中英文翻译

Optical Fiber Communication Technology Optical fiber communication is the use of optical fiber transmission signals, the transmission of information in order to achieve a means of communication. Referred to as optical fiber communication optical fiber communications. Can be based on optical fiber communication optical fiber as transmission medium for the "wired" optical communication. Fiber from the core and cladding of the inner core is generally a few microns or tens of microns, than a human hair; outside layer called the cladding, the role of cladding is to protect the fiber. In fact the use of optical fiber communication system is not a single fiber, but that brings together a number of fiber-optic cable components.

Optical fiber communication is the use of light for the carrier with fiber optics as a transmission medium to spread information from one another means of communication. 1966, Dr. Gao Kun Chinese British published an epoch-making nature of the papers, he proposed the use of cladding material with a quartz glass optical fibers, as a communications medium. Since then, opened up the field of optical communications research. The United States in 1977 in Chicago, 7000 meters away from the telephone exchange between the two, the first multi-mode fiber with the successful conduct of the test optical fiber communication. 85-micron-band multi-mode fiber for the first generation of fiber-optic communication systems. Also in 1981 a telephone exchange between the two using 1.3-micron multimode fiber communication system, for the second-generation fiber-optic communication systems. In 1984 achieved a 1.3-micron single-mode optical fiber communication system, that is, the third generation optical fiber communication systems. In the late 80's and the realization of the 1.55-micron single-mode optical fiber communicatio n system, that is, fourth-generation fiber-optic communication systems. Light wavelength division multiplexing to increase rates, with growth in light transmissio n distance to enlarge the system, for the fifth-generation fiber-optic communication systems. New system, coherent optical fiber communication systems, has reached the level of field experiments will be applied. Optical soliton communication systems can be extremely high rate, end of the 20th century or the beginning of the 21st century likely to be practical. In this system together with the fiber amplifier is likely to achieve very high rates and very long-distance optical fiber communications.

On optical fiber communication technology itself, they should include the following main parts: optical fiber and cable technologies, transmission technology, optical active devices, optical passive device and optical network technology.

Optical fiber and cable technologies

Fiber-optic technology can be seen from two aspects to illustrate: First, communicatio n systems used in optical fiber; Second, the special fiber. Early

optical transmission window of only three, namely 850nm (first window), 1310nm (second window) and 1550nm (third window). Have been developed in recent years, the fourth window (L band), the fifth window (full-wave fiber-optic), and S-band window. Of particular importance was the absolute peak of the full-wave window. Successful development of these windows is of great significance 1280nm to 1625nm from a broad range of the optical frequency, can achieve low loss, low dispersion transmission, transmission capacity to make hundreds of times, thousands or even tens of thousands of times times the growth. The outcome of this technology will bring huge economic benefits. On the other hand is the development of specialty optical fiber and industrialization, this is a very active area.

Special fiber-optic concrete are as follows:

1.Active optical fiber

Mainly refers to this type of fiber mixed rare-earth ions in optical fiber. Such as erbium-doped (Er3 +), neodymium-doped (Nb3 +), doped praseodymium (Pr3 +), Yb (Yb3 +), thulium-doped (Tm3 +) and so on, to constitute a laser active material. This is the core of optical amplifier fiber-optic material. Different doped fiber amplifier used in the work of different bands, such as erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) used in 1550nm near the (C, L-band); praseodymium-doped fiber amplifier (PDFA) is mainly used in 1310nm band; thulium-doped fiber amplifier ( TDFA), etc. are mainly used in S-band. These doped fiber amplifier and Raman (Raman) for fiber amplifiers with optical fiber communication technolo gy has brought revolutionary changes. Significant role it is: a direct optical signal amplification to extend the transmission distance; in optical fiber communicatio n network and cable televisio n (CATV network) in compensation for the distribution o f wear and tear; In addition, wavelength d ivision multip lexing (WDM) systems and optical soliton communication system is an indispensable key components. Is because fiber amplifier, repeater can be achieved without the one million kilo meters of optical solito n transmission. It is also with the fiber amplifier, WDM transmission can not only significantly extend the distance, but also makes the best of the performance of transmission.

2.DCF (Dispersion Compesation Fiber, DCF)

Conventional G.652 fiber in the 1550nm wavelength dispersion for near 17ps/nm × km. When the rate of more than 2.5Gb / s, along with the increase in transmission d istance, would lead to error. If used in the CATV system will signal d istortion. The main reason is the accumulation o f value is caused by dispersion increased dispersion, so that deterioration of transmission characteristics. To overcome this problem, we must adopt a value of negative dispersion optical fiber, optical fiber dispersion is about anti-access systems in the series to offset the dispersion value is to control the size of the entire system of dispersion. Here is the so-called anti-dispersion optical fiber for dispersion

compensation. At 1550nm, the anti-dispersion optical fiber dispersion values are usually in the -50 ~ 200ps/nm ×km. In order to obtain such a high negative dispersion values, it must be done very small core diameter and relative refractive index has done a lot worse, and this approach will often result in increased fiber attenuation (0.5 ~ 1dB/km). DCF is the fundamental mode waveguide dispersion using to achieve high dispersion of the negative value, usually to a ratio of dispersion and attenuation, known as quality factor, of course, the better the quality factor. In order to compensate evenly throughout the band dispersion of conventional single-mode fiber and, more recently, it developed a well dispersion compensation dispersion slope compensation "double compensation" fiber (DDCF). The fiber is characterized by the ratio of dispersion slope (RDE) and conventional optical fiber, but the opposite sign, so more suitable for the entire balance of the compensation waveform.

