水利工程三峡水利枢纽工程外文翻译文献

水利工程三峡水利枢纽工程外文翻译文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)

The Three Gorges Projects

First. The dam site and basic pivot disposal

The Three Gorges Projects is select to be fixed on San Dou Ping in Yichang, located in about 40 kilometers of the upper reaches of key water control project of Ge Zhou Ba which was built. River valley, district of dam site, is widen, slope, the two sidesof the bank is relatively gentlely. In the central plains have one island (island, fort of China,), possess the good phased construction water conservancy diversion condition. The foundation of pivot building is the hard and intact body of granite. Have built Yichang and gone to stride bridge that place of 4 kilometers in the about 28 -km-long special-purpose expressway of building site and dam low reaches --West Yangtze Bridge of imperial tomb. Have also built the quay of district of a batch of dams. The dam district possesses the good traffic condition.

Two. Important water conservancy project buildings

1. dam

The dam is a concrete gravity dam, which is 2309 meters long, it’s height is 185

meters , the dam is 181 meters high the most. Release floodwater dam section lie riverbed, 483 of the total length, consist of 22 form hole and 23 release floodwater in the deep hole, among them deep hole is imported 90 meters , the mouth size of hole is 7*9 meters; Form hole mouth is 8 meter wide, overflow weir is 158 meters, form hole and deep hole adopt nose bank choose, flow way go on and can disappear. Dam section lies in and releases floodwater on a section of both sides of the dam in the hydropower station, there are hydropower stations that enter water mouth. Enter water mouth baseplate height 108 meters. Pressure input water pipeline for carry person who in charge of, interior diameter 12.40, adopt the armored concrete to receive the strength structure. Make and let out flow of 102500 cubic meters per second the most largely in the dam site while checking the flood.

2. power stations

The power stations adopt the type after the dam to assign the scheme, consist of two groups of factory buildings on left, right and underground factory building altogether. Install 32 sets of hydroelectric generating set together, 14 factory buildings of left bank among them, 12 factory buildings of right bank, 6 underground factory buildings. The hydraulic turbine, in order to mix the flowing type, the specified capacity of the unit of the unit is 700,000 kilowatts.

3. open up to navigation building

The open up to navigation buildings include permanent lock and ship lift (of the the technological public relations, the steel cable that plans to be replaced with spiral pole technology in the original plan promotes technology), lie in the left bank. Permanent lock double-line five continuous chain of locks. Single grades of floodgate room effective size for 280*34*5, can pass the 10,000 ton-class fleet. The promoting type for single track first grade vertically of the ship lift is designed, it is 120*18*3.5 meters to bear the effective size of design of railway carriage or compartment of ship, can pass a combination vessel of 3000 tons once. Total weight is 11800 tons to bear the design of railway carriage or compartment of ship when operating, it is 6000 newtons to always promote strength.

Three.The major project amount and arranges in time limit The subject building of the project and major project amount of the water

conservancy diversion project are: Excavate 102,830,000 cubic meters in cubic metre of earth and stone, fill out and build 31,980,000 cubic meters in cubic metre of earth and stone, concrete builds 27,940,000 cubic meters, 463,000 tons of reinforcing bars, make and fit 32 with hydroelectric generating set. All project construction tasks were divided into three stages and finished, all time limit was 17 years. The first stage (1993-1997 year) is preparation of construction and the first stage of the project, it takes 5 years to construct, regard realizing damming in the great river as the sign. The second stage (1998-2003 year) is the second stage, it takes 6 years to construct, lock as initial conservation storage of the reservoir, the first batch of aircrews generate electricity and is open up to navigation with the permanent lock as. The third stage (2004-2009 year) is the third stage of the project, it takes 6 years to construct, regard realizing the sign all aircrews generate electricity and finish building with all of multi-purpose project as. One, two project finish as scheduled already, the third stage of the project in inside the plan to construct too, ship lift tackle key problems of not going on intensely.

Four. Enormous benefit of the Three Gorges Projects The Three Gorges Projects is the greatest water control project in China ,also in the world , it is the key project in controlling and developing the Changjiang River. The normal water storage level of the Three Gorges Projects reservoir is 175 meters, installed capacity is 39,300 million cubic meters; The total length of the reservoir is more than 600 kilometers, width is 1.1 kilometers on average; The area of the reservoir is 1084 sq. km.. It has enormous comprehensive benefits such as preventing flood, generating electricity, shipping,etc..

1. prevent flood

Primary goal of building the Three Gorges Projects is to prevent flood . The key water control project in Sanxia is the key project that the midstream and downstream of the Changjiang River prevent flood in the system. Regulated and stored by the reservoir of Sanxia, form the capacity of reservoir in the upper reaches as river type reservoir of 39,300 million cubic meters, can regulate storage capacity and reach 22,150 million cubic meters, can intercept the flood came above of Yichang effectively, cut down flood crest flow greatly, make Jingjiang section prevent flood

standard meet, improve from at present a about over ten years to once-in-a-hundred-year. Meet millennium first special great flood that meet, can cooperate with Jingjiang flood diversion partition application of flood storage project, the crushing calamity of preventing the occurrence of both sides of section of Jingjiang and bursting in the main dike, lighten midstream and downstream losing and flood threat to Wuhan of big flood, and can create conditions for administration of Dongting Hu district.

2. generates electricity

The most direct economic benefits of the Three Gorges Projects is to generate electricity . Equilibrate the contradiction that contemporary China develops economic and serious energy shortage at a high speed, the hydroelectric resources that a clean one can be regenerated are undoubtedly optimum choices. The total installed capacity of power station of Sanxia is 18,200,000 kilowatts, annual average generation is 84,680 million kilowatt hours. It will offer the reliable, cheap, clean regenerated energy for areas such as East China, Central China and South China of economic development, energy deficiency,etc.It play a great role in economic development and environmental pollution of reducing.

Electric power resource that the Three Gorges Projects offers, if given a workforce of electricity generation by thermal power, mean building 10 more thermal power plants of 1,800,000 kilowatts, excavate more 50 million tons of raw coals every year on average. Besides environment of influencing of the waste residue, it will also discharge a large number of carbon dioxide which form the global greenhouse effects every year, cause the sulfur dioxide of acid rain, poisonous gas carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxide. At the same time, it will also produce a large amount of floating dust, dustfall,etc… Thermal power plant and abandon dreg field extensive occupation of land seize more land from East China, Central China area that have a large population and a few land just originally this. This not only makes China bear the pressure that greater environment brings in the future, cause unfavorable influence on the global environment too.

