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商务英语信函的翻译

摘要

商务英语信函在国际贸易中起着重要的作用。本文首先通过介绍商务英语信函的特点，然后遵循商务英语的翻译准则，从商务英语信函的用词，中长句的处理以及语气特点三方面着手探讨商务英语信函的翻译技巧。为了提高商务英语信函的翻译质量，翻译者必须了解商务英语信函的特点及商务英语信函的翻译准则及技巧。通过举例和比较，本文详细地分析了商务英语信函的特点并总结出翻译商务英语信函的标准和方法及商务英语信函翻译中应注意的问题。

关键词：商务英语信函；翻译；特点；翻译技巧

ABSTRACT

Business English letter plays an important role in international trade.This thesis first introduces the features of business English letter with 7Cs. Then following the translation principles of business English letter, from the words, long sentences and manner of speaking aspects, it discusses the translation skills. In order to obtain good quality translation of business English letter, translators must understand the features of business English letter and the translation principles and skills. By analying the examples and making the contrastive study, this thesis gives a detailed analysis of the features of business English letter and figures out the basic principles and methods applicable to the translation of this specific genre and some problems a translator should pay attention to during the translation of business English letter.

Keywords：business English letter; translation; feature; translation skills

Contents

1. Introduction (1)

2. The features of business English letter (3)

2.1 Courtesy (3)

2.2 Correctness (3)

2.3 Clearness (4)

2.4 Completeness (4)

2.5 Conciseness (5)

2.6 Concreteness (5)

2.7 Consideration (6)

3. The translation of business English letter (7)

3.1 The theory of translation (7)

3.2 The principle of business English translation (7)

3.3 The requirement of business English letter translation (8)

4. The skills of business English letter translation (9)

4.1The skills of the words translation (9)

4.1.1 Preference of the concrete words to abstract words (9)

4.1.2 Using the precise words (10)

4.1.3 Using the concise words (11)

4.1.4 Using the correct and accurate words (12)

4.2 The translation skills of long sentences (12)

4.2.1 Division (13)

4.2.2 Sequential-order translation of long sentences (13)

4.2.3 Reverse-order translation of long sentences (14)

4.3 Manner of speaking and translation skills (15)

4.3.1 Manner of speaking (15)

4.3.2 Translation skills (16)

5. Conclusion (17)

Acknowledgements (18)

References (18)

1．Introduction

Trading---the exchange of goods and services---is one of the most basic activities of the human. It has existed in every society, every part of the world, and in fact, and every day since a primitive man swapped an animal skin for a stone chisel. In the history, China was among the first to trade with other countries. With the economic globalization and China's successful entry into WTO, business activities and information exchanges between different countries have been increasing rapidly. Today almost all the business companies recognize the significance of essential communicating skills, for all business activities rely on satisfactory exchange of information. Among the several communication tools, business English letter is an indispensable part of business communication.

The business English letter refers to the letter used in the international business trade. Communication in business is important for the smooth development of the international trade. And business English letter is the most frequently used means in today's business communication by business companies to keep in touch with their customers. Therefore, it is important for us to learn to translate business English letters precisely so that to present ideas interestingly and clearly to enable readers to understand with the least possible effort.

The business English letter plays an important role in today's international trade. Without it, much of the ordinary activities of business would be impossible. It is used to sell products or services, request material or information, answer customers' inquiries, maintain good public relations, and serve a variety of other business functions.

Business English letter is one of the best ways to ensure that your message is accurately received, particularly if you are discussing technical or highly detailed information. Business English letter also serves as a part of a company's permanent record. It can be used to verify bookkeeping and inventory entries. If you have a question about a customer's order, whether someone's query was answered, or about the details in an agreement, you can check your file copy of the letter.

The business English letter functions as written contracts, fully recognized by the courts. It can act as formal or informal public relations material. It can help to build good will between you and your clients, creditors, suppliers, and other public groups. Your letter represents you and your firm to people you may never meet personally or

call on the phone. How do you express yourself and the appearance of your letter form an impression in the reader's mind of you and your business?

Every letter that leaves our office fulfills several purposes. The business English letter plays an ever-increasing role in the international trade, and the same is true to the translation of business English letter. Many people have made tremendous contribution to the business English letter translation, such as professional translators, college teachers or postgraduates, etc, while business English letter translation is not such an easy thing that almost everyone who knows English can do it well. Many scholars at home and abroad have contributed a lot to the theories of translation for business English, however, this thesis will focus on the translation skills basing on the features of business English letter.

2. The features of business English letter

Business English letter writing is not different compared with any other form of creative writing. Good English is one of the most important bases of good business letter. The most effective business letter should be easy to read and understand. It must be friendly and courteous. We should put in mind the point that business English letter plays an important role in development of goodwill and friendly trade relationship. They are certain essential qualities of business letter, which can be summed up in the seven Cs, i.e. courtesy, correctness, clearness, completeness, conciseness, concreteness and consideration.[6]3

2.1 Courtesy

Courtesy plays an important role in business letter writing, as in all business activities. It is a favourable introduction card, helping to strengthen the business relations and establish new ones. By expressing our enthusiasm, consideration and friendliness, courtesy not only means politeness, but also means thinking about the reader's interest. We should answer the letter immediately for punctuality will please our recipient who hates waiting for days before he or she obtains a reply to the letter. And we must also adopt the right tone.

Let's compare the following sentences.

(1) We are sorry that you misunderstood us.

(2) We are sorry that we did not make ourselves clear.

In sentence (1), the party of the author is to put the blame on the customer for something, but in sentence (2), the party of the author takes the initiative to bear the responsibility.

2.2 Correctness

Correctness means to express properly with correct grammar, punctuation and spelling, and use appropriate tone which is a help to achieve the purpose. In business letter no excuse can make any errors acceptable, because it concerns the rights, benefits, responsibilities of both sides. Incorrectness causes inconvenience, disputes, and may

destroy the relationship between both sides.

(1) All offers by fax are open for 5 days.

This sentence does not clearly explain or account for specific 5 days, and it should be changed in to: All offers by fax are open for 5 days inclusive of the date of dispatch.

(2)We assure you that this error will never occur.

This sentence is the overstatement of the fact, and it should be changed into: “we will do all we can so that we may not repeat such an error.”