3.FBG (Fiber Grating)

Optical fiber grating is the use of photosensitive materials in the UV exposure (often referred to as ultra-violet light, "write") under the Ministry of the fiber core of refractive index changes arising from the cyclical (ie, grating) and made. Using a germanium-doped optical fiber, phase masks in the masking plate, the use of ultra-vio let light (in an atmosphere of hydrogen), which have a core of refractive index changes periodically, and then treated by annealing can be stored for a long time. Phase Mask in fact a specially designed grating, and its positive and negative light intersect to form a diffraction interference fringes, thus resulting in the core gradually into grating. Grating period of one-half of the template cycle. As we all know, the election itself is a grating frequency devices, the use of fiber gratings can be made into a number of important optical passive device and the optical active devices. For example: dispersion compensators, gain equalizers, optical add-drop multip lexer, optical filters, light multiplexer, optical module, or converters, optical pulse compressor, optical fiber sensors and fiber lasers.

4.Multi-core single-mode fiber (Multi-Coremono-Mode Fiber, MCF)

Multi-core optical fiber is a common level of outsourcing, including how the root core, and each core has its own in the single-mode optical fiber cladding. This fiber is the obvious advantage of lower costs, production costs, compared with an ordinary optical fiber about 50%. In addition, the fiber-optic cable to increase as the integration density, but also can reduce the construction cost. These are the fiber-optic technology in recent years the main achievements. As for cable's success, we believe that the main cable in the ribbon and the bulk of the development of a successful production.This cable is a fiber-optic access network and a LAN cable required. At present, the number of fiber optic fibers containing up to 1000 more effectively to ensure that the construction of the access network.

Optical active devices

Active research and development of optical devices is one of the most active areas, but has been made in previous years due to the brilliant results, so today's activity space has already been greatly reduced. Superlattice quantum well materials and devices, is now fully mature, but also high-volume production, has been fully commercialized, such as multiple quantum well lasers (MQW-LD, MQW-DFBLD).

In addition, the current in the fo llowing aspects have been sign ificant achievements have been made.

1.Integrated Devices

Here mainly refers to integrated photovoltaic (OEIC) has begun the commercialization, such as distributed feedback laser (DFB-LD) and electro-absorption modulator (EAMD) integrated, that is, DFB-EA, has begun commercialization; other launching device integration, such as the DFB-LD, MQW-LD with the MESFET or HBT or HEMT integration; receiving device is an integrated PIN, metals, semiconductors, metal detectors with MESFET or HEMT or HBT preamplifier of the integrated circuit. Although these have been successfully integrated, but have not yet commercialized.

2.Vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL)

Due to ease of integration and high-density applications, vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser subject to extensive attention. The structure of the device has been in short wavelength (ALGaAs / GaAs) achieved great success, and began commercialization; in the long-wavelength (InGaAsF / InP) aspects of the development work has started, is also a small amount of goods. Can assert that vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser in the access network, local area network to play a major role.

3.Narrowband tunable integrated response to photon detectors

DWDM optical network systems because of channel spacing is getting smaller and smaller, even up to 0.1nm. To this end, the detector half-width of the response spectrum should basically meet this requirement. On the narrow-band detectors have a sharp and steep spectral response characteristics, to meet this requirement. Set FP cavity filter and optical absorption of the active layer in one cavity enhanced (RCE) detector can provide an important comprehensive solution.

4.Heterogeneous materials based on silicon-based multi-quantum-well devices

and integration (SiGe / Si MQW)

This research is a major hot spot. As is well known, silicon (Si), germanium (Ge) are indirect with the source material, light-emitting efficiency is low, is not suitable for optoelectronic devices, but the Si semiconductor

material is very mature technolo gy. So It is envisaged that the use of energy band tailoring the project to make the material modified in order to achieve the basis of the silicon-based optoelectronic devices and integrated production (mainly the realization of optoelectronic integration, that is, OEIC) The purpose of this area has achieved a great success. In theory a large number of innovations, a major technical breakthrough, the level of the device even better. Optical passive device

Optical passive device and optical active devices is also indispensable. As the fiber-optic access network and the development of all-optical networks, resulting in the development of optical passive device in an unprecedented way hot. Conventional devices commonly used in industry have reached a certain size, variety and performance has been greatly extended and improved. Optical passive device refers to the so-called energy-based optical devices, and its wide variety of different functions in optical communication systems and optical networks is a major role: connecting optical waveguide or optical path; control of light propagation direction; control of optical power distribution; control between the optical waveguide device and optical waveguide and between the light coupling between devices; combined wave and wave; light of the whole channel cross-connect, etc.. Several have been the early commercialization of optical passive device. Activities in which fiber-optic connector production in terms of both variety and has a rather large scale, not only to meet domestic demand and exports a small amo unt. Optical splitter (power divider), optical attenuator and optical isolator has been small batch production. With the optical fiber communication technology, there have been a number of optical passive device, such as the circulator, dispersion compensators, gain equalizers, the upper and lower optical multiplexers, optical cross-connector, and so on arrayed waveguide grating CAWG . These are still in the research and development stage or pre-production stage, and some can also provide a small number of commodities. The development of optical communicatio n technology by the general rules, when large-scale construction of optical access network, the optical passive device demand is far greater than the demand for optical active devices. This was mainly due to the characteristics of access network determined. Market access is about one-third of the entire telecommunications market. Thus, the access network products have huge market and potential market.