3. shipping

Sanxia reservoir improve Yichang go to Chongqing channel of the Changjiang

River of 660 kilometers notably, the 10,000 ton-class fleet can go to the harbour of Chongqing directly. The channel can rise to 50 million tons from about 10 million tons at present through ability in one-way year, transporting the cost can be reduced by 35-37%. Unless until reservoir regulate, Yichang low water flows minimum seasons downstream,whose name is can since at present 3000 cubic meters /second improve until 5000 cubic meters per above second, the shipping condition get greater improvement too to enable the Changjiang River in low water season of midstream and downstream.

Five. The questions in building the Three Gorges Projects

1. silt issue

the Changjiang River Yichang Duan Nian amount of sand failed 530 million tons, silt the reservoir of Sanxia up. The reservoir blocks water level is 175 meters high, installed capacity is 39,300 million m3 normally,its die water level is 145 meters, the minimum capacity of a reservoir is 17,200 million m3, storage capacity 22,100 million m3, the conservation storage regulates the capacity of reservoir 16,500 million m3. The operation scheme of the reservoir is: Limit height is 145 meters of water level, in flood season, meet flood adjust big under 56700 m3 per second, and power station smooth to let out through deep hole over 3 years, can reduce the sand of the reservoir to deposit. Great flood comes, the reservoir is adjusted bigly, still put and let out 56700 m3per second; Deposit towards the reservoir after the flood. The reservoir begins conservation storage, between about two months and normal water storage level 175 meters high in September. The water level of the storehouse is dropped to 155 meters high before the flood next year, utilize conservation storage to generate electricity. In 155 meters water level, can keep the river shipping of Sichuan. By flood season, the water level was dropped to 145 meters water level again, because the flow was large at that time, could keep the river shipping of Sichuan. This is a reservoir operation scheme of innovation.

2. question that the slope comes down by the bank of reservoir area

The question that the slope comes down is through detailed geological survey by 2 reservoir area banks, there is several to come down potentially on water bank of Kuku of Sanxia, the big one can be up to millions of m3. But closest to dam site

potential landslide, too far on 26 kilometers, such as happen, come down, shock wave that evoke get dam disappear, reduce 2-3 meters to to be high, it is safe not to influence the dam. In addition, if the slippery wave happens in the bank of the storehouse, because the reservoir is wide and deep, will not influence shipping.

3. engineering question of the pivot

The pivot of Three Gorges is 185 meters high concrete gravity dam pivots and 18,200,000kW, the project amount is large, but all regular projects after all, our country has more experience. The stability problem of some foundation can meet the safe requirement through dealing with. 700,000kW hydroelectric generating set, imported from foreign countries in the first batch, was made by oneself at home later. The more complicated one is lock of five grades of Line two, deep-cut in the rock bank, slope reaches 170 meters at the supreme side, the underpart floodgate room vertical 60 meters, high rock slope stability worries about. But the meticulous research of engineer and constructors is designed, blown up and the anchor is firm and excavating, the rock slope is steady in a long-term. There is ship lift of 3000t passenger steamer, it is the biggest in the world, in course of designing and studying, and repair the test and use the ship lift first.

4.ecological environment problem

The respect useful to ecological environment of the Three Gorges Projects is: Prevent and cure downstream land and cities and towns to flood, reduce the air pollution of electricity generation by thermal power, improve some climate, the reservoir can breed fish etc.. The respect disadvantageous to ecology is: Flood more than 300,000 mu of cultivated land, ground of fruit is more than 200,000 mu, immigrants reach the highland by the storehouse, will destroy the ecological environment, the still water weakens the sewage self-purification ability, worsen water quality, influence reproduction of the wild animal,etc. in the reservoir. So is both advantageous and disadvantageous, do not hinder building the Three Gorges Projects. Should reduce being unfavorable to minimum extent, it is mainly that reservoir immigrants want to plant trees and grass, build the terraced fields, ecological environment protection, does not require the self-sufficiency of grain. Accomplish these, want making a great effort and fund. Control blowdown such as Chongqing,

Fuling, Wan County, carry on sewage disposal, protect the water quality of the reservoir, protect the wild animal, set up the protection zone. Although ecological environment protection is difficult, must solve and can solve. As for the scenery of Sanxia, because the high near kilometer of rock bank, and Sanxia dam is only in fact higher than the river surface 110 meters. The scenery basically remains unchanged, the high gorge produces Pinghu, increase even more beautifully.

Six. Immigrant's question in the reservoir area

The reservoir of Sanxia will flood 632 sq. km. of land area, will involve Chongqing, 20 county (market) of Hubei. The reservoir of Sanxia floods and involves 2 cities, 11 county towns, 116 market towns; Flood or flood 1599 of industrial and mining enterprises that influence, reservoir flood line there are 24,500 hectares of cultivated land in all; Flood 824.25 kilometers of highways, 92,200 kilowatts of power stations; The area of house of flooding area is 34,596,000 square meters, total population of living in the flooding area is 844,100 people (agricultural population 361,500 people among them). Consider population growth and other factors of moving etc. two times during construction, the total population of trends of reservoir immigration allocation of Sanxia will be up to 1,130,000 people. The task is arduous, but must find a room for good immigrants, make its life improve to some extent, help immigrants to create the working condition, live plainly and struggle hard through 20 years, grow rich. Most immigrants retreat to the highland, it is nonlocal that some immigrants get. The reservoir of Sanxia will flood 632 sq. km. of land area, will involve Chongqing, 20 county (market) of Hubei. The reservoir of Sanxia floods and involves 2 cities, 11 county towns, 116 market towns; Flood or flood 1599 of industrial and mining enterprises that influence, reservoir flood line own cultivated land (suck the ground of mandarin orange) 24,500 hectares in common; Flood 824.25 kilometers of highways, 92,200 kilowatts of power stations; The area of house of flooding area is 34,596,000 square meters, The total population of living in the flooding area is 844,100 people (agricultural population 361,500 people among them). Consider population growth and other factors of moving etc. two times during construction, the total population of trends of reservoir immigration allocation of Sanxia will be up to 1,130,000 people.