2.3 Clearness

We must express ourselves clearly to make sure that the letter conveys exactly what we wish to say and is not liable to misunderstanding. Avoid vague and ambiguous expressions. To achieve this, we must have a clear idea of what we wish to convey in the letter, such as the purpose, the attitude, and the matter concerned. Only a clear mind can express clearly. We also should study the reader's interest and the level of the reader's understanding, and try to imagine how he will feel about the letter.

Contrast the following sentences:

(1)It is obligatory that you confirm this outstanding indebtedness and, if no discrepancies exist, that you expedite remittance.

(2)Please let us know if your records and ours do not agree. If you find that they agree, won't you send us your check right away?

From the above sentences, we know that they express the same meaning, but the sentence (2) uses the plain, simple words, and short sentences rather than long, complicated ones, so we can knew its meaning better.

2.4 Completeness

The business letter is successful and functions well only when it contains all the necessary information. Incomplete letters can be costly, for they lead to errors, often cause delays in filling orders, and call for other letters of clarification to be written.[8]3 Answers to some fundamental questions help to see the audience and ensure that the letter is complete. There is a way to verify the completeness of what we write, that is five "Ws" (who, what, where, when and why) and one "H" (how).

For example: the following is a letter of order.

Gentlemen:

Re:computers

With reference to your letter of May 8, we are pleased to accept your offer of 200 sets of ICM-4 Computers as per your Quotation Sheet No.9/04/2000.

Please go ahead and apply for your Export License.

As soon as we are informed of the number of the Export License, we will open the L/C by fax.

Yours Truly After having written the business letter, you can check the completeness of the letter against the questions: who wants to order, what he wants, when he needs the goods, where the goods to be sent and how payment will be made. If there are some special requirements should be presented, you could explain why you would do so.

2.5 Conciseness

To be efficient, business writing should be direct and get to the point quickly and cogently. Conciseness is often the most important writing principle. A concise letter is not always a short one. Sometimes a letter dealing perhaps with a multiplicity of matters cannot avoid being long. If conciseness conflicts with courtesy, then make a little sacrifice of conciseness. Generally speaking, we will gain in clearness and conciseness by writing short sentences rather than long ones.

We would like to know whether you would allow us to extend the time of shipment for twenty days and if you would be so kind as to allow us to do so, kindly give us your reply by fax without delay.

This sentence is too long and courteous in expression, which sounds unclear in meaning. To express the meaning better, the sentence should be write as follows: Please reply by fax immediately if you will allow us to delay the shipment until July 20.

2.6 Concreteness

What the business letter comes to should be specific, definite rather than vague, abstract and general.[8]4Especially when the writer is requiring a response, solving problems, making an offer or acceptance, etc. Look at the following sentences:

(1). We wish to confirm our fax dispatched yesterday.

In the sentence (1), the word "yesterday" is a vague and general concept, which

allows possibility for misunderstanding. Like today and tomorrow, the word "yesterday" is not suitable here. It should be changed into: We confirm our telex of June 1st, 2008.

(2). The Red Trading Company is one of our big buyers.

The phrase "one of our big buyers" of the sentence (2) is too general and vague and it cannot express degrees of "big". If we want to give a clear concept, we should change it into: The Red Trading Company placed over US﹩10,000,000 worth of business with us each year.

The aim of business letter is communication for the trade, so we should use some objective things, data and specific words.

2.7 Consideration

Consideration means thoughtfulness. So before we go on to the detailed structure of the business letter we should remember this general principle, on which the American writers lay great emphasis, that is, the "you" attitude. In our letters we should always keep in mind the person we are writing to, see things from his point of view, visualize him in his surroundings, see his problems and difficulties and express our ideas in terms of his experience. For example:

"We" attitude "You" attitude

We shipped your order today.

No exceptions to this rule can be allowed. Your order will arrive on Monday.(look at the things from the reader's point of view) This rule must apply equally in all situations. (Focus on the positive and say "no" positively.)

3. The translation of business English letter

3.1 The theory of translation

What’s translation?A great number of scholars both at home and abroad have contributed a lot to the theory of translation. About it, they have put forward their different propositions, such as linguistic, communicative, and relevant and so on. But there is no generally accepted translation theory and it seems to be a subject on which hot debates never cease since its appearance, yet there are quite a few influential “theories” in the broad sense of “a set of principles which are helpful in understanding the nature of translating or in establishing criteria for evaluating a translated text.” In general, however, these principles are stated in terms of how to produce an acceptable translation.

Among them, the most famous translation principles are Chinese translator Yan Fu’s triple principle of translation, namely, faithfulness, expressiveness, and elegance which should be understood as additive factors, not competitive factors, and American translator Eugene A.Nida's functional equivalence and British translator Peter Newmark's semantic translation and communicative translation. According to American translator Eugene A.Nida, " translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source—language, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style".[9]37

Though Chinese and foreign translators have given different definitions of translation, they share the common nature of translation. "Generally speaking, translation implies rendering from one language into another of something written or spoken. It is essentially the faithful representation in one language of what is written or spoken in another. It is the replacement of the information of the source language by its counterpart of the target language. However, translation, in a narrow sense, is the practice of finding the equivalent both in form and essence between two cultures ".

3.2 The principle of business English translation

As early as in 1792, Alexander Fraser Thatler, a famous Britain scholar put forward 3 principles for translation in his work, On The Principle For Translation the version should rewrite the whole idea of the original; the version's style, and the style of writing should be the same as the nature of the original; the version should be as easy and

smooth as the original.[7]58

Business English covers widely and relates to many different areas, so the principle of business English translation has its own particularity, that is, the multiplicity of principles. The multiplicity, here refers to the translation of different styles, the differences of the translation principles. When translates, it is necessary to use flexibility.

Because of business English involves different language, style and profession, I think the principles of the business English translation should be considered as dynamic message equivalence, which can be called the four "Es": (1) Equivalence of semantic message of source language and target language. (2) Equivalence of stylistic message of source language and target language. (3) Equivalence of cultural message of source language and target language. (4) Equivalence of response of source language readers and target language readers.[11]147

3.3 The requirement of business English letter translation

By the business English letter, the companies introduce their goods, services or even reputation to the outer world. After China's successful entering into WTO, and with the increasing chances to cooperate with foreign traders, business English letter will be used more frequently. English plays an ever increasing role in the international trade. Although English now is a world used language, English translation in international trade cannot be ignored, especially business English letter translation.

