2011年山东大学考博英语真题答案解析笔记

山东大学普外科博士入学考试历年考题整理

1998年山东大学医学院外科学（博士） 1.食管切除的并发症? 2.尿道损伤的并发症? 3.直腿抬高实验的方法及意义? 4.甲状腺大部切除术的适应症? 5.改良乳腺癌根治术的适应症? https://www.sodocs.net/doc/072665582.html,e手术适应症? 7.病例分析：肝内8.4cm包块超声示强光团为何病变? 1999年山东大学医学院外科学（博士） 1、休克的监测及诊断? 2、乳腺癌的淋巴结引流途径? 3、甲状腺大布切除术的术前检查? 4、肝内胆管结石的手术治疗原则及方法? 5、尿道损伤的并发症? 6、ct发现胰腺头部占位后还应行哪些检查? 7、肝癌的定性诊断？? 8、孕期阑尾炎的诊断治疗原则? 2000年山东大学医学院外科学（博士） 1、食管切除术的并发症? 2、高钾血症的治疗原则? 3、乳腺良恶性病变的钼靶x线表现? 4、甲状腺结节的处理原则? 5、急性尿储留的常见类型? 6、脊柱周围脓肿的流注途径? 7、肝外伤的手术处理原则? 8、急性胰腺炎的病理生理改变? 9、胆总管囊肿的分型? 10、手外伤的处理原则? 2001年山东大学医学院外科学（博士） 一、名词 1.微小胃癌 2.Tipps 3.重症感染 4.瓷胆囊 二、休克时加重心肌损伤的因素有那些? 三、肿瘤的外科治疗有哪些方法? 四、一个良好的肿瘤标志物应该具有何特性，举例说明? 五、结肠癌的早期诊断? 六、梗阻性黄疸的检查方法有哪些? 七、肝内胆管结石的处理原则及治疗方法? 八、气胸的分类及治疗? 九、骨盆骨折的并发症有哪些? 十、后尿道损伤的临床表现及治疗? 2004年山东大学医学院外科学（博士） 一、名词解释 二、问答每个10分 1、骨折功能复位的标准 2、右半结肠癌与左半结肠癌的临床表现的不同点 3、什么是“不可切除的乳腺癌”如何治疗 4、原发性肝癌的手术指征禁忌症 5、对于创伤病人的影响愈合的因素如何处理 6、食管胃底静脉曲张普破裂出血的特点 三、论述20分 恶性肿瘤的关键的生物学特性 2005年山东大学医学院普通外科学（博士） 一、名词解释（2分/个） 1.胃肠间质通 2.炎症反应综合症 3.壶腹癌 4.ACST 5.Glisson鞘 二、问答题（10分/个） 1.胃癌的手术发式 2.肝移植的适应症和手术方式 3.甲状腺结节的处理原则 4.闭合性腹部损伤非手术治疗期间应观察哪些指 标 三、论述题（20分/个） 1.针对乳癌高发率世界著名的临床实验NSABP B-04经过长期观察得到哪些重要结论 2.作为合格的外科医生，随着外科治疗的进展，除掌握手术治疗方法外，还有哪些综合治疗方法 四、多选题（5分/个）共两个题干和选项都是英文1．手术病人最低的血小板数 2．低血容量性休克 每个题后写着：The answer is____,and why?

西安交通大学考博英语试题及其解析

西安交通大学考博英语试题及其解析 I.In each question,decide which of the four choices given will most suitably complete the sentence if inserted at the place marked. Put your choice in the ANSWER SHEET,(15points) EXAMPLE: I was caught_the rain yesterday. A.in B.by C.with D.at ANSWER:(A) l.Those two families have been quarrelling__each other for many years. A.to B.between C.against D.with 2.There are many things whose misuse is dangerous,bur it is hard to think of anything that can be compared___ A.in B.with C.among D.by 3."How often have you seen cases like this?"one surgeon asked another."Oh,__times,I guess,"was the reply. A.hundred of B.hundreds C.hundreds of D.hundred 4.Give me your telephone number__I need your help. A.whether B.unless C.so that D.in case 5.You sang well last night.We hope you'll sing__. A.more better B.still better C.nicely D.best 6.Those people__a general understanding of the present situation. https://www.sodocs.net/doc/072665582.html,ck of B.are lacking of https://www.sodocs.net/doc/072665582.html,ck D.are in lack 7.Alone in a desert house,he was so busy with his research work

