汽车车辆类驱动桥的设计外文文献翻译、外文翻译、中英文翻译

附录I

Drive axle powertrain at the end of their basic function is to increase the transmission came from the drive shaft or torque, and a reasonable distribution of power to the left and right wheel, in addition to acting on the road and under the frame or body legislation between the vertical, longitudinal and lateral force. General from the main drive axle reducer, differential, gear wheels and drive axle housings and other components.

The design of the Drive axle:

Drive axle should be designed to meet the basic requirements are as follows:

1. Select the main reduction ratio should be able to ensure the car has the best power and fuel economy.

2. Smaller size, to ensure that the necessary ground clearance.

3. Gear and other pieces of the work of a smooth transmission,and small noise.

4. In a variety of speed and load with a high transmission efficiency.

5. In ensuring adequate strength and stiffness conditions, should strive for the quality of small, especially under the mass-spring should be as small as possible in order to improve vehicle ride comfort.

6. And suspension movement-oriented coordination of steering drive axle, but also with the coordination of steering movement.

7. The structure of simple, good processing, manufacturing, easy disassembly, to facilitate adjustment.

Drive axle classification

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At non-drive axle disconnect disconnect-style-type with two broad categories.

1. Non-disconnect-type drive axle

Non-disconnect-type drive axle also known as integrated drive axle, the axle casing and the main shaft reducer with shell shell and connected to a rigid beam, which on both sides of the axle and wheel related to swing through the flexible connected with the frame components. It consists of drive axle housing 1, the main reducer, differential and axle components.

2. disconnect-type drive axle.

Drive the use of independent suspension bridge, that is the main reducer shell fixed on the vehicle chassis, on both sides of the axle and wheel in the horizontal plane as opposed to relative movement of the body is referred to as drive off the bridge.

In order to match with independent suspension, the main reducer shell fixed at the frame (or body), the drive axle housing sub connected through the hinge, or in addition to the main reducer shell outside the shell is no longer driven to other parts of the bridge. Wheel in order to meet the needs of independent jump up and down, between the differential and the wheel axle of the above connection between the use of universal joints.

Drive axle components

Driven mainly by the main bridge reducer, differential, axle and drive axle housings and other components.

1. Main reducer assembly

Used to change the main drive reducer general direction, to reduce speed and increase torque, and ensure there is sufficient car drivers and the appropriate speed

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skin. More types of the main reducer, a single-stage, dual-class, two-speed, such as Wheel Speed Reducer.

1) single-stage main reducer

Reduction gear by a slowdown in the realization of the devices, called

single-stage reducer. Its structure is simple, light weight, such as Dongfeng BQl090 type light and medium-sized trucks on a wide range of applications.

2) two-stage main reducer

Larger number of heavy-duty trucks, require a larger reduction ratio, the main use of a single-stage reducer drive, moving from gear to be larger in diameter will affect the drive axle of the ground clearance, so the use of two slowdown. Often referred to as two-stage reducer. There are two sets of two-stage reduction gear reducer, speed the realization of the two by twisting.

In order to enhance the meshing gear pair taper and strength of a smooth, slow down the first-class pair of spiral bevel gear is. Gears 2 is inclined gear teeth due to prop.

Take the initiative to rotate bevel gear, gear driven rotary driven round silver, thus completing a slowdown. Active second stage cylindrical gear reducer and the driven bevel gear coaxial with the rotation, and drive gear driven rotating cylinder, a second-class speed. Due to the driven gear mounted on the cylindrical shell on the differential, so that when the driven gear rotating cylinder, through the differential and drive axle that is, the rotation of the wheels.

2. Differential

Differential is designed to connect the axle around, on both sides of the wheels can rotate at different angular torque transfer at the same time. To ensure the normal

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scroll wheel. Some multi-bridge-driven cars, in the sub-actuator type or in the transmission through the shaft is also equipped with a differential, known as the bridge between the differential. Its role is to turn in the car or on uneven road surface, so that drive wheels before and after the differential between the role.

At present, China-made cars and other types of vehicles in the basic use of symmetric ordinary differential bevel gear. Symmetric by the planetary bevel gear differential gear, axle gears, planetary gear axis (cross-axis or a direct-axis) and the differential composition of the shell and so on.

