Chapter 12 课后答案
新编语言学教程Chapter 12答案
Applied Linguistics
1. Define the following terms briefly.
(1)
applied linguistics: the study of language and linguistics in relation to practical
issues, e.g. speech therapy, language teaching, testing, and translation.
More often than not nowadays, it is used in the narrow sense, and refers to
language teaching in particular.
(2)
grammar-translation method: a method of foreign or second language
teaching which makes use of translation and grammar study as the main
teaching and learning activities.
(3) audiolingual method: the teaching of a second language through imitation,
repetition, and reinforcement. It emphasizes the teaching of speaking and
listening before reading and writing and the use of mother tongue in the
classroom is not allowed.
(4)
communicative language teaching: an approach to foreign or second language
teaching which emphasizes that the goal of language learning is to
achieve communicative competence.
(5)
testing: the use of tests, or the study of the theory and practice of their use,
development, evaluation, etc.
(6)
achievement test: a test which measures how much of a language someone has
learned with reference to a particular course of study or program of instruction.
(7)
validity: (in testing) the degree to which a test measures what it is supposed
to measure, or can be used successfully for the purposes for which it is intended.
A number of different statistical procedures can be applied to a test
to estimate its validity. Such procedures generally seek to determine what the
test measures, and how well it does so.
(8)
reliability: (in testing) a measure of the degree to which a test gives consistent
results; a test is said to be reliable if it gives the same results when it is
given on different occasions or when it is taken by different people.
(9)
proficiency test: a test which measures how much of a language someone has
learned without considering the syllabus, duration and manner of learning.
(10) subjective test: a test which is scored according to the personal judgment of
the marker, such as essay writing or translation.
(11) objective test: a test that can be marked without the use of the examiner’s
personal judgment.
(12) language aptitude test: a test which measures a person’s aptitude for second
or foreign language learning and it can be used to identify those learners who are most likely to succeed.
(13) diagnostic test: a test which is designed to show what skills or knowledge a
learner knows and doesn’t know. For example, a diagnostic pronunciation
test may be used to measure the learner’s pronunciation of English sounds.
It would show which sounds a student is and is not able to pronounce. Diagnostic
tests may be used to find out how much a learner knows or to measure how successful an instruction program has been.
(14) backwash effect: Tests strongly affect what actually occurs in the classroom
and the effect of tests on classroom L2 teaching and learning is known as the
backwash effect.
2. The advantages of grammar-translation method:
(1)
As the grammars described in this method contain very detailed descriptions
of the correct construction of phrases and sentences of a language, accuracy
is stressed and improved.
(2)
Students’ ability to read and write is encouraged and improved since the
method focuses on the written work.
(3)
This method is less demanding than some other approaches for a teacher
whose oral proficiency may not be adequate.
(4)
This method is popular with people who would like to study English independently,
especially the adult learners who want to learn grammar rules and
use them to approach new materials by themselves.
The disadvantages of grammar-translation method:
(1)
It emphasizes language at the sentence level regardless of context, so the organization
of language above the sentence level is not so carefully studied.
(2)
As the focus is on written work, oral fluency and spontaneity is not so well
developed and common everyday language is not taught enough.
(3)
The basic techniques in this method are rote learning of the rules and vocabulary,
and grammar rules are taught deductively as general statements to
be applied in particular exercises in translation, so the learners may find it
boring to learn.
(4)
With the emphasis on grammar, students typically know a lot about the language
but are unable to actually use it. As a result, their use of the new language
often tends to be literal or unnatural.
3.
Changes required would include:
(1)
Change in teacher’s role. The teacher can no longer be the source of knowledge
and trut h about the language. The teacher’s role has more to do with
initiating activities.
(2)
Change in learner’s role. The learner can no longer be passive. The learner
must actively participate in the activities.
(3)
Change of materials. These should, as far as possible, preserve the features of
authentic instances of language use.
(4)
Change of techniques. These should emphasize the tasks (not drills) to be
performed and identify the skills being practiced.
(5)
Change in attitude. If the above are to be achieved then we are involved in
changing our attitudes towards teaching and learning in general.
4.
Achievement tests are based on a particular language syllabus, or part of a syllabus,
or chapters in a textbook that learners are known to have studied and they
aim to know how well learners know what they have been taught. For example,
the Chinese MET test, which is based on the Middle School English Syllabus and
taken by students leaving Senior Middle School, and Mid-Term tests, designed for
University English Majors based on just a few chapters from a textbook.