1.exploration and opening of the immigrants in Sanxia

The exploration of an immigrant in Sanxia and open country are in the engineering construction of Sanxia, implement immigrant's policy of the exploration, relevant people's governments organize and lead immigrants to arrange work, use immigrant's funds in a unified manner, exploit natural resources rationally, based on agriculture, the agriculture,industry and commerce combine, through many channel, many industries, multi-form, many method find a room for immigrants properly, immigrants' living standard reach or exceed originally and competently, and create the condition for long-term economic development and improvement of immigrant's living standard of reservoir area of Three Gorges. Immigrant's policy of the exploration, is a great reform of the reservoir immigrants of our country. Policy this, and reservoir area of Three Gorges immigrant put forward at the foundation of pilot project eight year in experience and lessons that immigrant work since new China set up of summarizing. At the beginning of reservoir immigrants in Sanxia, carry out exploration immigrants' principles and policies, insist the country supports, the policy is favourable, each side supports, principle of relying on one's own efforts, appeared by the government, develop local resources in a planned way, expand the capacity of placing, help, offer service of forming a complete set, wide to open up, produce the life way, make it reach " take out offing, goal that so steady as to live, can get rich progressively ". Meanwhile, the country approves reservoir area of Three Gorges as " the open economic region of Sanxia ", enjoy some special policies opening to the outside world in the coastal area, call the immigrants in Sanxia of the developed coordinated cooperation of province and city, immigrant's enterprises and relevant The factor of production has been pushed to the broader large market. The governments at all levels of reservoir area of Three Gorges have issued some development coordinated cooperation, favourable measure inviting outside investment too. Reservoir area immigrant demonstrate with open to urge, develop, in order to develop, urge benign situation that place.

2. reorganization and expansion of the immigrants in Sanxia

The reorganization of immigrants in Sanxia and the expansion immigrants in Sanxia are that one involve undertaking that the society of reservoir area reconstruct,

resources are recombinated, the recombinating is one of the prominent characteristics of the immigrants in Sanxia, move the fundamental difference duplicated with traditional simple compensation immigrants, former state too. Implement immigrant's policy of the exploration, must demand to combine immigrants to move, reconfigure the factor of production, thus improve the disposition efficiency of resources, form new productivity. Expand while being what is called, expansion of scale, improvement of structure even more, function strengthen improvement of quality. Look with the view of development economics and implement the course of exploration immigrants, it is the course of economic expansion of reservoir area. Exploration immigrants begin from expanding, and ending at realizing expanding, the course that the whole immigrant move and rebuild one's home is running through economic expansion, full of to the yearning that expands in the future. Certainly, in actual operation, should set out from immigrant's reality to pay attention to all, insist reason is expanded.

Seven. Investment and benefit question

Invests 90,090 million yuan (1993 price) in investment and the Three Gorges Projects static behavior of benefit question, invests more than about 200 billion yuan dynamically while finishing in project. The investment source of the Three Gorges Projects is as follows, state loan, state-run hydropower station each of price of electricity raise the price 0.4-0.7 fen, power station electric rate income of Ge Zhou Ba, the electric rate income after the power station of Sanxia generates electricity wait for, the country has this financial resources to guarantee to invest in putting in place. About benefit, it is estimated it in ten years after the Three Gorges Projects is built up, total project investment principal and interest, unless including project fee and fee for immigration, can have repaid with electric rate income,it prevent flood, shipping,etc. share make the investment. And the Three Gorges Projects prevent flood, generate electricity, shipping,etc. benefit long-term, and enormous social benefit. Therefore, benefit of the Three Gorges Projects is very great, there is increase slightly to even make the investment, it is very rational too to repay service life to slightly lengthen.

三峡水利枢纽工程

一、坝址及基本枢纽布置

三峡工程大坝坝址选定在宜昌市三斗坪，在已建成的葛洲坝水利枢纽上游约40km处。坝址区河谷开阔，两岸岸坡较平缓，江中原有一小岛（中堡岛），具备良好的分期施工导流条件。枢纽建筑物基础为坚硬完整的花岗岩体。修建了宜昌至工地长约28km的专用高速公路及坝下游4公里处的跨江大桥——西陵长江大桥。还修建了一批坝区码头。坝区具备良好的交通条件。

二、主要水工建筑物

1.大坝

拦河大坝为混凝土重力坝，坝长2309m，坝顶高程185 m，最大坝高181 m。

泄洪坝段位于河床中部，总长483 m，设有22个表孔和23个泄洪深孔，其中深孔进口高程90 m，孔口尺寸为7×9 m；表孔孔口宽8 m，溢流堰顶高程158 m，表孔和深孔均采用鼻坎挑流方式进行消能。

电站坝段位于泄洪坝段两侧，设有电站进水口。进水口底板高程为108m。

压力输水管道为背管式，内直径12.40 m，采用钢筋混凝土受力结构。

校核洪水时坝址最大下泄流量102500m3/s。

2.水电站

水电站采用坝后式布置方案，共设有左、右两组厂房和地下厂房。共安装32台水轮发电机组，其中左岸厂房14台，右岸厂房12台，地下厂房6台。水轮机为混流式，机组单机额定容量70万千瓦。