As the business English letter involves economic interest of both sides, its translation is very important. Specifically, the translation of business English letter should meet the following three requirements: transmit the information of the original letter correctly; reappear the expression of the original letter appropriately; fit the characteristic of official letter.

4. The skills of business English letter translation

4.1 The skills of the words translation

The words, which is used in the language freely, is the combination of sound and meaning, the basic unit of the sentence.[1]2 So the meaning of the words can influence the reader to understand the sentence, or even the whole article directly. Although, we take the sentence as a basic translation unit in the process of translation. If we cannot translate the meaning of the words correctly, it will surely affect the meaning of the sentence, or even the whole article. The words are one of the most important parts in the process of translation. When we translate the business letter, we must pay enough attention to the words. In today's international trade, there are some useful skills of the words translation.

4.1.1 Preference of the concrete words to abstract words

The purpose of business English letter is to convey a message. According to the features of business English letter, preference of the concrete words to abstract words falls within the scope of "concreteness", that is "Any kind of practical English writing should be specific, definite and persuasive instead of being vague, general and abstract". In business English translation，if the reader cannot grasp the meaning until the letter is read more than once, the letter is not concrete or clear.

For example:

Chinese: 我们会在七月付货款.

English: (1) The payment of the goods will be effected on July 1st.

(2) The goods will be paid on July 1st.

In the sentence (1), "payment" is from "pay" plus "-ment". "Payment" which is a noun, cannot serve independently as a predicate. It has to be collocated with "effect" to express the meaning of "to pay". It is rather a roundabout way of expression. And sentence (2) is more easily understood because concrete words are used instead of abstract words.

For business people, time is money. They want to know what has been said in the letter as quickly as possible. So in today's business field, we had better preference of the concrete words to abstract words and make our business letter easy to understand in

communication.

4.1.2 Using the precise words

According to the feature of 7 Cs, business English letter should be precise, especially in words choosing. When translating business English letter, the content should be clear, so that it can't be misunderstood. To do so, much attention should be paid to the precise and accessible expressions. Sometimes, when we first read some sentences, we do not know the exact meaning of the sentence. We have to read them for many times and take their context into consideration.

For example:

Chinese: 我们公司在河边上.

English: (1) Our company is near the bank.

(2) Our company is near the river.

When we want to introduce the beautiful environment and the location of our company. We couldn't say like sentence (1). Because the word "bank" can refer to the side of the river or to a financial institution where one deposits money. The reader may have a question: Does the writer want to emphasize the beautiful geography of the company or to stress the convenient economic environment? So the precise way of translation is the sentence (2). This is an example of ambiguous. An ambiguous word is one that has more than one meaning in the same context. We should avoid ambiguity.

While translating, we should not only avoid ambiguity, but also cliché. Cliché is a French word used in English to denote a phrase that has become stereotyped and hackneyed.[13]14 It indicates poverty of language and unwillingness to think for oneself. Here are some clichés commonly used:

at your (earliest) convenience

be in receipt of

be that as it may

bound to admit

by and large

conspicuous by its absence

cut out the dead wood

due to the fact that

herewith

up to the writing

over and above

It is not always wrong to use a cliché in business letter translating. If the phrase is used properly, there can be no objection to it. Just think it over before using a cliché. Use precise words instead of the cliché may let the business English letter seem more clearness.

4.1.3 Using the concise words

To use more words than are necessary will cause unclearly expressions most of which are merely padding. Unnecessary words not only waste time, but also add nothing to meaning and contribute nothing to the reader's perception of what is written.

Choice of concise words mainly embodies one of the principles of practical business writing conciseness, which is considered one of the essential features of business letters. By conciseness we mean that we should try to express clearly our meaning in as few words as possible, but without damaging completion and courtesy of letters. In the field of language use, when other things being equal, the smaller the cognitive efforts the reader should make to understand the writer's meaning, the better the expressions are.

Let us have a look at the following examples:

Chinese:对于我们的疏忽，我们深表歉意.

English: (1) We regret to inform you that we are in error.

(2) We are sorry for our mistake.

Chinese:随函俯上我们的商品目录.

English: (1) Enclosed please find our catalogue.

(2) Enclosed is our catalogue.

We can learn from the above sentences that the unnecessary jargons make the sentences (1) wordy, and sentences (2) are better though fewer words are used. From above, take hackneyed commercial jargons as an example, when unnecessary words do not contributed to the meaning, inclusive adjectives, adverbs, prepositions and pronouns, they should be avoided.

Conciseness is an important feature of business English letter. Readers do not have to spend time reading the superfluous words, which do not contribute much to the meaning. Therefore, it is necessary to use concise words when translation.

4.1.4 Using the correct and accurate words

Correct use of words means to use the standard language of accepted authority. Misuse of words, the use of obsolete words and slang are improper and unsafe in business English letter.[1]2This can be explained by the "correctness" of the feature business English letter. Mistakes in words may distract the reader's attention, result in lack of clearness, and cause an impression unfavorable to the success of the letter. It is essential to use the correct words in the business English letter.

An example:

(1) Chinese:我们可以提供各种电器。

English: We can supply various kinds of electrical equipment.

(2) Chinese:我们大量销售各种家具。

English: We deal in a large variety of furniture.

Here we use "equipment" and "furniture" instead of "equipments" and "furnitures" though the two words are modified by "various kinds of" and "a large variety of". This usage of words are concerned that whether the words are correct or accurate.

In business letter, some nouns of commodity always appear in singular forms, but some always appear in plural forms, and their meanings of plural forms are different from those of their singular forms. How to choose the accurate form depend on the meaning we are translate.

4.2 The translation skills of long sentences

Long sentence, which is frequent use of complicated clauses, participle phrases and parenthesis, is an essential part of the English article.[9]22 In today's international trade, in order to clearly explain some complicated terms and conditions, causes and effects in business English letter, long sentences are often used to meet the needs. The long sentence will surely take us some time and efforts to understand the whole sentence, needless to say the translation of it.

The translation of long English sentences is often "a hard nut to crack" for translators, since long English sentences are very complicated in structure, involving various logical and grammatical relationships. Even if the translator can fully comprehend the English sentence, it is not easy to convey its meaning in fluent Chinese.