5.
The validity of a test relates to what the test claims to measure and how well it
does so. If we know that a test is valid, then we know what we can confidently say
about a person who passes or fails it. The two most important aspects of validity
are content validity and construct validity. If a test has content validity it means
that the test questions cover a fair sample of the language structures and skills
that the test claims to be measuring. If a test has construct validity, it shows that it
measures only what it claims to measure and nothing else.
6.
A test is said to be reliable if it gives the same results when it is given on different
occasions or when it is taken by different people. There are two aspects to reliability:
test reliability and scorer reliability. Test reliability refers to how consistent scores
are on a test. If, for example, there are two versions of a particular test and the same
person takes them on consecutive days and his scores are almost the same on each
version, then such a test has test reliability. A test has scorer reliability if there is a
high level of agreement between different people marking the same test paper.
生产运营管理--课后题标准答案
生 产 运 作 管 理 人力1221班 201251211130
1. 需求管理的主要功能是什么？如何理解需求管理在企业生产运作管理中的重要性？ 答：需求管理的主要功能： 1)预测顾客需求、输入订单、进行产品决策； 2）与顾客协商交货期、确认订单状态、订单变更的沟通； 3)确定需求的各种来源：包括服务性零部件需求、内部 需求、促销库存和替他渠道库存需求。 需求管理在企业生产运作管理中的重要性表现在： 生产计划与控制系统 2.什么是代表产品？什么是假定产品？如何进行生产能力和生产任务之间的平衡？ 答：代表产品：在结构与工艺相似的多品种的系列产品中，寻则产量与劳动量乘积最大的产品作为代表产品。 假定产品：实际上并不存在的产品，只是为了结构与工艺差
异的产品有一个统一的计量单位而假定的。 进行生产能力和生产任务之间的平衡： 计算生产能力的目的是为了衡量生产计划的可行性，因此要进行生产能力与生产任务的平衡，如果生产能力满足不了计划任务的要求，应采取一定的措施扩大生产能力，如果生产能力大于计划任务，则应设法利用生产能力，一面造成无端浪费。生产能力与生产任务的平衡凡是有产量平衡和时间平衡。对于能力不足时段，要提出相应的需求计划，落实生产单位所能提供的能力，对于能力有富余的时段，要尽可能加以利用。 3. 处理非均匀需求有几种策略？ 答：如下图：
4.MTO企业和MTS企业如何确定产品品种和数量？ 答：MTS企业产品品种的确定 对于大批量生产，品种数很少，而且所生产的产品品种是市场需求量很大的产品，一般没有品种选择问题。 对于多种中批量生产，则有品种选择问题，确定品种选择问题，确定生产什么品种的产品，对企业的利润水平有至关重要的影响，是十分重要的决策。品种优选就是要确定出最有利于实现企业经营目标的产品，优选可以采用收入利润顺序法。 MTS企业产品产量的确定 在品种一定的情况下，优化各种产品的计划生产数量，是企业利润达到最大化。确定产量水平，涉及人力、设备、材料、资金等多方面因素的制约，因此，常用一些数学规划方法来优化产品产量。线性规划是用得较多的方法。 MTO企业产品品种的确定 单件小批量生产是典型的定货型生产，其特点是按用户的要求，生产规模、质量、价格、交货期不同的专用产品。大批量生产以其成本低、高效率与高质量取得的优势，使得一般中等批量生产难以与之竞争。但是，单件小批量生产却以其产品的创新性与独特性，在市场中牢牢地站稳脚跟。MTO企业产品数量的确定： 对于单件小批量生产，由于订单到达具有随机性，产品
新编实用英语综合教程2unit1课后练习答案
新编实用英语综合教程2 unit 1 课后习题答案 P4-1 ①What are you doing tonight② i was wondering ③i wish i could ④write a term paper ⑤ some other time then ⑥ That's right P4-2 1）are you doing anything special tommorrow evening ? 2) i would like invite you to come to my birthday party . would you like to join us ? :3) Good , will you come at 7:00 ? 4) Lemonade if you must bring sth . P4-3 1) what are you going to do this weekend ? 2) Thunderstorm is on this weekend . 3) the early or the late show 4) Maybe go to KFC (kentucky Fried Chicken ) or a Coffee Shop . 5) i 'd rather go to KFC 6) when and where shall we meet ? P5-1 ①tomorrow②ball game③skiing④f or a long time ⑤very warm⑥agree P6-2
① No , she doen't ②going to the ball game and skiing ③She heard it on the radio ④ No , he doesn't ⑤ He will give claire a call P6-3 ① the time and place ②fine ③formal written ④ in writing ⑤ at the bottom ⑥ attend ⑦ in person or by phone ⑧ comfortable P7-4 1) d 2) C 3) a 4) b P8-1 1) You should not fell committed until you know what the invitation 2) it is : apology , reason for refusal , thanks for the invitation . 3) it means each pays one's own check when eating in a restaurant . 4) the word "sometime ". P9-2 1) instances 2) informal 3)entertain 4) host 5) casual 6)suggestion P9-3 ① invent an excuse later ② present problems ③ explicit④ specific time mentioned ⑤ Yes , th at would be nice . P9-4 1) instance 2) present 3) hostess 4. appropriate 5)invent 6) entertain 7) explicit 8) identify P9-5 !) For convenience , the photo will be shown in time sequence. 2) You are required to stop your car after an accident .
