eliminated in developed countries, are "likely to be the biggest player" in regulating the immune system to respond appropriately, Elliott said in an interview. He added that bacterial and viral infections seem to influence the immune system in the same way, but not as forcefully.

Most worms are harmless, especially in well-nourished people, Weinstock said. "There are very few diseases that people get from worms," he said. "Humans have adapted to the presence of most of them."

Ruebush deplores the current fetish for the hundreds of antibacterial products that convey a false sense of security and may actually foster the development of antibiotic-resistant, disease-causing bacteria. Plain soap and water are all that are needed to become clean, she noted.

摘自：https://www.sodocs.net/doc/016522705.html,/2009/01/27/health/27brod.html

汉译英

必译题讲的是中国与领国边界的问题

选译题一讲的是中国人出国旅游

选择题二是国人穿着的变化

2010年11 月英语二级笔译实务考试试题

EC第一篇

Offshore supply vessels resembling large, floating flat-backed trucks fill Victoria Dock, unable to find charters in a sign of the downturn in Britain's oil industry.

With UK North Sea oil and gas production 44 percent below its peak, self-styled oil capital of Europe Aberdeen fears the slowdown is not simply cyclical.

The oil industry that at one stage sparked talk of Scotland as "the Kuwait of the West" has already outlived most predictions.

Tourism, life sciences, and the export of oil services around the world are among Aberdeen's targeted substitutes for North sea oil and gas -- but for many the biggest prize would be to use its offshore oil expertise to build a renewable energy industry as big as oil.

The city aims to use its experience to become a leader in offshore wind, tidal power and carbon dioxide capture and storage.

Alex Salmond, head of the devolved Scottish government, told a conference in Aberdeen last month the market for wind power could be worth 130 billion pounds, while Scotland could be the "Saudi Arabia of tidal power."

"We're seeing the emergence of an offshore energy market that is comparable in scale to the market we've seen in offshore oil and gas in the last 40 years," he said.

Another area of focus, tourism, has previously been hindered by the presence of oil. Eager to put Aberdeen on the international tourist map, local business has strongly backed a plan by U.S. real estate tycoon Donald Trump for a luxury housing and golf project 12 km (8 miles) north of the city, even though it means building on a nature reserve.

The city also hopes to reorientate its vibrant oil services industry toward emerging offshore oil centers such as Brazil. "Just because the production in the North Sea starts to decline doesn't mean that Aberdeen as a global center also declines," said Robert Collier, Chamber of Commerce Chief Executive. "That expertise can still stay here and be exported around the world."

EC第二篇

We mark the passing of 800 years, and that is indeed a remarkable span for any institution. But history is never an even-flowing stream, and the most remarkable thing about modern Cambridge has been its enormous growth over the past half century. Since I came up as an undergraduate in 1961 the student population has more than doubled. More students have meant more teachers, and, even more significantly, more scholars devoted solely to research: every category has more than doubled in numbers. This huge increase has been partly absorbed by an expansion of the colleges: they all have more students and more Fellows than they did 50 years ago; and, since 1954, no fewer than 11 of the 31 colleges are either brand new foundations, or have been conjured up as new creations from existing but quite different bodies. From being a university primarily driven by undergraduate education, Cambridge's reputation is now overwhelmingly tied to its research achievements, which can be simply represented by the fact that more than three-quarters of its current annual income is devoted to research. This has brought not just new laboratories but new buildings to house whole faculties and departments: in the mid-20th century few faculties had a physical manifestation beyond, perhaps, a library and a couple of administrative offices.

Cambridge attracts the best students and academics because they find the University and the colleges stimulating and enjoyable places in which to live and work. The students are thrown in with similarly able minds,

learning as much from each other as from their teachers; the good senior academics know better than to be too hierarchical or to cut themselves off from intellectual criticism and debate.

One generation dismisses another: not even Erasmus or Newton, Darwin or Keynes stand unscathed by the passage of time; nor can we be but humbled, especially in our day when so much information is so easily accessible, by the vast store of knowledge which we can approach but never really control. Our library and museum collections bring us into contact with many lives lived in the past. They serve as symbols of the continuity of learning, or the diversity of views, of an obligation to wrestle with fact and argument, to come to our own conclusions, and in turn to be accountable for our findings. The real quest is not for knowledge, but for understanding.

CE第一篇

今天，是第14个“世界读书日”。联合国教科文组织此前向全世界发出“走向阅读社会”号召，鼓励人们尤其是年轻人发现阅读的乐趣。然而在这个物欲横流的年代，“读书”仿佛成了一个奢侈的愿望。

2008年公布的第五次国民阅读调查结果显示，中国户均年消费图书仅1.75本。2008年公布的第五次国民阅读调查结果显示，中国户均年消费图书仅1.75本。传统图书阅读率呈持续走低态势，阅读率为34.7%，比2005年降低了14%。至于不读书的原因，49.4%的人归结为“没有时间”，42.8%的人说“没有习惯”。

温家宝说，今天是“世界读书日”，大家通过读书和举办讲座等形式开展活动，这对于推动全民族养成读书的良好习惯，提倡读书好、好读书、读好书将起到促进作用。书籍是人类智慧的结晶。读书决定一个人的修养和境界，关系一个民族的素质和力量，影响一个国家的前途和命运。一个不读书的人、不读书的民族，是没有希望的。

CE第二篇

野生虎的狩猎过去怎么差，后来中国政府出台措施保护野生虎，提高了国民意识，缓解了国际上对于中国有关工作的批评。（具体的没有搜到原文），有类似于大型猫科动物这样的词汇....

2011年5月CA TTI二级笔译翻译实务英译中

Passage 1

Farms go out of business for many reasons, but few farms do merely because the soil has failed. That is the miracle of farming. If you care for the soil, it will last — and yield — nearly forever. America is such a young country that we have barely tested that. For most of our history, there has been new land to farm, and we still farm as though there always will be.

Still, there are some very old farms out there. The oldest is the Tuttle farm, near Dover, N.H., which is also one of the oldest business enterprises in America. It made the news last week because its owner — a lineal descendant of John Tuttle, the original settler — has decided to go out of business. It was founded in 1632. I hear its sweet corn is legendary.

The year 1632 is unimaginably distant. In 1632, Galileo was still publishing, and John Locke was born. There were perhaps 10,000 colonists in all of America, only a few hundred of them in New Hampshire. The Tuttle acres, then, would have seemed almost as surrounded as they do in 2010, but by forest instead of highways and houses.

It was a precarious operation at the start — as all farming was in the new colonies—and it became precarious enough again in these past few years to peter out at last. The land is protected by a conservation easement so it can?t be developed, but no one knows whether the next owner will farm it.

In a letter on their Web site, the Tuttles cite “exhaustion of resources” as the reason to sell the farm. The exhausted resources they list include bodies, minds, hearts, imagination, equipment, machinery and finances. They do not mention soil, which has been renewed and redeemed repeatedly. It?s as though the parishioners of the First Parish Church in nearby Dover — erected nearly 200 years later, in 1829 — had rebuilt the structure on the same spot every few years.

It is too simple to say, as the Tuttles have, that the recession killed a farm that had survived for nearly 400 years. What killed it was the economic structure of food production. Each year it has become harder for family farms to compete with industrial scale agriculture — heavily subsidized by the government — underselling them at every turn. In a system committed to the health of farms and their integration with local communities, the result would have been different. In 1632, and for many years after, the Tuttle farm was a necessity. In 2010, it is suddenly superfluous, or so we like to pretend.

