2015中考英语专项总复习专题一---名词

2015中考英语总复习

专题一名词

考点一、词义理解

有些名词在不同的语境中有不同的词义。词义理解题旨在考查学生能否通过对上下文的理解，使用合适的词汇。考查形式有三种：

1、一词多义（一个单词有多种意思）在不同的语言环境中使用不同的意义

如：不可数意义——可数意义

wood（木头）——woods （树林）paper(纸)——papers (报纸，文件)

room（空间）——rooms (房间) fire（火）——fires (炉火，火灾)

light (光) ——lights (灯) time (时间)——times （倍数，次数）work（工作）——works （著作）chicken （鸡肉）——chickens (鸡)

fish（鱼肉）——fishes（不同种类的鱼）orange （橘黄色）——oranges(橘

子)

2、近义词（意义上比较接近）辨析

高频的近义词词组

home , family , house 家problem , question , trouble 问题

clothing ，clothes ，dress 衣服job , work 工作

sound ，voice ，noise 声音person ，people ，human 人

3、语境辩词

运用生活经验、知识积累根据上下文推测出空格处所要表达的意思，选择正确的词。

如：渴了就需要水（water）、饮料（tea, coffee, juice等）；饿了就需要食

物（bread，rice，meat，cake）取钱需要去bank

考点二、词形变化

英语中，有时一个名词加上相应的前缀或后缀就可以变为形容词。

如：sleep（睡觉）—asleep （睡着的）—sleepy （瞌睡的，困乏的），

常见的名词变形容词的方法：

名词类别方法举例

表天气的-y cloud ---cloudy; wind---windy

表方位的-ern west—western , south--southern

表人的-ly friend---friendly; mother--motherly

表时间的-ly time—timely, week--weekly

表物质的-en/-y wood—wooden, sand--sandy

表抽象概念的-ful colour—colourful, use--useful -y luck—lucky, health—healthy -less care-careless, use-useless

表大洲与国家的-n America—American, Russia—Russian 另外，某些名词后加上-ous或-ish 也可构成形容词。如

danger（危险）-----dangerous(危险的) ，fool（傻瓜）–foolish （愚蠢的）考点三、可数名词（指有生命的，有一定整体，可以用数目来计算的一类名词）复数的构成方法

名词（可数名词和不可数名词），可数名词有单复数之分，不可数名词没

有复数形式。

1、可数名词复数的规则变化

类别变化规则例词

一般情况加-s book –books, map-maps

以s, x, sh,ch结尾的词加-es bus—buses, box-boxes,

watch-watches

以“辅音字母+y”

结尾

变y为i再加-es city-cities, family-families

以“f或fe结尾的词变f/fe为v再加

-es

knife-knives, leaf-leaves

注：以‘o’结尾的名词变复数，多数情况加-s. 如：radio-radios, photo-photos 等，

初中阶段学过的以o 结尾的名词只有negro, hero, tomato, potato三个

词变复数后加-es, 可记为黑人英雄吃西红柿拌土豆有意思（es）。

【归纳拓展】

In order to save herself, the thief’s wife used a knife to cut the wolf in half,

which hid behind the shelf under the leaves, and ended its life.

为了保住自己的性命，小偷的妻子用刀把躲在树叶下架子后的恶狼砍

成了两半，结束了它的性命。（该句包含了中学课本中所有的变复数

时需要把词尾-f/fe变为ves的单词，请牢记）

2. 不规则变化

（1）改 a 为e型。如：woman—women, man—men,

policeman—policemen.

（2）改oo 为ee 型。如：foot—feet , tooth—teeth ,

（3）在词尾加-ren. 如：child -– children

（4）其他特殊变化。如：mouse—mice

注意：单复数形式相同的词：sheep ，deer , police , people , Chinese 等, 还有一些名词只有复数形式如：trousers, socks, shoes, gloves, glasses等【归纳拓展】

直接加-s 表示“某国人”的名词中常见的有：

German(德国人的)---- Germans（德国人）, American(美国人的)– Americans （美国人）

Australian(澳大利亚人的)—Australians (澳大利亚人) Russian –Russians

Canadian –Canadians Egyptian –Egyptians

考点四、不可数名词及其量的表示法

不可数名词就是无法或者不能用数目来计算的名词。不可数名词没有复数形式。

1.不可数名词的分类

物质名词食物bread，meat ，rice，fish，beef

饮料milk, cola, coffee, wine, tea

自然物质water, air, soil, sand, wood

抽象名词情感love, joy, happiness

概念experience, knowledge, energy, population

学科maths, geography , physics, chemistry

2.不可数名词量的表示法

（1）用much , a little, little, a lot of 等表示。如;

I have a little time left. 我还剩下一点时间。

There is much water in the lake. 湖里有很多水。

（2）用“计量词+of ”表示。如：

a cup of tea 一杯茶two pieces of paper 两张纸

a bowl of ….. 一碗…. a kilo of …. 一公斤….

a teaspoon of …一茶匙…. a bottle of …. 一瓶….

a slice of …. 一片… a piece of ……一块…..

half a kilo of …. 半公斤….. two and a half kilos of ….. 两公

斤半…..

(注：即使数目大于1 但小于2 时，也用复数形式如;1.5公斤，

one and a half kilos 或one and a half 也就是说kilo 放在one and

a half 后用复数，只放在one后则用单数)

考点五、名词所有格的使用

1.’s 形式的所有格

类别构成方法举例

有生命的单数名词加’s my son’s pen

有生命的复数名词以s 结尾加’the teachers’ office

不以s结尾加’s the children’s

homework

表示时间、距离、国家等的名词单数加’s an hour’s walk 复数加’ten days’ holiday

表示几个人共同拥有在最后一个名词后

加’s

Mike and John’s desk

表示每个人各自拥有在每个名词后加’s Mike’s and John’s

desks

注：名词所有格后跟表示住宅、学校、店铺、诊所等名词时，这些表示住宅、学校、店铺、诊所等的名词通常被省略。如：the Green s’格林夫妇的家at the doctor’s 在诊所里

2、of 短语构成的所有格

（1）没有生命的名词一般用of短语来表示其所有关系。如：

This is a map of China.