实用英语综合教程2课后习题答案
实用英语综合教程2课后习题答案 Unitl Liste n and Decode 1. tomorrow ball game skii ng for a long time very warm agree 2.1. No, she does n't. 2. Going to the ball game and skii ng 3. She heard it on the radio 4. No, he does n't 5. He will give Claire a call 3. the time and place fine formal writte n in writ ing at the bottom atte nd in pers on or by phone comfortable 4. DCAB o Unit3 Liste n and Decode 1. Dr. An early airport hotel ten-minute 2.1. Dr. An 2. Miami Un iversity 3. He took the earlier flight 4. Very nice 5 The hotel. 3. a teleph one message a memo pho ne at home pers onal skills a message expect who called "What the message?" was friends and family questi ons WHEN they called the pers on call ing reach 4. BD Passage1 1. (1) . . Because people stopped talking face to face to one another. (2) . Because his friend was busy talking on his cell phone, completely forgetting his presenee. (3) . Because they can be used any where and any time. (4) .With e-mail, we can com muni cate without see ing or talki ng to one ano ther; and with voice mail, we can con duct en tire con versati ons without ever reach ing anyone. (5) . People lose their in timacy of in teract ion. (6) . He thinks it's great, but worries about its uninten ded con seque nces 2. disc onn ected setback Internet talk ing reach ing an swer contact goes up phone automated 3. (1). the com muni cati ons revolutio n (2). their cell phones (3). electro nic voice (4). e-mail (5). voice-mail (6). Directory assista nee (7). great 4. burde n adva nces Ion ely in visible insert atte ndants pets cha in preferable deposit in terrupted Evide ntly 5. (1). Please dial home and tell them rm on the way to the company. (2) . Since the n there has n ever bee n any setback in producti on. (3) . I saw him insert the key into the lock. (4) . I suggest that you make a deposit at/with the bank (5) . Yesterday Mr. Wang checked out from that hotel 6. 1. The hall was filled with stude nts wait ing for the in terview. The square of the village was filled with people watchi ng the football match of the World Cup 2. We used to grow beautiful roses Peter used to go to the small tow n 3. Why is it that this con clusi on is wrong? Why is it that she can sing better tha n I? 4. As I knew him better, I discovered that my first impressi on of him had bee n/was right. We get wiser as we get older. 5. Why use wood whe n you can use plastic? Why ask me to do it whe n you can do it yourself? 6. Pretty soon you won't have the burde n of cook ing breakfast for him. Pretty soon you won't take the trouble to send her to go to school every morning.