导致农场破产的原因有很多种，但是少数农场的破产仅仅是由于土地退化的原因所造成的，这算是农业上的奇迹。如果你能够照料好土地，那么它就几乎可以永远地产出。美国是这样一个年轻的国度，以至于我们几乎无法进行验证。因为在我们大部分历史中，总会有新的土地被开垦成农场，我们不断地耕作，好像资源取之不尽。

然而，还是有一些上了岁数的农场破产了。其中历史最有悠久的莫过于“塔特尔农场”——它位于美国新罕布什尔州多佛市附近，也是美国历史最悠久的商业公司之一。最近，它的所有人——即农场创始人约翰.塔特尔的直系继承人——宣告破产，从而再次成为新闻。塔特尔农场始建于1632年。我听说它出产的甜玉米是个传奇。

1632年，一个遥远得令人无法想象的岁月。1632年，伽利略还在出版他的著作，约翰.洛克（著名的英国哲学家）才刚刚出生。在整片美国土地上大概有1万个殖民者，而在新罕布什尔州只有区区几百人。那时的塔特尔耕地可能与2010年一样被团团包围着，只不过大片森林为高度公路和房子所代替。

就像所有新的殖民地上的农业一样，一开始塔特尔的经营也非常不稳定。在过去数年中，这样的不稳定状况旧病复发，最终导致农场一步步滑向破产的深渊。受到资源保护的限制（译者注：easement是地役权），不能对土地进行开发。但是没有人知道农场的下一位主人是否会继续耕作。

在“塔特尔农场”的网站上，塔特尔家族在一封致公众信中将“资源枯竭”作为出售农场的原因。他们所列举的枯竭资源包括：人力、脑力、想象力、设备、机器和资金，却压根没提被多次翻新并帮助他们树立威信的土地。这就好像多佛市附近、始建于1829年的First Parish Church的教区居民每过几年就在同一个地方重建教堂一样。

塔特尔家族的人将有着近400历史的农场的破产归咎于土地退化，这理由未免太过简单。使其破产的真正原因其实是食品生产的经济结构。每一年，家庭农场都要跟工业规模化的农业企业进行竞争，日子越来越煎熬。这些企业享受政府大力补贴扶持，以各种渠道以低价出售粮食。在一个致力于农场健康并促进农场与当地社区融合一体的体系里，结果本不该如此。在1632年以及之后的许多年，塔特尔农场不可或缺。然而到了2010年，它突然成了多余的东西，或者说被我们看作是一个累赘。

Passage 2

Youth unemployment across the world has climbed to a new high and is likely to climb further this year, a United Nations agency said Thursday, while warning of a “lost generation” as more young people give up the search for work.

The agency, the International Labor Organization, said in a report that of some 620 million young people ages

15 to 24 in the work force, about 81 million were unemployed at the end of 2009 —the highest level in two decades of record-keeping by the organization, which is based in Geneva.

The youth unemployment rate increased to 13 percent in 2009 from 11.9 percent in the last assessment in 2007.

“There?s never been an increase of this magnitude — both in terms of the rate and the level —since we?ve been tracking the data,” said Steven Kapsos, an economist with the organization. The agency f orecast that the global youth unemployment rate would continue to increase through 2010, to 13.1 percent, as the effects of the economic downturn continue. It should then decline to 12.7 percent in 2011.

The agency?s 2010 report found that unemployment ha s hit young people harder than adults during the financial crisis, from which most economies are only just emerging, and that recovery of the job market for young men and women will lag behind that of adults. The impact of the crisis also has been felt in shorter hours and reduced wages for those who maintain salaried employment.

In some especially strained European countries, including Spain and Britain, many young people have become discouraged and given up the job hunt, it said. The trend will have “significant consequences for young people,” as more and more join the ranks of the already unemployed, it said. That has the potential to create a “ …lost generation? comprised of young people who have dropped out of the labor market, having lost all hope of being able to work for a decent living.”

The report said that young people in developing economies are more vulnerable to precarious employment and poverty.

About 152 million young people, or a quarter of all the young workers in the world, are employed but remain in extreme poverty in households surviving on less than $1.25 a person a day in 2008, the report said.

“The number of young people stuck in working poverty grows, and the cycle of working poverty persists,” the agency?s director-general, Juan Somavia, said.

Young women still have more difficulty than young men in finding work, the report added. The female youth unemployment rate in 2009 stood at 13.2 percent, compared with the male rate of 12.9 percent. The gap of 0.3 percentage point was the same as in 2007.

The report studied the German, British, Spanish and Estonian labor markets and found that Germany had been most successful in bringing down long-term youth unemployment. In Spain and Britain, increases in unemployment were particularly pronounced for those with lower education levels.

Data from Eurostat, the European Union?s statistical agency, show Spain had a jobless rate of 40.5 percent in May for people under 25. That was the highest level among the 27 members of the European Union, far greater than the 9.4 percent in Germany in May and 19.7 percent in Britain in March.

联合国一组织周二称，全球年轻人失业率再创新高，而且这种趋势将在今年继续延续下去。他们警告说，越来越多的年轻人放弃寻找工作，将导致失迷一代数量激增。

国际劳工组织在其报告中称，全球15岁到24岁之间的6.2亿年轻工人中，2009年末大约有8100万人失业，这是总部位于日内瓦的劳工组织20年以来的最高纪录。

年轻人失业率从2007年的11.9%增长到2009年的13%。

国际劳工组织经济学家史蒂文·凯普索斯说：“自从我们开始追踪年轻人失业数据以来，从未见过数量如此之大、比例如此之高的失业现象。”该机构预测，在全球经济持续低迷的影响下，年轻人2010年下半年

失业率将继续上升，最后可能达到13.1%。不过到2011年，这一比例应该可以降到12.7%以下。

国际劳工组织2010年的报告还发现，金融危机期间，年轻人失业率比成年工人失业情况更严重，就业市场的恢复也比成年工人慢。而且受经济危机影响，侥幸保住“饭碗”的年轻人，工作时间更短、工资更少。

在情况特别严峻的欧洲国家，比如西班牙和英国，许多年轻人已经对寻找工作气馁，甚至放弃了找工作。这种趋势将对年轻人造成严重影响，可能越来越多的年轻人加入到失业者行列。这些退出劳动市场、对寻找工作过上体面生活失去希望的年轻人，将成为新的迷失一代。

报告称，发展中国家的年轻人更容易受到失业影响，重新变得贫困。

报告称，2008年，大约1.52亿年轻人（全球年轻工人四分之一）找到工作，但是他们依然十分贫困，每个家庭每人每天的生活花费不到1.25美元。

国际劳工组织总干事索马维亚说：“挣扎于工作贫困中的年轻人数量正在增加,工作贫困的循环也在继续。”

在找工作方面，年轻女性遇到的困难的男性更多。2009年年轻女性失业率已经高达13.2%，同期男性失业率为12.9%。2007年，年轻男女失业率差异也在0.3%左右。

报告研究了德国、英国、西班牙以及爱沙尼亚等国的劳动市场，发现德国在处理年轻人长期失业方面最成功。西班牙和英国，那些受教育程度低的年轻人失业率增长明显。

来自欧盟统计局的数据显示，5月份，西班牙25岁以下人口失业率已经达到40.5%，这是欧盟27个成员国中比例最高的。德国5月恩的失业率为9.4%，英国3月失业率为19.7%。

2011年5月CA TTI二级笔译翻译实务中译英

Passage 1

60年来特别是改革开放30年来，中国取得了举世瞩目的发展成就，经济实力和综合国力显著增强，各项社会事业全面进步，人民生活从温饱不足发展到总体小康，中国社会迸发出前所未有的活力和创造力。

同时，我们清醒地认识到，中国仍然是世界上最大的发展中国家，中国在发展进程中遇到的矛盾和问题无论规模还是复杂性都是世所罕见。要全面建成惠及十几亿人口的更高水平的小康社会，进而基本实现现代化、实现全体人民共同富裕，还有很长的路要走。

我们将继续从本国国情出发，坚持中国特色社会主义道路，坚持改革开放，推动科学发展，促进社会和谐，全面推进经济建设、政治建设、文化建设、社会建设以及生态文明建设，全力做到发展为了人民、发展依靠人民、发展成果由人民共享。

China has achieved remarkable progress in those 60 years, particularly in the last 30 years since reform and opening-up. China?s economy and comprehensive national strength have grown significantly and various social programs have made big strides. The Chinese people, once lacking basic living necessities, are now leading a moderately prosperous life, and the whole society is showing unprecedented dynamism and creativity.

We are keenly aware, however, that China remains the world?s largest developing country. The difficulties and problems that we face in development are rarely seen in any other part of the world in terms of their scale and complexity. We still have a long way to go before we can build, in a comprehensive way, a moderately prosperous society of a higher level that will benefit the more than one billion Chinese people, and then achieve basic modernization and bring common prosperity to all our people.