Though many difficulties, it is possible to translate long English sentences well because there are several commonly used skills mostly related to the stage of representing the original meaning in the translation process.

4.2.1 Division

Division means to divide the long sentence into some meaningful groups and identify the main clause and the subordinate clauses. Due to the differences between English and Chinese in terms of sentential order and structure, in most cases, it is necessary for translators to rearrange them. Division is one important method to deal with it. According to Chinese syntactical features and expression habits, sometimes we need to translate one word or phrase of an English sentence into Chinese clauses or sometimes divide the original sentence into two or more Chinese clauses.

For example:

English: We have forwarded the samples you sent us to some large manufactures and now have an affirmative answer from a factory in Hangzhou.

Chinese: 我们已将寄来的样品转交几家大厂。现已接到杭州一家工厂愿承办的答复。

The original sentence consists of two parallel clauses. When translating, we need to translate the original sentence into two Chinese sentences in order to make the translation keep with Chinese thinking model and syntactical features.

Another example:

English: This is to introduce the S.A.C Corporation as exporters of native produce having business relations with more than 100 countries in the world.

Chinese: 兹介绍S.A.C集团，它是土特产的出口商，与世界100多个国家有业务关系。

The objective complement as is shown in the underlined part is too long to be translated easily. If we divide it into two Chinese clauses, the Chinese version would be natural and smooth. When we are doing the translation, the same is true to the adverbial modifier, the prepositional phrases and so on.

4.2.2 Sequential-Order translation of long sentences

Sequential-Order Translation is to translate the English sentence sequentially, and arrange the Chinese version in accordance with the original sentence.[10]2When the statement of the English long sentence is made up by a series of actions that in timing

order or logical order. And such expression of English long sentence is more or less the same as the Chinese expression. So they can be translated by sequential-order.

An example:

English: In the event that the Company’s operations are reduced substantially from the scale of operation originally anticipated by the parties, or the Company experience substantial and continuing losses resulting in negative retained earnings not anticipated by the Parties in the agreed Business Plan, or in any other circumstance permitted under Applicable Laws or agreed by the Parties, the Parties may agree to reduce the registered capital of the Company on a pro rata basis.

The above sentence is clearly in logical order, that is: three assumptions, one conclusion and the expression order is the same as an equivalent Chinese sentence. So it can be translated into Chinese by sequential-order. The reference is:

如果合营公司的经营规模比双方原来预期的规模有大幅度缩减,或合营公司持续遭受严重亏损,导致双方商定的业务计划中所未预期的盈余保留负数,或在任何相关法律允许或双方一致同意的情况下,双方可以协议按原有出资比例减资。

Another example:

English: The main role of our office is to carry out market research, collect business information and give information to potential clients about our products.

Chinese: 我们代表处的主要任务是进行市场调查，收集商业信息，向潜在的用户介绍我们的产品。

The main structure of the sentence is "The main role of our office is…". The linked verb "is" has three coordinate predicative phrases that are organized in the same order as an equivalent Chinese sentence. So we can also translate the original sentence sequentially.

4.2.3 Reverse-Order translation of long sentences

If the structural order of a long English sentence is just the opposite of that of an equivalent Chinese sentence, the English sentence should be tackled in a reverse order in translation. In other words, we should start our translation from the back of the original sentence. So the Chinese sentence will be organized in the opposite order in relation to the English sentence. In translation, reverse order translation is more frequent used than sequential-order translation.

An example:

English: The Seller shall not be responsible for the delay of shipment or non-delivery of

the goods due to Force Majeure, which might occur during the process of manufacturing or in the course of loading or transit.

Here, the importance of the information is in the head of the sentence. The writer first states the seller's non-responsible matters (The Seller shall …of the goods), then states the non-responsible reasons (due to Force Majeure), and in the end restrict the Force Majeure (which might occur …transit). According to the Chinese logical, we should first state the reason, and then get the conclusion. So while translation. we should move the non-responsible conditions ( due to Force Majeure, which might…loading or transit) to the head of the sentence by using reverse-order method. So the reference translation should be:

凡在制造或装船运输过程中,因不可抗力致使卖方不能或推迟交货时,卖方不负责任.

4.3 Manner of speaking and translation skills

4.3.1 Manner of speaking

Courtesy and tactful manner of speaking are very important in business letters. Courtesy is one of 7 Cs, which are the main features of business English letters. While translating, we should always keep in mind the person we are writing to, see things from his angle, visualize him in his surroundings, see his problems and difficulties and express ideas in terms of his experience. A letter expressed courteously can make the reader have a good and honest image of us, and when he sees our warm-hearted, he may consider cooperating with us.

In Business English letters, if we want to express our regrets or complaints, if we can not meet the requirements or conditions from our counterpart, or if we want to put forward our suggestions, hopes or requests, we need to voice politely and tactfully, otherwise we may irritate our partner and lose the business.

The examples are as follows:

(1) Chinese: 根据贵方5月6日来函，我方乐意订购下列货物。

English: With reference to your letter of May 6, we are pleased to give an order for the following.

(2) English: In reply to your enquiry of May12, we regret to tell you that our cotton sweaters do not come in any size larger than 18.

Chinese: 扰贵方5月12日来函询问之事，我们很遗憾地奉告，我们的全棉运动服最大的为18号

4.3.2 Translation skills

When we translate a business letter, we should understand the original manner of speaking and translate it faithfully. Because courtesy is an important feature of business English letter. When translating, we need to analyze the sentence structure and grasp the speaker's deep intention, understanding which part is the focus of the sentence so as to translate it appropriately.

Here is an example:

English: To our regret, we are unable (not in a position) to accept your order at the price requested, since our profit margin does not allow us any concession by way of discount of prices.

Chinese:很抱歉,我们不能按你方所要求的价格接受订单,因为我方利润已不允许我们再打任何折扣.

In above sentence, t he speaker’s intention is to refuse an order, while he expresses in an indirect way with regret “unable (not in a position) to accept ...... discount of prices” to show his inability and objectivity. Therefore, when translating, we should try to reproduce the speaker’s tone into Chinese version.The understated Chinese expression“很抱歉,我们不能按你方所要求的价格接受订单”not only indicates the speaker’s intention, but also faithfully renders the original manner of speaking.