罗宾斯《管理学》课后习题详解(附英文参考答案)(行为的基础)【圣才出品】
第14章行为的基础 14.1 中文答案详解 一、思考题 1．对于组织中不同层级的管理人员来说，组织行为学领域的知识对他们的重要性是否不同？请具体说明。 答：对于组织中不同层级的管理人员来说，组织行为学领域的知识对他们的重要性是不同的。具体说明如下： （1）管理人员的层级划分为三层：高层管理人员、中层管理人员、基层管理人员。其具体的职责分别为：①高层管理人员是对整个组织的管理负有全面责任的人，他们的主要职责是：制定组织的总目标、总战略，掌握组织的大政方针并评价整个组织的绩效。其在与外界的交往中，往往代表组织以“官方”的身份出现；②中层管理人员是处于高层管理人员和基层管理人员之间的一个或若干个中间层次的管理人员，他们的主要职责是：贯彻执行高层管理人员所制定的重大决策，监督和协调基层管理人员的工作，与高层管理人员相比，中层管理人员更注意日常的管理事务；③基层管理人员是组织中处于最低层次的管理者，他们所管辖的仅仅是作业人员而不涉及其他管理者。其主要职责是：给下属作业人员分派具体工作任务，直接指挥和监督现场作业活动，保证各项任务的有效完成。 （2）组织行为学领域的知识主要包括个体、群体和组织。其具体的内容如下：①个体是构成组织的最基本细胞，是组织行为学研究的基础和出发点。在这个层面上，通常应用心理学的理论和方法研究个体特征对人们在组织中的工作行为和工作表现的影响，要考虑诸如
价值观、知觉、归因、态度、个性、意志和情感等因素，并对他们在工作中的个体行为、作风与绩效的影响进行研究。同时要研究个体行为以及他们对不同的组织政策、实践和过程的反应，有关人性、需要、动机和激励等方面的理论可以用来说明单个组织成员的行为和绩效； ②群体的内容包括运用社会心理学的知识和理论分析工作群体的特征、结构、功能、发展过程和内聚力，就构成了组织行为学研究群体的重要部分；③组织作为一个整体的特征如组织结构、组织文化对个体和群体行为，从而对组织效率和气氛有重要的影响。把整个组织作为一个层面来研究的宏观方法是建立在社会学的理论和概念之上的。 （3）通过对比不同管理层级的管理者的职责和组织行为研究领域的层次，可知不同管理层次对组织行为学知识的掌握领域是不同的。①高层管理者负责制定全局性的决策，其所作的决策影响范围更广，影响期限更长。因此，他们需要更多的掌握概念型技能，把握全局意识、系统思想和创新精神，对组织行为学中有关组织的内容应该有更深入的掌握，也应以此为重点研究的领域；②中层管理者负责决策的传递、信息的沟通等，其应该更多的掌握关于组织行为学中群体内的关系与群体间的关系，在了解其他领域知识的同时，应该以群体特征为重点；③基层管理者主要与从事具体作业活动的工作人员打交道。有责任检查工作人员的工作，及时解答并同工作人员一起解决实际工作中出现的各种具体问题。因此，对基层管理者来说掌握组织行为学中有关个体的特征、行为等方面的知识应是其重点问题。 2．“越来越多的公司现在认识到，如果能够对员工的情绪问题进行了解和管理，则会提高他们的工作绩效、与同伴的协作关系、与顾客的交往。”这句话对管理者的意义何在？ 答：这句话对管理者的意义是情绪会对组织行为中的个体行为产生一定的影响。管理者对其员工情绪的管理，可以使员工发挥到最佳状态，以提高员工的工作效率和工作满意度等。 （1）在组织活动中，情感理论具有重要的意义，既有积极意义又有消极意义。
现代大学英语精读3(第二版)Unit8课后答案
Unit 8 Vocabulary 1.Translate the following expressions into English. 1. lift the curtain 11. defy/challenge the authority 2. resent the treatment 12. bend the rules 3. calculate the price 13. oppose the decision 4. confiscate one's property 14. plot murder 5. draw ridicule l5. diagnose liver cancer 6. offend the boss l6. complicate the matter 7. commit treason 17. recharge a flagging spirit 8. dismiss the idea 18. recapture one's childhood 9. bury the dead 19. interrogate the suspect 10. announce/declare bankruptcy 20. disconnect the power 2.Give appropriate nouns or verbs that can form possible collocations. Give nouns 1. a report/an opinion/an order / a warning/a new stock/new stamps 2. a missile/a satellite/a campaign 3. the boat/the train/the bus/the chance/the point/one's friend/a few classes/the first part of the lecture
马风才《运营管理》第2版题库与参考答案
《运营管理》题库 （难免有不妥及错误之处，请批评指正） 一、选择题（不限于单选） 1、运营管理的目标可概括为： [ ] A、增加价值 B、顾客满意 C、经济效益 D、B与C 2、下列所述，属于系统规划与设计的有： [ ] A、成本核算与分析 B、选址规划 C、绩效考核 D、运营能力的确定 3、下列所述，属于系统运行与控制的是： [ ] A、交期控制 B、成本控制 C、人员控制 D、质量控制 4、运营管理先后经历了三个标志性的阶段，这三个阶段是指： [ ] A、成本导向、质量导向、定制化导向 B、成本导向、定制化导向、质量导向 C、质量导向、成本导向、定制化导向 D、质量导向、定制化导向、成本导向 5、被人们尊称为科学管理之父的管理大师及其代表着作是指： [ ] A、泰勒/《管理科学原理》 B、泰勒/《科学管理原理》 C、亚当?斯密/《国富论》 D、德鲁克/《管理的实践》 6、称为西方经济学的圣经的着作及其作者是指： [ ] A、《管理科学原理》/泰勒 B、《科学管理原理》/泰勒 C、《国富论》/亚当?斯密 D、《管理的实践》/德鲁克 7、影响生产率的主要因素有： [ ] A、员工积极性 B、技术 C、管理 D、服务 8、QFD的核心是： [ ] A、充分倾听顾客心声 B、是一项集成的产品开发技术