We will, in the light of our national conditions, continue to follow the path of socialism with Chinese characteristics, persist in reform and opening-up, promote scientific development and social harmony, and achieve

all-round progress in the economic, political, cultural, social and environmental fields. We will ensure that our development is for the people and by the people and the fruits of development are shared among the people.

Passage 2

非物质文化遗产是民族文化的精华、民族智慧的结晶。我国有56个民族，各民族在长期的历史发展进程中创造了丰富多彩的非物质文化遗产。

改革开放以来，由于工业化和城市化的加速，人们的生产生活方式发生了重大变化，也使非物质文化遗产赖以生存的环境不同程度地遭到破坏。

作为一种鲜活的文化，非物质文化遗产是民众生活的重要组成部分，在当代仍然散发着独特的光彩和魅力，仍然是传承文化、推动社会发展的不竭动力，是文化创新的基础和源泉。

因此，抢救和保护那些处于濒危和生存困境中的非物质文化遗产，已成为时代赋予我们的非常紧迫的历史任务。

文化生态保护区是以保护非物质文化遗产为核心、对历史积淀丰厚、存续状态良好、具有鲜明地域文化特色和价值的文化形态进行整体性保护，以促进经济社会全面协调可持续发展而划定的特定区域。

笔译实务Section 1 English-Chinese Translation（英译汉）(50 points) Translate the following two passages into Chinese.

Passage 1

The runaway success of Stieg Larsson?s “Millennium” trilogy suggests that when it comes to contemporary literature in translation, Americans are at least willing to read Scandinavian detective fiction. But for work from other regions, in other genres, winning the interest of big publishing houses and readers in the United States remains a steep uphill struggle.

Among foreign cultural institutes and publishers, the traditional American aversion to literature in translation is known as “the 3 percent problem.” But now, hoping to increase their minuscule share of the American book market — about 3 percent — foreign governments and foundations, especially those on the margins of Europe, are taking matters into their own hands and plunging into the publishing fray in the United States.

“We have established this as a strategic objective, a long-term commitment to break through the American market,” said Corina Suteu, who leads the New York branch of the European Union National Institutes for Culture and directs the Romanian Cultural Institute. “For nations in Europe, be they small or large, literature will always be one of the keys of their cultural existence, and we recognize that this is the only way we are going to be able to make that literature present in the United States.”

For instance, the Dalkey Archive Press, a small publishing house in Champaign, Ill., that for more than 25 years has specialized in translated works, this year began a Slovenian Literature Series, underwritten by official groups in Slovenia, once part of Yugoslavia. The series?s first book, “Necropolis,” by Boris Pahor, is a powerful World War II concentration-camp memoir that has been compared to the best of Elie Wiesel and Primo Levi, and has been followed by Andrej Blatnik?s “You Do Understand,” a rather absurdist but still touching collection of sketches and parables about love and intimacy.

Dalkey has also begun or is about to begin similar series in Hebrew and Catalan, and with Switzerland and Mexico, the last of which will consist of four books yearly for six years. In each case a financing agency in the host country is subsidizing publication and participating in promotion and marketing in the United States, an effort that can easily require $10,000 or more a book.

Passage 2

Just east of Argentina?s Andean foothills, an oil field called the Vaca Muerta —“dead cow” in English — has finally come to life.

In May, the Argentine oil company YPF announced that it had found 150 million barrels of oil in the Patagonian field, and President Cristina Fernández de Kirchner rushed onto national television to praise the discovery as something that could give new impetus to the country?s long-stagnant economy.

“The importance of this discovery goes well beyond the volume,” said Sebastián Eskenazi, YPF?s chief executive, as he announced the find. “The important thing is it is something new: new energy, a new future, new expectations.”

Although there are significant hurdles, geologists say that the Vaca Muerta is a harbinger of a possible major expansion of global petroleum supplies over the next two decades as the industry uses advanced techniques to extract oil from shale and other tightly packed rocks.

Oil experts caution that geologists have only just begun to study shale fields in much of the world, and thus can only guess at their potential. Little seismic work has been completed, and core samples need to be retrieved from thousands of feet below the surface to judge how much oil or gas can be retrieved.

Oil experts say the Vaca Muerta is probably just a start for Argentina, long a middle-ranked oil producer. Mr. Lynch noted that YPF had explored only 100 square miles out of 5,000 square miles in the whole shale deposit, and other oil companies working in the area had not announced any discoveries yet.

So far, nearly all of the oil exploration in the shale fields in Argentina and elsewhere has been pursued with traditional vertical wells. Plans are just beginning for horizontal drilling.

Some experts caution that the fast advance of oil production from shale in the United States is no guarantee of similar successes abroad, at least not in the near future.

Section 2 Chinese-English Translation（汉译英）

和平稳定是发展的前提和基础。上个世纪，人类经历了两次世界大战，生灵涂炭，经济社会发展遭受严重挫折。第二次世界大战结束以来，世界经济能够快速增长，主要得益于相对和平稳定的国际环境。我们应该恪守联合国宪章宗旨和原则，充分发挥联合国及其安理会在维护和平、缔造和平、建设和平方面的核心作用。坚持通过对话和协商，以和平方式解决国际争端。我们应该坚持国家不论大小、强弱、贫富都是国际社会平等一员，以民主、包容、合作、共赢的精神实现共同安全，做到一国内部的事情一国自主办、大家共同的事情大家商量办，坚定不移奉行多边主义和国际合作，推进国际关系民主化。

我们应该营造支持各国根据本国国情实现和平、稳定、繁荣的国际环境。应该本着求同存异的原则，尊重各国主权和选择发展道路和发展模式的权利，尊重文明多样性，

在交流互鉴、取长补短中相得益彰、共同进步。

Passage 2 1882年中国第一盏电灯在上海点亮，这使得中国逐渐告别了油灯和蜡烛照明的历史，当时使用的电灯就是白炽灯，这一用就是130年，中国也成为白炽灯的生产和消费大国。早在1996年，中国就启动实施了“绿色照明工程”，中国绿色照明工程的实施，推动了照明电器行业结构的优化升级和产品质量的整体提升，经过多年努力，中国节能灯产品质量水平日益提高，一些企业产品质量和工艺水平已达到世界领先水平。高效照明产品及技术的日益成熟为逐步淘汰白炽灯提供了重要保障。中国节能灯的全球市场占有率由1996年的20%提高到2010年的85%。

2012.11 Part A

中国是一个发展中国家。多年来，中国在致力于自身发展的同时，始终坚持向经济困难的其他发展中国家提供力所能及的援助，承担相应国际义务。中国仍量力而行，尽力开展对外援助，帮助受援国增强自主发展能力，丰富和改善人民生活，促进经济发展和社会进步。中国的对外援助，发展巩固了与广大发展中国家的友好关系和经贸合作，推动了南南合作，为人类社会共同发展作出了积极贡献。

中国对外援助坚持平等互利，注重实效，与时倶进，不附带任何政治条件，形成了具有自身特色的模式。中国的对外援助政策具有鲜明的时代特征，符合自身国情和受援国发展需要。国是世界上最大的发展中国家，人口多、底子薄、经济发展不平衡。发展仍然是中国长期面临的艰巨任务，这决定了中国的对外援助属于南南合作范畴，是发展中国家间的相互帮助。中国对外援助政策坚持平等互利、共同发展、坚持与时倶进。

当前，全球发展环境依然十分严峻。国际金融危机影响尚未消退，气候变化、粮食危机、能源资源安全、流行性疾病等全球性问题给发展中国家带来新的挑战，新形势下，中国对外援助事业任重道远。中国政府将着力优化对外援助结构，提高对外援助质量，进一步增强受援国自主发展能力，提高援助的针对性和实效性。中国作为国际社会的重要成员，将一如既往地推进南南合作，在经济不断发展的基础上逐步加大对外援助投入，与世界各国一道，推动实现联合国千年发展目标，为建设持久和平、共同繁荣的和谐世界而不懈努力。

China is a developing country. China has been providing aid to other developing countries to the best of its ability and shouldering the due international duties while making remitting efforts to develop itself.