3.通航建筑物

通航建筑物包括永久船闸和升船机（技术公关中，计划用螺旋杆技术取代原计划的钢缆绳提升技术），均位于左岸。

永久船闸为双线五级连续梯级船闸。单级闸室有效尺寸为280×34×5 m（长×宽×坎上最小水深），可通过万吨级船队。

升船机为单线一级垂直提升式设计，承船厢设计有效尺寸为120×18×3.5 m，一次可通过一条3000吨的客货轮。承船厢设计运行时总重量为11800吨，

土木工程类专业英文文献及翻译

PA VEMENT PROBLEMS CAUSED BY COLLAPSIBLE SUBGRADES By Sandra L. Houston,1 Associate Member, ASCE (Reviewed by the Highway Division) ABSTRACT: Problem subgrade materials consisting of collapsible soils are com- mon in arid environments, which have climatic conditions and depositional and weathering processes favorable to their formation. Included herein is a discussion of predictive techniques that use commonly available laboratory equipment and testing methods for obtaining reliable estimates of the volume change for these problem soils. A method for predicting relevant stresses and corresponding collapse strains for typical pavement subgrades is presented. Relatively simple methods of evaluating potential volume change, based on results of familiar laboratory tests, are used. INTRODUCTION When a soil is given free access to water, it may decrease in volume, increase in volume, or do nothing. A soil that increases in volume is called a swelling or expansive soil, and a soil that decreases in volume is called a collapsible soil. The amount of volume change that occurs depends on the soil type and structure, the initial soil density, the imposed stress state, and the degree and extent of wetting. Subgrade materials comprised of soils that change volume upon wetting have caused distress to highways since the be- ginning of the professional practice and have cost many millions of dollars in roadway repairs. The prediction of the volume changes that may occur in the field is the first step in making an economic decision for dealing with these problem subgrade materials. Each project will have different design considerations, economic con- straints, and risk factors that will have to be taken into account. However, with a reliable method for making volume change predictions, the best design relative to the subgrade soils becomes a matter of economic comparison, and a much more rational design approach may be made. For example, typical techniques for dealing with expansive clays include: (1) In situ treatments with substances such as lime, cement, or fly-ash; (2) seepage barriers and/ or drainage systems; or (3) a computing of the serviceability loss and a mod- ification of the design to "accept" the anticipated expansion. In order to make the most economical decision, the amount of volume change (especially non- uniform volume change) must be accurately estimated, and the degree of road roughness evaluated from these data. Similarly, alternative design techniques are available for any roadway problem. The emphasis here will be placed on presenting economical and simple methods for: (1) Determining whether the subgrade materials are collapsible; and (2) estimating the amount of volume change that is likely to occur in the 'Asst. Prof., Ctr. for Advanced Res. in Transp., Arizona State Univ., Tempe, AZ 85287. Note. Discussion open until April 1, 1989. To extend the closing date one month,

fj(外文翻译)

编号（学号）：04054018 （2004届本科毕业生） 毕业论文（设计） ——之外文翻译 题目：非饱和水分运动参数 空间变异的研究 学院：水利学院 专业：农业水利工程 姓名：房军 指导教师：陈晓飞教授 教研室主任：孙仕军 院长：王铁良 完成日期：2004年 3 月22日

非饱和水分运动参数空间变异的研究 黄 冠 华 (中国农业大学 水利与土木工程学院, 北京 100083) 摘 要:田块尺度土壤特性的空间变异性对水分与溶质运移具有明显的影响。该研究在野外30m ×30m 面积、土壤类型为砂壤土的田块的100个空间点上,分别利用张力计和取土样室内测定的方法测定了30cm 土层深处土壤水张力、土壤容重ρ、饱和含水率s θ,与初始含水率i θ,同时利用圭尔夫仪,测定了该田块同样深度108个空间点上的饱和水力传导度s k 与孔隙大小分布参数α。利用经典统计分析与地质统计分析方法分析上述参数的空间变异特征,研究结果表明:ρ, i θ,s θ,s k 和容水度C 遵从正态分布,而α具有对数正态分布;s k ,α和C 具有较大的空间变异性,而ρ和s θ的空间变异性则较小;s k 和log α是空间统计相关的;土壤水张力的空间变异具有时不变特征,且土壤水张力方差是其均值的二次函数。 关键词:非饱和流;土壤特性;土壤水张力;空间变异 1.介绍 很显然水和溶质在自然界土壤内运输的过程由于土壤非均匀性或者空间变化性而导致了其不确定性。 在最近二十年内，水和溶质在非均质土壤中运输被描述成与土壤特性有关的随机模型为参数的随机空间函数[]51-。不过根据参考文献[]75-，给定的土壤特性的空间变化性是随现场具体情况并且随土壤的类型和研究地区的规模而变化。 即不同的土壤特性表现不同的空间变化性。 因此， 在一个具体的站点，从一个区域土壤特性的数据集合分析而获得的统计特性和空间结构， 可能不适于描述在其它场所相同的土壤特性的空间变化性。 所以，在所有研究区域内进行区域实验并且分析收集的数据集合去确定土壤空间变化性是必要的。 在这项研究过程中，从一个区域实验来处理评价土壤特性和毛细张力水头的空间变化[]9,8。用古典统计和地质统计的方法分析从区域实验收集的数据集合，并把结果与同类出版物相比较，于是得出结论。

土木工程外文翻译

转型衰退时期的土木工程研究 Sergios Lambropoulosa[1], John-Paris Pantouvakisb, Marina Marinellic 摘要 最近的全球经济和金融危机导致许多国家的经济陷入衰退，特别是在欧盟的周边。这些国家目前面临的民用建筑基础设施的公共投资和私人投资显著收缩，导致在民事特别是在民用建筑方向的失业。因此，在所有国家在经济衰退的专业发展对于土木工程应届毕业生来说是努力和资历的不相称的研究，因为他们很少有机会在实践中积累经验和知识，这些逐渐成为过时的经验和知识。在这种情况下，对于技术性大学在国家经济衰退的计划和实施的土木工程研究大纲的一个实质性的改革势在必行。目的是使毕业生拓宽他们的专业活动的范围，提高他们的就业能力。 在本文中，提出了土木工程研究课程的不断扩大，特别是在发展的光毕业生的潜在的项目，计划和投资组合管理。在这个方向上，一个全面的文献回顾，包括ASCE体为第二十一世纪，IPMA的能力的基础知识，建议在其他：显著增加所提供的模块和项目管理在战略管理中添加新的模块，领导行为，配送管理，组织和环境等；提供足够的专业训练五年的大学的研究；并由专业机构促进应届大学生认证。建议通过改革教学大纲为土木工程研究目前由国家技术提供了例证雅典大学。 1引言 土木工程研究（CES）蓬勃发展，是在第二次世界大战后。土木工程师的出现最初是由重建被摧毁的巨大需求所致，目的是更多和更好的社会追求。但是很快，这种演变一个长期的趋势，因为政府为了努力实现经济发展，采取了全世界的凯恩斯主义的理论，即公共基础设施投资作为动力。首先积极的结果导致公民为了更好的生活条件（住房，旅游等）和增加私人投资基础设施而创造机会。这些现象再国家的发展中尤为为明显。虽然前景并不明朗（例如，世界石油危机在70年代），在80年代领先的国家采用新自由主义经济的方法（如里根经济政策），这是最近的金融危机及金融危机造成的后果（即收缩的基础设施投资，在技术部门的高失业率），消除发展前途无限的误区。 技术教育的大学所认可的大量研究土木工程部。旧学校拓展专业并且新的学校建成，并招收许多学生。由于高的职业声望，薪酬，吸引高质量的学校的学生。在工程量的增加和科学技术的发展，导致到极强的专业性，无论是在研究还是工作当中。结构工程师，液压工程师，交通工程师等，都属于土木工程。试图在不同的国家采用专业性的权利，不同的解决方案，，从一个统一的大学学历和广泛的专业化的一般职业许可证。这个问题在许多其他行业成为关键。国际专业协会的专家和机构所确定的国家性检查机构，经过考试后，他们证明不仅是行业的新来者，而且专家通过时间来确定进展情况。尽管在很多情况下，这些证书虽然没有国家接受，他们赞赏和公认的世界。 在试图改革大学研究（不仅在土木工程）更接近市场需求的过程中，欧盟确定了1999博洛尼亚宣言，它引入了一个二能级系统。第一级度（例如，一个三年的学士）是进入