At present the majority of planetary gear-type motor vehicles using differential and ordinary differential bevel gear cone by two or four planet gears, planetary gear shaft, the two cone axle differential gear, and about the composition of the shell and so on.

3.Auto semi-axle

Axle is the differential torque and then came to the wheels, drive wheels spin, promote the solid axle car. As a result of the installation of wheel structure, and the forces of the axle are also different. Therefore, divided into full-floating axle,

semi-floating, 3 / 4, three types of floating.

1) full-floating axle

Generally large and medium-sized used car floating the whole structure. Axle with the inner end of the spline axle with the differential gear connected to the outer end of the axle forging a flange with bolts and wheel hub to connect. Wheel away from the more distant of two tapered roller bearings for the text on the axle casing. Rear axle shell casing pressure and one pair to form the drive axle housing. Supporting the use of such forms, axle and axle housing no direct link so that only bear the

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drive axle torque without bearing any moment, the axle referred to as "full-floating" axle. The so-called "floating", meaning not subject to bending load axle.

Full-floating axle, the outer end flange plate for one made with the axis. But there are also a number of trucks to make a separate flange parts, and by nested spline outer end in the axle. Thus, at both ends of the axle spline, you can use for the first.

2) semi-floating axle

Semi-floating axle with the inner end of the same floating, not subject to bending and torsion. Away from direct client support through a bearing in the axle of the inner shell. This approach will support the outer end axle bearing moment. Therefore, this short-sleeve in addition to transfer torque, but also to sustain the local moment, it is known as the semi-floating axle. This structure is mainly used in small passenger cars.

License Hongqi CA7560 icon for the type of drive axle limousine. Axle from the inner end of its moment, out client has to bear all the moment, so called

semi-floating bearing.

3) 3 / 4 floating axle

3 /

4 floating axle is affected by the degree of bending between the short

semi-floating and full floating between. At present the application of this type halfshaft few pickup truck only on individual applications such as Warsaw, M20 vehicles.

4. Automobile axle housing:

1) the overall shell-style bridge

Bridge shell due to the overall strength and stiffness performance, ease of main reducer installation, adjustment and maintenance, and are widely used. Integral axle

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housing due to different manufacturing methods can be divided into the overall foundry type, pressed into the middle of casting steel pipe and welded steel plate, such as stamping.

2) sub-type drive axle housing

Sub-type axle housing will generally be divided into two sections, from two sections of a connecting bolt. Sub-type axle housing casting and processing easier.

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附录II

驱动桥处于动力传动系的末端，其基本功能是增大由传动轴或变速器传来的转矩，并将动力合理的分配给左、右驱动轮，另外还承受作用于路面和车架或车身之间的垂直立、纵向力和横向力。驱动桥一般由主减速器、差速器、车轮传动装置和驱动桥壳等组成。

驱动桥的设计：

驱动桥设计应当满足如下基本要求：

1.选择的主减速比应能保证汽车具有最佳的动力性和燃料经济性。

2.外形尺寸要小，保证有必要的离地间隙。

3.齿轮及其他传动件工作平稳，噪声小。

4.在各种转速和载荷下具有高的传动效率。

5.在保证足够的强度、刚度条件下，应力求质量小，尤其是簧下质量应尽量小，以改善汽车平顺性。

6.与悬架导向机构运动协调，对于转向驱动桥，还应与转向机构运动相协调。

7.结构简单，加工工艺性好，制造容易，拆装、调整方便。

驱动桥的分类

驱动桥分非断开式与断开式两大类。

1．非断开式驱动桥

非断开式驱动桥也称为整体式驱动桥，其半轴套管与主减速器壳均与轴壳刚性地相连一个整体梁，因而两侧的半轴和驱动轮相关地摆动，通过弹性元件与车架相连。它由驱动桥壳1，主减速器，差速器和半轴组成。

2．断开式驱动桥

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驱动桥采用独立悬架，即主减速器壳固定在车架上，两侧的半轴和驱动轮能在横向平面相对于车体有相对运动的则称为断开式驱动桥。

为了与独立悬架相配合，将主减速器壳固定在车架（或车身）上，驱动桥壳分段并通过铰链连接，或除主减速器壳外不再有驱动桥壳的其它部分。为了适应驱动轮独立上下跳动的需要，差速器与车轮之间的半轴各段之间用万向节连接。