2014年山东大学英语语言文学考博真题

考博详解与指导 题为英语语言文学下的翻译 上午为翻译理论： 1，Describe your understanding of“Translation norms” 2，Describe the linguistic approaches to translation studies 3，Describe the relationship between translation criticism and translation studies 4，Describe your understanding of descriptive translation studies 下午为经典作品翻译和译本赏析 I Passage one汉译英 枯叶蝴蝶 峨眉山下，伏虎寺旁，有一种蝴蝶，比最美丽的蝴蝶还要美丽些，是峨眉山最珍贵的特产之一。〃当它阖②起两张翅膀的时候，像生长在树枝上的一张干枯了的树叶。谁也不去注意它，谁也不会瞧它一眼。 它收敛了它的花纹、图案，隐藏了它的粉墨、彩色，逸出了繁华的花丛，停止它翱翔的姿态，变成了一张憔悴的，干枯了的，甚至不是枯黄的，而是枯槁③的，如同死灰颜色的枯叶。 它这样伪装，是为了保护自己。但是它还是逃不脱被捕捉的命运。不仅因为它的美丽，更因为它那用来隐蔽它的美丽的枯槁与憔悴。 它以为它这样做可以保护自己，殊不知它这样做更教人去搜捕它。有一种生物比它还聪明，这种生物的特技之一是装假作伪，因此装假作伪这一种行径是瞒不过这种生物——人的。 人把它捕捉，将它制成标本，作为一种商品去出售，价钱越来越高。最后几乎把它捕捉得再也没有了。这一生物品种快要绝种了。 到这时候，国家才下令禁止捕捉枯叶蝶。但是，已经来不及了。国家的禁止更增加了它的身价。枯叶蝶真是因此而要绝对的绝灭了。我们既然有一对美丽的和真理的翅膀，我们永远也不愿意阖上它们。做什么要装模作样，化为一只枯叶蝶，最后也还是被售，反而不如那翅膀两面都光彩夺目的蝴蝶到处飞翔，被捕捉而又生生不息。 我要我的翅膀两面都光彩夺目。 我愿这自然界的一切都显出它们的真相。 Passage Two为汉译英 宰予昼寝。子曰：“朽木不可雕也，粪土之墙不可圬①也！于予与②何诛③？”子曰：“始吾于人也，听其言而信其行；今吾于人也，听其言而观其行。于予与改是⑤。” II，长篇翻译，奥巴马胜选演讲英译汉

哈工大考博英语真题及答案

General English Admission Test For Non-English Major Ph.D. program (Harbin Institute of Technology) Passage One Questions 1-7 are based on the following passage: According to a recent theory, Archean-age gold-quartz vein systems were formed over two billion years ago from magmatic fluids that originated from molten granitelike bodies deep beneath the surface of the Earth. This theory is contrary to the widely held view that the systems were deposited from metamorphic fluids, that is, from fluids that formed during the dehydration of wet sedimentary rocks. The recently developed theory has considerable practical importance. Most of the gold deposits discovered during the original gold rushes were exposed at the Earth’s surface and were found because the y had shed trails of alluvial gold that were easily traced by simple prospecting methods. Although these same methods still leas to an occasional discovery, most deposits not yet discovered have gone undetected because they are buried and have no surface expression. The challenge in exploration is therefore to unravel the subsurface geology of an area and pinpoint the position of buried minerals. Methods widely used today include analysis of aerial images that yield a broad geological overview, geophysical techniques that provide data on the magnetic, electrical, and mineralogical properties of the rocks being investigated, and sensitive chemical tests that are able to detect : the subtle chemical halos that often envelop mineralization. However, none of these high-technology methods are of any value if the sites to which they are applied have never mineralized, and to maximize the chances of discovery the explorer must therefore pay particular attention to selecting the ground formations most likely to be mineralized. Such ground selection relies to varying degrees on conceptual models, which take into account theoretical studies of relevant factors. These models are constructed primarily from empirical observations of known mineral deposits and from theories of ore-forming processes. The explorer uses the models to identify those geological features that are critical to the formation of the mineralization being modeled, and then tries to select areas for exploration that exhibit as many of the critical features as possible. 1. The author is primarily concerned with . A. advocating a return to an older methodology. B. explaining the importance of a recent theory. C. enumerating differences between two widely used methods D. describing events leading to a discovery 2. According to passage, the widely held view of Archean-age gold-quartz vein