5．Conclusion

Having introduced the business English letter briefly, identified the main features of business English letter, reviewed relevant translation principles of business English letter, and raised the translation skills on the words, long sentence and manner of speaking of business English letter, I will be in a position to make a conclusion of the whole thesis.

Business English letter is interactive in nature and therefore rich in research significance. Influenced by its style and functions, Business English letter has its particular features and its translation is very important.

As a special kind of communication, English business letter is used quite often these days. English business letter plays an important role in foreign trade. Through the study on the features of English business letter and the skills of business English letter translation, I hope to contribute to a better understanding of the business English letter translation.

Generally speaking, present business English letter translation is in low quality without the guidance of suitable theoretical system. But general translation theories are too inclusive to guide practical business English letter translation. Business English letter, as an important communication way in today's international trade, needs its own theoretical system in translation. Translators and translation researchers can make relevant researches on it from different angles, trying to apply the achievements by other subjects into it.

商务英语翻译试题(二)试卷及答案-2

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商务英语信函的翻译

摘要商务英语信函在国际贸易中起着重要的作用。本文首先通过介绍商务英语信函的特点，然后遵循商务英语的翻译准则，从商务英语信函的用词，中长句的处理以及语气特点三方面着手探讨商务英语信函的翻译技巧。为了提高商务英语信函的翻译质量，翻译者必须了解商务英语信函的特点及商务英语信函的翻译准则及技巧。通过举例和比较，本文详细地分析了商务英语信函的特点并总结出翻译商务英语信函的标准和方法及商务英语信函翻译中应注意的问题。关键词：商务英语信函；翻译；特点；翻译技巧

ABSTRACT Business English letter plays an important role in international trade.This thesis first introduces the features of business English letter with 7Cs. Then following the translation principles of business English letter, from the words, long sentences and manner of speaking aspects, it discusses the translation skills. In order to obtain good quality translation of business English letter, translators must understand the features of business English letter and the translation principles and skills. By analying the examples and making the contrastive study, this thesis gives a detailed analysis of the features of business English letter and figures out the basic principles and methods applicable to the translation of this specific genre and some problems a translator should pay attention to during the translation of business English letter. Keywords：business English letter; translation; feature; translation skills

商务英语翻译测试题及答案

商务英语翻译测试题及答案集团档案编码：[YTTR-YTPT28-YTNTL98-UYTYNN08]

I. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the meanings of words italicized.(15%) 1. The above quoted are the articles in great demand, which have won a high reputation in various markets. 2. The articles in this agreement must not be modified and ended

without the agreement by the both parties. 3. However, the tariff should not be greater in amount than the margin of price caused by dumping. 4. As usual, the lion’s share of the budget is for defense. 5. He once again imparted to us his great knowledge, experience and wisdom.

II. Translate the following sentences with extension.(15%) 1. There is a mixture of the tiger and ape in the character of Hitler. 2.China, which posted its highest growth rate in a decade, is Asia’s new star performer. 3. John took to his studies eagerly, and proved an adept pupil.

国际商务英语等级考试汉译英

第 2讲要求对中文词组或句子进行翻译。要求应试者有相关词汇的积累，表达能力的体现及习惯用语的熟练程度。单词拼写要求准确，句子要求通顺无误。共10题，15分。 1．具体询盘 2．百分之二的佣金 3．商品目录 4．出口单证 5．目的港 6．原产地证书 7．包装要求 8．供我方参考 9．即期信用证 10．品质超群 11.工艺精湛 12.在中国议付有效 13.警告性标志 14.装箱单 15.业务（贸易）伙伴 16.国有公司 17.商品检验 18.预约保险单 19.剪样 20.中国产地证 1.现金折扣 2.短装国际商务英语等级考试（初级）汉译英小测备考单词句子

3.单价 4.续订单 5.即期装运 6.中国保险条款 7.商会 8.零售网点 9.实盘 10.一式三份 11.保险代理人 12.销售包装 13．发货人 14．保险凭证 15．贴身包装 16．出口订货 17．承兑 18．欧洲主要港口 19. 行名录 20. 带插图的商品目录21．收货人 22．平安险 23．账户 24．预约保险 25．指示提单 26.（资信）证明人27.做工；工艺 28.可供数量 29.轻工业产品 30.单证 31.小保单 32.首次询盘 33.数量折扣 34.交货条件 35.保险费 36.拼箱货 37.海运 38.行业杂志 39.保兑的、不可撤销的信用证 40.现金折扣 41.佣金 42.发票金额 43.运输标志 44.分批装运 45.装运单据 46.已装船通知 47.租船 48.商业信用 49.资信证明人 50.战争险 1.我方相信这些预防措施可防止货物再次出现损坏。 We believe that these precautions will be able to prevent a recurrence of damage. 2.我方已通知银行将该笔款项记入你公司账户的贷方。 We have instructed the bank to credit the amount into your account. 3.整套清洁已装船提单。 a full set of clean shipped /shipped on board bills of lading 4.该商品的报价为每打上海港船上交货价18美元。 This article is quoted at US$18.00 per dozen, FOB Shanghai. 5.兹授权你方按发票金额向该银行开立45天远期汇票。 You are authorized to draw on the bank at 45 days for the amount of the invoice value.

商务英语翻译课程教学大纲

商务英语翻译课程教学大纲课程编码：课程性质：专业方向课课时： 36（20+16）学分：2 开课学期：第5学期先修课程：基础英语适用专业：商务英语专业课程简介：《商务英语翻译》课程是为培养“英语+专业”的应用型涉外人才而设置，从英汉两种语言在表达上的差异入手，旨在通过向学生传授基本的翻译理论和技巧，并结合大量的实践训练，培养学生的翻译能力，从而提高其英语综合运用能力，并使学生能够胜任国际贸易中出现的各类实用文体以及简单的文字翻译工作。一、课程教学目标本课程以培养学生的翻译能力为目标，旨在使商务英语专业学生掌握和运用一些基本的翻译理论；能够在一些参考书的辅助下，熟练翻译名片、商标、标识、公司简介、产品说明、广告等商务英语方面的资料；能够掌握常见的组织机构的翻译方式；能够运用所学翻译技巧熟练翻译各类公关文稿；能够正确翻译商务信函和单证材料；能够正确熟练翻译各种常见商务报告，译文达意，格式恰当；能够辨识一些商务文本存在的翻译问题和错误。在大量实例训练中锻炼学生在商务语境下有效进行英汉、汉英互译、正确传达信息、顺畅开展交流的能力。二、课程重点、难点该课程教学重点是英语商务文本汉译的基本知识、理论和方法，难点是专业外贸知识及专业术语；跨文化交际理论与实践三、整体课时分配