单片机-英文参考文献1

Structure and fun cti on of the MCS-51 series Structure and function of the MCS-51 series one-chip computer MCS-51is a nameof a piece of one-chip computer series which In tel Compa ny produces. This compa ny in troduced 8 top-grade on e-chip computers of MCS-51 series in 1980 after in troduc ing 8 on e-chip computers of MCS-48 series in 1976. It belong to a lot of kinds this line of one-chip computer the chips have,such as 8051, 8031,8751, 80C51BH, 80C31BH,etc., their basic compositi on, basic performa nee and in structi on system are all the same. 8051 daily representatives- 51 serial on e-chip computers . An one-chip computer system is made up of several followi ng parts: ( 1) One microprocessor of 8 (CPU). ( 2) At slice data memory RAM (128B/256B),it use not depositti ng not can read ing /data that write, such as result not middle of operati on, final result and data wan ted to show, etc. ( 3) Procedure memoryROM/EPRC(4KB/8KB ), is used to preserve the procedure , some in itial data and form in slice. But does not take ROM/EPROM within some on e-chip computers, such as 8031 , 8032, 80C ,etc.. ( 4) Four 8 run side by side I/O in terface P0 four P3, each mouth can use as introduction , may use as export ing too. ( 5) Two timer / coun ter, each timer / coun ter may set up and count in the way, used to count to the exter nal in cide nt, can set up into a timi ng way too, and can accord ing to count or result of timing realize the control of the computer. (6) Five cut off cutting off the control system of the source .

你应该知道的外文文献查阅方法

外文文献查阅方法[转载] 来源：王安升的日志 NO.1中科院大博士是如何进行文献检索和阅读的（好习惯受益终生） 1.如何进行文献检索 我是学自然科学的，平时确实需要不少外文文献，对于自然科学来讲英文文献检索首推Elsevier，Springer 等。虽然这些数据库里面文献已经不算少了。但是有时还会碰到查不到的文献，而这些文献的数据库我们所在研究所或大学又没有买，怎么办？我基本通过以下向个途径来得到文献。 1．首先在Google 学术搜索里进行搜索，里面一般会搜出来你要找的文献，在Google学术搜索里通常情况会出现“每组几个”等字样,然后进入后，分别点击，里面的其中一个就有可能会下到全文，当然这只是碰运气，不是万能的，因为我常常碰到这种情况，所以也算是得到全文文献的一条途径吧。可以试一下。同时,大家有没有发现,从Google学术搜索中,还可以得到一些信息,Google学术搜索中会显示出你搜索文章的引用次数,不过这个引用次数不准确,但是从侧面反应了这篇文章的质量,经典文章的引用次数绝对很高的. 同时如果你用作者进行搜索时,会按引用次数出现他写的全部的文章,就可以知道作者的哪些文章比较经典,在没有太多时间的情况下,就可以只看经典的. 2．如果上面的方法找不到全文，就把文章作者的名字或者文章的title在Google 里搜索（不是Google 学术搜索），用作者的名字来搜索,是因为我发现很多国外作者都喜欢把文章的全文（PDF）直接挂在网上，一般情况下他们会把自己的文章挂在自己的个人主页（home page）上，这样可能也是为了让别的研究者更加了解自己的学术领域，顺便推销自己吧。这样你就有可能下到你想要的文献的全文了。甚至可以下到那个作者相近的内容的其它文章。如果文献是由多个作者写的，第一作者查不到个人主页，就接上面的方法查第二作者，以此类推。用文章的title来搜索,是因为在国外有的网站上,例如有的国外大学的图书馆可能会把本校一年或近几年的学术成果的Publication的PDF全文献挂在网上,或者在这个大学的ftp上也有可能会有这样类似的全文.这样就很可能会免费下到你想要的全文了. 3．如果上面两个方法都没有查到你要的文献，那你就直接写邮件向作者要。一般情况下作者都喜欢把自己的文献给别人，因为他把这些文献给别人，也相当于在传播他自己的学术思想。下面是本人向老外作者要文献的一个常用的模板： Dear Professor ××× I am in ××× Institute of ×××, Chinese Academy of Sciences.I am writing to request your assistance. I search one of your papers: 。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。（你的文献题目） but I can not read full-text content, would you mind sending your papers by E-mail? Thank you for your assistance. Best wishes !(or best regards) ××× 本人的经验是讲英语的国家的作者给文章的机率会大，一般你要就会给，其它不讲英语的国家，如德国，法国，日本等国家的作者可能不会给。出于礼貌,如果你要的文献作者E-mail给你了,千万别忘记回信致谢. 4．最后一种方法其实大家都熟悉，就是发贴在小木虫上求助。我还用另一种方法，就是直接让我所在的研究所图书馆的管理员帮我从外面的图书馆文献传递。不过有的文献可能是要钱的。一页0.3元，由于我们看文献的钱都是由课题出，所以也就不太考虑钱的问题了。 2.如何快速而准确地获得最新的科研信息.