驱动桥的组成

驱动桥主要由主减速器、差速器、半轴和驱动桥壳等组成。

1．主减速器

主减速器一般用来改变传动方向，降低转速，增大扭矩，保证汽车有足够的驱动力和适当的速皮。主减速器类型较多，有单级、双级、双速、轮边减速器等。

1）单级主减速器

由一对减速齿轮实现减速的装置，称为单级减速器。其结构简单，重量轻，东风BQl090型等轻、中型载重汽车上应用广泛。

2）双级主减速器

对一些载重较大的载重汽车，要求较大的减速比，用单级主减速器传动，则从动齿轮的直径就必须增大，会影响驱动桥的离地间隙，所以采用两次减速。通常称为双级减速器。双级减速器有两组减速齿轮，实现两次减速增扭。

为提高锥形齿轮副的啮合平稳性和强度，第一级减速齿轮副是螺旋锥齿轮。二级齿轮副是斜齿圆柱齿轮。

主动圆锥齿轮旋转，带动从动圆银齿轮旋转，从而完成一级减速。第二级减速的主动圆柱齿轮与从动圆锥齿轮同轴而一起旋转，并带动从动圆柱齿

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轮旋转，进行第二级减速。因从动圆柱齿轮安装于差速器外壳上，所以，当从动圆柱齿轮转动时，通过差速器和半轴即驱动车轮转动。

2．差速器

差速器用以连接左右半轴，可使两侧车轮以不同角速度旋转同时传递扭矩。保证车轮的正常滚动。有的多桥驱动的汽车，在分动器内或在贯通式传动的轴间也装有差速器，称为桥间差速器。其作用是在汽车转弯或在不平坦的路面上行驶时，使前后驱动车轮之间产生差速作用。

目前国产轿车及其它类汽车基本都采用了对称式锥齿轮普通差速器。对称式锥齿轮差速器由行星齿轮、半轴齿轮、行星齿轮轴（十字轴或一根直销轴）和差速器壳等组成。

目前大多数汽车采用行星齿轮式差速器，普通锥齿轮差速器由两个或四个圆锥行星齿轮、行星齿轮轴、两个圆锥半轴齿轮和左右差速器壳等组成。

3．半轴

半轴是将差速器传来的扭矩再传给车轮，驱动车轮旋转，推动汽车行驶的实心轴。由于轮毂的安装结构不同，而半轴的受力情况也不同。所以，半轴分为全浮式、半浮式、3／4浮式三种型式。

1）全浮式半轴

一般大、中型汽车均采用全浮式结构。半轴的内端用花键与差速器的半轴齿轮相连接，半轴的外端锻出凸缘，用螺栓和轮毂连接。轮毂通过两个相距较远的圆锥滚子轴承文承在半轴套管上。半轴套管与后桥壳压配成一体，组成驱动桥壳。用这样的支承形式，半轴与桥壳没有直接联系，使半轴只承受驱动扭矩而不承受任何弯矩，这种半轴称为“全浮式”半轴。所谓“浮”意即半轴不受弯曲载荷。

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全浮式半轴，外端为凸缘盘与轴制成一体。但也有一些载重汽车把凸缘制成单独零件，并借花键套合在半轴外端。因而，半轴的两端都是花键，可以换头使用。

2）半浮式半轴

半浮式半轴的内端与全浮式的一样，不承受弯扭。其外端通过一个轴承直接支承在半轴外壳的内侧。这种支承方式将使半轴外端承受弯矩。因此，这种半袖除传递扭矩外，还局部地承受弯矩，故称为半浮式半轴。这种结构型式主要用于小客车。

图示为红旗牌CA7560型高级轿车的驱动桥。其半轴内端不受弯矩，而外端却要承受全部弯矩，所以称为半浮式支承。

3）3／4浮式半轴

3／4浮式半轴是受弯短的程度介于半浮式和全浮式之间。此式半轴目前应用不多，只在个别小卧车上应用，如华沙M20型汽车。

4．桥壳

1）整体式桥壳

整体式桥壳因强度和刚度性能好，便于主减速器的安装、调整和维修，而得到广泛应用。整体式桥壳因制造方法不同，可分为整体铸造式、中段铸造压入钢管式和钢板冲压焊接式等。

2）分段式驱动桥壳

分段式桥壳一般分为两段，由螺栓1将两段连成一体。分段式桥壳比较易于铸造和加工。

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汽车专业毕业设计外文翻译

On the vehicle sideslip angle estimation through neural networks: Numerical and experimental results. S. Melzi,E. Sabbioni Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing 25 (2011)：14~28 电脑估计车辆侧滑角的数值和实验结果 S.梅尔兹,E.赛博毕宁 机械系统和信号处理2011年第25期：14~28

