英语四级考试必备基础语法知识

英语四级考试必备基础语法知识

动词时态

1)现在完成进行时态 (have/has been + -ing 分词构成): 动作或状态从过去某时开始,继续到现在,可能继续下去,也可能刚刚结束.

I’ve been writing letters for an hour.

I’ve been sitting in the garden.

2)过去完成进行时(由had been + ing分词构成): 过去某个时刻以前一直在进行的动作

I’d been working for some tim e when he called.

We had been waiting for her for two hours by the time she came.

3)将来完成进行时: 将来某个时刻以前一直在进行的动作.

By next summer, he will have been working here for twenty years.

In another month’s time she’ll have been studying here for three years.

4)将来完成时(由shall/will have + 过去分词构成): 将来某时已发生的事.

I shall have finished this one before lunch.

They’ll have hit the year’s target by the end of October.

动词语态

可以有两种被动结构的类型,例如:

He was said to be jealous of her success.

It was said that he was jealous of her success.

能同时适用于上述两个句型的主动词通常都是表示“估计”,“相信”等意义的动词,常见的有assume,believe,expect,fear,feel,know,presume,report,say,suppose,understand等.

It is supposed that the ship has been sunk.

The ship is supposed to have been sunk.

担当be supposed to 与不定式的一般形式搭配时往往表示不同的意义.例如:

Why are you driving so fast in this area? You are supposed to know the speed to know the speed limit. (你应该晓得速度限制)

双宾语及宾补结构的被动语态

双宾语结构的被动语态: 双宾语结构变为被动语态时,可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语,另一个宾语仍然保留在谓语后面,但多数是把间接宾语变为主语.

He was asked a number of questions at the press conference.

Two days were allowed them for making the necessary preparations.

宾补结构的被动语态:

She was called Big Sister by everybody.

Then he was made a squad leader.

He was considered quite qualified for the job.

The room was always kept clean and tidy.

短语动词

Vi + adv

The plane took off two hours late.

Vi + prep

They looked round the Cathedral.

Vi + prep (有被动语态)

She’s looking after her sister’s children.

The children were always well looked after.

Vi + adv + prep

I began to look forward to their visits.

Vt + O + adv

Some women choose to stay at home and bring up their children.

The children were brought up by their mother.

They took him on.

Vt + adv + O (无被动语态)

I am trying to give up smoking.

Vt + O + prep

We talked Donald into agreement.

在以as, than, when, if, unless等引导的从句中的省略: 在有些状语从句中,如果谓语包含有动词be,主语又和主句的主语一致a),或者主语是it b),就常常可以把从句中的主语和谓语的一部分(特别是动词be)省略掉.

Look out for cars when crossing the street.

When taken according to the directions, the drug has no side effects.

While there he joined in voluntary labour on a project.

Although not yet six months old, she was able to walk without support.

If not well managed, irrigation can be harmful.

Though reduced in numbers, they gained in fighting capacity.

This viewpoint, however understandable, is wrong.

Enemies, once discovered, were tightly encircled and completely wiped out.

She hurriedly left the room as though/if angry.

She worked extremely hard though still rather poor in health.

Fill in the application as instructed.

Whenever known, such facts should be reported.

The documents will be returned as soon as signed.

He said that no acrobat could ever perform those daring feats unless trained very young.

Once having made a promise, you should keep it.

If necessary I’ll have the letter duplicated.

Fill in the blanks with articles where(ver) necessary.

If possible, I should like to have two copies of it.

As scheduled, they met on January 20 at the Chinese Embassy.

在以than a) 或 as b) 引起的从句中,常会有一些成分省略.

He told me not to use more material than (it is) necessary.

We should think more of the collective than of ourselves.

They worked with as much enthusiasm as young people (did).

He is now a vice-manager, but still often works in the kitchen as before.

Their training is free, as is all education.

We will, as always, stand on your side.

错误的省略

His life is as fully committed to books as anyone I know.

While standing there in her nightgown, two bullets struck the wall beside her.

一致

如果主语是单数,尽管后面跟有with, together with, as well as, as much as, no less than, more than等引导的短语,谓语动词仍旧用单数形式.

Terry, along with her friend, goes skating every Saturday.

An expert, together with some assistants, was sent to help in this work.

The captain, as well as the coaches, was disappointed in the team.

代词作主语时的一致

each, either, neither和由some, any, no, every构成的复合代词,都作单数看待.

Each of us has something to say.