土木工程岩土类毕业设计外文翻译

姓名： 学号： 10447425 X X 大学 毕业设计（论文）外文翻译 （2014届） 外文题目Developments in excavation bracing systems 译文题目开挖工程支撑体系的发展 外文出处Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 31 (2012) 107–116 学生XXX 学院XXXX 专业班级XXXXX 校内指导教师XXX 专业技术职务XXXXX 校外指导老师专业技术职务 二○一三年十二月

开挖工程支撑体系的发展 1.引言 几乎所有土木工程建设项目（如建筑物，道路，隧道，桥梁，污水处理厂，管道，下水道）都涉及泥土挖掘的一些工程量。往往由于由相邻的结构，特性线，或使用权空间的限制，必须要一个土地固定系统，以允许土壤被挖掘到所需的深度。历史上，许多挖掘支撑系统已经开发出来。其中，现在比较常见的几种方法是：板桩，钻孔桩墙，泥浆墙。 土地固定系统的选择是由技术性能要求和施工可行性（例如手段，方法）决定的，包括执行的可靠性，而成本考虑了这些之后，其他问题也得到解决。通常环境后果（用于处理废泥浆和钻井液如监管要求）也非常被关注（邱阳、1998）。 土地固定系统通常是建设项目的较大的一个组成部分。如果不能按时完成项目，将极大地影响总成本。通常首先建造支撑，在许多情况下，临时支撑系统是用于支持在挖掘以允许进行不断施工，直到永久系统被构造。临时系统可以被去除或留在原处。 打桩时，因撞击或振动它们可能会被赶入到位。在一般情况下，振动是最昂贵的方法，但只适合于松散颗粒材料，土壤中具有较高电阻（例如，通过鹅卵石）的不能使用。采用打入桩系统通常是中间的成本和适合于软沉积物（包括粘性和非粘性），只要该矿床是免费的鹅卵石或更大的岩石。 通常，垂直元素（例如桩）的前安装挖掘工程和水平元件（如内部支撑或绑回）被安装为挖掘工程的进行下去，从而限制了跨距长度，以便减少在垂直开发弯矩元素。在填充情况下，桩可先设置，从在斜坡的底部其嵌入悬挑起来，安装作为填充进步水平元素（如搭背或土钉）。如果滞后是用来保持垂直元素之间的土壤中，它被安装为挖掘工程的进行下去，或之前以填补位置。 吉尔- 马丁等人（2010）提供了一个数值计算程序，以获取圆形桩承受轴向载荷和统一标志（如悬臂桩）的单轴弯矩的最佳纵筋。他们开发的两种优化流程：用一个或两个直径为纵向钢筋。优化增强模式允许大量减少的设计要求钢筋的用量，这些减少纵向钢筋可达到50％相对传统的，均匀分布的加固方案。 加固桩集中纵向钢筋最佳的位置在受拉区。除了节约钢筋，所述非对称加强钢筋图案提高抗弯刚度，通过增加转动惯量的转化部分的时刻。这种增加的刚性可能会在一段时间内增加的变形与蠕变相关的费用。评估相对于传统的非对称加强桩的优点，对称，钢筋桩被服务的条件下全面测试来完成的，这种试验是为了验证结构的可行性和取得的变形的原位测量。 基于现场试验中，用于优化的加强图案的优点浇铸钻出孔（CIDH）在巴塞罗那的

毕业论文选题大全

毕业论文选题大全 ——WORD文档，下载后可编辑修改—— 某总承包工程合同管理案例分析浅谈建设工程招投标最低价中标法工程项目风险管理问题探究我国公路工程招投标的现状与模式工程合同管理存在的主要问题及应对措施浅谈混凝土施工中的问题及处理方法浅谈施工企业如何做好项目管理东城安全供水 政法大学博士学位论文题目参考《老子》法理念探微黑格尔论中国政制、法律及其精神缺陷清代贵州苗疆的法律控制与地域秩序缘坐研究以唐代立法、司法为背景结社：在宪法与政治之间人权视野中的罪刑法定原则没收财产刑研究犯罪被害人国家补偿制度基本问题研究论刑法的合理 古代文学论文选题古诗歌鉴赏论文：提高古诗歌阅读欣赏能力论柳永艳词及女性形象塑造庄子散文与《红楼梦》《诗经》与周代社会生活《诗经》十五国风地域考略论《水浒传》中的忠义观研究浅论诗词格韵古诗词翻译巧妙用韵的问题贾宝玉的爱情与婚姻悲剧的意义浅 简述社科毕业论文选题参考在高校人文、社科专业开设环境教育课程的实践和探讨高校社科成果评价对高校社科发展的影响研究医学院校人文社科教育的现状及比较研究陕西高校社科期刊发展问题及研究地方高校人文社科成果评价研究复杂性科学视域中的人文社科课程之构建公 教育专业毕业论文选题毕业论文是结束大学学习生活走向社会的一个中介和桥梁，下文为大家介绍教育专业毕业论文选题，让我们一起

来看看具体内容吧!在小学(某某)学科课堂教学中调动学生积极性的方法(或策略)研究素质教育背景下的小学教师专业素质研究课堂教学过程 质量工程毕业论文选题选题最好能建立在平日比较注意探索的问题的基础上，写论文主要是反映学生对问题的思考，详细内容请看下文质量工程毕业论文选题。钢板材包装木托架的承载研究和结构优化采用预制rc构件加固的砌体结构抗震性能研究西藏抗震设防单层民居试验 课程论文参考题目参考1、宗教思想与旅游文化的构建2、初探旅游地中心文化递减规律的伦理3、旅游客源地与目的地的文化交流与互动研究4、浅谈当代中国旅游文化播传播5、导游与民俗旅游文化的传播6、中西方旅游文化思想的对比研究7、论旅游产业与旅游可持续发展8 简述物理学毕业论文题目高中物理教学中学生探究能力的培养xh_2分子激发态性质的从头算研究用广义线性量子变换理论求解一类含时量子问题高中物理概念教学中抽象思维能力培养研究技校物理教学中开展研究性学习的探索与实践基于有意义分割理论的三维模型检索算法研 最新法律毕业论文设计选题001中国司法改革问题002中国法治建设问题003法律与社会问题004法律职业问题005中国法学问题006西方法律发展运动研究007发展权及发展权理论008革命与法律发展009法国律师职业组织及其自由主义思想的产生010美国律师协会与