四、课程内容安排（一）Unit1 Business Cards 主要内容：英汉名片的互译、设计和正确运用中英文商务名片、商务英语翻译中遵循正确的翻译原则教学要求：帮助学生初步了解商务名片的互译特点与原则其它教学环节：案例教学（二）Unit 2 Signs 主要内容：商务环境中的常见中英文标识、中英文标识的语言特点及其常见翻译技巧教学要求：帮助学生了解商务环境中的常见中英文标识，掌握常见翻译技巧重点、难点：商务环境中的直译法和意译法其它教学环节：情景教学（三）Unit 3 Trademarks 主要内容：识别中英文商标、商标的翻译、转译法教学要求：帮助学生了解中英文商标的翻译重点、难点：商标翻译中的转译法其它教学环节：案例教学（四）Unit 4 Organizations 主要内容：识别组织机构名称、外来词翻译法教学要求：帮助学生了解商务环境下常见的组织机构名称与外来词翻译重点、难点：织机构名称其它教学环节：交互教学（五）Unit 5 Company Introductions 主要内容：公司简介翻译教学要求：帮助学生掌握被动语态、名词从句、定语从句、状语从句和长句的拆合、转译。重点、难点：长句的拆译，各类从句的转译其它教学环节：案例教学（六）Unit 6 Product Descriptions & Advertisement 主要内容：产品介绍的翻译和广告教学要求：帮助学生掌握运用反译法进行英汉互译重点、难点：反译法其它教学环节：案例教学（七）Unit 7 Business Contracts 主要内容：商务合同的翻译教学要求：帮助学生掌握商务合同常见术语和句式、正确翻译常见合同文本、长句的处理重点、难点：商务合同常见术语和句式其它教学环节：案例教学五、教材与学习资源 1. 教材：谢金领.《世纪商务英语翻译教程》.大连理工大学出版社，2009. 2. 主要参考资料：张新红等.《商务英语翻译》.高等教育出版社，2004.

商务英语函电的语言特征及翻译策略

最新英语专业全英原创毕业论文，都是近期写作 1 《欲望号街车》女主人公悲剧性命运的女性主义解读 2 论<<禁食与欢宴>>中乌玛的觉醒 3 梦想和现实之间的冲突—评析《夜色温柔》中美国梦之破灭 4 从《刮痧》看中美家庭文化差异 5 论模糊语言在广告英语中的功能与运用 6 《宠儿》中的女性形象分析 7 维多利亚时期英国女性文学作品的三个男性形象分析 8 浅析《愤怒的葡萄》中主要人物的性格特征 9 "麦田里的守望者" 中纯真的失去 10 中西建筑文化差异及其形成背景分析 11 凯特?肖邦《觉醒》中女主人公女性意识的觉醒 12 论马克?吐温的种族观－－以《哈克贝利?芬历险记》为例 13 浅析语用预设在广告语中的运用 14 《看管人》下的“品特式” 15 任务型语言教学在高中英语课堂中的应用 16 《周六夜现场》的幽默剖析 17 A Comparison Between the Novel and Movie of A Clockwork Orange 18 论《教授的房子》中圣彼得教授对自我的追求 19 跨文化营销策略研究－－以宝洁为例（开题报告+论） 20 从文化价值观对比研究中美企业管理模式的差异 21 《麦琪的礼物》看语境在中英翻译中的影响 22 从时代背景看《唐璜》中个人主义到人道主义的升华 23 中外服装品牌英文标签语言的跨文化研究 24 从跨文化交际角度看中西方商务谈判 25 解析《诺桑觉寺》中凯瑟琳的自我成长 26 物欲与爱情的搏弈——《傲慢与偏见》中的婚恋观对现代女大学生婚恋观的启示习策略的实证研究 27 探析中国电影英译的几个误区 28 《小妇人》的结局中所包含的清教主义与个人主义的冲突与融合 29 Secondary School English Teachers’ Self-Development from the Perspective of New Curriculum Reform 30 On Symbolism in The Wizard of Oz 31 自我效能感理论对中学英语教学的启示 32 母语文化对译者风格的影响-以<红楼梦>中称谓语的翻译为例 33 《坎特伯雷故事集》的现实主义特征 34 浅谈公示语的翻译 35 《晚安,妈妈》中公共汽车和洗衣机的象征寓意 36 从《死者》看都柏林人的精神瘫痪 37 身势语在国际商务谈判中的应用 38 论《红字》中的奇异情景 39 目的论视角下公益广告的翻译 40 《一位女士的画像》伊莎贝尔婚姻悲剧的原因分析

商务英语翻译实训汉译英1答案

SALES CONTRACT No: Date: For Account of: Indent No: This contract is made by and between the Sellers and the Buyers; Whereby the Sellers agree to sell and the Buyers agree to buy the undermentioned goods according to the terms and conditions stipulated below and overleaf: （1）Names of commodity（ies）and specification（s）（2）Quantity （3）Unit price （4）Amount TOTAL: __ % more or less allowed （5）Packing: （6）Port of Loading: （7）Port of Destination: （8）Shipping Marks: （9）Time of Shipment: Within __ days after receipt of L/C，allowing transhipment and partial shipment. （10）Terms of Payment: By 100% Confirmed，Irrevocable and Sight Letter of Credit to remain valid for negotiation in China until the 15th day after shipment. （11）Insurance: Covers all risks and war risks only as per the Clauses of the People's Insurance Company of China for 110% of the invoice value.