Is everybody ready?

Somebody is using the phone.

Neither of us has gone through regular training.

Has either of them told you?

some, few, both, many 等作复数

some 可后接复数,也可接单数,表示某一.

none作复数看待时较多,但也有时作单数看待,主要看说话人脑中联系想到的是复数还是单数概念, 但none 在代表不可数的东西时总是看作单数:

None of the books are easy enough for us

None of us seem to have thought of it.

None (= not a single one) of us has got a camera.

None (= nobody) has felt it more keenly than she did.

None of this worries me.

all 和most 可后接复数,也可接不可数名词(all of the…, most of the …), 动词用单数.

由and 或both… and 连接名词词组时, 后用复数; 由not only…but (also), either…or, neither…nor或 or 连接的并列主语, 谓语通常和最邻近的主语一致Not only the switches but also the old writing has been changed.

My sister or my brother is likely to be at home.

Either you or Mr Yang is to do the work.

Neither my wife nor I myself am able to persuade my daughter to change her mind.

如果一个句子是由there 或here引导, 而主语又不止一个, 谓语通常也和最邻近的那个主语一致。

There was carved in the board a dragon and a phoenix.

Here is a pen, a few envelopes and some paper for you.

people, police, cattle, poultry (家禽), militia (民兵) 等通常都用作复数.

Cattle are grazing on the pasture.

The police are looking for him.

有些集体名词有时作单数看待, 有时作复数看待, 主要根据意思来决定.

His family isn’t very large.

His family are all music lovers.

The committee meets twice a month.

The committee are divided in opinion.

The audience was enormous.

The audience were greatly moved at the words.

有些名词单复数同形, 可根据意思决定谓语动词的数:

This new series is beginning next month.

These new series are beginning next month.

This species is now extinct.

These species are now extinct.

表示时间, 重量, 长度, 价值等的名词, 尽管仍是复数形式, 如果作整体看待, 动词也可用单数形式 (当然用复数动词也是可以的):

Three weeks was allowed for making the necessary preparations.

One hundred li was covered in a single night.

书名, 国家名用单数:

Tales from Shakespeare is a book by Charles Lamb.

学科名, 如mathematics, economics用单数.

many a 或more than one 所修饰的词作主语时, 谓语动词多用单数形式:

Many a person has had that kind of experience.

More than one person has involved in the case.

a number of 后接复数, the number of后接单数:

A number of books have been published on the subject.

The number of books published on the subject is simply amazing.

one of those 后用单数. 在“one of + 复数名词 +关系分句”结构中，关系分句中谓语动词的单复数形式在一般情况下有两形式，一是根据先行词采用复数形式：Joan is one of those people who go out of their way to be helpful.

当one 之前友the only 等限定词和修饰语时，关系分句谓语动词根据one 而定，即采用单数形式：

He is the only one of those boys who is willing to take on another assignment.

Joan is one of those people who go out of their way to be helpful.

当one 之前友the only 等限定词和修饰语时，关系分句谓语动词根据one 而定，即采用单数形式：

He is the only one of those boys who is willing to take on another assignment.

非谓语动词

不定式

形式

主动形式被动形式

一般式 to do to be done

完成式 to have done to have been done

进行式 to be doing

完成进行式 to have been doing

完成式: 不定式的一般形式所表示的动作, 通常与主要谓语表示的动作(状态)同时(或几乎同时)发生, 或是在它之后发生. 假如不定式所表示的动作, 在谓语所表示的动作(状态)之前发生, 就要用不定式的完成式。

I am glad to have seen your mother (= I am glad I have seen your mother).

(比较: I am glad to see you.)

He is said to have written a new book about workers.

He pretended not to have seen me.

进行式: 如果主要谓语表示的动作(状态)发生时, 不定式表示的动作正在进行, 这时要用不定式的进行式。

You are not supposed to be working. You haven't quite recovered yet.

We didn't expect you to be waiting for us here.

He pretended to be listening attentively.

完成进行式: 在谓语所表示的时间之前一直进行的动作, 就要用不定式的完成进行式.

The struggle was known to have been going for twenty years.

We are happy to have been working with you.

被动式: 当不定式的逻辑上的主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者时, 不定式一般要用被动形式.

It is an honour for me to be asked to speak here.

She hated to be flattered.

He wanted the letter to be typed at once.

This is bound to be found out.

There are a lot of things to be done.

She was too young to be assigned such work.