Optical multiplexing

Many types of optical multip lexing, in which the most important is the Wavelength Division Multip lexing (WDM) technology and optical time-division multiplexing (OTDM) technology. Multiplexing optical fiber communicatio n technology is currently the most active in an area of technological progress it has greatly promoted the development of optical fiber communicatio n, transmission techno logy to bring a revolutionary change.

WDM is the level of the current commercial 273 or more wavelengths to study the level of 1022 wavelength (36800000000 way to transfer phone), the recent level of thousands of potential wavelength, theoretical limit is about 15,000 nm ( including optical multiplexing PMD, OPDM). According to Toronto in May 1999 of the Light Management Group Inc ofToronto demonstration reported that a single fiber in the transmission of the 65536 light, the PC digital signal sent to the 200m advertising board, and the use of sound and light control technology, which describes the wave-intensive division multip lexing potential is enormous. OTDM is the optical frequency in a different time a different channel to send information. Such reuse has reached speeds of 320Gb / s level. If a combination of DWDM and OTDM, then reuse will increase the capacity of even greater menace.

Light amplification

The successful development of optical amp lifiers and industrialization of optical communication technology is a very important result, which greatly contributed to optical multip lexing, optical soliton communication, as well as the development of all-optical network. As the name suggests, is the optical amplifier optical signal amplification. Prior to this, transmission of signal amplification are to achieve electro-optic photoelectric conversion and transformation, that is, O / E / O conversion. With the optical amplifier can be directly after the optical signal amp lification. Optical amp lifiers are mainly three kinds: optical fiber amplifiers, Raman amp lifiers and semiconductor optical amplifiers. In the optical fiber amplifier doped rare earth ions (such as erbium, praseodymium, thulium, etc.) as the laser active material. Each of the gain-bandwidth dopant is different. Erbium-doped fiber amplifier gain with broad coverage of S, C, L-band; thulium-doped fiber amplifier gain with the S-band; praseodymium-doped fiber amplifier gain band in the vicinity of 1310nm. And Raman optical amplifiers is the use of Raman scattering effect into the optical amplifier, that is, high-power laser into the fiber, the nonlinear effect will happen? Raman scattering. Continue to occur in the process of scattering, the energy transferred to the signal light, so that the signal light to be enlarged. It is not difficult to understand, is a distributed Raman amplification of the amplification process, that is, along the entire line gradually enlarged. Bandwidth can be said of its work is very wide, almost unlimited. This has started the commercialization of optical amplifiers, but very expensive. Semiconductor optical amplifier (S0A) generally refers to Traveling-Wave Optical amplifiers, and semiconductor lasers working princip le is similar. Its work is very wide bandwidth. However, some smaller gain margin, manufacturing more difficult. This optical amplifier has been useful, but a very small output.

This, we systematically and comprehensively reviews the major fiber-optic communicatio n technology progress, as the development of optical communicatio n technology direction, can be summed up in two aspects: First,

large capacity, ultra-long haul transmission and switching techno logy; Second, all-optical network technology.

History of the development of optical fiber communications in China The development of optical fiber communications very quick ly to the end of 1991, the world has been laying fiber optic cable 563 million meters, 1995 meters have been more than 1100 million. Optical fiber communication in the unit time to be able to transfer large amount of information. A pair of single-mode fiber at the same time to open 35,000 calls, but also in rapid development. Optical fiber communication with the construction costs are increasing the use of the number of lower and at the same time it has a small size, light weight, use less metal, anti-electromagnetic interference, strong radiation, confidentiality, and frequency bandwidth, a good anti-jamming, anti-wiretapping, etc. are cheap.

In 1973, the world's optical fiber communication has not been practical. Posts and Telecommunicatio ns Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications, Wuhan Institute of Science and Technology (Wuhan Institute of Posts and Telecommunications at the time) started to study on optical fiber communicatio n. Posts and Telecommunications, Wuhan Institute of Science and Technology as a result of the use of a quartz optical fiber, semiconductor lasers and coding standard communicatio n technology right line, so that our country is technically in the development of optical fiber communicatio n go a lot less tortuous path, so that optical fiber communications in China and developed countries in high-tech smaller gap.

Research and development of optical fiber communications in China is in a period, in closed state. Foreign techno logy can not learn from the basic, purely to explore their own, own everything, including the optical fiber, optoelectronic devices and optical communication systems. As regards the production of optical fiber, the raw material purification, melting machine tools, wire drawing machine, but also includes fiber-optic test instruments and all follow-up tools to their own development, a great difficulty. Posts and Telecommunications, Wuhan Institute of Science and Technology, taking into account the ultimate guarantee of optical fiber communications can be used for economic development, carried out a comprehensive study, in addition to the development of optical fiber, but also to carry out optoelectronic devices and optical fiber communication system, so that our country so far with a complete fiber-optic communications industry.

After the 1978 reform and opening-up, optical fiber communication greatly accelerate research and development work. Shanghai, Beijing, Wuhan and Guilin have developed a test optical fiber communication systems. Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications in 1982 the focus of scientific research project "Project 82" opened in Wuhan. The project known as the practical engineering, to require that all commercial products rather than to test products, must comply with the international CCITT standards, and design to the design,

construction workers, rather than the construction of scientific and technological personnel. From China to enter the practical stage of optical fiber communications.