C、基于10个步骤开发新产品 D、技术重要度的计算 9、关于效率与利用率的关系，下面选项中，正确的是： [ ] A、效率>利用率 B、效率=利用率 C、效率<利用率 D、ABC都不对 10、富有冒险精神的决策者一般采用： [ ] A、Maximin 准则 B、Maximax 准则 C、 Laplace 准则 D、Minimax regret 准则 11、持保守态度的决策者一般采用： [ ] A、Maximin 准则 B、Maximax 准则 C、Laplace 准则 D、Minimax regret 准则 12、关于重心法，正确的说法是： [ ] A、所用距离只能是欧几里德距离 B、无法求出总负荷最小的位置 C、重心位置的总负荷未必最小 D、只能用在物流中心的选址规划上 13、以下属于产品专业化布置的有： [ ] A、汽车装配线 B、学校的实习工厂 C、学校食堂 D、星级饭店的早餐 14、以下属于工艺专业化布置的有： [ ] A、汽车装配线 B、学校的实习工厂 C、学校食堂 D、星级饭店的早餐 15、就工作研究和方法研究，以下所述正确的有： [ ] A、工作研究是目的 B、时间研究是目的 C、工作研究是基础 D、时间研究是基础 16、制定MPS时的“报警信号”是指： [ ] A、MRP B、ATP C、 POH D、EPQ 17、MRP最核心的输出是： [ ] A、净需求 B、预期到货量
实用英语2课后练习题答案
实用英语第二册课后练习题答案 Her weekends are dominated (dominate) by housework. He was sweating (sweat) during the interview. She shook his hands and thankfulness (thank) was written on her face. Addition (add) is much easier to learn than division(除法)。 Proud (pride) of her good look, she was only interested in becoming an actress. The Declaration (declare) of Independence is part of the American history. A good citizen is expected to be lawful anywhere and anytime. Can you use an MP4 player without reading its instructions (instruct)? His face was flushed with excitement (excite), and his hands trembled. Nothing in the world can be as painful (pain) as this. For parents, they have the responsibility (responsible) for caring for and educating their young children. Social conflicts often result from misunderstanding (understand). This is a test to help determine if you have a personality disorder (order). Do you think money will disappear (appear) some day in the future? A former commander (command) of U.S.-led coalition forces in Iraq has sharply criticized the Bush administration’s handling of the war . Unfortunately (fortune), she lost her purse with her passport, credit card and some cash in it. She was interviewed for a volunteer participant (participate) in the 2008 Beijing Olympics. To our surprise, the man walked out of Death Valley unaided (aid)a week later . He is reluctant (reluctance) to tell us the truth. His hard work has turned him into a knowledgeable (knowledge) researcher. To the great disappointment, the officer realized that they had obtained the information unworthy (worthy) of their efforts. The new film, The Assembly (集结号), impressed (impress)us deeply with its memorable character ,a company commander . The woman asked for two days’ leave for something urgent (urge) that had happened to her family. The soldier surprised his commander that he could repeat precisely (precise) what he had heard in class. The class became quite active (activity) when their favorite teacher Professor Liang was teaching them. If you want to be respected (respect), you must learn to respect others first. With the sound of a(n) explosion (explode),the factory was going up in a big flame. The insurance (insure) company covered 80% of her operation fee. In many foreign countries you need to make a (n) appointment (appoint) before seeing a doctor. I was awfully (awful) sorry for being late again. He did’t suffer injury(injure) during his four-month service. Water, though tasteless, can keep us _alive____. Really handy (hand) are those which you can rely on whenever you need. Mr. Robust never feels any pity for beggars (beg) who are physically healthy. She was delighted (delight) at the news of the weeding.