商务英语汉译英

商务英语汉译英（一）根据英语的表达习惯确定词义 1、向.......提出索赔lodge a claim against 2、既得利益vested interests 3、公司上下将齐心协力，努力使公司发展成具有国际竞争力的高科技企业集团。 The management together with the rank and our company is determined to make consorted efforts to foster the business to grow into a high-tech focused conglomerate with a competitive edge on the international market. 4、本公司本着平等互利、互通有无的原则，积极开展与世界各地老客户的业务往来，并竭诚为各位朋友提供优质服务。 We hold to the tenet of equality ,mutual benefit and mutual complement in developing business connections with old and new customers in the world and shall make every effort to give the best services to our customers. 5、本公司还承办商品及原材料的来样、来样加工，补偿贸易，合作生产，合资经营等业务。 The business scope of our corporation also covers/includes customer-oriented processing with supplied materials and samples, compensation trade, co-operation in manufacturing and the partnering of joint ventures with external businesses. 6、同时，我国政府已同瑞典、罗马尼亚、德国、丹麦、荷兰签订了相互促进和保护投资协定，同加拿大、美国、法国、比利时-卢森堡经济联盟、芬兰、挪威、泰国、意大利、奥地利签订了投资保护协定，还同日本、美国、法国、德国、英国、比利时等国签订了双重征税协定。我国还参加了保护工业产权（包括技术转让）的巴黎公约。 Meanwhile, the Chinese Government has signed agreements on mutual promotion and protection of investment with Sweden, Romania, Germany, Denmark and the Netherlands,agreement on the protection of investment with Canada, the USA, Belgium-Luxembourg Economic Union(BLEU), Finland, Norway, Thailand, Italy and Austria and double taxation relief treaties with Japan,the USA, France, Germany, Britain, Belgium and other countries. China is a member of the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property (including technology transfer). （二）根据专业来确定词义 1、良好的内包装可以其创意设计和适宜的色彩打动消费者。 Good inner packaging may impress consumers with creative designs and suitable colors. 2、不仅仅是各家银行所发生的恐慌性挤兑，还有那如滚雪球般的取消存款，都有可能引发导致金融危机的不良反应。

商务英语翻译实训总结

商务英语翻译实训总结商务英语翻译实训总结更广泛的关注，高职商务英语翻译实训课程便位列其中。一、翻译实训课的重要性实训课作为实践性课程的重要组成部分，对高职教育来说自然非常重要。与普通高等教育相比，高职教育更加重视培养实用型、应用型的人才。实训课程即为实现这一培养目标的重要途径之一。杨国祥，丁钢总结了高职课程建设的基本原则，其中即有突出实践教学的原则。[1](P223)同时，高职教育较普通高等教育而言更强调培养学生的动手实践能力，有人也称高职教育为就业教育。因此，尽快缩短学生进入工作角色的周期就成为高职教育的一个重要目标。设置一些实践性的课程，比如实训课，就有助于实现这一目标。[2](P49)翻译课本身即是实践性非常强的课程，如果没有大量的实际操练和训练，就容易偏于理论而失去其应有的实践性意义。相反，只有通过大量的笔译和口译实操，在训练的过程中发现并帮助解决学生存在的问题，同时补充一些做好翻译所必需的方法、技巧，如笔译中长句的断句技巧、主动语态与被动语态的互变、增词译法、减词译法，口译中的顺译技巧、焊接技巧、拆句技巧、合句技巧、耽搁翻译、预判技巧等，才能让高职商务英语专业的学生更快地掌握翻译技巧和方法，提高翻译能力，从而增强其就业竞争力。二、高职商务英语翻译实训课现状尽管翻译实训课非常重要，但是高职商务英语翻译实训课目前却表现出发展极其不均衡的状况。1.就重视程度而言，一些院校非常重视，不仅开设翻译实训课，有些还专门建立了翻译实训室。然而，很多高职院校的商务英语专业不重视

或不够重视翻译实训课的建设，只是在翻译课中加一些练习。究其原因，一方面可能是财力、物力等方面有所局限;另一方面，则可能是主观上不够重视，有些院校则根本不设置翻译课和翻译实训课。2.在开设了翻译实训课的院校中，也存在着各种各样的问题。 (1)师资问题教授翻译实训课的教师必须要有翻译知识背景，要了解基本的翻译理论、技巧、方法等，同时最好有商务实践背景。现实情况却是，有些院校的商务翻译实训课是由纯语言学背景但无翻译背景的教师来教授的，有些则由有实践经验但缺乏必需的翻译理论、方法、技巧的教师任教。结果自然都无法令人满意。 (2)翻译实训课的课时不足有些院校也开设翻译实训课，但课时却严重不足，导致的结果是教师的讲授和学生的练习均无法达到令人满意的效果。 (3)缺乏好的翻译实训课教材教材对教学活动的重要性不言而喻。实训教材包括实训教学大纲、实训指导书、实训教学文字材料、实训教学软件、实训教学音像材料等。[3](P48)市面上缺乏此类翻译实训课教材，因此在教授翻译实训课时只能选择一些翻译教程为教材。如此一来，教学效果肯定会受到很大影响。 (4)实训室和实训基地缺乏或数量不足实训室和实训基地对于实训教学的重要性不言而喻，商务英语翻译实训亦是如此。但现实情况却是很多院校根本没有商务英语翻译实训室和实训基地。 (5)校企联合、产学研开展不够在实训教学中，校企联合、产学研等都起着举足轻重的作用。据笔者较为详尽的调查，这一块的现状总体也无法令人满意。

商务英语信函的主要文体特征及翻译技巧

商务英语信函的主要文体特征及翻译技巧 xx商务英语信函的主要文体特征及翻译技巧以下是由为大家收集出来的商务英语信函的主要文体特征及翻译技巧，希望能够帮到大家。国际贸易竞争日益激烈的今天，为了通过发送商务信函达到有效交流，传达友好情感，增加商务合作机会的目的，商务信函必须在风格和语言上发生变化。现代商务信函的主要文体特征可以概括为以下五点: 内容的清晰性、表达的简洁性、词语的专业性、风格的正式性、措辞的礼貌性。因此我们要将商务信函本身的特点和英语的语言特点结合起来，分析和总结其翻译思路和技巧。一、内容的清晰性发送商务信函的目的在于建立商务往来关系，就某一细节进行商讨，努力达成共识，以便促进一项商务活动的开展。要达到这些目的，首先必须保证阅读者能够清楚了解写信人的意图，迂回或闪烁其辞的话语会让读信人产生不信任，甚至会怀疑对方的语言表达能力，对进一步开展商务活动很不利。模棱两可的话轻则阻碍读信人对信函意思的理解，重则会对发函方造成不必要的损失。例如: As to the steamers sailing fromHongkong to San Francisco，we have bimonthly directservices. 此处bimonthly 有歧义，可以是twicea month 或者once two month. 故读信人就迷惑了，可