China is still doing its best to provide foreign aid to help other developing countries, helping them strengthen their capacity of independent development, enrich people?s livelihood and boost economic development and social progress. This enhances the friendly relations and economic collaboration between China and other developing countries and promotes South-South cooperation, which contributes to the common growth of mankind. China insists on the principles of equality, mutual benefit, achieving substantial results, keeping abreast with the times, and imposing no political conditions on the rcipient countries. Now it has emerged as a model with Chinese characteristics. The policy of China?s aiding other developing countries is characterized with the features of the times, which is in agreement with the current situations of the states and satisfies the needs of the aided countries. China is still the largest developing country around the world, with a large population, a poor foundation and uneven economic development. China still faces a daunting task to develop itself, which determines that China?s aid goes within South-South cooperation, mutual aid among developing countries.

China adheres to the principles of equality, mutual benefit, common development and keeping abreast with the times in/with regard to provision of foreign aid.

The climate for gloabal development is still not favorable. Global concerns bring new challenges to developing countries, such as the lingering repercussions brought by the international financial crisis, climate change, food crisis, energy security and epidemic diseases. Under these circumstances, China still has a long way to go to further the foreign aid cause. Chinese government will make efforts to optimize the aid structure, improve the quality of foreign aid, instensify the capacity of aided countries for independent development and increase the pertinence and effectiveness of the aid. China, an important member of the international community, will continue to make its relentless efforts to step up South-South cooperation. Regarding this, China will increase foreign aid input step by step along with the continual economic development and help achieve the UN Millennium Development Goals with other countries so as to help build a prosperous and harmonious world with lasting peace.

Part B Topic 1

作为远古人类留给我们的宝贵的文化遗产，岩画堪称是记载人类早期社会生活的百科全书，它不仅传承着源远流长的古代文明，也是史前人类文化、宗教、民俗以及原始艺术史的见证。

在世界上，中国岩画是诞生最早、分布最广、内容最丰富的国家之一，而贺兰山又是华夏土地上遗存最集中、题材最广泛、保存最完好的岩画地区之一。在贺兰山腹地，共发现20余处遗存岩画，其中最具代表性的是贺兰山贺兰口岩画。

贺兰山岩画在山口内外分布着近6000幅岩画，其中罕为人见的人面像岩画就有70 幅之多。据考证，贺兰山口岩画是不同时期先后刻制的，大多为北方游牧民族创作.岩画造型粗矿稚拙、构图朴实自然，牛、马、驴、鹿、鸟、虎等动物栩

栩如生，各种人头的造型同样是千奇百态。凭着自己对社会现实的理解与感悟，对美好生活的追求与向

往, 把自己的亲身感受与体验，忠实地记录在岩石之上，同时也为后人留下了神秘魂丽的贺兰山岩画。

有学者说贺兰口是史前人类凭借自然魅力打造的祭祀圣地，又有专家认为，贺兰口岩画是象形文字前的图画文字，在文字没有发明前，这里的人们艰难地把他们的理想、愿望、欢乐、悲伤，通过岩画的形式表现出来。于是，在亘古不变的贺兰山上，写就了一部史前人类的“天书”。

Rock painting, precious cultural heritage left to us by ancient people, can be said to be an enclyclopedia recording the early life of mankind. It not only passes on the ancient cilivalizaiton but also witnesses the culture, religion, customs and history of primitive/pristine art of prehistoric people.

In the world, China is one of the countries where rock art boasts the longest history, the broadest distribution, and the richest content. Mount Helan is one of the sites where rock-carvings are well-known for its widest range of themes, the highest concentration, and the best preservation in China. In the central Mount Helan, more than 20 relic sties of preserved rock paintings have been unveiled, and the rock painting at the mouth of the Mount Helan are the most representative ones.

There are about 6,000 rock-paintings on the rock outside and inside the mouth of Mount Helan, among which the rare rock-paintings of human faces reach over 70. According to the research, the pictures were ingraved in different times, most of them created by northern nomadic nation. The rock art is rough and plain in shape and simple and natural in composition; the animals seemed alive, such as ox, horses, donkeys, deer, birds and tigers, and human heads differ each other in shapes and sizes. Our ancestors faithfully recorded their own feelings and experiences on the rocks on the basis of theri understanding of the then reality and their aspirations for a beautiful life. Meanwhile, they left to their later generations mysterious and resplendent rock art.

While some scholars said them mouth of Mount Helan was served as a sacred worship place by prehistoric humanity due to its natural charm, other scholars believed that rock paintings in Mount Helan were graphic characters, which appeared before pictographs. At that time when writing was not invented, people here tried hard to express their dreams, wishes, joy and sorrow. In this way, the prehistoric “divine book” was carved on the lasting Mount Helan.

2011年11月翻译资格考试二级笔译真题第一部分英译汉试题一Study Finds Hope in Saving Saltwater Fish Can we have our fish and eat it too? An unusual collaboration of marine ecologists and fisheries management scientists says the answer may be yes. In a research paper in Friday?s issue of the journal Science, the two groups, long at odds with each other, offer a global assessment of the world?s saltwater fish and their environments. Their conclusions are at once gloomy — overfishing continues to threaten many species —and upbeat: a combination of steps can turn things around. But because antagonism between ecologists and fisheries management experts has been intense, many familiar with the study say the most important factor is that it was done at all.

They say they hope the study will inspire similar collaborations between scientists whose focus is safely exploiting specific natural resources and those interested mainly in conserving them. “We need to merge those two communities,” said Steve Murawski, chief fisheries scientist for the National Oceanic and Atmo spheric Administration. “This paper starts to bridge that gap.” The collaboration began in 2006 when Boris Worm, a marine ecologist at Dalhousie University in Halifax, Nova Scotia, and other scientists made an alarming prediction: if current trends continue, by 2048 overfishing will have destroyed most commercially important populations of saltwater fish. Ecologists applauded the work. But among fisheries management scientists, reactions ranged from skepticism to fury over what many called an alarmist report. Among the most prominent critics was Ray Hilborn, a professor of aquatic and fishery sciences at the University of Washington in Seattle. Yet the disagreement did not play out in typical scientific fashion with, as Dr. Hilborn put it, “researchers firin g critical papers back and forth.” Instead, he and Dr. Worm found themselves debating the issue on National Public Radio. “We started talking and found more common ground than we had expected,” Dr. Worm said. Dr. Hilborn recalled thinking that Dr. Worm “actually seemed like a reasonable person.”

The two decided to work together on the issue. They sought and received financing and began organizing

workshops at the National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, an organization sponsored by the National Science Foundation and based at the University of California, Santa Barbara. At first, Dr. Hilborn said in an interview, “the fisheries management people would go to lunch and the marine ecologists would go to lunch” — separately. But soon they were collecting and sharing data and recruiting more colleagues to analyze it. Dr. Hilborn said he and Dr. Worm now understood why the ecologists and the management scientists disagreed so sharply in the first place. For one thing, he said, as long as a fish species was sustaining itself, management scientists were relatively untroubled if its abundance fell to only 40 or 50 percent of what it might otherwise be. Yet to ecologists, he said, such a stock would be characterized as “depleted” —“a very pejorative word.” In the end, the scientists concluded that 63 percent of saltwater fish stocks had been depleted “below what we think of as a target range,” Dr. Worm said.

But they also agreed that fish in well-managed areas, including the United States, were recovering or doing well. They wrote that management techniques like closing some areas to fishing, restricting the use of certain fishing gear or allocating shares of the catch to individual fishermen, communities or others could allow depleted fish stocks to rebound.

The researchers suggest that a calculation of how many fish in a given species can be caught in a given region without threatening the stock, called maximum sustainable yield, is less useful than a standard that takes into account the health of the wider marine environment. They also agreed that solutions did not lie only in management techniques but also in the political will to apply them, even if they initially caused economic disruption. Because the new paper represents the views of both camps, its conclusions are likely to be influential, Dr. Murawski said. “Getting a strong statement from those communities that there is more to agree on than to disagree on builds confidence,” he said. At a news conference on Wednesday, Dr. Worm said he hoped to be alive in 2048, when he would turn 79. If he is, he said, “I will be hosting a seafood party —at least I hope so.”