摘要 将稳定控制系统应用于差动制动内/外轮胎是现在对客车车辆的标准（电子稳定系统ESP、直接偏航力矩控制DYC）。这些系统假设将两个偏航率(通常是衡量板)和侧滑角作为控制变量。不幸的是后者的具体数值只有通过非常昂贵却不适合用于普通车辆的设备才可以实现直接被测量,因此只能估计其数值。几个州的观察家最终将适应参数的参考车辆模型作为开发的目的。然而侧滑角的估计还是一个悬而未决的问题。为了避免有关参考模型参数识别/适应的问题,本文提出了分层神经网络方法估算侧滑角。横向加速度、偏航角速率、速度和引导角,都可以作为普通传感器的输入值。人脑中的神经网络的设计和定义的策略构成训练集通过数值模拟与七分布式光纤传感器的车辆模型都已经获得了。在各种路面上神经网络性能和稳定已经通过处理实验数据获得和相应的车辆和提到几个处理演习(一步引导、电源、双车道变化等)得以证实。结果通常显示估计和测量的侧滑角之间有良好的一致性。 1 介绍 稳定控制系统可以防止车辆的旋转和漂移。实际上，在轮胎和道路之间的物理极限的附着力下驾驶汽车是一个极其困难的任务。通常大部分司机不能处理这种情况和失去控制的车辆。最近,为了提高车辆安全，稳定控制系统(ESP[1,2]; DYC[3,4])介绍了通过将差动制动/驱动扭矩应用到内/外轮胎来试图控制偏航力矩的方法。 横摆力矩控制系统（DYC）是基于偏航角速率反馈进行控制的。在这种情况下,控制系统使车辆处于由司机转向输入和车辆速度控制的期望的偏航率[3,4]。然而为了确保稳定，防止特别是在低摩擦路面上的车辆侧滑角变得太大是必要的[1,2]。事实上由于非线性回旋力和轮胎滑移角之间的关系，转向角的变化几乎不改变偏航力矩。因此两个偏航率和侧滑角的实现需要一个有效的稳定控制系统[1,2]。不幸的是,能直接测量的侧滑角只能用特殊设备(光学传感器或GPS惯性传感器的组合)，现在这种设备非常昂贵,不适合在普通汽车上实现。因此, 必须在实时测量的基础上进行侧滑角估计，具体是测量横向/纵向加速度、角速度、引导角度和车轮角速度来估计车辆速度。 在主要是基于状态观测器/卡尔曼滤波器(5、6)的文学资料里, 提出了几个侧滑角估计策略。因为国家观察员都基于一个参考车辆模型,他们只有准确已知模型参数的情况下，才可以提供一个令人满意的估计。根据这种观点,轮胎特性尤其关键取决于附着条件、温度、磨损等特点。 轮胎转弯刚度的提出就是为了克服这些困难,适应观察员能够提供一个同步估计的侧滑角和附着条件[7,8]。这种方法的弊端是一个更复杂的布局的估计量导致需要很高的计算工作量。 另一种方法可由代表神经网络由于其承受能力模型非线性系统，这样不需要一个参