80 in the mid-20th century, the number of optical fiber communication has reached a rate of 144Mb / s, may be telephone transmission path 1980 over coaxial cable carrier. Thus, optical fiber communication has been widely adopted as a mainstream, in the transmission line to replace the cables overa ll. After the State "65", "75", "85" and the "Ninth Five-Year Plan", China has built "eight eight longitud inal horizontal" trunk network connectivity of all provinces, regions, and municipalities nationwide. Now, China has a total length of some fiber optic cable laid 2.5 million kilo meters. Optical fiber communication has become the main means of communication. At the national Science and Technology, the Planning Commission, the Economic Commission of the arrangement, in 1999 China produced the first 8 × 2.5Gb/sWDM system opened in Qingdao to Dalian, Shenyang-Dalian result of 32 ×2.5Gb/sWDM opened optical fiber communication systems. 2005 3.2Tbps large-capacity optical fiber communication system in Shanghai to Hangzhou, the opening is so far the world's largest utility line capacity.

China has established a certain amount of fiber-optic communications industry. China's optical fiber and cable production, semiconductor optoelectronic devices and optical fiber communication system for domestic construction, and a small amount of exports.

Some people think that the main artery of China's optical fiber communicatio n has been completed, capacity of optical fiber communication Tbps, almost exhausted, again the IT bubble in 2000, so that the price of fiber-optic low to 100 yuan per kilometer, almost no profit. Therefore not to develop a fiber-optic communication techno logy.

However, attributes the decision to create its own fiber-optic, fiber is still more room for development: the development of new optical, photonic crystals.

In fact, especially China, the province needs in rural areas there are many gaps in the building; 3G mobile communication network also needed to support fiber-optic network; with the development of broadband services, network expansion and other needs, there is still a huge fiber-optic communications market. Optical fiber communication is now an annual sales of equipment and fiber optic cable up.

光纤通信技术

光导纤维通信就是利用光导纤维传输信号，以实现信息传递的一种通信方式。光导纤维通信简称光纤通信。可以把光纤通信看成是以光导纤维为传输媒介的“有线”光通信。光纤由内芯和包层组成，内芯一般为几十微米或几微米，比一根头发丝还细；外面层称为包层，包层的作用就是保护光纤。实际上光纤通信系统使用的不是单根的光纤，而是许多光纤聚集在一起的组成的光缆。

光纤通信是利用光波作载波，以光纤作为传输媒质将信息从一处传至另一处的通信方式。１９６６年英籍华人高锟博士发表了一篇划时代性的论文，他提出利用带有包层材料的石英玻璃光学纤维，能作为通信媒质。从此，开创了光纤通信领域的研究工作。１９７７年美国在芝加哥相距７０００米的两电话局之间，首次用多模光纤成功地进行了光纤通信试验。８５微米波段的多模光纤为第一代光纤通信系统。１９８１年又实现了两电话局间使用１.３微米多模光纤的通信系统，为第二代光纤通信系统。１９８４年实现了１.３微米单模光纤的通信系统，即第三代光纤通信系统。８０年代中后期又实现了１.５５微米单模光纤通信系统，即第四代光纤通信系统。用光波分复用提高速率，用光波放大增长传输距离的系统，为第五代光纤通信系统。新系统中，相干光纤通信系统，已达现场实验水平，将得到应用。光孤子通信系统可以获得极高的速率，２０世纪末或２１世纪初可能达到实用化。在该系统中加上光纤放大器有可能实现极高速率和极长距离的光纤通信。

就光纤通信技术本身来说，应该包括以下几个主要部分:光纤光缆技术、传输技术、光有源器件、光无源器件以及光网络技术等。

光纤光缆技术

光纤技术的进步可以从两个方面来说明: 一是通信系统所用的光纤;

二是特种光纤。早期光纤的传输窗口只有3个，即850nm(第一窗口)、131 0nm(第二窗口)以及1550nm(第三窗口)。近几年相继开发出第四窗口(L波段)、第五窗口(全波光纤)以及S波段窗口。其中特别重要的是无水峰的全波窗口。这些窗口开发成功的巨大意义就在于从1280nm到1625nm的广阔的光频范围内，都能实现低损耗、低色散传输，使传输容量几百倍、几千倍甚至上万倍的增长。这一技术成果将带来巨大的经济效益。另一方面是特种光纤的开发及其产业化，这是一个相当活跃的领域。

特种光纤具体有以下几种:

1. 有源光纤

这类光纤主要是指掺有稀土离子的光纤。如掺铒(Er3+)、掺钕(Nb3+)、掺镨(Pr3+)、掺镱(Yb3+)、掺铥(Tm3+)等，以此构成激光活性物质。这是制造光纤光放大器的核心物质。不同掺杂的光纤放大器应用于不同的工作

波段，如掺饵光纤放大器(EDFA)应用于1550nm附近(C、L波段);掺镨光纤放大器(PDFA)主要应用于1310nm波段;掺铥光纤放大器(TDFA)主要应用

于S波段等。这些掺杂光纤放大器与喇曼(Raman)光纤放大器一起给光纤通信技术带来了革命性的变化。它的显著作用是:直接放大光信号，延长传输距离;在光纤通信网和有线电视网(CATV网)中作分配损耗补偿;此外，在波分复用(WDM)系统中及光孤子通信系统中是不可缺少的关键元器件。正因为有了光纤放大器，才能实现无中继器的百万公里的光孤子传输。也正是有了光纤放大器，不仅能使WDM传输的距离大幅度延长，而且也使得传输的性能最佳化。

2. 色散补偿光纤(Dispersion Compesation Fiber，DCF)