韩老师参考译文：渔业发展能否做到“鱼与熊掌”兼得？海洋生态学家与渔业管理学家之间进行的非同寻常的合作表明，二者或可兼得。周五发行的新一期《科学》杂志刊登了一份研究报告，向来势不两立的这两大派别在报告中对咸水鱼及其生存环境作了全球性评估。

他们得出的结论可谓喜忧参半，忧的是过度捕捞继续威胁着许多鱼类，喜的是通过采取一系列措施可以扭转局面。但是，鉴于海洋生态学家与渔业管理学家向来水火不容，对这项研究比较了解的许多人士指出，这项研究的重要意义在于表明了两大阵营可以合作共事。这些人士称，他们希望这项研究能够激励那些主张适度开发某些自然资源的科学家与主张保护自然资源的科学家之间开展类似合作。斯蒂夫?穆拉维斯基（Steve Murawski）是美国国家海洋和大气管理局的首席渔业科学家，他说，“我们需要整合这两大阵营，这项联合研究是一个良好开端。”这项联合研究始于2006年，当时来自达尔豪斯大学（位于加拿大新斯科舍省哈利法克斯）的海洋生态学家鲍里斯·沃姆（Boris Worm）以及其他一些科学家警告称，如果任由过度捕捞而不加制止的话，到2048年，一些具有重要商业价值的咸水鱼类将会消失殆尽。许多生态学家对这一警告击掌叫好，但是渔业管理学家们对这一预测不是表示怀疑，就是感到愤怒，称这份报告是杞人忧天。

西雅图华盛顿大学研究水产与渔业的知名教授雷·希尔本对这一报告就颇有微词。不过，他并没有以科学家通常采用的方式来表达自己的不同意见。希尔本教授说，“通常情况下，研究人员会不断拿出关键论文来进行争辩。”这次的辩论一反常态，希尔本博士和沃姆博士在美国国家公共电台展开激辩。

沃姆博士称，“我们在辩论时发现我们的共识之多超乎预料。”希尔本博士回想当时的情景时称，他当时也认为沃姆博士“实际上看似一个通情达理的人。”双方决定就此问题共同展开研究。他们开始筹措资金，在加州圣塔芭芭拉市美国国家生态分析与合成中心举办研讨会。该国家中心由美国国家科学基金会赞助支持。希尔本博士在接受采访时称，最初“渔业管理学家与海洋生态学家分开吃午饭”。不过，没过多久，两个阵营就开始收集、共享数据，并招募更多同事来分析数据。希尔本博士称，他和沃姆博士现在明白了为什么当初海洋生态学家与渔业管理学家观点会如此迥异。希尔本博士说，只要某一鱼类能够正常延续下去，种群数量保持在自然水平的40%或50%以上，渔业管理学家认为这是可以接受的，但是对于海洋生态学家而言，种群数量下降至这一水平将被定性为“枯竭”，这是一个“颇具贬义的字眼”。科学家们得

出的最终结论是，63%的咸水鱼类资源已经耗尽，所剩资源“低于我们的目标范围，”沃姆博士如是说。

但是，两大阵营也一致认为，在美国等渔业管理比较完善的地区，鱼类资源正逐步恢复或保持稳定。科学家们在研究报告中写到，在一些地区实施休渔政策、限制使用某些渔具、对个体渔民、社区等有关各方合理分配捕鱼量等一些管理政策将有助于面临枯竭的鱼类资源逐步得到恢复。

参与该项研究的科学家们称，与最高可持续捕鱼量相比，设定一个统筹整个海洋环境健康发展的标准更有意义。所谓最高可持续捕鱼量是指在不威胁某一鱼类资源存续的前提下在某一地区的最高捕鱼限量。科学家们也一致认为，解决之道不仅仅在于制定完善的渔业管理方法，还在于有无将管理方法落到实处的政治意愿，尽管实施之初会给经济发展带来一定影响。穆拉维斯基博士说，鉴于该报告代表了两大阵营的共同观点，报告中得出的相关结论将会产生巨大影响。他说，“两大阵营明确表示双方共识大于分歧，这有助于提振信心。”沃姆博士在周三举行的新闻发布会上称，他希望自己能活到2048年，到那时自己将届79岁高龄。他说，倘能如愿，“我将举办一个海鲜派对，至少这是一个愿望”。

英译汉试题二As I mentioned last week, I?ve recently returned from Australia. While I was there, I visited a eucalyptus forest that, in February, was the scene of an appalling wildfire. Perhaps naively, I had expected to find that many trees had been killed. They hadn?t. They had blackened bark, but were otherwise looking rather well, many of them wreathed in new young leaves. This prompted me to consider fire and the role it plays as a force of nature.

Fossil charcoals tell us that wildfires have been part of life on Earth for as long as there have been plants on land. That?s more than 400 million years of fire. Fire was here l ong before arriviste plants like grasses; it pre-dated the first flowers. And without wanting to get mystical about it, fire is, in many respects, a kind of animal, albeit an ethereal one. Like any animal, it consumes oxygen. Like a sheep or a slug, it eats plants. But unlike a normal animal, it?s a shape-shifter. Sometimes, it merely nibbles a few leaves; sometimes it kills grown trees. Sometimes it is more deadly and destructive than a swarm of locusts. The shape-shifting nature of fire makes it hard to study, for it is not a single entity. Some fires are infernally hot; others, relatively cool. Some stay at ground level; others climb trees. Moreover, fire is much more likely to appear in some parts of the world than in others. Satellite images of the Earth show that wildfires are rare in, say, northern Europe, and common in parts of central Africa and Australia. (These days many wildfires are started by humans, either on purpose or by accident. But long before our ancestors began to throw torches or cigarette butts, fires were started by lightning strikes, or by sparks given off when rocks rub together in an avalanche.) Once a fire gets started, many factors contribute to how it will behave. The weather obviously has a huge effect: winds can fan flames, rains can quench them. The lie of the land matters, too: fire runs uphill more readily than it goes down. But another crucial factor is what type of plants the fire has to eat.

It?s common knowledge that plants regularly exposed to fire tend to have features that help them cope with it — such as thick bark, or seeds that only grow after being exposed to intense heat or smoke. But what is less often remarked on is that the plants themselves affect the nature and severity of fire. The shape-shifting nature of fire makes it hard to study, for it is not a single entity. Some fires are infernally hot; others, relatively cool. Some stay at ground level; others climb trees. Moreover, fire is much more likely to appear in some parts of the world than in others. Satellite images of the Earth show that wildfires are rare in, say, northern Europe, and common in parts of central Africa and Australia. (These days many wildfires are started by humans, either on purpose or by accident. But long before our ancestors began to throw torches or cigarette butts, fires were started by lightning strikes, or by sparks given off when rocks rub together in an avalanche.) Once a fire gets started, many factors contribute to how it will behave. The weather obviously has a huge effect: winds can fan flames, rains can quench them. The lie of the land matters, too: fire runs uphill more readily than it goes down. But another crucial factor is what type of plants the fire has to eat.

韩老师参考译文：上周我曾谈到，我前不久去过澳大利亚，访澳期间我参观了一个桉树林。就在二月

份，这片桉树林曾发生过森林大火，场面可怖。此次访问期间，我还天真地以为会看到许多被大火烧毁的桉树，事实超乎我的预料，这些桉树除了树皮被烤黑之外，其他一切安好，有些桉树还长出了嫩叶。我不由开始对野火以及野火作为自然力的作用进行研究探索。木炭形成的历史表明，自从地球上有植物以来，野火就一直是地球生命的组成部分，也就是说野火存在的历史超过4亿年。早在杂草等恣意生长的植物出现之前野火就已经存在了；野火的历史早于开花植物的历史。野火虽然虚无缥缈，但从很多方面来讲，野火就是一种动物，这并非故弄玄虚。野火像任何动物一样需要氧气，会像羊或鼻涕虫一样以植物为食，不过，野火与一般的动物不同之处在于，野火形体变化莫测，有时野火只蚕食几片叶子，有时则会吞噬成年树木，甚至变得比蝗灾更具致命性和破坏性。

野火形体不定，也并非单一实体存在，研究起来颇有难度。野火可以炙热无比也可以相对清凉，可以贴地匍匐也可以沿树攀爬，而且，野火在不同地区的发生频率也各不相同。地球观测卫星获取的图像显示，北欧地区野火较为罕见，中非和澳大利亚野火则司空见惯。如今，许多野火皆因人为因素而起，有些是有意为之，有些则是意外之举。