驱动桥外文翻译

驱动桥设计 随着汽车对安全、节能、环保的不断重视，汽车后桥作为整车的一个关键部件，其产品的质量对整车的安全使用及整车性能的影响是非常大的，因而对汽车后桥进行有效的优化设计计算是非常必要的。 驱动桥处于动力传动系的末端，其基本功能是增大由传动轴或变速器传来的转矩,并将动力合理地分配给左、右驱动轮，另外还承受作用于路面和车架或车身之间的垂直力力和横向力。驱动桥一般由主减速器、差速器、车轮传动装置和驱动桥壳等组成。 驱动桥作为汽车四大总成之一，它的性能的好坏直接影响整车性能，而对于载重汽车显得尤为重要。驱动桥设计应当满足如下基本要求： 1、符合现代汽车设计的一般理论。 2、外形尺寸要小，保证有必要的离地间隙。 3、合适的主减速比，以保证汽车的动力性和燃料经济性。 4、在各种转速和载荷下具有高的传动效率。 5、在保证足够的强度、刚度条件下，力求质量小，结构简单，加工工艺性 好，制造容易，拆装，调整方便。 6、与悬架导向机构运动协调，对于转向驱动桥，还应与转向机构运动协调。智能电子技术在汽车上得以推广使得汽车在安全行驶和其它功能更上一层楼。通过各种传感器实现自动驾驶。除些之外智能汽车装备有多种传感器能充分感知交通设施及环境的信息并能随时判断车辆及驾驶员是否处于危险之中，具备自主寻路、导航、避撞、不停车收费等功能。有效提高运输过程中的安全，减少驾驶员的操纵疲劳度，提高乘客的舒适度。当然蓄电池是电动汽车的关键，电动汽车用的蓄电池主要有：铅酸蓄电池、镍镉蓄电池、钠硫蓄电池、钠硫蓄电池、锂电池、锌—空气电池、飞轮电池、燃料电池和太阳能电池等。在诸多种电池中，燃料电池是迄今为止最有希望解决汽车能源短缺问题的动力源。燃料电池具有高效无污染的特性，不同于其他蓄电池，其不需要充电，只要外部不断地供给燃料，就能连续稳定地发电。燃料电池汽车(FCEV)具有可与内燃机汽车媲美的动力性能，在排放、燃油经济性方面明显优于内燃机车辆。

外文文献翻译：汽车的发展

The development of automobile As the world energy crisis and the war and the energy consumption of oil -- and are full of energy in one day someday it will disappear without a trace. Oil is not inresources. So in oil consumption must be clean before finding a replacement. With the development of science and technology the progress of the society people invented the electric car. Electric cars will become the most ideal of transportation. In the development of world each aspect is fruitful especially with the automobile electronic technology and computer and rapid development of the information age. The electronic control technology in the car on a wide range of applications the application of the electronic device cars and electronic technology not only to improve and enhance the quality and the traditional automobile electrical performance but also improve the automobile fuel economy performance reliability and emission spurification. Widely used in automobile electronic products not only reduces the cost and reduce the complexity of the maintenance. From the fuel injection engine ignition devices air control and emission control and fault diagnosis to the body auxiliary devices are generally used in electronic control technology auto development mainly electromechanical integration. Widely used in automotive electronic control ignition system mainly electronic control fuel injection system electronic control ignition system electronic control automatic transmission electronic control ABS/ASR control system electronic control suspension system electronic control power steering system vehicle dynamic control system the airbag systems active belt system electronic control system and the automatic air-conditioning and GPS navigation system etc. With the system response the use function of quick car high reliability guarantees of engine power and reduce fuel consumption and emission regulations meet standards. The car is essential to modern traffic tools. And electric cars bring us infinite joy will give us the physical and mental relaxation. Take for example automatic transmission in road can not on the clutch can achieve automatic shift and engine flameout not so effective improve the driving convenience lighten the fatigue strength. Automatic transmission consists mainly of hydraulic torque converter gear transmission pump hydraulic control system electronic control system and oil cooling system etc. The electronic control of suspension is mainly used to cushion the impact of the body and the road to reduce vibration that car getting smooth-going and stability. When the vehicle in the car when the road uneven road can according to automatically adjust the height. When the car ratio of height low set to gas or oil cylinder filling or oil. If is opposite gas or diarrhea. To ensure and improve the level of driving cars driving stability. Variable force power steering system can significantly change the driver for the work efficiency and the state so widely used in electric cars. VDC to vehicle performance has important function it can according to the need of active braking to change the wheels of the car car motions of state and optimum control performance and increased automobile adhesion controlling and stability. Besides these appear beyond 4WS 4WD electric cars can greatly improve the performance of the value and ascending simultaneously. ABS braking distance is reduced and can keep turning skills effectively improve the stability of the directions simultaneously reduce tyre wear. The airbag appear in large programs protected the driver and passengers safety and greatly reduce automobile in collision of drivers and passengers in the buffer to protect the safety of life. Intelligent electronic technology in the bus to promote safe driving and that the other functions. The realization of automatic driving through various sensors. Except some smart cars equipped with multiple outside sensors can fully perception of information and traffic facilities