山东大学考博试题(记忆版,来自dxy)

山东大学2008博士病理生理试题（专业基础）顺序有点乱啊，凭记忆，参考书为八年制版病生 1 细胞信号转导异常的原因 2 呼吸性酸中毒的原因和对机体的影响 3 水中毒的原因和对机体的影响 4 低张性缺氧的原因和血氧变化特点 5 钙超载在心肌再灌注损伤中的作用 6 心衰兴奋－收缩偶联机制7 癌基因致癌的机制8 DIC的临床表现及机制9病例分析大体是一名45岁女性，哮喘22年，近一月来呼吸困难，出现情绪不稳，头晕等症状，血气示PCO2 70、 PCO2 50,分析其中的病理现象机制 10 病例分析大体是胆囊炎病人应用庆大霉素4周后出现呕心呕吐、尿少、食欲降低等不适，血气示PCO2 28、PH 7.35（？）、血钾6.5 BE -15,SB12 （数据？），问发生了什么病理生理情况，并解释如何发生的影像：名词：高千伏摄影、IVDSA、PET、PACS、TR、lacunar infarction、脑膜尾征、气胸、薄壁空洞、MRCP、肠套叠三联征、库欣综合征、干骺端、骨软化、MSCT、MI、增益、无回声区、假肾征、HIFU 简答：垂体微腺瘤ct、mri；浸润肺结核x、ct；食管癌分型、特征；肝硬化超声问答：急性骨髓炎x、ct、mr；卵巢癌超声、ct、mr 病理：名词：凋亡、栓塞、炎性介质、转移、心肌病、肺肉质变、气球样变、RS细胞、侵袭性葡萄胎、原发综合症鉴别题：肉芽肿-肉芽组织；原发-继发结核；弥漫增生性-新月体性肾炎简答：骨折愈合过程、影响因素；血栓结局、对机体影响问答：非浸润乳腺癌分型、组织特点；何杰金分型、各型共同特点断层：填图题：内囊层面、颅底动脉环、主动脉三大分支层面、第二肝门平面、股骨头层面（男女各一张）、椎间盘平面（模式图）、手&足冠状层面，膝失状面（模式图）名词：AC-PC；半卵圆中心、翼腭间隙、鞍上池、Heubner动

北京语言大学考博英语真题及其解析

北京语言大学考博英语真题及其解析Directions:You are going to read a list of headings and a text about preparing in the academic community.Choose the most suitable heading from the list A-G for each numbered paragraph(41-45).The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered.There is one extra heading which you do not need to use.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10points) Long before Man lived on the Earth,there were fishes,reptiles, birds,insects,and some mammals.Although some of these animals were ancestors of kinds living today,others are now extinct,that is,they have no descendants alive now. 41Very occasionally the rocks show impression of skin,so that, apart from color,we can build up a reasonably accurate picture of an animal that died millions of years ago.That kind of rock in which the remains are found tells us much about the nature of the original land,often of the plants that grew on it,and even of its climate. 42Nearly all of the fossils that we know were preserved in rocks formed by water action,and most of these are of animals that lived in or near water.Thus it follows that there must be many kinds of mammals,birds,and insects of which we know noting.Geng duo yuan xiao wan zheng kao bo ying yu zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lian xi quan guo mian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiu qi ba,huo jia zi xun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi. 43There were also crablike creatures,whose bodies were covered