人类曾扔掷火把“刀耕火种”或乱丢烟头引发野火，不过早在人为制造野火之前，野火要么由闪电引发，要么由雪崩时岩石摩擦产生的火花引发。一旦引发野火，火势如何会受到许多因素的影响。天气状况显然是一大因素：风助火势，雨则相反。地势也是一大因素：火势沿山坡的蔓延速度由低到高比由高到低要快。当然，火势还取决于另一个关键因素，即，过火植物的种类。有关野火的一个常识就是，野火频发地区的植物往往都自有应对之策，如：树皮较厚，或者种子只有在遇到高热或烟熏时才会发芽。不过人们较少提及的一点是，这些植物本身也会对野火的性质和火势大小产生影响。

汉译英

我国控烟和禁烟形势依然严峻尽管我们在控烟和禁烟方面做了大量工作，取得了一定成效，但控烟和禁烟形势依然严峻。

一、普遍对烟草烟雾危害性认识存在四大误区。禁烟难、难禁烟，主要是对烟草烟雾的危害不认识或认识不足，甚至把吸烟说成好处多、贡献大、危害小、不伤害他人。这些错误的认识包括: 吸烟“好处多”。很多烟民认为，吸烟可以消除疲劳、解除烦闷、振奋精神、刺激情绪；吸烟可以防止虫叮蚊咬，以毒攻毒消除某些病害；吸烟可以社交联谊、广交朋友、潇洒浪漫；吸烟可以帮助大脑启发思考、写作带来灵气等。吸烟“贡献大”。吸烟是为国家做贡献、创造财富、增加税收、脱贫致富、解决就业。没有烟民，国家哪能每年收入几千个亿元税收，解决上千万人的就业，国家应感谢烟民，从而为吸烟找到所谓正当理由。吸烟“无大害”。许多烟民和社会公众认为吸烟有点害但无大害。主要是尼古丁的毒害，这种毒害也是轻微的、漫长的、潜移默化的，只要自己身体好无大害，你看某位亲人一辈子吸烟活到九十九，不影响健康长寿。

其实，一些烟民只知道吸烟对人体的呼吸系统有影响，不知道烟雾中含有4000多种化学物质；只知道吸烟可能致癌，不知道烟雾中至少有40多种致癌物质；只知道吸烟有害，不知道烟雾还有毒，烟雾中含有许多有毒有害致病物质，如烟碱、二氧化氮、氢氰酸、丙烯醛、砷、铅、汞等。烟雾对人群的危害超过工业污染的化学气体，对人体的大脑、心肺、肝、脾、胃、肾，对人体的性功能、生殖功能都有不同程度的伤害，甚至将严重影响生育繁衍质量。

吸烟“不伤害他人”。这是在公共场所和工作场所禁烟难的一个重要原因。烟民错误地认为，吸烟是自己的权利，自己的自由，不受他人干涉。对于烟雾污染环境、污染空气质量，对二手烟、三手烟、主动吸烟、被动吸烟造成对他人健康侵害和享有清新空气的环境权的侵害不认知、不支持，我行我素。有的认为有点影响问题也不大，缺乏共同营造文明环境的思想和道德素质。二、控烟、禁烟法律法规不健全不完善。近年来，一些地方政府和行政管理部门曾对吸烟的范围从维护公众健康的角度做出了一些行政规定，但对控烟与健康做出发展规划，以及对设臵吸烟区(室)、禁止吸烟标志、限制做烟制品广告宣传等做出相应规定，执行和落实的都不够理想。在奥运会期间，应该说执行得很好，基本上实行无烟奥运，受到各国运动员的好评。但是在奥运会、残奥会结束后，这些规定的执行没有很好延续下来，巩固发扬成效，反而出现反弹。在控烟、禁烟的执法过程中经常遇到4个突出问题:一是行政执法主体不明确，执行范围界定不严格，执法部门的力量、经费等不能适应执法要求；二是执法的惩罚规定不明确，对违法违规者不能执行惩罚影响执法力度和法规的权威性；三是社会监督没有形成氛围；四是执法效果不明显。

公众参与控烟活动不广泛不深入，尚未引起社会的高度关注。控烟和在公共场所禁烟，不只是对烟民而言，要烟民戒烟需要社会、烟制品行业、每个社会公民的共同努力才能实现，更多的是关爱、理解、支持和帮助，和谐共建无烟公共场所。中国的控烟禁烟工作开展的比较晚，但通过立法来实施公共场所无烟化已是大势所趋，并得到社会和公众的共识。目前，一些少数省市从行政法规的角度提出控烟和禁烟的规定。但国家尚无一部在一定范围内实行控烟、禁烟的法律。据了解，国家已在做这方面的准备工作，我们相信到2011年国家承诺到期时间会有相应的法律出台，推动中国禁烟工作深入开展。

韩老师参考译文：Tobacco Control Remains a Daunting/Grim/Grave/Formidable/Huge Challenge For all the commendable efforts and visible differences made so far, China still has an uphill battle to fight before the tobacco epidemic is controlled and eventually banned within its territory.

1. Misconceptions of how tobacco smoke endangers/harms public health. Tobacco control seems a mission impossible in least because the general public has little, if any, knowledge about how hazardous tobacco smoke can be. In some cases, tobacco use is even misinterpreted as being physically empowering and economically beneficial with negligent threat to those exposed to second-hand smoke. Among other misunderstandings, tobacco use is believed to be “rewarding in many ways”. For many tobacco users, cigarettes are a real remedy for /the best bet to fight fatigue and frustration and a truly stimulating booster/refreshing stimulator. As they understand it, tobacco can be used to dispel annoying mosquitoes and other bugs, and it can even serve as a painkiller for some ailments. Tobacco use is widely seen as sexy, stylish and sociable. On top of that, some even argue that tobacco use can boost brain power and inspire writing. Tobacco use “makes strong economic sense”. Those tobacco defenders make a strong case for tobacco use, arguing that tobacco production, manufacturing and consumption create wealth and add tax revenue to the state coffer, create jobs and help lift many out of poverty. Tobacco ban means, according to them, a multi-billion-yuan loss in tax revenue each year and tens of millions of job losses at the same time. In this sense, it is the hardcore tobacco users that the country owes a lot to, they say.

Tobacco use “causes little harm, if at all”, a view echoed by many users and the wider general public. They believe that tobacco use is harmful mainly due to the presence of nicotine, which is at most negligently toxic and takes an incremental health toll only. To substantiate their argument that tobacco use is compatible with longevity if one is born to be healthy, some even cite their family members or relatives who happened to be lifelong tobacco addicts but still made it to very senior age.

As a matter of fact, some tobacco users are informed only about how tobacco use can affect people?s respiratory system, but not about the fact that over 4000 kinds of chemicals can be found in tobacco smoke. They are warned of the epidemic being carcinogenic/cancer-causing, but not of the fact that at least 40 kinds of cancer-causing substances are lurking in the smoke. They know tobacco use is harmful, but they don?t know that tobacco smoke is highly toxic with many pathogenic substances in it, including nicotine, nitrogen dioxide, hydrocyanic acid, acraldehyde, arsenic, lead and mercury. Tobacco smoke proves more dangerous than industrial air pollution, taking a varied toll on people?s brain, heart, hung, liver, spleen, stomach and kidney, triggering sexual and procreative dysfunctions, and even leading to birth defects.

Tobacco use “does no harm to others”, a misconception that helps explain why smoke ban can hardly be imposed in public space and at work places. Tobacco users wrongly believe that they have the right to use tobacco, a freedom that defies intervention. They simply go their own way without knowledge or awareness of how their selfish enjoyment pollutes the air, how cigarette use endangers the health of those who are passively exposed to tobacco smoke, and how they have infringed upon others? right to enjoy fresh air. Some of them argue that tobacco use is harmful, but in a rather limited way. Their one-sided perception highlights how they lack the drive to hold themselves to high ethical and moral standards needed to build a healthy environment for all. 2. Laws and regulations on tobacco control remain to be improved/China has yet to provide a strong and well-developed legal framework for tobacco control. Local authorities and regulators have, in recent years, outlined/rolled out administrative regulations on tobacco use limitations for the sake of public health. Pro-health programs have been developed to limit tobacco use, and directives (have been) engineered/framed/established to mark out/delimit

smoking sections, post no-smoking signs, and restrict advertising and promotion. That said, much remains to be done when it comes to implementation on the ground. Beijing won wide acclaim from the international athletic community during the proceedings of the Olympic Games in 2008 thanks to rigorous implementation of tobacco control measures that resulted in a “no-tobacco” Olympics. Yet, the best practice failed to persist following the Olympics and Paralympics, and tobacco use staged a come-back/rebounded.