功用: 不定式可以作主语 (a), 宾语 (b), 表语 (c), 定语 (d) 或是状语 (e).

a. To scold her would not be just.

b. We are planning to build a reservoir here.

c. One of our main tasks now is to mechanize agriculture.

d. Do you have anything to declare?

e. We have come to learn from you.

不带to 的不定式:

在“动词+ 宾语+不定式”结构中, 如果动词是表示感觉意义的see, hear, watch, smell, feel, notice等, 或是表示“致使”意义的 have, make, let等, 其后的不定式结构不带to.

John made her tell him everything.

这类结构转换为被动语态时, 后面的不带to 的不定式一般还原为带to 的不定式.

She was made to tell him everything.

在 had better, had best, would rather, would sooner, would just as soon, might (just) as well, cannot but 等搭配之后, 动词不定式也不带to.

I'd rather not have eggs and bacon for breakfast.

They cannot but accept his term.

在make do, make believe, let drop, let fall, let fly, let slip, let drive, let go of, let there be, hear say, hear tell, leave go of等固定搭配中, 用不带to 的动词不定式.

John let fly a torrent of abuse at me.

I've heard tell of him.

在动词help(或help +宾语)之后可用不带to的不定式, 也可用带to的不定式.

Can I help (to) lift this heavy box?

在介词except, but 之后, 如果其前有动词do的某种形式, 不定式一般不带to, 反之带to.

There is nothing to do except wait till it stops raining.

Smith will do anything but work on a farm.

There's no choice but to wait till it stops raining.

连词 rather than, sooner than 置于句首时, 其后的不定式不带to.

Rather than push the book back as he wanted to do, he forced himself to pick it up.

出现在句中其他位置时, 其后的不定式有时带to, 有时不带to.

He decided to write rather than telephone.

The manager believes it is important to invest in new machinery rather than to increase wages.

用作补语的动词不定式, 如果主语是由“all + 关系分句”，“thing +关系分句”，“wh at分句”或“thing +不定式结构”等构成，并带有do的某种形式，这时，作为主语补语的不定式可以省to，也可以不省.

What he will do is (to) spoil the whole thing.

All you do now is complete the form

The only thing I can do now is go on by myself.

The thing to do now is clear up this mess.

The least I can do is drive everybody else closer to the issue.

主谓一致

【专项训练】

1、Nothing but cars in the shop.

A.is sold

B.are sold

C.were sold

D.are going to sell

2、No one except Jack and Tom the answer.

A.know

B.knows

C.is knowing

D.are known

3、Seventy percent of the students in our school from the countryside.

A.is

B.are

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/0e11657757.html,es

D.are coming

4、 of the money used up.

A.Three-five, are

B.Three-fifths, have been

C.Three-fifths, has been

D.Third-fifths, is

5、The number of the people who cars increasing.

A.owns, are

B.owns, is

C.own, is

D.own, are

6、One of Marx’s works written in English in the 1860s.

A.was

B.were

C.would be

D.are

7、The sheets for your bed washing.

A.needs

B.are needing

C.want

D.are wanting

8、On each side of the street a lot of trees.

A.stands

B.grow

C.is standing

D.are grown

9、Some person calling for you at the gate.

A.are

B.is

C.is being

D.will be

10、All that can be eaten up.

A.are being

B.has been

C.had been

D.have been

参考答案：

1、A 因有连词but，所以谓语形式跟Nothing一致，用第三人称单数。

2、B 同上

3、B

4、C

5、C 定语从句看被修饰的先行词：the number of作主语用单数形式。

6、A

7、C

8、B 倒装句，要看后面的主语。

9、B some person指“某人”是第三人称单数。见讲解13。

10、B 主语“all”指的是“food”，所

以代不可数名词，是第三人称单数。

全部倒装和部分倒装: 如果谓语在主语前面, 就是倒装语序. 倒装语序又分为全部倒装和部分倒装. 在全部倒装的句子中, 整个谓语都放在主语的前面:

Here are some registered letters for you.

In came a man with a white beard.

在部分倒装的句子中只是谓语中的一部分(如助动词, 情态动词, 或系动词be等)放在主语前面, 其余部分仍在主语后面:

Under no circumstances must a soldier leave his post.

I couldn’t answer the question. Nor could anyone e lse in our class.

Only in this way is it possible to accomplish the above-mentioned glorious task.