(2)当有生命的名词的定语较长时，也可以用of 短语来表示其所有关

系。如;

The story of the old kind woman is moving. 这位善良的老妇人的

故事很感人。

3.双重所有格

表示所属物的名词前有冠词（a, an）、数词、非确定特指的(some、any ,

a few…), 物主代词或指示限定词（this ，that，these ，those）时，

常用“of +所有格/名词性物主代词”的形式，即双重所有格来表示所有关系。如：

He is a friend of Tom’s. 他是汤姆的一位朋友。

考点六、名词作定语修饰名词

名词作定语时一般用单数形式，但man 和woman作定语时，其数的形式要与被修饰的名词保持一致。

如：one banana tree 一棵香蕉树two banana trees 两棵香蕉树One man doctor 一位男医生four men doctors 四位男医生

强化练习：

·1、The doctor told me to eat more _________because it’s good for my health.

A. oranges

B. vegetables

C. ice creams

D. fish

2. ------I’m thirsty. May I have something to drink?

------Ok, here’s some _______.

A. rice B bread C water D apples

3. Father went to his doctor for ____________about his heart trouble.

A an advice

B advice

C advices

D the advices

4. ____________turn green in spring.

A Leaf

B Leafs C. Leafes D Leaves

5. The village is far away from here. It’s ___________walk.

A a four-hour

B a four hour’s

C a four-hours

D four hour’s

6. --------where is your brother?

-------At ___________.

A Mr. Green’s

B Mr. Green the Mr. Green’s D the Mr. Green

7. He dropped the ________and broke it.

A cup of coffee

B coffee‘s cup

C cup for coffee

D coffee cup

8. ------Would you like ______, Sir?

------No, thanks. I have had much.

A some more orange

B any more oranges

C some more orange

D any more orange

9. There are a lot of ________in our school. They work very hard.

A woman teachers

B women teachers

C woman teachers

D women teacher

10. Many famers have lots of ____and got much money by selling the __.

A cow, beef

B cows , beef

C cow, beefs

D cows , beefs

11. I hear we will have a __________holiday in __________.

A two day’s, two day’s time

B two –day, two day’s time

C two-day, two days’ time

D two days’, two –day time

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连词（conjunctions） 并列连词连接彼此并列的_____、______或_______。连词 从属连词引导__________。

连词练习（一） Choose the best answer: ( )1. They were later for school ________they missed the 7:00 bus. A. when B. because C. though D. so that ( ) 2. Mike did something wrong, _______ the headmaster is talking with him. A. so B. but C. and D. or ( ) 3. Jim has been in the factory for two years _______ he left school. A. when B. since C. as soon as D. whether ( ) 4. Mike is good at playing basketball _______ Bruce does well in football. A. when B. until C. since D. while ( ) 5. –Excuse me. Do you have a table for two?

--I’m sorry, ______ there aren’t any seats now. Would you mind waiting for a while? A. but B. and C. or D. so ( ) 6. Stop cutting trees, _______ the earth will become worse and worse. A. and B. but C. or D. then ( ) 7. Do you want to stay at home _______ go shopping with us? A. and B. but C. or D. so ( ) 8. Darling, _______ you like this mobile phone, let’s take it. A. after B. though C. now that D. before ( ) 9. He was riding to school _______ he was hit by a car this morning. A. while B. when C. since D. so ( ) 10. He asked me ________ I preferred McDonald or KFC. A. if B. whether C. weather D. that ( ) 11. The song was _______ old _______ few young people could sing. A. enough; to B. so; that C. as; as D. too; to ( ) 12. Mr. Brown knows little Japanese, _______ he can’t understand the instructions on the bottle of the pills. A. so B. or C. but D. for ( ) 13. I can’t tell you the secret________you promise that you will keep it between us. A. if B. but C. unless D. whether ( )14. __________the soldiers _________the captain have been to Greece before. A. Both…and B. Not only…but also C. Neither…nor D./….as well as ( ) 15. _______ my mother ________ my sister watches football games these days. A. Either; nor B. Both; and C. Neither; nor D. Neither; or ( ) 16. Mr. Smith is an English teacher _______ will teach us English next term. A. or B. and C. but D. so ( ) 17. I may live _______ in a hotel _______ in a friend’s house. A. both; and B. either; or C. neither; nor D. between; and ( ) 18. I’m sorry, _______ I can’t help you with your homework. You’d better do it yourself. A. and B. but C. or D. then ( ) 19. This coat will not lose colour ________ it’s washed. A. until B. till C. before D. after ( ) 20. I think we should get this liquid crystal computer, _______ it won’t take up more space. A. but B. although C. because D. so ( ) 21. Stop smoking, _______ you will get better soon. A. and B. or C. that D. after ( ) 22. Gray didn’t recognize(认识) his old classmate ________ he was told her name. A. when B. unless C. so D. until ( ) 23. I was about to leave the office _______ the telephone rang. A. when B. after C. before D. while ( ) 24. There were so many beautiful dresses that I didn’t know _______to choose. A. where B.which C.how D.why ( ) 25. This is not my book. Do you know _______ it is? A.what B. which C. who D. whose ( ) 26. John fell asleep ________ he was listening to the music.