Four challenges/deficiencies stand out when it comes to law-enforcement on tobacco control. First, there is no clear division as to who is accountable for law-enforcement, no rigorous definition of jurisdiction, and inadequacy of task forces and funds for law-enforcement. Second, there is no clearly defined regulation on punishment. Resulting impunity undermines the authoritativeness of law-enforcement forces and regulations. Third, there is not yet an enabling/empowering culture of public supervision. Fourth, there are no visible differences/results from law-enforcement operations to date. The lack of public involvement in tobacco control fails to feature prominently on the priority list. Tobacco control and a total ban in public space call for greater care, understanding, support and commitment of not only tobacco users, but the wider civil society and manufacturers. Each and every citizen needs to contribute to a tobacco-free, harmonious environment for all. As a late-starter in tobacco control endeavors, China is already seeing a defining trend of and growing consensus on building smoking-free public space by virtue of legislation. At this point, a few provincial and municipal governments have developed administrative regulations on tobacco control, but there is no law of this nature at the state level. Thankfully, the central government is already working on this, and we may as well expect one by 2011, the promised deadline. By then, we will have a law to go by in the fight against the epidemic/public health threat down the road.

2012年5月翻译资格考试二级笔译真题

第一部分英译汉试题一The runaway success of Stieg Larsson?s “Millennium” trilogy suggests that when it comes to contemporary literature in translation, Americans are at least willing to read Scandinavian detective fiction. But for work from other regions, in other genres, winning the interest of big publishing houses and readers in the United States remains a steep uphill struggle. Among foreign cultural institutes and publishers, the traditional American aversion to literature in translation is known as “the 3 percent problem.” But now, hoping to increase their minuscule share of the American book market —about 3 percent —foreign governments and foundations, especially those on the margins of Europe, are taking matters into their own hands and plunging into the publishing fray in the United States.

Increasingly, that campaign is no longer limited to widely spoken languages like French and German. From Romania to Catalonia to Iceland, cultural institutes and agencies are subsidizing publication of books in English, underwriting the training of translators, encouraging their writers to tour in the United States, submitting to American marketing and promotional techniques they may have previously shunned and exploiting existing niches in the publishing indus try. “We have established this as a strategic objective, a long-term commitment to break through the American market,” said Corina Suteu, who leads the New York branch of the European Union National Institutes for Culture and directs the Romanian Cultural Institute. “For nations in Europe, be they small or large, literature will always be one of the keys of their cultural existence, and we recognize that this is the only way we are going to be able to make that literature present in the United States.” For instance, the Dalkey Archive Press, a small publishing house in Champaign, Ill., that for more than 25 years has specialized in translated works, this year began a Slovenian Literature Series, underwritten by official groups in Slovenia, once part of Yugoslavia. The series?s first book, “Necropolis,” by Boris Pahor, is a powerful World War II concentration-camp memoir that has been compared to the best of Elie Wiesel and Primo Levi, and has been followed by Andrej Blatnik?s “You Do Understand,” a rather abs urdist but still touching collection of sketches and parables about love and intimacy.

韩老师参考译文：斯蒂格·拉森（Stieg Larsson）的《千禧年》三部曲大获成功，至少表明在现代文学翻译作品中美国读者比较偏爱北欧的侦探小说，但是，其他地区、其他类别的小说要想赢得美国出版社和读者的青睐难度仍然不小。外国文化研究所和出版社都知道美国人向来对文学翻译作品不感兴趣，这就是人们常说的“3%难题”。外国文学翻译作品在美国书市所占份额微不足道，仅为约3%，为了增加份额，外国政府和基金会，特别是欧洲处于边缘化的国家现在开始主动出击，加入到美国出版市场的争夺大战当中。外国文学翻译作品市场已经不再局限于法语和德语等较大语种，从罗马尼亚到加泰罗尼亚再到冰岛，各个文化研究机构对本国、本地区文学作品的英译工作给予补贴，对翻译培训提供支持，鼓励本国、本地区作家游历美国，开始学习曾经不以为然的美国营销技巧，努力抢占美国出版业中现存的翻译作品市场。

科瑞娜·苏图（Corina Suteu）是欧盟国家文化研究所纽约分部负责人，也是罗马尼亚文化研究所所长。她说，“我们将征服美国市场作为一个长期战略目标。对于欧洲各国而言，无论国家大小，文学将一直是各国文化的核心要素，我们也认识到，上述举措是让欧洲文学立足美国的必由之路。”多基出版社（Dalkey Archive Press）是位于伊利诺伊州尚佩恩（Champaign）的一个出版社, 该社规模不大，过去25年以来一直专注于外国文学作品的翻译出版工作，今年在斯洛文尼亚（前南斯拉夫的一个共和国）官方机构的支持之下启动了斯洛文尼亚文学系列的翻译出版项目。该文学系列的第一部翻译作品是由波利斯·帕赫（Boris Pahor）所著的《墓葬地》（Necropolis）。这是一部有关二战期间集中营生活的回忆录，读来令人震撼，有人将该作品与埃利·维瑟尔（Elie Wiesel）和普里莫·莱维（Primo Levi）的有关名著相提并论。该系列的第二部翻译作品是安德烈·巴拉特尼克（Andrej Blatnik）的《别装糊涂》（You Do Understand）。这本书主要是讲述爱与亲密关系的随笔和寓言合集，读来虽荒诞不经，但却感人至深。多基出版社的希伯来语和加泰罗尼亚语文学作品翻译出版项目以及与瑞士和墨西哥等国合作的文学作品翻译出版项目有的已经开始实施，有的即将启动。其中，墨西哥的文学作品翻译出版项目为期6年，每年将翻译4部作品。上述各翻译出版项目发起国都有专门的融资机构对翻译出版工作提供补贴支持，并参与在美国的营销宣传活动。每本书的营销宣传费用至少为1万美元。英译汉试题二

Just east of Argentina?s Andean foothills, an oil field called the Vaca Muerta —“dead cow” in English — has finally come to life. In May, the Argentine oil company YPF announced that it had found 150 million barrels of oil in the Patagonian field, and President Cristina Fernández de Kirchner rushed onto national television to praise the discovery as something that could give new impetus to the country?s long-stagnant economy. “The importance of this discovery goes well beyond the volume,” said Sebastián Eskenazi, YPF?s chief executive, as he announced the find. “The important thing is it is something new: new energy, a new future, new expectations.” Although there are significant hurdles, geologists say that the Vaca Muerta is a harbinger of a possible major expansion of global petroleum supplies over the next two decades as the industry uses advanced techniques to extract oil from shale and other tightly packed rocks. Oil experts caution that geologists have only just begun to study shale fields in much of the world, and thus can only guess at their potential. Little seismic work has been completed, and core samples need to be retrieved from thousands of feet below the surface to judge how much oil or gas can be retrieved.

Argentina certainly has high hopes for shale oil from the southern Patagonian province ofNeuquén. The 150 million barrels of recoverable shale oil found in the Vaca Muerta represents an increase of 8 percent in Argentina?s reserves, and the find was the biggest discovery of oil in t he country since the late 1980s. Oil experts say the Vaca Muerta is probably just a start for Argentina, long a middle-ranked oil producer. Mr. Lynch noted that YPF had explored only 100 square miles out of 5,000 square miles in the whole shale deposit, and other oil companies working in the area had not announced any discoveries yet. So far, nearly all of the oil exploration in the shale fields in Argentina and elsewhere has been pursued with traditional vertical wells. Plans are just beginning for horizontal drilling. Some experts caution that the fast advance of oil production from shale in the United States is no guarantee of similar successes abroad, at least not in the near future.