2015年山东大学考博英语部分试题及参考答案

2015年山东大学考博英语部分试题 完形填空 A recent poll indicated that half the teenagers in the United States believe that communication between them and their parents is__1__and further that one of the prime causes of this gap is __2__listening behavior.As a(an)__3__in point，one parent believed that her daughter had a severe__4__problem.She was so__5__that she took her to an audiologist to have her ear tested. The audiologist carefully tested both ears and reported back to the parent：“There‘s nothing wrong with her hearing.She’s just__6__you out.” A leading cause of the__7__divorce rate(more than half of all marriages end in divorce)is the failure of husbands and wives to__8__effectively.They don‘t listen to each other.Neither person__9__to the actual message sent by the other. In__10__fashion，political scientists report that a growing number of people believe that their elected and__11__officials are out of__12__with the constituents they are supposedly__13__. Why?Because they don‘t believe that they listen to them.In fact，it seems that sometimes our politicians don’t even listen to themselves.The following is a true story：At a national__14__conference held in Albuquerque some years ago，then Senator Joseph Montoya was__15__a copy of a press release by a press aide shortly before he got up before the audience to__16__a speech.When he rose to speak，__17__the horror of the press aide and the__18__of his audience，Montoya began reading the press release，not his speech.He began，“For immediate release. Senator Joseph M.Montoya，Democrat of New Mexico，last night told the National……”Montoya read the entire six-page release，__19__with the statement that he“was repeatedly__20__by applause.” 1.[A]scarce[B]little[C]rare[D]poor 2.[A]malignant[B]deficient[C]ineffective[D]feeble 3.[A]case[B]example[C]lesson[D]suggestion 4.[A]audio[B]aural[C]hearing[D]listening 5.[A]believing[B]convinced[C]assured[D]doubtless 6.[A]turning[B]tuning[C]tucking[D]tugging 7.[A]rising[B]arising[C]raising[D]arousing 8.[A]exchange[B]interchange[C]encounter[D]interact 9.[A]relates[B]refers[C]responds[D]resorts 10.[A]like[B]alike[C]likely[D]likewise 11.[A]nominated[B]selected[C]appointed[D]supported 12.[A]connection[B]reach[C]association[D]touch 13.[A]leading[B]representing[C]delegating[D]supporting 14.[A]legislative[B]legitimate[C]legalized[D]liberal 15.[A]distributed[B]awarded[C]handed[D]submitted 16.[A]present[B]publish[C]deliver[D]pursue 17.[A]to[B]with[C]for[D]on 18.[A]joy[B]enjoyment[C]amusement[D]delight 19.[A]conclude[B]to conclude[C]concluding[D]concluded 20.[A]disrupted[B]interfered[C]interrupted[D]stopped 阅读理解 第一篇

山东大学考博英语2014年真题.doc

山东大学考博英语2014年真题 (总分：95.00，做题时间：90分钟) 一、Part Ⅰ Grammar and V(总题数：30，分数：15.00) 1.Most good writers use every means at their ______ to make the reader"s way smooth and easy.（分数：0.50） A.will B.disposal C.request D.convenience 2.John was so ______ in his book that he did not hear the doorbell ring.（分数：0.50） A.engaged B.occupied C.absorbed D.concentrated 3.Too much ______ to X-rays can cause skin burns, cancer or other damage to the body.（分数： 0.50） A.exposure B.disclosure C.contact D.connection 4.And we maintain a reflexive, ______ affection for Uncle Ralph, the boring fellow with interminable stories of a time we never knew.（分数：0.50） A.hateful B.distanced C.loving D.close glaring 5.______ a delay, the train will arrive in Shanghai at 6:30 a.m.（分数：0.50） A.Except B.Barring C.Apart from D.On account of 6.If something very substantial is not done next month, he cannot ______ his office.（分数： 0.50） A.obtain B.secure C.have D.retain 7.Stores and supermarkets have been ______ with each other to attract customers.（分数：0.50） A.striving B.vying C.conquering D.sprouting 8.The boy was very naughty, his mother ______ punishment to make him obey.（分数：0.50） A.took advantage B.made use C.resorted to D.turned for