汽车设计课设驱动桥设计

汽车设计课程设计说明书 题目：BJ130驱动桥部分设计验算与校核 姓名： 学号： 专业名称：车辆工程 指导教师： 目录 一、课程设计任务书 (1) 二、总体结构设计 (2) 三、主减速器部分设计 (2) 1、主减速器齿轮计算载荷的确定 (2) 2、锥齿轮主要参数选择 (4) 3、主减速器强度计算 (5) 四、差速器部分设计 (6) 1、差速器主参数选择 (6) 2、差速器齿轮强度计算 (7) 五、半轴部分设计 (8) 1、半轴计算转矩Tφ及杆部直径 (8) 2、受最大牵引力时强度计算 (9) 3、制动时强度计算 (9) 4、半轴花键计算 (9) 六、驱动桥壳设计 (10) 1、桥壳的静弯曲应力计算 (10) 2、在不平路面冲击载荷作用下的桥壳强度计算 (11) 3、汽车以最大牵引力行驶时的桥壳强度计算 (11) 4、汽车紧急制动时的桥壳强度计算 (12)

5、汽车受最大侧向力时的桥壳强度计算 (12) 七、参考书目 (14) 八、课程设计感想 (15)

一、课程设计任务书 1、题目 《BJ130驱动桥部分设计验算与校核》 2、设计内容及要求 （1）主减速器部分包括：主减速器齿轮的受载情况；锥齿轮主要参数选择；主减速器强度计算；齿轮的弯曲强度、接触强度计算。 （2）差速器：齿轮的主要参数；差速器齿轮强度的校核；行星齿轮齿数和半轴齿轮齿数的确定。 （3）半轴部分强度计算：当受最大牵引力时的强度；制动时强度计算。 （4）驱动桥强度计算：①桥壳的静弯曲应力 ②不平路载下的桥壳强度 ③最大牵引力时的桥壳强度 ④紧急制动时的桥壳强度 ⑤最大侧向力时的桥壳强度 3、主要技术参数 轴距L=2800mm 轴荷分配：满载时前后轴载1340/2735(kg) 发动机最大功率：80ps n：3800-4000n/min 发动机最大转矩17.5kg﹒m n：2200-2500n/min 传动比：i1=7.00； i0=5.833 轮毂总成和制动器总成的总重：g k=274kg

驱动桥5000字外文翻译文献

As the bearing cage rotates, read the value 7. indicated on the scale. Preload normally is specified as torque re-8. quired to rotate the pinion bearing cage, so take a reading only when the cage is rotating. Starting torque will give a false reading. To calculate the preload torque, measure the 9. diameter of the bearing cage where the cord was wound. Divide this dimension in half to get the radius. 10. U se the following procedure to calculate the bearing preload torque:Standard. Pull (lb) 3 radius (inches) 5 preload (lb-in.)or Preload (lb-in.) 3 0.113 (a conversion constant) 5 preload (N .m) Install the yoke, flat washer, and nut. Tighten 6. the nut snugly. Tap the end of the input shaft lightly to seat the bearings. Measure the input shaft endplay again with 7. the dial indicator. If endplay is still incorrect, repeat steps 3 through 7. With the endplay correct, seal the shim pack 8. to prevent lube leakage. Then torque the i nput shaft nut and cover capscrews to the correct value. 24.5 A XLE ADJUSTMENTS AND CHECKS This section introduces the differential carrier adjust-ments, checks, and tests that the truck technician must be capable of performing; some have been r eferred to previously in the text. For the most part, the procedures described here are general in nature. The truck technician should refer to OEM service l iterature for specific procedures.PINION BEARING PRELOAD Most differential carriers are provided with a press-fit outer bearing on the drive pinion gear. Some older rear drive axles use an outer bearing, which slips over the drive pinion. The procedures for adjusting both types follow. Press-Fit Method Adjustment To adjust the pinion bearing preload using the press-fit method, use the following procedure: Assemble the pinion bearing cage, bearings, 1. spacer, and spacer washer (without drive pin-ion or oil seal). Center the bearing spacer and spacer washer between the two bearing cones (Figure 24–49). When a new gear set or pinion bearings are 2. used, select a nominal size spacer based on OEM specifications. If original parts are used, use a spacer removed during disassembly of the drive. Place the drive pinion and cage assembly in a 3. press, with the gear teeth toward the bottom.Apply and hold the press load to the pinion 4. bearing. As pressure is applied, rotate the bearing cage several times so that the bear-ings make normal contact. While pressure is held against the assembly, wind 5. a cord around the bearing cage several times.Attach a spring scale to the end of the cord 6. (Figure 24–50). Pull the cord with the scale on a horizontal line. FIGURE 24–49 Assembly of the pinion bearing cage. (Courtesy of Dana Corporation) FIGURE 24–50 Cage in press to check bearing p reload. Sleeve must apply