土木工程外文翻译.doc

项目成本控制 一、引言 项目是企业形象的窗口和效益的源泉。随着市场竞争日趋激烈，工程质量、文明施工要求不断提高，材料价格波动起伏，以及其他种种不确定因素的影响，使得项目运作处于较为严峻的环境之中。由此可见项目的成本控制是贯穿在工程建设自招投标阶段直到竣工验收的全过程，它是企业全面成本管理的重要环节，必须在组织和控制措施上给于高度的重视，以期达到提高企业经济效益的目的。 二、概述 工程施工项目成本控制，指在项目成本在成本发生和形成过程中，对生产经营所消耗的人力资源、物资资源和费用开支，进行指导、监督、调节和限制，及时预防、发现和纠正偏差从而把各项费用控制在计划成本的预定目标之内，以达到保证企业生产经营效益的目的。 三、施工企业成本控制原则 施工企业的成本控制是以施工项目成本控制为中心，施工项目成本控制原则是企业成本管理的基础和核心，施工企业项目经理部在对项目施工过程进行成本控制时，必须遵循以下基本原则。 3.1 成本最低化原则。施工项目成本控制的根本目的，在于通过成本管理的各种手段，促进不断降低施工项目成本，以达到可能实现最低的目标成本的要求。在实行成本最低化原则时，应注意降低成本的可能性和合理的成本最低化。一方面挖掘各种降低成本的能力，使可能性变为现实；另一方面要从实际出发，制定通过主观努力可能达到合理的最低成本水平。 3.2 全面成本控制原则。全面成本管理是全企业、全员和全过程的管理，亦称“三全”管理。项目成本的全员控制有一个系统的实质性内容，包括各部门、各单位的责任网络和班组经济核算等等，应防止成本控制人人有责，人人不管。项目成本的全过程控制要求成本控制工作要随着项目施工进展的各个阶段连续 进行，既不能疏漏，又不能时紧时松，应使施工项目成本自始至终置于有效的控制之下。 3.3 动态控制原则。施工项目是一次性的，成本控制应强调项目的中间控制，即动态控制。因为施工准备阶段的成本控制只是根据施工组织设计的具体内容确

单片机_文献综述

XX大学 本科毕业设计（论文）文献综述 课题名称： 学院（系）： 年级专业： 学生姓名： 指导教师： 完成日期：

一、课题国内外现状 当今社会，应用单片机的产品已经渗透到我们生活的各个领域，几乎很难找到哪个领域没有单片机的足迹。现在，这种单片机的使用领域已十分广泛，如智能仪表、实时工控、通讯设备、导航系统、家用电器等，这些都离不开单片机。因此，单片机的学习、开发与应用将造就一批计算机应用与智能化控制的工程师和科学家。科技越发达，智能化的东西就越多。学习单片机是社会发展的必然需求，也是大学期间的必修课。 在国内单片机学习呈上升趋势，但是很多人学习时没有头绪，不知道从何下手。面对种类繁多的各类开发板，仿真器，让初学者无所事从，不但多花钱还多走不少弯路，学生学习单片机没有大的资金投入，能够做到少花钱多办事才是最好的。 Intel8051系列是我们在大学课堂中学习的。因此本课题围绕8051系列单片机设计，从电路图绘制，PCB板设计，硬件焊接，程序设计，在线仿真到各项功能实现，目的在于让学生将课堂上学来的理论知识与实践相结合，提高对单片机的认识，学习专业软件的操作，熟悉制作过程，掌握一门技能，加强专业知识的掌握。也增加学生的实践经历，为学生就业提供一个可选方向，拓展就业渠道。 二、研究主要成果 在目前的国内外市场中，主要单片机学习教学电路中，仿真器与开发板是分开的，且仿真器造价高，使用中仿真头易损坏。开发板种类多，不系统，应用中两者接合投资太高，学校投入太大。因仿真器与学习板是分开的，学生学习东西也少，板子做完后，学生只能留有学习板，想在课余再学习，终究因没有仿真器而受限止，实用性小，不能达到预期目的。 三、发展趋势 现在可以说单片机是百花齐放，百家争鸣的时期，世界上各大芯片制造公司都推出了自己的单片机，从8位、16位到32位，数不胜数，应有尽有，有与主流C51系列兼容的，也有不兼容的，但它们各具特色，互成互补，为单片机的应用提供广阔的天地。 微型单片化现在常规的单片机普遍都是将中央处理器(CPU)、随机存取数据存储(RAM)、只读程序存储器(ROM)、并行和串行通信接口，中断系统、定时电路、时钟电路集成在一块单一的芯片上，增强型的单片机集成了如A/D转换器、PMW(脉宽调制电路)、WDT(看门狗)、有些单片机将LCD(液晶)驱动电路都集成在单一的芯片上，这样单片机包含的单元电路就更多，功能就越强大。甚至单片

土木工程专业外文文献及翻译

（ 二 〇 一 二 年 六 月 外文文献及翻译 题 目： About Buiding on the Structure Design 学生姓名： 学 院：土木工程学院 系 别：建筑工程系 专 业：土木工程(建筑工程方向) 班 级：土木08-4班 指导教师：

英文原文： Building construction concrete crack of prevention and processing Abstract The crack problem of concrete is a widespread existence but again difficult in solve of engineering actual problem, this text carried on a study analysis to a little bit familiar crack problem in the concrete engineering, and aim at concrete the circumstance put forward some prevention, processing measure. Keyword:Concrete crack prevention processing Foreword Concrete's ising 1 kind is anticipate by the freestone bone, cement, water and other mixture but formation of the in addition material of quality brittleness not and all material.Because the concrete construction transform with oneself, control etc. a series problem, harden model of in the concrete existence numerous tiny hole, spirit cave and tiny crack, is exactly because these beginning start blemish of existence just make the concrete present one some not and all the characteristic of quality.The tiny crack is a kind of harmless crack and accept concrete heavy, defend Shen and a little bit other use function not a creation to endanger.But after the concrete be subjected to lotus carry, difference in temperature etc. function, tiny crack would continuously of expand with connect, end formation we can see without the

土木工程外文文献翻译

专业资料 学院： 专业：土木工程 姓名： 学号： 外文出处：Structural Systems to resist (用外文写) Lateral loads 附件：1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。

附件1：外文资料翻译译文 抗侧向荷载的结构体系 常用的结构体系 若已测出荷载量达数千万磅重，那么在高层建筑设计中就没有多少可以进行极其复杂的构思余地了。确实，较好的高层建筑普遍具有构思简单、表现明晰的特点。 这并不是说没有进行宏观构思的余地。实际上，正是因为有了这种宏观的构思，新奇的高层建筑体系才得以发展，可能更重要的是：几年以前才出现的一些新概念在今天的技术中已经变得平常了。 如果忽略一些与建筑材料密切相关的概念不谈，高层建筑里最为常用的结构体系便可分为如下几类： 1.抗弯矩框架。 2.支撑框架，包括偏心支撑框架。 3.剪力墙，包括钢板剪力墙。 4.筒中框架。 5.筒中筒结构。 6.核心交互结构。 7. 框格体系或束筒体系。 特别是由于最近趋向于更复杂的建筑形式，同时也需要增加刚度以抵抗几力和地震力，大多数高层建筑都具有由框架、支撑构架、剪力墙和相关体系相结合而构成的体系。而且，就较高的建筑物而言，大多数都是由交互式构件组成三维陈列。 将这些构件结合起来的方法正是高层建筑设计方法的本质。其结合方式需要在考虑环境、功能和费用后再发展，以便提供促使建筑发展达到新高度的有效结构。这并