以neither, nor, so等开始的句子: 由so引起的表示前面所说情况也适用于另一人(或东西)的句子(肯定句), 由neither, nor引起的表示前面所说情况也适用于另一人(或东西)的句子(否定句), 助动词或be置于主语前.

“We must start for the work-sit e now”. “ So must we.”

I am quite willing to help and so are the others.

He didn’t drop any hint. Nor (Neither) did his secretary.

“I won’t do such a thing.” “Nor (Neither) will I.”

如果一个句子只是重复前面一句话的意思, 尽管是用so开头, 语序也不要颠倒.

“It was cold yesterday.” “So it was.”

“Tomorrow will be Monday.” “So it will.”

当句首状语为 never, little, not only, not until, hardly, scarcely等否定词或有否定意义的词语时, 一般引起部分倒装.

No longer are they staying with us.

No sooner had he arrived there than he fell ill.

Under no circumstances could I agree to such a principle.

表示位置或方向的副词提前, 谓语动词为 go, come等表示位置转移的动作动词而主语又较长时, 通常用全部倒装:

There was a sudden gust of wind and away went his hat.

The door burst open and I rushed the crowd.

There comes the bus!

Now comes your turn.

1.如果主语是代词, 仍用正常语序:

There comes your turn.

有here引起, 谓语为be的句子, 也要倒装:

Here is China’s largest tropical forest.

Here are some picture-books.

2.如果主语是代词, 仍用正常语序:

Here we are. This is the new railway station.

“Give me some paper.” “Here you are.”

3.表语和系动词提前:

介词短语: On the other side was northern Xinjiang.

Near the southern end of the village was a large pear orchard.

形容词: Very important in the farmer’s life is the radio weather report.

Worst of all were the humiliations he suffered.

副词: Below is a restaurant.

Southwest of the reservoir were 2,000 acres of sandy wasteland.

分词: Housed in the Cultural Palace are a library, an auditorium and recreation rooms.

Hidden underground is a wealth of gold, silver, copper, lead and zink.

Lying on the floor was a boy aged about 17.

Standing beside the table was an interpreter.

4 句首状语若由 only + 副词, only + 介词词组, only + 状语从句构成, 引起局部倒装:

Only yesterday did he find out that his watch was missing.

Only through sheer luck did he manage to get some tickets.

Only because there were some cancelled bookings did he get some tickets in the end.

有not only开头的句子或分句, 往往引起局部倒装:

Not only did he complain about the food, he also refused to pay for it.

Not only did the garage overcharge me, but they hadn’t done a v ery good repair job either.

强调句

英语中表示强调的8种方式

1.用形容词"very"，"single"等表示强调

eg.You are the very person I'm looking for.

你就是我要找的那个人。

Red Army fought a battle on this very spot.

红军就在此地打过一仗。

Not a single person has been in the office this afternoon.

今天下午竟然没有一个人来过办公室。

2.用反身代词表示强调

e.g.I myself will see her off at the station.

我将亲自到车站为她送行。

You can do it well yourself.

你自己能做好这件事情。

3.用助词"do/does/did+动词原形"表示强调

e.g.The baby is generally healthy，but every now and then she does catch a cold.

那孩子的健康状况尚好，但就是偶尔患感冒。

Do be quiet.I told you I had a headache.

务必安静，我告诉过你，我头疼。

4.用"...and that"，"...and those"，等结构表示强调

e.g.They fulfilled the task，and that in a few days.

他们在几天内完成的就是那项任务。

I gave her some presents，and those the day before yesterday.

前天我送给她的就是那些礼物。

5.用双重否定结构表示强调

e.g.There is no reason why this new immigrant should not have the same success.

完全有理由相信这些新移民应该拥有相同的成功。

A man can never have too many ties.

一个男人有再多的领带也不为过。

I can't thank you too much.

我无论怎样感谢你都不过份。

A mother can never be patient enough with her child.

I am not unfaithful to you.我对你无比忠诚。

6.用短语"in every way"，"in no way"，"by all means"，"by no means"，"only too"，"all too"，"but too"，"in heaven"，"in the world"，"in hell"，"on earth"，"under

the sun"等表示强调

e.g.His behaviour was in every way perfect.

他的举止确实无可挑剔。

The news was only too true.

这消息确实是事实。

Where in heaven were you then?

当时你到底在哪里?

7.用倒装句表示强调

8.用强调句型表示强调

It is that或 It is who

e.g.It was the headmaster who opened the door for me.

正是校长为我开的门。

It was yesterday that we carried out that experiment.