罗宾斯《管理学》(第13版)笔记和课后习题(含考研真题)详解 第Ⅵ篇 控 制【圣才出品】
第Ⅵ篇控制 第18章监管和控制 18.1知识结构导图 【名师点拨】 本章主要介绍控制，需要了解控制的本质和重要性，重点掌握控制过程，熟悉组织和员工绩效的测量特别是测量组织绩效的工具，同时也要了解当代的控制问题。 18.2考点难点归纳
考点一：控制★★ 1．含义 控制（controlling）是监控、比较和纠正工作绩效的过程。有效的控制可以确保所有的行动都是按照实现目标的方式完成的。控制是否有效取决于它们如何帮助员工和管理者实现他们的目标。 2．重要性 控制职能的价值（重要性）体现在三个具体的方面： （1）计划。控制是管理者了解组织目标是否实现以及目标没有实现的原因的唯一方法。作为管理过程的最后一个环节，控制提供了反馈到计划的关键纽带。 （2）员工授权。一个有效的控制系统可以提供员工绩效的信息和反馈，将潜在问题的可能性降到最低，使管理者可以更方便地进行员工授权。 （3）保护组织和组织的资产。全面控制和应急计划可以帮助确保将事件对工作的影响降至最小。 考点二：控制过程★★★ 控制过程（control process）是一个测量实际绩效、比较实际绩效和标准以及采取管理行动来纠正偏差和调整不合理标准的三步过程，具体如下： （1）第一步：测量实际绩效 ①测量方法。管理者用来测量和报告实际绩效的四种方法是个人观察、统计报告、口头汇报和书面报告。 ②测量内容。测量内容往往决定员工的工作内容，比测量方法更为重要。管理者需要采
用一些控制标准，如员工满意度、流动率以及缺勤率等在管理情境中通用的控制指标。大部分的工作活动都能量化，但在必要的时候需要采用一些主观标准。 （2）第二步：比较实际绩效和标准 通过比较可以判断实际绩效和标准之间的偏差。确定一个可接受的偏差范围（即实际绩效与标准之间可接受的偏离程度）至关重要。 （3）第三步：采取管理行动 采取管理行动包括什么都不做、纠正实际绩效或修改标准。 ①纠正实际绩效。根据问题的类型，管理者可以采取不同的纠正行动： a．直接纠正行动，即为了立即纠正问题以使绩效回到正确轨道上所采取的行动。 b．彻底纠正行动，即首先探查绩效偏差产生的原因和机制，然后纠正产生偏差的根源。 ②修改标准。如果制定的标准过高或过低，则需要对标准实施纠正行动。注意，当绩效没有达到标准时，不能轻易地质疑目标和标准。 考点三：控制组织绩效和员工绩效★★★★ 1．含义 （1）绩效（performance）是一项活动的最终结果。 （2）组织绩效（organizational performance）即所有组织活动结果的累积结果。 2．组织绩效的测量 （1）组织生产率 生产率（productivity）是产品或服务的总产出除以产生这些产出的总投入。组织和单个工作部门都希望提高这个比率（即生产率）。 ①产出，用产品卖出时组织收到的销售收入（售价×销量）来衡量。
大学英语精读3课后答案.doc
大学英语精读 3 课后答案【篇一：大学英语精读第三版第三册课后答案(含 close 原文)】 >1) accent 2) turn against 3) a couple of 4) takes his time 5) fate 6) confirmed 7) witness 8) subsequent 9) stands a chance 10) trial 1) belief 2) brilliant 3) employment 4) has saved up 5) stood a chance 6) were awarded 7) presumably 8) conducted 9) casual 10) around (which student life) revolves 1) joe wrote to say that he had to put off his visit because of his illness. 2) despite the noise, they went on working as if nothing were happening. 3) traffic was held up for several hours by the accident. 4) called (up) on to speak at the meeting, i couldnt very well refuse. 5) mrs. stevenson looked in the cupboard and found there was not a single lump of sugar left. 6) it was the rumor that turned joe against his twin brother. 7) we wondered how sara was getting on in her new job. 8) although anne agreed with me on most points, there was one on which she was unwilling to give in. 9) visitors could photograph almost anything here without having to ask for permission.