常规G.652光纤在1550nm波长附近的色散为17ps/nm×km。当速率超过2.5Gb/s时，随着传输距离的增加，会导致误码。若在CATV系统中使用，会使信号失真。其主要原因是正色散值的积累引起色散加剧，从而使传输特性变坏。为了克服这一问题，必须采用色散值为负的光纤，即将反色散光纤串接入系统中以抵消正色散值，从而控制整个系统的色散大小。这里的反色散光纤就是所谓的色散补偿光纤。在1550nm处，反色散光纤的色散值通常在-50~200ps/nm×km。为了得到如此高的负色散值，必须将其芯径做得很小，相对折射率差做得很大，而这种作法往往又会导致光纤的衰耗增加(0.5~1dB/km)。色散补偿光纤是利用基模波导色散来获得高的负色散值，通常将其色散与衰减之比称作质量因数，质量因数当然越大越好。为了能在整个波段均匀补偿常规单模光纤的色散，最近又开发出一种既补偿色散又能补偿色散斜率的"双补偿"光纤(DDCF)。该光纤的特点是色散斜率之比(RDE)与常规光纤相同，但符号相反，所以更适合在整个波形内的均衡补偿。

3. 光纤光栅(Fiber Grating)

光纤光栅是利用光纤材料的光敏性在紫外光的照射(通常称为紫外光"

写入")下，于光纤芯部产生周期性的折射率变化(即光栅)而制成的。使用的是掺锗光纤，在相位掩膜板的掩蔽下，用紫外光照射(在载氢气氛中)，使纤芯的折射率产生周期性的变化，然后经退火处理后可长期保存。相位掩膜板实际上为一块特殊设计的光栅，其正负一级衍射光相交形成干涉条纹，这样就在纤芯逐渐产生成光栅。光栅周期模板周期的二分之一。众所周知，光栅本身是一种选频器件，利用光纤光栅可以制作成许多重要的光无源器件及光有源器件。例如:色散补偿器、增益均衡器、光分插复用器、光滤波器、光波复用器、光模或转换器、光脉冲压缩器、光纤传感器以及光纤激光器等。

4. 多芯单模光纤(Multi-Coremono-Mode Fiber，MCF)

多芯光纤是一个共用外包层、内含有多根纤芯、而每根纤芯又有自己的内包层的单模光纤。这种光纤的明显优势是成本较低,生产成本较普通的

光纤约低50%。此外，这种光纤可以提高成缆的集成密度，同时也可降低施工成本。以上是光纤技术在近几年里所取得的主要成就。至于光缆方面的成就，我们认为主要表现在带状光缆的开发成功及批量化生产方面。这种光缆是光纤接入网及局域网中必备的一种光缆。目前光缆的含纤数量达千根以上，有力地保证了接入网的建设。

光有源器件

光有源器件的研究与开发本来是一个最为活跃的领域，但由于前几年已取得辉煌的成果，所以当今的活动空间已大大缩小。超晶格结构材料与量子阱器件，目前已完全成熟，而且可以大批量生产，已完全商品化，如多量子阱激光器(MQW-LD，MQW-DFBLD)。

除此之外，目前已在下列几方面取得重大成就。

1. 集成器件

这里主要指光电集成(OEIC)已开始商品化，如分布反馈激光器(DFB-L D)与电吸收调制器(EAMD)的集成，即DFB-EA，已开始商品化;其它发射器件的集成，如DFB-LD、MQW-LD分别与MESFET或HBT或HEMT的集成;接收器件的集成主要是PIN、金属、半导体、金属探测器分别与MESF ET或HBT或HEMT的前置放大电路的集成。虽然这些集成都已获得成功，但还没有商品化。

2. 垂直腔面发射激光器(VCSEL)

由于便于集成和高密度应用，垂直腔面发射激光器受到广泛重视。这种结构的器件已在短波长(ALGaAs/GaAs)方面取得巨大的成功，并开始商品化;在长波长(InGaAsF/InP)方面的研制工作早已开始进行，目前也有少量商品。可以断言，垂直腔面发射激光器将在接入网、局域网中发挥重大作用。

3. 窄带响应可调谐集成光子探测器

由于DWDM光网络系统信道间隔越来越小，甚至到0.1nm。为此，探测器的响应谱半宽也应基本上达到这个要求。恰好窄带探测器有陡锐的响应谱特性，能够满足这一要求。集F-P腔滤波器和光吸收有源层于一体的共振腔增强(RCE)型探测器能提供一个重要的全面解决方案。

4. 基于硅基的异质材料的多量子阱器件与集成(SiGe/Si MQW)

这方面的研究是一大热点。众所周知，硅(Si)、锗(Ge)是简接带源材料，发光效率很低，不适合作光电子器件，但是Si材料的半导体工艺非常成熟。于是人们设想，利用能带剪裁工程使物质改性，以达到在硅基基础上制作光电子器件及其集成(主要是实现光电集成，即OEIC)的目的，这方面已取得巨大成就。在理论上有众多的创新，在技术上有重大的突破，器件水平日趋完善。

光无源器件

光无源器件与光有源器件同样是不可缺少的。由于光纤接入网及全光网络的发展，导致光无源器件的发展空前地热门。常规的常用器件已达到一定的产业规模，品种和性能也得到了极大的扩展和改善。所谓光无源器件就是指光能量消耗型器件、其种类繁多、功能各异，在光通信系统及光网络中主要的作用是: 连接光波导或光路; 控制光的传播方向;控制光功率