就是在昨天我们做了那个实验。

插入语

插入语通常是说话者对所表达意思的一种补充、强调、解释或者是说话人的一种态度。它的位置比较灵活，常常会用逗号或者破折号和其他部分隔开，但是在语法上不会影响其他成分。

插入语六大用法小结

例1 _____the more expensive the camera， the better its quality.

A.General speaking

B.Speaking general

C.Generally speaking

D.Speaking generally

小结：许多分词短语可以用作插入语，这样的分词短语有：strictly speaking(严格地说)，generally considering(一般认为)，judging from……(根据……判断)等。

例2 Two middle-aged passengers fell into the sea. ____，neither of them could swim.

A.In fact

B.Luckily

C.Unfortunately

D.Naturally

小结：常用作插入语的副词或副词短语有：indeed(的确)，surely(无疑)，however(然

而)，frankly(坦率地说)，obviously(显然)，naturally(天然地)，luckily (happily) for sb.(算某人幸运)，fortunately(幸好)，strangely(奇怪)，briefly(简单地说)等。

例3 Your perform ance in the driving test didn’t reach the required standard，_____， you failed.

A.in the end

B.after all

C.in other words

D.at the same time

小结：常用作插入语的介词短语有：in conclusion(总之)，in a word(简而言之)，in short(简而言之)，in general(一般说来)，in a sense(在某种意义上)，in my view(在我看来)，in his opinion(按照他的看法)，in fact(事实上)，at first(首先)， in addition(此外)，of course(当然)，to my surprise(使我惊奇的)，to her regret(使她遗憾的)，for example(例如)等。

例4 It is so nice to hear from her._____，we last met more than thirty years ago.

A.What‘s more

B.That is to say

C.In other words

D.Believe it or not

小结：用简短的句子结构作插入语，它们常置于句中或句末。这类简短的句子有：I am sure(我可以肯定地说)，I believe(我相信)，do you know(你知道吗)，you see(你明白)，I’m afraid(恐怕)，it is said(据说)，I suppose(我想)，what’s more(而且)，what’s worse(更糟糕的是)，that is(也就是说)，what is important(重要的是)等。

例5 _____ with you，I have no money to spare.

A.To be frank

B.What’s more

C.In addition

D.However

小结：常用作插入语的不定式短语有：to be sure(无疑地)，to sum up(概括地说)，to tell the truth(老实说)等。

例6 _____， he should have done such a thing.

A.Speaking general

B.Strange to say

C.Luckily

D.Of course

小结：常用作插入语的形容词或其短语有：true(真的)，funny(真可笑)，needless to say(不用说)，most important of all(最为重要)，worse still(更糟糕的)，even better(更好)等。

Bill Gates, the billionaire Microsoft chairman without a single earned university degree, is by his success raising new doubts about the worth of the business world’s favorite academic title: the MBA (Master of Business Administration).

The problem, most participants in the debate acknowledge, is that the MBA has acquired an aura (光环) of future riches and power far beyond its actual importance and usefulness.

Opinion surveys in the world’s two largest economies—Japan and the United States—show consumerist definitions of success becoming ever more prevalent.

虚拟语气

1. 表示现在/过去/将来情况的虚拟条件句

虚拟条件句主要有三种结构：

1) 表示与现在情况相反：主句谓语用“would / could / might +动词原形”，从句谓语用“动词的一般过去时”(动词be的过去式一律用were)。

If I were you, I would not accept his offer.

If I had time, I would certainly go to the cinema with you.

2) 表示与过去情况相反：主句谓语用“would / could / might + ha ve +过去分词”，从句谓语用过去完成时。

If I had got up a little earlier, I wouldn’t have missed the train.

If I had been more careful, I might have passed that exam.

3) 表示与将来情况相反：主句谓语用“would / could / might +动词原形”，从句谓语用“were +动词不定式”或“should +动词原形”。

If I were to do the job, I would not be able to have enough time to study.

If it should rain tomorrow, I would not go out with you.

2. 虚拟条件句连接词if的省略

如果虚拟条件句的从句中含有were, had, should, could等词时，可以省略连接词if，但这时必须把were, had, should, could等词移到主语前面，形成倒装。这种句型主要用于书面形式。

Were I to do the job, I would finish doing it within two weeks.

Had it not been for his help, we couldn’t have arrived there on time.

Should it rain tomorrow, I would stay at home.