2013年山东大学考博英语真题

2013年山东大学博士研究生入学考试英语真题 Part I Grammar and Vocabulary 1. The discussion was so prolonged and exhausting that the speakers stopped for deferments. A. at large B. at intervals C. at ease D. at random 2. When traveling, you are advised to take travelers’checks, which provide a secure to carrying your money in cash. A. substitute B. selection C. inference D. alternative 3. I never trusted him because I always thought of him as such a character. A. gracious B. suspicious C. unique D. particular 4. Changing from solid to liquid, water takes in heat from all substances near it, and this produces artificial cold surrounding it. A. absorption B. transition C. consumption D. interaction 5. Language, culture, and personality may be considered of each other in thought, but they are inseparable in fact. A. Indistinctly B. separately C. irrelevantly D. independently 6. Christmas is a Christian holy day usually celebrated on December 25th the birth of Jesus Christ. A. in accordance with B. in terms of C. in favor of D. in honor of 7. To survive in the intense trade competition between countries, we must the qualities and varieties of products we make to the world market demand. A. improve B. enhance C. guarantee D. gear 8. To give you a general idea of our products, we enclose the catalogues showing various products handled by us with detailed and means of packing. A. specimens B. inspections C. samples D. specifications 9. Many of the conditions that population pressures --- overcrowding, unemployment, poverty, hunger and illness --- lead to dissatisfaction. A. bring forward B. give rise to C. feed up with D. result from 10. Arriving anywhere with these possessions, he might just as easily for a month or a year as for a single day. A. put up B. stay up C. speed up D. make up 11. The fact that the earth’s surface heats provides a convenient way to divide it into temperature region. A. infrequently B. irregularly C. unsteadily D. uneverny 12. If a cat comes too close to its nest, the mockingbird a set of actions to protect its offspring. A. hastens B. releases C. devises D. initiates 13. How large a proportion of the sales of stores in or near resort areas can be to tourist spending? A. attributed B. applied C. contributed D. attached 14. Knowledge is a comfortable and necessary retreat and for us in an advanced age; and if we do not plant it while young, it will give us no shade when we grow old.

2014考博英语真题分析

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/072665582.html,中国考博辅导首选学校 2014考博英语真题分析 大家都知道，考博考到最后是在考英语，考英语考到最后是在考阅读， 得阅读者得天下，由此可看出考博阅读在考博中占据的重要性。 历年考纲都明确规定了阅读理解A部分主要考查考生的八个方面，要 求考生掌握这几方面的要求，同时在试题的考查中体现出了考纲对阅读理 解A的考查，细节题体现出了考博考纲中要求掌握细节的一点，主旨题也体 现出了考纲中需要掌握文章大概框架的要求等等，前些年细节题占据了考题 的很大一部分，这些年考查细节方面题的数量稍有减少，相应的其他类型题 的数量稍有增加。 （PS:The way to contact yumingkaobo TEL:si ling ling-liu liu ba-liu jiu qi ba QQ:772678537)这几年阅读理解文章难度，整体上趋于平稳。今年的阅读题题型和11 年有相似之处，话题都是大家比较熟悉的话题，这样就不会出现10年时候出 现的文章大意都看不懂的现象，但是这样也会出现另外一个现象，大家熟悉 的话题就很容易加入自己的主观想法，就如05年第三篇讲梦的文章，大家都 知道日有所思，夜有所梦，很多考生在做第一题的时候很容易选择C答案： 梦反映出我们内心最深处的欲望与恐惧，另一方面，从06年到现在，答案的 干扰性越来越强，以前的答案设置中有两个是错误答案，很多时候剩下的一 个选项的无关干扰答案，与主题是没有关系的，这一个通常可以根据主题来 排除掉，而近几年的阅读题答案的干扰就是以文章里面出现的信息作为干扰 项，今年的考题也印证了这印证了这样一个趋势，不像10年的题，话题都 是专业的，很多学生文章都没看明白，但是从11年开始，很多考生似乎文章 都看懂了，但是答案就是做不对，有时文章不是很难，但是题目会出的稍微 拐的弯多一些。有些答案设计过程中确实是有些难度的。近几年考博阅读的 难度系数比较稳定，一般是在5道左右。06到12年阅读题都是5道左右。 本文由“育明考博”整理编辑

吉林大学考博英语真题解析

吉林大学考博英语真题解析 Section I Listening Comprehension（20points） Part A（5points） 1.highlands； 2.20； https://www.sodocs.net/doc/072665582.html,d； 4.November； 5.22. Part B（5points） 6.A（technology）forecaster； https://www.sodocs.net/doc/072665582.html,ernment agencies； 8.（a）meaningful（exercise）； 9.open to change； 10.Trust and cooperation. Part C（10points） 11.D12.B13.C14.D15.A16.C17.B18.A19.A 20.C Section II Use of English（10points） 21.C22.D23.A24.D25.A26.B27.C28.D29.A 30.B31.A32.C33.D34.B35.A36.B37.B38.D39.A 40.C Section III Reading Comprehension（50points） Part A（40points） 41.C42.A43.D44.B45.C46.A47.D48.C49.B 50.D51.D52.A53.B54.A55.C56.C57.A58.D59.B