的分配; 控制光波导之间、器件之间和光波导与器件之间的光耦合; 合波与分波; 光信道的上下与交叉连接等。早期的几种光无源器件已商品化。其中光纤活动连接器无论在品种和产量方面都已有相当大的规模，不仅满足国内需要，而且有少量出口。光分路器(功分器)、光衰减器和光隔离器已有小批量生产。随着光纤通信技术的发展，相继又出现了许多光无源器件，如环行器、色散补偿器、增益平衡器、光的上下复用器、光交叉连接器、阵列波导光栅CAWG等等。这些都还处于研发阶段或试生产阶段，有的也能提供少量商品。按光纤通信技术发展的一般规律来看，当光纤接入网大规模兴建时，光无源器件的需求量远远大于对光有源器件的需求。这主要是由于接入网的特点所决定的。接入网的市场约为整个通信市场的三分之一。因而，接入网产品有巨大的市场及潜在的市场。

光复用技术

光复用技术种类很多，其中最为重要的是波分复用(WDM)技术和光时分复用(OTDM)技术。光复用技术是当今光纤通信技术中最为活跃的一个领域，它的技术进步极大地推动光纤通信事业的发展，给传输技术带来了革命性的变革。波分复用当前的商业水平是273个或更多的波长，研究水平是1022个波长(能传输368亿路电话)，近期的潜在水平为几千个波长，理论极限约为15000个波长(包括光的偏振模色散复用，OPDM)。据1999年5月多伦多的Light Management Group Inc ofToronto演示报导，在一根光纤中传送了65536个光波，把PC数字信号传送到200m的广告板上，并采用声光控制技术，这说明了密集波分复用技术的潜在能力是巨大的。O TDM是指在一个光频率上，在不同的时刻传送不同的信道信息。这种复用的传输速度已达到320Gb/s的水平。若将DWDM与OTDM相结合，则会使复用的容量增加得更大，如虎添翼。

光放大技术

光放大器的开发成功及其产业化是光纤通信技术中的一个非常重要的成果，它大大地促进了光复用技术、光孤子通信以及全光网络的发展。顾名思义，光放大器就是放大光信号。在此之前，传送信号的放大都是要实现光电变换及电光变换，即O/E/O变换。有了光放大器后就可直接实现光信号放大。光放大器主要有3种:光纤放大器、拉曼放大器以及半导体光放大器。光纤放大器就是在光纤中掺杂稀土离子(如铒、镨、铥等)作为激光活性物质。每一种掺杂剂的增益带宽是不同的。掺铒光纤放大器的增益带较宽，覆盖S、C、L频带; 掺铥光纤放大器的增益带是S波段;掺镨光纤放大

器的增益带在1310nm附近。而喇曼光放大器则是利用喇曼散射效应制作成的光放大器，即大功率的激光注入光纤后，会发生非线性效应?喇曼散射。在不断发生散射的过程中，把能量转交给信号光，从而使信号光得到放大。由此不难理解，喇曼放大是一个分布式的放大过程，即沿整个线路逐渐放大的。其工作带宽可以说是很宽的，几乎不受限制。这种光放大器已开始商品化了，不过相当昂贵。半导体光放大器(S0A)一般是指行波光放大器，工作原理与半导体激光器相类似。其工作带宽是很宽的。但增益幅度稍小一些，制造难度较大。这种光放大器虽然已实用了，但产量很小。

到此，我们系统、全面地评论了光纤通信技术的重大进展，至于光纤通信技术的发展方向，可以概括为两个方面: 一是超大容量、超长距离的传输与交换技术; 二是全光网络技术。

中国光纤通信发展史

光纤通信的发展极其迅速，至１９９１年底，全球已敷设光缆５６３万千米，到１９９５年已超过１１００万千米。光纤通信在单位时间内能传输的信息量大。一对单模光纤可同时开通３５０００个电话，而且它还在飞速发展。光纤通信的建设费用正随着使用数量的增大而降低，同时它具有体积小，重量轻，使用金属少，抗电磁干扰、抗辐射性强，保密性好，频带宽，抗干扰性好，防窃听、价格便宜等优点。

1973年，世界光纤通信尚未实用。邮电部武汉邮电科学研究院（当时是武汉邮电学院）就开始研究光纤通信。由于武汉邮电科学研究院采用了石英光纤、半导体激光器和编码制式通信机正确的技术路线，使我国在发展光纤通信技术上少走了不少弯路，从而使我国光纤通信在高新技术中与发达国家有较小的差距。

我国研究开发光纤通信正处于十年动乱时期，处于封闭状态。国外技术基本无法借鉴，纯属自己摸索，一切都要自己搞，包括光纤、光电子器件和光纤通信系统。就研制光纤来说，原料提纯、熔炼车床、拉丝机，还包括光纤的测试仪表和接续工具也全都要自己开发，困难极大。武汉邮电科学研究院，考虑到保证光纤通信最终能为经济建设所用，开展了全面研究，除研制光纤外，还开展光电子器件和光纤通信系统的研制，使我国至今具有了完整的光纤通信产业。

1978年改革开放后，光纤通信的研发工作大大加快。上海、北京、武汉和桂林都研制出光纤通信试验系统。1982年邮电部重点科研工程“八二工程”在武汉开通。该工程被称为实用化工程，要求一切是商用产品而不是试验品，要符合国际CCITT标准，要由设计院设计、工人施工，而不是科技人员施工。从此中国的光纤通信进入实用阶段。

在20世纪80年代中期，数字光纤通信的速率已达到144Mb/s，可传送1980路电话，超过同轴电缆载波。于是，光纤通信作为主流被大量采用，在传输干线上全面取代电缆。经过国家“六五”、“七五”、“八五”和“九五”计划，