汽车车辆类驱动桥的设计外文文献翻译、外文翻译、中英文翻译

附录I Drive axle powertrain at the end of their basic function is to increase the transmission came from the drive shaft or torque, and a reasonable distribution of power to the left and right wheel, in addition to acting on the road and under the frame or body legislation between the vertical, longitudinal and lateral force. General from the main drive axle reducer, differential, gear wheels and drive axle housings and other components. The design of the Drive axle: Drive axle should be designed to meet the basic requirements are as follows: 1. Select the main reduction ratio should be able to ensure the car has the best power and fuel economy. 2. Smaller size, to ensure that the necessary ground clearance. 3. Gear and other pieces of the work of a smooth transmission,and small noise. 4. In a variety of speed and load with a high transmission efficiency. 5. In ensuring adequate strength and stiffness conditions, should strive for the quality of small, especially under the mass-spring should be as small as possible in order to improve vehicle ride comfort. 6. And suspension movement-oriented coordination of steering drive axle, but also with the coordination of steering movement. 7. The structure of simple, good processing, manufacturing, easy disassembly, to facilitate adjustment. Drive axle classification -1-

汽车保险中英文对照外文翻译文献

汽车保险中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)

汽车保险 汽车保险是在事故后保证自己的财产安全合同。尽管联邦法律没有强制要求，但是在大多数州（新罕布什和威斯康星州除外）都要求必须购买汽车保险；在各个州都有最低的保险要求。在鼻腔只购买汽车保险的两个州，如果没有足够的证据表明车主财力满足财务责任法的要求，那么他就必须买一份汽车保险。就算没有法律规定，买一份合适的汽车保险对司机避免惹上官和承担过多维修费用来说都是非常实用的。 依据美国保险咨询中心的资料显示，一份基本的保险单应由6个险种组成。这其中有些是有州法律规定，有些是可以选择的，具体如下： 1.身体伤害责任险 2.财产损失责任险 3.医疗险或个人伤害保护险 4.车辆碰撞险 5.综合损失险 6.无保险驾驶人或保额不足驾驶人险 责任保险 责任险的投保险额一般用三个数字表示。不如，你的保险经纪人说你的保险单责任限额是20/40/10，这就代表每个人的人身伤害责任险赔偿限额是2万美元，每起事故的热身上海责任险赔偿限额是4万美元，每起事故的财产损失责任险的赔偿限额是1万美元。 人身伤害和财产损失责任险是大多数汽车保险单的基础。要求汽车保险的每个州都强令必须投保财产损失责任险，佛罗里达是唯一要求汽车保险但不要求投保人身伤害责任险的州。如果由于你的过错造成了事故，你的责任险会承担人身伤害、财产损失和法律规定的其他费用。人身伤害责任险将赔偿医疗费和误工工资；财产损失责任险将支付车辆的维修及零件更换费用。财产损失责任险通常承担对其他车辆的维修费用，但是也可以对你的车撞坏的灯杆、护栏、建筑物等其他物品的损坏进行赔偿。另一方当事人也可以决定起诉你赔偿精神损失。