3. wish后宾语从句中的谓语构成

动词wish后的宾语从句表示未实现的或不可能实现的愿望，其宾语从句中的谓语动词要用虚拟语气，有以下三种构成形式。

1) 表示现在不可能实现的愿望，宾语从句中的谓语动词用一般过去时。(be的过去式为were)。

I wish I had enough money to buy a car.

I wish I were as young and energetic as you.

2) 表示过去未能实现的愿望，宾语从句中的谓语动词用过去完成时(had +过去分词)或“would / could + have +过去分词”。

I wish I hadn’t made such a mistake.

I wish I could have done it better.

3) 表示将来不可能实现的愿望，宾语从句中的谓语动词用“would / should (could,

might) +动词原形”。

I wish I would not get old.

I wish I could travel around the world one day.

4. 某些动词后的宾语从句中谓语动词要用虚拟语气

在一些动词后面的宾语从句中，谓语动词要用虚拟语气。这时，谓语动词用动词原形或should +动词原形。这类动词一般表示命令，要求，决定，建议，主张等概念，主要有：advise, ask, command, decide, demand, desire, direct, insist, move, order, propose, recommend, request, require, suggest,等。

The workers demanded that their wages (should) be raised by 10 per cent.

The teacher decided that you do the experiment first.

5. 某些名词后的表语从句和同位语从句中谓语动词要用虚拟语气

在一些名词后面的表语从句和同位语从句中，谓语动词要用虚拟语气。这时，谓语动词用动词原形或should +动词原形。这类名词一般表示命令，要求，决定，建议，主张等概念，主要有：advice, idea, instruction, motion, order, plan, proposal, recommendation, request, requirement, suggestion,等。

My suggestion is that we (should) send for a doctor immediately.

He gave the order that they (should) do the experiment again.

6. 错综时间条件句

条件从句表示的动作和主句表示的动作，有时发生的时间是不一致的.如从句是对过去情况的假设，而主句可能是对现在正在进行情况的假设。这种句子称为错综时间条件句.

If the weather had been more favourable, the crops would be growing still better.

7. 某些主语从句中的谓语动词要用虚拟语气

某些表示命令，要求，决定，建议，主张以及“重要性”和“紧迫性”等概念的主语从句中谓语动词要用虚拟语气。这时，谓语动词用动词原形或should +动词原形。这类主语从句一般由“It is (was) + 形容词/过去分词 + that引导的从句”构成。该结构中，常用的形容词主要有：advisable, appropriate, desirable, essential, imperative, important, necessary, obligatory, proper, urgent, vital等;常用的过去分词主要有：arranged, decided, demanded, desired, ordered, proposed, recommended, requested, suggested等。

It is necessary that you (should) stop smoking so heavily.

It is arranged that you (should) enter for this competition.

8. as if / though引起的从句

当as if / though引起的从句所表达的内容完全与实际情况相反或者纯粹是一种假设时，通常要用虚拟语气。如果从句表示与现在的事实相反，谓语动词用一般过去时;如果从句表示与过去的事实相反，谓语动词用过去完成时;如果从句表示与将来的事实相反，谓语

动词用would (might, could) + 动词原形;

They talked as if they had been friends for years.

I remember the whole thing as if it happened yesterday.

It looks as if it might rain.

Note: 如果as if / though引起的从句所表达的内容被看作是事实或者有可能是真实的，则要用陈述语气。

It seems as if it is going to rain.

The meat tastes as if it has already gone bad.

9. lest, for fear that和 in case引起的从句

当lest, for fear that和 in case表示“以免，以防，生怕，惟恐”等时，在它们引起的从句中，谓语动词常用should + 动词原形。

He ran away lest he should be seen.

He’s working hard for fear that he should fall behind.

He left early in case he should miss the last train.

10. If only引出的从句

If only引出的从句用以表达感叹性的愿望，常译为“要是…就好了”。If only从句经常省略结果主句，且主要用在虚拟语气中，即从句的谓语动词用一般过去时表示现在或将来不可能实现的愿望，或用过去完成时表示过去没有实现的愿望。

If only the rain would stop.

If only I’d listened to my parents.

Note: if only引出的句子偶尔也可使用陈述语气，但考生须注意的是，在各类测试中一般都以用虚拟语气为正确答案。

11. would rather(that)引出的从句

would rather意为“宁愿”，接从句时常省略关系代词that。would rather后的从句要用虚拟语气，即从句谓语动词用一般过去时表示现在或将来的愿望，用过去完成时表示与过去事实相反的愿望。

I’d rather you told me the truth.