中国已建成“八纵八横”干线网，连通全国各省区市。现在，中国已敷设光缆总长约250万公里。光纤通信已成为中国通信的主要手段。在国家科技部、计委、经委的安排下，1999年中国生产的8×2.5Gb/sWDM系统首次在青岛至大连开通，随之沈阳至大连的32×2.5Gb/sWDM光纤通信系统开通。2 005年3.2Tbps超大容量的光纤通信系统在上海至杭州开通，是至今世界容量最大的实用线路。

中国已建立了一定规模的光纤通信产业。中国生产的光纤光缆、半导体光电子器件和光纤通信系统能供国内建设，并有少量出口。

有人认为，我国光纤通信主要干线已经建成，光纤通信容量达到Tbps，几乎用不完，再则2000年的IT泡沫，使光纤的价格低到每公里100元，几乎无利可图。因此不要发展光纤通信技术了。

但光纤本身制造属性决定，光纤仍然有较大的发展空间：新光纤研制，光子晶体。

实际上，特别是中国，省内农村有许多空白需要建设；3G移动通信网的建设也需要光纤网来支持；随着宽带业务的发展、网络需要扩容等，光纤通信仍有巨大的市场。现在每年光纤通信设备和光缆的销售量是上升的。

spss软件的菜单及所有单词中英文翻译大全

SPSS 统计软件的主菜单及子菜单

spss软件的中英文翻译 Absolute deviation, 绝对离差 Absolute number, 绝对数 Absolute residuals, 绝对残差 Acceleration array, 加速度立体阵 Acceleration in an arbitrary direction, 任意方向上的加速度Acceleration normal, 法向加速度 Acceleration space dimension, 加速度空间的维数Acceleration tangential, 切向加速度 Acceleration vector, 加速度向量 Acceptable hypothesis, 可接受假设 Accumulation, 累积 Accuracy, 准确度 Actual frequency, 实际频数 Adaptive estimator, 自适应估计量 Addition, 相加 Addition theorem, 加法定理 Additivity, 可加性 Adjusted rate, 调整率 Adjusted value, 校正值 Admissible error, 容许误差 Aggregation, 聚集性 Alternative hypothesis, 备择假设 Among groups, 组间 Amounts, 总量 Analysis of correlation, 相关分析 Analysis of covariance, 协方差分析 Analysis of regression, 回归分析 Analysis of time series, 时间序列分析 Analysis of variance, 方差分析 Angular transformation, 角转换 ANOVA （analysis of variance）, 方差分析 ANOVA Models, 方差分析模型 Arcing, 弧/弧旋 Arcsine transformation, 反正弦变换 Area under the curve, 曲线面积 AREG , 评估从一个时间点到下一个时间点回归相关时的误差ARIMA, 季节和非季节性单变量模型的极大似然估计 Arithmetic grid paper, 算术格纸 Arithmetic mean, 算术平均数

中英文对照版合同翻译样本

1.Sales Agreement The agreement, (is) made in Beijing this eighth day of August 1993 by ABC Trading Co., Ltd., a Chinese Corporation having its registered office at Beijing, the People’ Repubic of China (hereinafter called “Seller”) and International Tradi ng Co., Ltd., a New York Corporation having its registered office at New York, N.Y., U.S.A. (hereinafter called “Buyer”). 2.WITNESSETH WHEREAS, Seller is engaged in dealing of (product) and desires to sell (product)to Buyer, and WHEREAS, Buyer desires to purchase(product) from Sellers, Now, THEREFORE, it is agreed as follows: 3.Export Contract This Contract is entered into this 5th day of August 1993 between ABC and Trading Co., Ltd. (hereinafter called “Seller”) who agrees to sell, and XYZ Trading Co., Ltd. (hereinafter called “Buyer”) who agrees to buy the following goods on the following terms and condition. 4.Non-Governmental Trading Agreement No. ＿＿This Agreement was made on the＿day of＿19＿, BETWEEN ＿ (hereinafter referred to as the Seller) as the one Side and ＿ (hereinafter referred to as the Buyer) as the one other Side. WHEREAS, the Seller has agreed to sell and the buyer has agreed to buy ＿ (hereinafter referred to as the Goods ) the quantity, specification, and price of which are provided in Schedule A. IT IS HEREBY AGREED AS FOLLOWS: 5.Contract For Joint-Operation Enterprise ＿＿ COMPANY LTD., a company duly organized under the Law of ＿＿ and having its registered office at (hereinafter called “Party A”) AND ＿＿ COMPANY LTD., a company duly organized under the Law of ＿＿ and having its registere d office at (hereinafter called “Party B”) Party A and Party B (hereinafter referred to as the “Parties”) agree to jointly form a Co-operation Venture Company (hereinafter referred to as the “CVC”) in accordance with “the Laws of the People’s Republic of C hina on Joint Ventures Using Chinese and Foreign Investment” and the “Regulations for the Implementation of the Laws of the People’s Republic of China on Joint Ventures Using Chinese and Foreign Investment” and other applicable laws and regulations. 6.MODEL CONTRACT Contract No. Date: Seller: Signed at: Address: Cable Address: Buyer: Address: Cable Address: The Seller and the Buyer have agreed to conclude the following transactions according to the terms and conditions stipulated below: https://www.sodocs.net/doc/027099237.html, of Commodity: 2.Specifications: 3.Quantity: 4.Unit Price: 5.Total Price: U.S.$: 6.Packing: 7.Time of Shipment: days after receipt of L/C. 8.Loading Port & Destination Port: From via to . 9.Insurance:

英语小短文(带翻译)

Whether sixty or sixteen, there is in every human being's heart the lure of wonders, the unfailing childlike appetite of what's next and the joy of the game of living. In the center of your heart and my heart there is a wireless station: so long as it receives messages of beauty, hope, cheer, courage and power from men and from the infinite, so long are you young. 无论是60岁还是16岁，你需要保持永不衰竭的好奇心、永不熄灭的孩提般求知的渴望和的欢乐与热情。在你我的心底，有一座无线电台，它能在多长里接收到人间万物传递来的、、欢乐、鼓舞和力量的信息，你就会年轻多长时间。 An individual human existence should be like a river—small at first, narrowly contained within its banks, and rushing passionately past boulders and over waterfalls. Gradually the river grows wider, the banks recede, the waters flow more quietly, and in the end, without any visible break, they become merged in the sea, and painlessly lose their individual being. 应当像河流，开始是涓涓细流，受两岸的限制而十分狭窄，尔后奔腾咆哮，翻过危岩，飞越瀑布，河面渐渐开阔，河岸也随之向两边隐去，最后水流平缓，森森无际，汇入大海之中，个人就这样地消失了。 Youth means a temperamental predominance of courage over timidity,of the appetite for adventure over the love of ease.This often exists in a man of sixty more than a boy of twenty.Nobody grows old merely by a number of years.We grow old by deserting our ideals. 意味着战胜懦弱的那股大丈夫气概和摈弃安逸的那种冒险精神。往往一个60岁的老者比一个20岁的青年更多一点这种劲头。人老不仅仅是岁月流逝所致，更主要的是不思进取的结果。 Years may wrinkle the skin,but to give up enthusiasm wrinkles the soul. Worry, fear, self-distrust bows the heart and turns the spirit back to dust. 光阴可以在颜面上留下印记，而热情之火的熄灭则在上刻下皱纹。烦恼、恐惧、会扭曲人的灵魂，并将青春化为灰烬。 爱情的世界很大也很小 The love world is big, which can hold hundreds of disappointments; the love world is small which is crowded even with three people inside. 原来的世界很大，大到可以装下上百种委屈； 原来爱情的世界很小，小到三个人就挤到窒息。 To the world you may be one person, but to one person you may be the world. 对于世界而言，你是一个人；但是对于某个人，你是他的整个世界。 Don’t waste your time on a man/woman, who isn’t willing to waste their time on you. 不要为那些不愿在你身上花费的人而浪费你的时间。

英语文章及翻译

What sports and other activities do you participate in? What kinds of foods do you eat? What kind of people do you spend time with? Your answers to these and similar questions reflect your total health. Health is a combination of physical, mental/emotional, and social well-being. These parts of your health work together to build good overall health. 你参加过什么体育活动和其他活动吗你吃什么食物你和什么样的人在一起你对这些问题或 者类似的问题的回答反映出了你整体的健康状况。健康是身体、心里和社会安宁感的集合。这些健康的部分结合起来搭建了一个完整的健康体系。 Often, good health is pictured as a triangle with equal sides. As shown in Figure 1.1, one side of the triangle is your physical health. Another side is your mental/emotional health, and the third side is your social health. Like the sides of a triangle, the three “sides” of health meet. They are connected. If you ignore any one side, your total health suffers. By the same token, if you make improvements to one side, the others benefit. For example, when you participate in physical activities, you improve your physical health. This helps you feel good about yourself, benefiting your mental health. Activities can also improve your social health when you share them with family and friends. 通常，全身健康可以描述成一个等边三角形。在Figure1.1展示出来，三角形的一条代表身体健康。另外一边代表心理健康，第三条边代表社会性健康。每一条边代表一个健康部分。他们之间有着密切的联系。如果你忽视任何一边，你就不健康了。同样的，如果你改善其中一个部分，其他的部分也会随之受益。举个例子，你去参加体育活动时，这样做能够改善你的体质。这让你自己的身体感觉更好，你的心理健康受益。活动也能够增强你的社会健康，当你和你的家人朋友一起互动的时候。 Do you stay active? Do you get plenty of rest each night? Do you eat healthy snacks? Your answers to these questions will tell you something about your physical health. Physical health is the condition of your body. Physical health is measured by what you do as well as what you don’t do. Teens who want to be healthy avoid harmful substances such as tobacco, alcohol, and other drugs. They balance the amount of time they spend watching TV or playing computer games with physical activity. Physical activity includes things such as playing sports, hiking, aerobics, swimming, dancing, and taking a walk. By avoiding harmful substances and being physically active, you can stay physically healthy. In other words, being physically healthy means taking care of your body. 你一直保持积极的状态吗你每天有足够的时间休息吗你吃的食品是有益于身体健康的吗你回答这些问题将要反映你的身体健康的情况。身体健康是通过你自己的身体状况表现出来的。身体健康不仅能通过你做的事情来衡量，也能通过你没有做的事情来衡量。青少年要想有身体健康就必须要远离有害的物质像烟草、酒精和其他毒品。他们用体育运动的时间去平衡他们看电视或玩电脑游戏的时间。体育运动包括做特殊的运动，远足，健身操，游泳，跳舞和做一份工作。通过远离有害物质和坚持体育运动，你可以保持身体健康。另外一种说法就是，要想身体健康就要多运动。 Do you feel good about who you are? Do you know how to handle stressful situations? Do you have a positive attitude about life? Your answers to

中英文对照版合同翻译样本

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