驱动桥设计_毕业设计论文

驱动桥设计 摘要 现代工程车辆技术追求高效节能、高舒适性和高安全性等目标。前一项目标与环境保护密切相关,是当代全球性热门话题,后两项目标是车辆朝着高性能化方向发展必须研究和解决的重要课题。转向系统的高性能化是指其能够根据车辆的运行状况和驾驶员的要求实行多目标控制,以获得良好的转向轻便性、较好的路感和较快的响应性。 汽车转向系统是影响汽车操纵稳定性、行驶安全性和驾驶舒适性的关键部分。在追求高效节能\高舒适性和高安全性的今天,电控液压助力转向系统作为一种新的汽车动力转向系统,以其节能、环保、更佳的操纵特性和转向路感,成为动力转向技术研究的焦点。 本文通过查阅相关的文献，介绍了EHPS系统的结构组成和工作原理，在参考现有车型的结构数据的基础上，设计计算转向系的主要参数，确定转向器的结构参数和动力转向部分结构参数，在分析其助力特性的基础上，设计合理的助力特性曲线，并通过MATLAB作出助力特性图，同时提出一种基于车速和转向盘转动角速度的控制策略，根据EHPS系统的特点，通过AMESim和Simulink建立整个系统的模型。通过联合仿真可以得出EHPS系统比HPS系统能提供更好的助力特性和转向路感。 关键词：EHPS；助力特性；结构设计；AMESim与Simulink建模 ABSTRACT

High effective energy saving,high comfort performance and high security are thegoals of contemporary.The first goal closely concerns with environment protecting,is also the popular topic around the world.The last two goals are the important subjects must be researched and solved in making automobile high performance.To make the steering system high performance is that the system can carry out mufti-goals control according to the vehicle states and drive requirements to acquire the steering handiness,better road feeling,better anti-interfering performance and faster response. The motor turing system is the essential part which affects the automobile operation stability,the travel security and the driving comfortablet.Nowadays we pursue highly effective energy conservation,the high comforrtableness and high secure.The electrically hydraulic power steering (EHPS) taking as one kind of new automobile power steering system,it takes the power steering engineering research the focal point by its energy conservation,the environmental protection,the better handling characteristic and changes the road feeling. According to consult relevant literature, this paper introduces the structure and the principle of EHPS, bases the further study of EHPS on the structural parameter date of a certain type of the light lorry, calculates the main parameters of steering system and power steering and devises the hydraulic circuit of EHPS. On the basis of the analysis of EHPS, this paper designs a reasonable EHPS power curve, including plotting the curve with the technique of MATLAB. Taking into account the steady steering and emergency steering, it advances the control strategy plan based on speed, steering wheel angle velocity, the steering wheel torque. Based on the structural characteristics of EHPS, this paper proposed AMESIM and SIMULINK joint simulation of the entire EHPS system. Accord to the result we can know that EHPS can offer more secure handle, more saving energy and way feeling. Key words:EHPS;Characteristics of power; Structure design; AMESim and Simulink Modeling

驱动桥设计外文翻译

驱动桥设计外文翻译 驱动桥设计 随着汽车对安全、节能、环保的不断重视，汽车后桥作为整车的一个关键部件，其产品的质量对整车的安全使用及整车性能的影响是非常大的，因而对汽车后桥进行有效的优化设计计算是非常必要的。 驱动桥处于动力传动系的末端，其基本功能是增大由传动轴或变速器传来的转矩,并将动力合理地分配给左、右驱动轮，另外还承受作用于路面和车架或车身之间的垂直力力和横向力。驱动桥一般由主减速器、差速器、车轮传动装置和驱动桥壳等组成。 驱动桥作为汽车四大总成之一，它的性能的好坏直接影响整车性能，而对于载重汽车显得尤为重要。驱动桥设计应当满足如下基本要求: 1、符合现代汽车设计的一般理论。 2、外形尺寸要小，保证有必要的离地间隙。 3、合适的主减速比，以保证汽车的动力性和燃料经济性。 4、在各种转速和载荷下具有高的传动效率。 5、在保证足够的强度、刚度条件下，力求质量小，结构简单，加工工艺性 好，制造容易，拆装，调整方便。 6、与悬架导向机构运动协调，对于转向驱动桥，还应与转向机构运动协调。智能电子技术在汽车上得以推广使得汽车在安全行驶和其它功能更上一层楼。通过各种传感器实现自动驾驶。除些之外智能汽车装备有多种传感器能充分感知交通设施及环境的信息并能随时判断车辆及驾驶员是否处于危险之中，具备自主寻路、导航、避撞、不停车收费等功能。有效提高运输过程中的安全，减少驾驶员的操纵疲劳度，提高乘客的舒适度。当然蓄电池是电动汽车的关键，电动汽车用的蓄电池主

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