不是说富于想象力的结构设计就能够创造出伟大建筑。正相反，有许多例优美的建筑仅得到结构工程师适当的支持就被创造出来了，然而，如果没有天赋甚厚的建筑师的创造力的指导，那么，得以发展的就只能是好的结构，并非是伟大的建筑。无论如何，要想创造出高层建筑真正非凡的设计，两者都需要最好的。 虽然在文献中通常可以见到有关这七种体系的全面性讨论，但是在这里还值得进一步讨论。设计方法的本质贯穿于整个讨论。设计方法的本质贯穿于整个讨论中。 抗弯矩框架 抗弯矩框架也许是低，中高度的建筑中常用的体系，它具有线性水平构件和垂直构件在接头处基本刚接之特点。这种框架用作独立的体系，或者和其他体系结合起来使用，以便提供所需要水平荷载抵抗力。对于较高的高层建筑，可能会发现该本系不宜作为独立体系，这是因为在侧向力的作用下难以调动足够的刚度。 我们可以利用STRESS，STRUDL 或者其他大量合适的计算机程序进行结构分析。所谓的门架法分析或悬臂法分析在当今的技术中无一席之地，由于柱梁节点固有柔性，并且由于初步设计应该力求突出体系的弱点，所以在初析中使用框架的中心距尺寸设计是司空惯的。当然，在设计的后期阶段，实际地评价结点的变形很有必要。 支撑框架 支撑框架实际上刚度比抗弯矩框架强，在高层建筑中也得到更广泛的应用。这种体系以其结点处铰接或则接的线性水平构件、垂直构件和斜撑构件而具特色，它通常与其他体系共同用于较高的建筑，并且作为一种独立的体系用在低、中高度的建筑中。

51单片机毕设参考文献

基于单片机的大棚温湿度控制系统设计 发布: 2011-9-1 | 作者: —— | 来源:caiminghao| 查看: 530次| 用户关注： 摘要：针对研究蔬菜大棚智能温湿度控制，设计了一种基于计算机自动控制的智能蔬菜大棚温湿度控制系统。详细阐述了该系统的温湿度采集、温湿度显示、控制系统等系统软硬件的设计思想，以DS18B20和HM1500LF作为温湿度传感器，以AT89S52单片机为系统核心，最后利用DELPHI软件进行系统仿真。该研究设计的蔬菜大棚智能温湿度控制系统人机界面良好，操作简单方便，自动化程度高，造价低廉，具有良好的应用前景和推广价值。关键词：温度采 摘要：针对研究蔬菜大棚智能温湿度控制，设计了一种基于计算机自动控制的智能蔬菜大棚温湿度控制系统。详细阐述了该系统的温湿度采集、温湿度显示、控制系统等系统软硬件的设计思想，以DS18B20和HM1500LF作为温湿度传感器，以AT89S52单片机为系统核心，最后利用DELPHI软件进行系统仿真。该研究设计的蔬菜大棚智能温湿度控制系统人机界面良好，操作简单方便，自动化程度高，造价低廉，具有良好的应用前景和推广价值。 关键词：温度采集；湿度采集；LCD显示；单片机 0 引言 植物的生长都是在一定的环境中进行的，在生长过程中受到环境中各种因素的影响，其中影响最大的是温度和湿度。若昼夜的温度和湿度变化很大，其对植物生长极为不利。因此必须对温度和湿度进行监测和控制，使其适合植物的生长，以提高其产量和质量。 本系统就是针对大棚内温度、湿度，研究单片机控制的温室大棚自动控制，综合考虑系统的精度、效率以及经济性要求多方面因素之后，设计一种基于计算机自动控制的大棚温湿度控制系统。 本系统实现的蔬菜大棚温湿度控制系统的目标功能如下： (1)系统能对大棚环境温湿度进行采集和显示(现场观温、湿度，软件记录)。 (2)能通过上位机端远程设定蔬菜的生长期适宜温湿度。由主控机统一设置系统时间和温度湿度修正值。 (3)当大棚的环境温湿度参数超过设定的上下限值时控制相应的系统启动。 (4)可实时显示当前温度、时间、报警阈值等信息，并可查询各时间段的温湿度情况，并加以控制。 1 系统各组成模块

土木工程毕业设计外文翻译最终中英文

7 Rigid-Frame Structures A rigid-frame high-rise structure typically comprises parallel or orthogonally arranged bents consisting of columns and girders with moment resistant joints. Resistance to horizontal loading is provided by the bending resistance of the columns, girders, and joints. The continuity of the frame also contributes to resisting gravity loading, by reducing the moments in the girders. The advantages of a rigid frame are the simplicity and convenience of its rectangular form.Its unobstructed arrangement, clear of bracing members and structural walls, allows freedom internally for the layout and externally for the fenestration. Rig id frames are considered economical for buildings of up to' about 25 stories, above which their drift resistance is costly to control. If, however, a rigid frame is combined with shear walls or cores, the resulting structure is very much stiffer so that its height potential may extend up to 50 stories or more. A flat plate structure is very similar to a rigid frame, but with slabs replacing the girders As with a rigid frame, horizontal and vertical loadings are resisted in a flat plate structure by the flexural continuity between the vertical and horizontal components. As highly redundant structures, rigid frames are designed initially on the basis of approximate analyses, after which more rigorous analyses and checks can be made. The procedure may typically inc lude the following stages: 1. Estimation of gravity load forces in girders and columns by approximate method. 2. Preliminary estimate of member sizes based on gravity load forces with arbitrary increase in sizes to allow for horizontal loading. 3. Approximate allocation of horizontal loading to bents and preliminary analysis of member forces in bents. 4. Check on drift and adjustment of member sizes if necessary. 5. Check on strength of members for worst combination of gravity and horizontal loading, and adjustment of member sizes if necessary. 6. Computer analysis of total structure for more accurate check on member strengths and drift, with further adjustment of sizes where required. This stage may include the second-order P-Delta effects of gravity loading on the member forces and drift.. 7. Detailed design of members and connections.