I would rather you came tomorrow than today.

I’d rather you hadn’t told me about it.

12. It is (about/high) time (that) 句型

该句型表示“(早)该做…”，其后的定语从句中的谓语动词要用虚拟语气表示。在测试中从句的谓语动词用一般过去时。

It is time that we went to bed.

It is high time that somebody taught you to behave yourself.

13. 表示猜测的几种不同的方法及意义

一些情态动词与动词的完成式连用能够表示对过去情况的猜测或者未实现的可能性。

1) could have + 过去分词

A. 表示对过去可能发生的事情的推测，意为，“可能做了某事”。

He couldn’t have seen her yesterday.

They could have lost their way.

B. 表示某事在过去本有可能发生，但事实上并未发生，意为，“本可以做某事”。

We could have started a little earlier.

I could have killed her. It was a narrow escape.

2) may (might) have + 过去分词

A. 表示对过去情况的推测，意为，“可能已做某事”。

He may have heard the news.

I might have come to a wrong conclusion.

B. 表示一种未实现的可能性，即本可以做某事，而实际上并没有做，有时含有抱怨的口吻。

It was a narrow escape. You might have killed yourself.

A lot of men died who might have been saved.

3) must have + 过去分词

表示逻辑上的必然性，即按照某些现象推断过去肯定发生过的某事。

She must have made a big mistake.

The city at one time must have been prosperous, for it enjoyed a high level of civilization.

4) needn’t have + 过去分词

表示过去不必做某事，但已经做了，即本可不必做某事。

You needn’t have woken me up. I don’t have to go to work today.

He needn’t have watered the flowers, for it is going to rain.

5) should / ought to have + 过去分词

表示过去应该做某事而实际上没有做。

You should / ought to have done what your parents told you. (But you failed to do it.)

You should / ought to have been more careful. (But you weren’t.)

6) shouldn’t / oughtn’t to have + 过去分词

表示过去不应该做某事而实际上却做了。

You shouldn’t / oughtn’t to have crossed the road when the lights were red. (But you did.)

They shouldn’t / oughtn’t to have left so soon. (But they did.)

7) would have + 过去分词

表示对现在或将来某时之前业已完成的动作的推测。可译为，“可能”、“也许”、“想必”。

He would have arrived by now.

She would have recovered by then.

大学英语四级必备知识点知识点汇总

英语四级必备知识点 （1）*短语 1.Practice makes perfect.熟能生巧。 2.God helps those who help themselves.天助自助者。 3.Easier said than done.说起来容易做起来难。 4.Where there is a will,there is a way.有志者事竟成。 5.One false step will make a great difference.失之毫厘，谬之千里。 6.Slow and steady wins the race.稳扎稳打无往而不胜。 7.A fall into the pit,a gain in your wit.吃一堑，长一智。 8.Experience is the mother of wisdom.实践出真知。 9.All work and no play makes jack a dull boy.只工作不休息，聪明孩子也变傻。 10.Beauty without virtue is a rose without fragrance.无德之美犹如没有香味的玫瑰，徒有其表。 11.More hasty,less speed.欲速则不达。

12.It's never too old to learn.活到老，学到老。 13.All that glitters is not gold.闪光的未必都是金子。 14.A journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step.千里之行始于足下。 15.Look before you leap.三思而后行。 16.Rome was not built in a day.伟业非一日之功。 17.Great minds think alike.英雄所见略同。 18.well begun,half done.好的开始等于成功的一半。 19.It is hard to please all.众口难调。 20.Out of sight,out of mind.眼不见，心不念。 21.Facts speak plainer than words.事实胜于雄辩。 22.Call back white and white back.颠倒黑白。 23.First things first.凡事有轻重缓急。 24.Ill news travels fast.坏事传千里。 25.A friend in need is a friend indeed.患难见真情。

现代大学英语四级写作资料(1)