韩老师参考译文：就在阿根廷安第斯山麓东侧，一个名为瓦卡穆埃尔塔（Vaca Muerta）—英文意为“死牛”—的油田终于得见天日。

在五月份，阿根廷石油公司YPF宣布在巴塔哥尼亚地区发现了储量为1.5亿桶的油田，阿根廷总统克

里斯蒂娜·费尔南德斯·德基什内尔迅即在国家电视台上进行宣传，称这一发现将会为阿长期陷入停滞的经济注入新的活力。YPF公司首席执行官塞巴斯蒂安·埃斯肯纳齐在宣布这一重大发现时说，“这一发现的重大意义不仅仅在于油田储量巨大，还在于其全“新”性：新能源、新未来、新期待。”虽然油田开发困难重重，但是地质学家们说，现在石油产业已开始利用先进技术从油页岩等岩石中提取石油，瓦卡穆埃尔塔油田的发现预示着，在今后二十年全球石油供应量将有较大增加。石油专家警告称，地质学家才刚刚开始在全球部分地区开展页岩油田研究工作，所以目前只能推测页岩油田的储量。现在有关石油地震勘探工作还远未完成，同时，还必须从地表下数千英尺处提取核心样本进行分析，推断出油气的大致储量。当然，阿根廷对于巴塔哥尼亚地区南部内乌肯省（Neuquén）的页岩油储量寄予厚望。瓦卡穆埃尔塔地区1.5亿桶的页岩油探明储量将使阿根廷的石油总储量增加8%，同时该油田也是阿根廷自20世纪80年代末以来发现的最大油田。

石油专家们称，瓦卡穆埃尔塔很可能为阿根廷拉开新的序幕。长期以来，阿根廷一直都是一个中等规模的产油国。林奇（Lynch）先生说，整个页岩油田面积达5,000平方英里，YPF只是对其中的100平方英里进行了勘探，在此油田进行勘探的其他石油公司尚未公布勘探结果。到目前为止，在阿根廷以及其他国家的页岩油田进行的几乎所有勘探工作使用的都是传统竖井，有关水平钻井的方案才刚刚开始制定。有些专家警告称，美国页岩油田生产取得了快速发展，但这并不意味着其他国家也能同样获得成功，至少在近期内不太可能。第二部分汉译英试题一和平稳定是发展的前提和基础。上个世纪，人类经历了两次世界大战，生灵涂炭，经济社会发展遭受严重挫折。第二次世界大战结束以来，世界经济能够快速增长，主要得益于相对和平稳定的国际环境。我们应该恪守联合国宪章宗旨和原则，充分发挥联合国及其安理会在维护和平、缔造和平、建设和平方面的核心作用。坚持通过对话和协商，以和平方式解决国际争端。

我们应该坚持国家不论大小、强弱、贫富都是国际社会平等一员，以民主、包容、合作、共赢的精神实现共同安全，做到一国内部的事情一国自主办、大家共同的事情大家商量办，坚定不移奉行多边主义和国际合作，推进国际关系民主化。

我们应该营造支持各国根据本国国情实现和平、稳定、繁荣的国际环境。应该本着求同存异的原则，尊重各国主权和选择发展道路和发展模式的权利，尊重文明多样性，在交流互鉴、取长补短中相得益彰、共同进步。

官方参考译文：Peace and stability form the prerequisite and foundation for development. The two world wars in the last century caused mankind untold sufferings and world economic and social development severe setbacks. It is mainly due to the relatively peaceful and stable international environment that the world economy has been able to grow at a fast pace in the post-war era. We should abide by the purposes and principles of the UN Charter and bring into full play the central role of the United Nations and its Security Council in peace keeping, peace making and peace building. We should seek peaceful settlement of international disputes through dialogue and consultation. All countries, big or small, strong or weak, rich or poor, are equal members of the international community. We should work for common security in a spirit of democracy, inclusiveness, cooperation and win-win progress. Internal affairs of a country should be handled independently by the country itself and international affairs should be managed collectively through consultation by all. We should be committed to multilateralism and international cooperation, and promote democracy in international relations.

We should foster an international environment that supports efforts of countries to achieve peace, stability and prosperity in the light of their national circumstances. We should respect the sovereignty of all countries and their right to choose their development paths and models in keeping with the principle of seeking common ground while shelving differences. And we should respect the diversity of civilizations and pursue common progress through mutual learning and drawing on each other's strength. 韩老师参考译文：Peace and stability are what underlies development. Humankind lived through two world wars last century, which inflicted untold human miseries and took a devastating toll on socio-economic development/Last century saw two world wars cause immense human suffering and severe socio-economic setbacks. The fast world economic growth since the end of the Second World War has been driven largely by a relatively peaceful and stable international environment. We must abide by the purposes and principles of the UN Charter and give full play to the central role of the UN and

its Security Council in peacekeeping, peacemaking and peace-building endeavors. We must stand for peaceful settlement of international disputes through dialogue and consultation.

We must recognize that all countries, big or small, strong or weak, rich or poor, are equal members of the international community and work to achieve common security in a democratic, inclusive and cooperative spirit. We must ensure that internal affairs of an individual country are handled independently while global affairs are dealt with collectively through consultation. We must steadfastly follow multilateralism and advance international cooperation in ways that make international relations more democratic. We must work to build an enabling international environment where all countries are well-placed to achieve peace, stability and prosperity in line with their national realities. We must act in line with the principle of seeking common ground while reserving differences, and respect sovereignty and rights of all individual countries to choose their own development paths and modes. We must embrace diversity of civilizations so that all civilizations can progress together through mutual learning and emulation.

汉译英试题二1882年中国第一盏电灯在上海点亮，这使得中国逐渐告别了油灯和蜡烛照明的历史，当时使用的电灯就是白炽灯，这一用就是130年，中国也成为白炽灯的生产和消费大国。

早在1996年，中国就启动实施了“绿色照明工程”，中国绿色照明工程的实施，推动了照明电器行业结构的优化升级和产品质量的整体提升，经过多年努力，中国节能灯产品质量水平日益提高，一些企业产品质量和工艺水平已达到世界领先水平。高效照明产品及技术的日益成熟为逐步淘汰白炽灯提供了重要保障。中国节能灯的全球市场占有率由1996年的20%提高到2010年的85%。即使遇到丰收年景，对中国来说，要用世界百分之七的耕地养活全球五分之一的人口仍是一项艰巨的任务。

官方参考译文：（缺）韩老师参考译文：In 1882, China?s first-ever electric light made its debut in Shanghai, heralding/ushering in a new era when kerosene lamps and illuminating candles as light sources were phased out/were made a thing of the past/were consigned to history. Back then, the one and only electric light source available in China was the incandescent lamp, a device that has been prevalent/dominant in China?s illumination space/scene/field for 130 years. As such, China has emerged as a leading producer and consumer of incandescents in the world.

China kick-started/initiated/launched the program of “green lighting” /embarked on a campaign encouraging people to go green in lighting as back as (in) 1996. The environment-friendly/eco-sensitive/responsible move/endeavor has served to upgrade the mix of China?s lighting industry and elevate the overall quality of lighting products. Thanks to years of strong commitments, energy-saving/energy-efficient lamps made in China have moved up the value chain in both quality and workmanship, with some ranking among the best in the world. The ever-improving products and technologies for energy-efficient lighting have made it possible to phase out energy-intensive incandescents in the country./put a n end to … In 2010, 85% of energy-saving lamps available on the global market were made in China, as against merely 20% back in 1996. China?s global market share in the energy-saving light space surged from a to b between 1996 and 2010. In 2010, China accounted for 85% of global supply of energy-saving lamps, a surge from 20% in 1996.

2012年11月翻译资格考试二级笔译真题

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One of the current owners, Nick Underwood, said the local lore goes even further: "It is also said he appears at the oriel window on the top floor of the house on April 23 every year -- the date he is said to have been born and to have died." "In later years, the house later became a farmhouse, with 150 acres of land, but, over time, pieces

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D.生长因子答案：C 下列组织中，不会发生化生的是 A.肾盂粘膜上皮 B.宫颈柱状上皮 C.结缔组织 D.神经纤维答案:D 下列组织组织中，不发生纤维素样坏死的是 A.骨骼肌肌纤维 B.心肌间质 C.肾小球 D.小动脉答案：A 炎症细胞自血管游出后，在组织内做定向运动的现象称为A. 炎症渗出

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