运营管理课后习题答案
学习-----好资料 Chapter 02 - Competitiveness, Strategy, and Productivity 3. (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) Overhead Material Total MFP Worker Cost Week Cost @1.5 Cost@ Output Cost@$6 (6) ?(2) $12x40 1 9,900 3.03 30,000 2,700 4,320 2,880 11,220 3,360 2 5,040 2.99 2,820 33,600 3,360 11,160 32,200 5,040 3 2.89 2,760 35,400 12,480 3,840 2,880 2.84 4 5,760 *refer to solved problem #2 Multifactor productivity dropped steadily from a high of 3.03 to about 2.84. 4. a. Before: 80 ? 5 = 16 carts per worker per hour. After: 84 ? 4 = 21 carts per worker per hour. b. Before: ($10 x 5 = $50) + $40 = $90; hence 80 ÷$90 = .89 carts/$1. After: ($10 x 4 = $40) + $50 = $90; hence 84 ÷$90 = .93 carts/$1. c. Labor productivity increased by 31.25% ((21-16)/16). Multifactor productivity increased by 4.5% ((.93-.89)/.89). *Machine Productivity Before: 80 ÷40 = 2 carts/$1. After: 84 ÷50 = 1.68 carts/$1. Productivity increased by -16% ((1.68-2)/2) Chapter 03 - Product and Service Design 6. Steps for Making Cash Withdrawal from an ATM 1. Insert Card: Magnetic Strip Should be Facing Down 2. Watch Screen for Instructions Select Transaction Options: 3.
新编实用英语综合教程(第二版)课后翻译习题解
Unit 1 5. 1.她一家商店一家商店的看，最后以她能付出的价格买了她所需要的东西。She shopped around till she got what she wanted at a price she could afford. 2.除了向我要东西，他从不跟我说话。 He never speaks to me other than to ask for something. 3.你永远应该以搞好你的工作为目的。 You should always aim at doing your job well. 4.几个星期来她一直呆在家中照顾有病的父亲。 She has been tied to the house for weeks looking after her invalid father. 5.修建这条路是为了缓解交通拥挤。 The route was designed to relieve traffic congestion. 6.社会是由形形色色的人组成的。有些人很好，有些人很坏，也有些人介乎两者之间。 Society is made up of a wide variety of people; some are good, others (are) bad, and still others (are) in between. Unit 2 5 1.这个星期你每天都迟到，对此你如何解释？ How do you account for the fact that you've been late every day this week? 2.政府已经承诺改善落后地区人民的生活条件。 The government has committed itself to improving the life conditions of the people living in the underdeveloped areas. 3.据最新报道，这次火车交通事故造成多名乘客死亡。 According to the latest report, the train accident resulted in the death of several passengers. 4.多呼吸新鲜空气有助于身体健康。 Plenty of fresh air contributes to good health. 5.他试图竞争学校学生会主席，但是没有成功。 He attempted to compete for the position of chairman of the Students' Union,