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大学英语四级全国考试方法和技巧知识点汇总

全国英语四级考试方法和技巧（实用篇） 一．听力 1．短对话 ①.答案往往在后半人的话语中（带有转折词、原因词、总结性的 ），重点也会引申推出选项答案。 ②.从答案选项中推敲，往往关键词听到与材料一致的， 很可能是陷阱（答案往往是总结、规纳性、替换词、意思一致性） ③.场景考点（每年必考），即听关键词（材料中心词往往对应于相应的 场合）比如，看电影想到影剧院，吃、点菜想到餐馆，时间飞机定票等 想到机场更多得自己不断总结此类关键词。 以后便能条件反射迅速选出答案 总结：听懂抓住重点部分信息，关键中心词必须会把握（语气、转折性 、总结性词等后为主），答案以同义词转换 +意思一致，不改变义反映。切忌无中生有，凭主观来选择。 实在是没听懂或没把握住意思和中心词，看选项来确定（同词不选， 与对话内容无关不选，意思和其他完全不一致排除，带大写性关键词 独一的也不选） 更多在于根据真题总结，以上尽为参考和练习 (充分利用时间提前看题为之重要 ) 2．短文 正题：听到什么与选项对应，意思不变情况下往往是答案 此类型关键就是一个能听及时，准确，把握此特点那听到什么与选项 一致就是答案；另一点误区选项意思与文章无关、无中生有、作者主 观臆断、某一选项与其他选项无关、相差太大往往是误区项；还有一 点题目是按照文章顺序来的，答案也往往顺着题目来的。 总结重点：关键性、重点和中心词必须听到，听之前各选项一定有所 了解，确定中心词并带着它有针对性去听文章。更多在于自己的总结 ，以上仅为参考和供练习。 3 填词 听之前有所了解文章大意， 第一遍听把单一性词填个大概并写点第一句关键意思和单词 ;第二遍完全填满单词并附带着写下第一长句， 确定和大概写出第二、三句长句关键词 ; 第三遍校对单词，并尽量补满长句。 更多在于自己的总结和听写的练习。 二．仔细阅读 1. 做之前花一、二分钟了解大意思（必要） CET4知识点

完整版初中英语语法大全知识点总结

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plete 指完成一件指派或预定的任务,或完 善、完整未完成的部分 gain 指需要做出比 obtain 更大的努力,往往指通过竞争获得某些有价值的东西obtain 指经过努力或付出代价或经过很长时间儿得到所需要的东西end 指一个动作或一件事情的结束或终止 finish 指把一件事或一个动作做完,强调 事情的了结、终止 7、4 、 accurate , correct , delicate , exact,precise 都含有一定的"正确,精确" 之意 acknowledge,admit,concede,confess,rec ognize 都含有一定的"承认"之意acknowledge 着重”公开承认”,常用来指过去曾隐瞒或否认的事accurate 准确的,精确的,指某人或某事 不仅不出错,而且与事实无出入,强调准 确性 admit 是指在压力下不得不承认已经证实或难以否认的事实,招供(事实,错误等)concede(不情愿地)承认,(在结果确定前)承认失败correct 正确的,指某人或某事合乎事实或 公认的标准或规则,没有错误 delicate 精美、精细的、雅致的 exact 确切的、精确的,语气较 accurate 强, 指某人或某事数量或质量完全符合事实或 标准,而且在细致末节上也丝毫不差 precise 精密的,指具有高度的精确性和准 确性,强调范围界限的鲜明性或细节的精密, 有时略带"吹毛求疵"的贬义 confess 着重承认自己的过错或罪恶recognize 指正式承认主权、权利等8、affirm,assert,allege,claim 都含有一定的"宣称,断言"之意affirm 断言,肯定,指根据事实坚定不移地宣称,有无可争辩之意assert 宣称,坚持,指不管事实如何,主观自信地宣称5、accuse,charge,indict 都含有一定的 "指控,控告"之意 allege 宣称,断定,指在无真实根据情况下宣称,硬说accuseaccusesb.ofdoingsth. 为 … 指 责 某 人,控告某人 claim 声称,主张,往往表示说话者反对或不同意某一观点chargechargesb.withdoingsth. 指 控 某 人… 英语四级温习资料 2(2006-12-1116:02:10)分类：大学英语四六级温习资料征服大学英语四级考试（阅读篇）（一）存在问题6、achieve,acquire,attain,gain,obtain 都含有一定的"获得,达到"之意 achieve 强调由于极大的努力,克服困难后 达到目标 第一,读不懂acquire 指经过不懈努力才获得的技术,知 识等抽象的东西,也指养成习惯等 attain 正式用语,指经过艰苦努力才使人达 到完美境地所谓读不懂,就是考生拿过文章,满头雾水,即使硬着头皮读文章,也是一知半解。然后匆忙做体,仅凭感觉去蒙,因此做体准确率必然不高。

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