以改写为We have two direct sailings everymonth from Hongkong to San Francisco. 翻译要保留原文的清晰度相当重要。由于在较为正式的场合中，为了将一概念定义完整和清楚，英文常常用关联词将几个短句并在一起形成一个长句，而中文无法照样只用一句话来翻译，即使这样译了也很难达到通顺和自然。这时，我们就采取将长句按特定的事情发展的顺序拆分成两个或两个以上的小句子的方式来翻译。必要时还要增加或省略一些词语，让整段文字结构更合理、内容更清楚。例如: The prices stated are based oncurrent freight rates，any increase or decrease infreight rates at time of shipment is to be the benefitof the buyer，with the seller assuming the payment ofall transportation charges to the point or place of delivery.例句中以一个介词with 来分界，译为“合同价格是以运费计算，装运时运费的增减均属买方。卖方则承担至交货地的全部运费”。在原文中with 分句是一个状语，翻译时采用中国人平铺直叙的思维方式，用分述的方式把这个句子拆成两句，清楚地表达了原文的语言信息。是不是一封书信只要包含了全部关键信息就可以成为一封好的书信了呢? 拟信人还应注意语言组织的条理性，或按事情发展的先后顺序，或按各要素的重要性排序编写。东扯一句，西扯一句的写法

商务英语翻译答案

Unit 1 1.从你的简历和应聘申请书来看，你对营销工作已有相当多的经验。 I see from your résumé and application that you’ve had quite a lot of experience in marketing already. 2.如果你处在我的位置，你希望你的雇员应具备哪些素质？ If you were in my shoes, what sort of qualities you’d look for in your employees? 3.部门经理应该能够主动处理很多事情。 A department manager has to be able to do a lot of things on your own initiative. 4.作为秘书，我做过大量的文字工作，如拟写报告、作会议记录等，而且似乎我的记忆力比一般人强。As a secretary, I’ve had to do quite a lot of paper work, such as handling report writing, keeping minutes at meetings, and I seem to have a better memory than average. 5.从秘书的角度看，我认为和上司共享一个办公室更好，这样对她的上司不太有可能忘记告诉她一些重要的事情。 From the secretary’s point of view I think it’s better to share an office room with her boss so that there’s not much chance of her superior forgetting to let her know about important matters. 6.我工作过的那家公司是一家做营销和公共关系的公司，主要是为在中国投资的外国公司提供咨询。The company where I worked is a marketing and public relations company and they do consultant work for foreign companies investing in China. 7.我想在贵公司会有更多个人发展的机会，而且这里的工作对于我来说更具挑战性。 I feel that I would have more scope and opportunity for personal development in your company and that the work will be more challenging for me. 8.我主要的工作是协助经理安排访问、会议及介绍，并且替他处理信件。 What I basically do is to assist the manager by arranging visits, setting up meetings and presentations and to deal with his correspondence. 9.申请书和简历一样重要，因为申请书通常是申请者和雇主之间第一次直接的接触。 The application letter can be as important as the CV in that it often provides the first direct contact between an applicant and an employer. 10.有效的申请书能说明你对具体单位兴趣的原因，并且辨认出你最相关的技能或经历。 Effective application letters explain the reasons for your interest in the specific organization and identify your most relevant skills or experiences. Unit2 1.本公司创建于1978年，现在已经成为我国主要的厨房用具出口商之一。 Our company, established in 1978, has now become one of the leading exporters of kitchen appliances in our country. 2.我们在国内有十家专业子公司，在国外有六家常驻办事处。我们在国内还建立了二十多家合资公司。 We have 10 specialist subsidiaries at home and 6 permanent offices abroad. We’ve also set up more than 20 joint ventures in the home market. 3.我们是多元化企业，主要是经营国际贸易、国际运输、劳务输出、房地产等。 We are a diversified company dealing mainly in international trade, international transportation, labor export, real estate and so on. 4.我们从事纺织品经营已经有30多年，并与当地纺织品大厂家及分销商保持密切的联系。 We have been handling textiles for more than 30 years and maintain close contact with large manufacturers and distributors in our area. 5.为了迅速发展，我们组成了多元化战略联盟，使我们能扩大到新的市场领域。 In order to grow rapidly, we’ve formed a diversifying strategic alliance which allows us to expand onto new market areas. 6.我们的目标主要是本地市场，但是我们也在研究进入欧洲市场的可能性。 We mainly target local markets, but we are looking at the possibility of entering the European market. 7.我们公司的领导体系是这样的：首先是合伙人；其次，直接在合伙人之下的是三位合作伙伴，也就是，最上层是两位合伙人和直接在合伙人之下的三个合作伙伴。在合作伙伴之下，我们有高级工程师、初级工程师、绘图员等，一直往下至办公室的勤杂工。 The system of command of our company is that we have the partners, and then we have three associates immediately below the partners, that is, two partners at the top and three associates directly below them. And then below the associate we have senior engineers, junior engineers, drafts-person and so on and so forth, down to the office boy. 8.我们是新成立的公司，只有大约五年的历史。公司共有四十名员工，分布在四个办事处中。 We’re a young company, only about five years old. There are only about 40 people in the company, split amongst four offices. 9. 谈到进口在中国畅销的美国产品，我们作为一家在中国的美国公司，感到比其他公司更有优势。 As an American company in China we find we have an advantage over other companies when it comes to importing American products that are marketable here in China.

商务英语翻译标准答案版

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一.广告翻译 1.Wearing is believing. 百看不如一穿。 2.Different countries. Different languages. Different customs. One level of comfort worldwide. 国度不同。语言不同。风俗不同。舒适却全球相同。 3.We've hidden a garden full of vegetables where you'd never expect. In a pie. 在您永远意想不到的地方，我们珍藏着满园的蔬菜-----于一个馅饼之中. 4.The choice is yours. The honour is ours. 选择由你们作出。荣耀归我们所有。 5.Get the card that gets you the car. 拿到信用卡，汽车开回家。 6.Choose a pot like you choose a husband. 选择一款锅，有如选丈夫。 7.Everything is extraordinary. Everything tempts. 件件超凡脱俗，样样新颖诱人。 8.What can be imagined,can be realized. 只要有梦想，万事可成真。 9.We care to provide service above and beyond the call of duty. 殷勤有加，风雨无阻。

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