60.C Part B（10points） 61.希腊人认为，语言结构与思维过程之间存在着某种联系。这一观点在人们尚未认识到语言的千差万别以前就早已在欧洲扎下了根更多院校的考博英语真题及其解析或考博英语辅导体验请拨打全国免费咨询电话四零零六六八六九七八，加咨询扣扣七七二六七八五三七。 62.我们之所有感激他们（两位先驱），是因为在此之后，这些（土著）语言中有一些已经不复存在了，这是由于说这些语言的部族或是消亡了，或是被同化而丧失了自己的本族语言。 63.这些新近被描述的语言与已经得到充分研究的欧洲和东南亚地区的语言往往差别显著，以至于有些学者甚至指责Boas和Sapir编造了材料。 64.Who r f对语言与思维的关系很感兴趣，逐渐形成了这样的观点：在一个社会中，语言的结构决定习惯思维的结构。 65.Who r f进而相信某种类似语言决定论的观点，其极端说法是：语言禁锢思维，语言的语法结构能对一个社会的文化产生深远的影响。 Section IV Writing（20points） 66.（略） 评分标准 I听力： A节：5小题，每题1分，共5分。 B节：5小题，每题1分，共5分。 C节：10小题，每题1分，共10分。 A、B两节对大、小写（专有名词除外）和标点符号不做要求，英、美拼法均可接受，但拼写错误不给分。

考博英语模拟试题及答案解析

考博英语模拟试题 Part I Cloze (0. 5 x 20 = 10%) Directions:In this part you are asked to choose the best word for each blank in the passage. Write your answers on the answer sheet. The most famous painter in Victoria's history is Emily Carr. When she was a child，she discoveredthatwalking in the woods 1 more to her than playing with other children, and that she was more interested in 2 the streets of old Victoria than playing at home with 3 and spending her time making up. Emily was a cute little girl who spent 4 of her childhood in Beacon HillPark 5 was very close to her home. Drawing 6 her, and she also liked to play with the pets. She had ducks and chickens, and even 7 a monkey. She was 8 interested in the First Nations people and the Chinese people she saw inVictoria's Chinatown. Their culture and way of dressing seemed so 9 from her own. As she became a young, strong and 10 woman, Emily began to go on long trips into the forests to11 and draw what she saw. She loved the free and simple 12 of the First Nations people. In the summer of 1895 she went on 13 with two other women to 14 the wilderness along the Cowichan Riverthat runs through Duncan, 15 north of Victoria. She knew more about their lifestyle and the forests of B. C. than 16 other Europeanwoman.Whenyou look at her paintingsyou can sense the 17 of these darkmysterious forests. Her paintingsare nowvery famous and, 18 the dark colors may not be attractive to some people, they19the beauty andmystery of the deep woods and the skill of a great artist. Emily was a very brave and independentwoman. She walked through the woods alone, even though she knew that bears and wolves might be her only 20 1. A. attracted B. appealed C. allured D. induced 2. A. dashing B. strolling C. jogging D. roaming 3. A. friends B. mates C. dolls D. parents 4. A. much B. lots C. more D. many 5. A. where B. which C. since D. it 6. A. fascinated B. bewildered C. captured D. indulged 7. A. fed B. domesticated C. trained D. confined 8. A.particularly B.almost C. constantly D. intrinsically 9. A. diverse B.various C. distinct D.outstanding 10. A. special B. independent C. lonely D. unaided 11. A. paint B. record C. describe D. take 12. A. society B. work C. lifestyle D. pace 13. A. an adventure B. an exploitation C. a tour D. an expedition 14. A. check B. explore C. examine D. search 15. A. only B. just C. much D. in 16. A. any B. some C. certain D. none 17. A. mood B. tone C. taste D. atmosphere I8. A. if B. otherwise C. though D. but 19. A. evoke B. arouse C. remind D. raise 20. A.enemies B. foods C. companions D. friends