罗宾斯《管理学》(第9版)课后习题详解-第十二章至第十九章【圣才出品】
第12章人力资源管理 12.1中文答案详解 一、思考题 1．人力资源管理如何影响所有的管理者？ 答：人力资源对管理者的影响主要表现在以下几个方面： （1）人力资源管理涉及对管理者本身的管理 管理者的绩效考核、薪酬与福利获得，以及职业发展都离不开人力资源管理。管理者也是企业的员工，尤其是作为中低层的管理者，他们也需要相应的人力资源管理。绩效考核可以督促管理者更加有效的开展团队工作。薪酬与福利管理以及职业发展可能会影响到管理者的员工满意度，进而影响着他们对公司的贡献程度和忠诚度。 （2）人力资源管理是管理者成功管理的关键 一个组织的素质在很大程度上取决于它所聘用和保留的员工的素质。公司必须确保自身拥有高素质的员工，有足够的人选填补重要的管理职位。不论一个组织是刚开始经营还是已经营了数年，吸引和保留有能力的员工是每一个组织成功的关键。如果一个组织没有认真负责地进行人力资源管理，绩效和目标的达成就有可能受到损害。 （3）人力资源关系到对管理者下属员工的管理 “我们的员工是我们最重要的资产。”许多组织都用此话或类似的语言来表达员工在组织成功中所起的重要作用。这些组织还认识到，所有的管理者必须介入某些人力资源管理活动，即便是在设立了专门的人力资源管理部门的大型组织中也是这样。这些管理者要对应聘者进行面试，引导上岗新员工，并评估员工的工作绩效。
2．雇主有权不受政府干预选用员工吗？请论证你的观点。 答：雇主无权不受政府干预选用员工。 政府对雇主雇佣员工进行干预，通常涉及几个方面的考虑：一是出于社会福利的考虑，如强制要求接受一些弱势群体就业；二是出于社会就业公平的考虑，为了保证所有的劳动者有一个比较公平的就业环境，政府会对一些影响公平就业或歧视性雇佣行为予以制止；三是出于一国经济安全的考虑，对于涉及国家重大经济安全或其他安全的雇佣行为，政府有权进行干预；四是为了维护市场人才竞争的公平，政府需要进行相应的干预。 雇主选用员工时不可以完全按照自己的意愿行事，必须受到政府相关部门的合法干预。可以从以下几个方面进行理解： （1）政府干预有利于保证劳动力供给市场的公平竞争 如果企业可以完全按照自己的意愿进行人才雇佣，围绕就业的走后门、行贿受贿现象就会更加广泛，使得一些不具有某种特殊社会关系的人才遭到不公平竞争的排斥，同时，不受约束的雇佣行为还可能对某一群体实施歧视行为，包括相貌歧视、性别歧视、家庭背景歧视和残疾歧视等。 （2）政府宏观经济调控行为的需要 一个组织在其运营发展过程当中，是由多种复杂的行为组合而成的。全部的组织行为都应该在遵守政府相关法律法规的前提下进行，这就要求组织的发展目标与社会的和谐发展相一致。雇主选用员工属于组织行为的一个组成部分，自然要受到政府宏观调控的影响，接受政府的合法干预。 （3）政府雇佣干预行为的存在源于企业的社会责任 企业作为一个具有较大影响力的社会团体，理应担负起一定的社会责任，包括：协助政府稳定市场就业率、接受一定数量的特殊弱势群体实现就业、为更多的人提供就业机会等。
运营管理参考答案 MBA
简答题: 运营系统: 运营系统是指利用运营资源把投入转换成产出的过程，它包括运营过程和运营资源两部分。其中，运营过程是指围绕着产品或者服务的一系列有组织的运营活动，是一个“投入-转换-产出”的过程，即投入一定的资源，经过一系列、多种形式的 变换，使其价值增值，最后以某种形式的产出提供给社会的过程。运营资源是指企业内部支持运营活动的资源条件，主要由人、财、物和技术等构成，是运营过程的支撑体系。 运营过程包括运营投入、转换过程及运营产出三部分，其中运营投入，又称为待转换资源，主要有原材料、信息和顾客等，运营产出则是企业满足顾客需要的产成品或者服务。一般来说，运营系统中发生的转换过程包括：物理过程、位置变化过程、交易过程、存储过程、生理过程和信息过程。 投入和产出的不同就是转换的结果，转换的本质要求是增加价值，即通过运营过程对运营的投入进行转换的过程必须为企业增加价值。在日常经营过程中，每一个企业都包括了人力资源、行政后勤、财务管理、研发、采购、生产、销售和售后服务等企业应该具有的所有部门，但是在这众多的部门中属于运营系统核心流程的是哪些呢？根据运营过程分析，企业中的采购、生产、销售和售后服务与“投入-转换-产出”过程一一对应，即投入系统主要是采购流程，转换系统主要 是生产流程，产出系统主要是销售流程和售后服务流程。 运营管理: 运营管理指对运营过程的计划、组织、实施和控制，是与产品生产和服务创造密切相关的各项管理工作的总称。 企业运营管理要控制的主要目标是质量，成本，时间和柔性，它们是企业竞争力的根本源泉。因此，运营管理在企业经营中具有重要的作用。特别是近二三十年来，现代企业的生产经营规模不断扩大，产品本身的技术和知识密集程度不断提高，产品的生产和服务过程日趋复杂，市场需求日益多样化、多变化，世界范围内的竞争日益激烈，这些因素使运营管理本身也在不断发生变化。尤其是近十几年来，随着信息技术突飞猛进的发展，为运营增添了新的有力手段，也使运营学的研究进入了一个新阶段，使其内容更加丰富，范围更加扩大，体系更加完整。 现代运营管理 现代运营管理涵盖的范围越来越大。现代运营的范围已从传统的制造业企业扩大到非制造业。其研究内容也已不局限于生产过程的计划、组织与控制，而是扩大到包括运营战略的制定、运营系统设计以及运营系统运行等多个层次的内容。把运营战略、新产品开发、产品设计、采购供应、生产制造、产品配送直至售后服务看作一个完整的“价值链”，对其进行集成管理。