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语言学练习题(附答案) Chapter 1 Language

语言学练习题(附答案) Chapter 1  Language
语言学练习题(附答案) Chapter 1  Language

Chapter One Language

1. Define the following terms

1) discreteness 2) design features

3) arbitrariness 4) duality

5) displacement 6) cultural transmission

7) the imaginative function of language 8) the personal function of language

9) the heuristic function of language 10) language

2. Multiple Choice

Directions: In each question there are four choices. Decide which one would be the best answer to the question or to complete the sentence best.

1) Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary?

A. tree

B. crash

C. typewriter

D. bang

2) The function of the sentence “Water boils at 100 degrees Centigrade” is ________.

A. interrogative

B. directive

C. informative

D. performative

3) In Chinese when someone breaks a bowl or a plate the host or the people present are

likely to say sui sui ping an (every year be safe and happy) as a means of controlling the

forces which the believers feel might affect their lives. Which function does it

perform?

A. Interpersonal.

B. Emotive. C Performative. D. Recreational.

4) Which of the following properties of language enables language users to overcome the

barriers causedby time and place, due to this feature of language, speakers of a language

are free to talk about anything in any situation?

A. interchangeability.

B. Duality.

C. Displacement.

D. Arbitrariness.

5) Study the following dialogue. What function does it play according to the functions of

language?

—A nice day, isn’t it?

—Right! I really enjoy the sunlight.

A. Emotive

B. Phatic.

C. Peformative.

D. Interpersonal.

6) Unlike animal communication systems, human language is .

A. stimulus free

B. stimulus bound

C. under immediate stimulus control

D. stimulated by some occurrence of communal interest.

7) Which of the following is the most important function of language?

A. interpersonal function

B. performative function

C. informative function

D. recreational function

8) In different languages, different terms are used to express the animal “狗”, this shows the nature of --- of human language.

A arbitrariness

B cultural transmission

C displacement

D discreteness

9) Which of the following disciplines are related to applied linguistics?

A. statistics

B. psycholinguistics

C. physics

D. philosophy

10) has been widely accepted as the father of modem linguistics.

A. Chomsky

B. Saussure

C. Bloomfield

D. John Lyons

3. Word Completion

Directions: Fill in the blanks with the most suitable words.

1) Design features, a framework proposed by the American linguist Charles Hockett, refer

to the ________ properties of human language that distinguishes it from any animal

system of communication.

2) ________ refers to the phenomenon that the sounds in a language are meaningfully

distinct. For instance, the difference between the sounds /p/ and /b/ is not actually very

great, but when these sounds are part of a language like English, they are used in such a

way that the occurrence of one rather than the other is meaningful.

3) In any language words can be used in new ways to mean new things and can be

combined into innumerable sentences based on limited rules. This feature is usually

termed p_______ or c________.

4) Language has many functions. We can use language to talk about language itself. This

function is m________ function.

5) Cultural transmission refers to the fact that language is c________ transmitted. It is

passed on from one generation to the next through teaching and learning, rather than by

i_________.

6) One general principle of linguistic analysis is the primacy of ________ over writing.

7) The ________ function refers to the use of language to communicate knowledge about

the world, to report events, to make statements, to give accounts, to explain relationships, to relay messages and so on.

8) The ________ function refers to language used to ensure social maintenance. Phatic

communion is part of it. The term phatic communion introduced by the anthropologist

Bronislaw Malinowski refers to language used for establishing an atmosphere or

maintaining social contact rather than for exchanging facts.

9) Language is a system of arbitrary symbols used for human Communication.

10) Language has two levels. They are ______ level and ______ level.

11) Language is a ________ because every language consists of a set of rules which

underlie people’s actual speech or writing.

12) The _function refers to language used in an attempt to control events once they

happen.

13) The design features of language are (1) (2) (3)

(4) (5) (6) and (7) _______.

14) By saying “language is arbitrary”, we mean that there is no logical connection be tween

meaning and .

15) The four principles in the linguistic study are (1) (2) (3)

and (4) .

4. True or False Questions

Directions: Decide whether the following statements are true or false. Write T for true and F for false in the bracket before each of them.

1) ( ) The relation between form and meaning in human language is natural.

2) ( ) When language is used to get information from others, it serves an informative

function.

3) ( ) The reason for French to use cheval and for English to use horse to refer to the same

animal is inexplicable.

4) ( ) Most animal communication systems lack the primary level of articulation.

5) ( ) Language change is universal,ongoing and arbitrary.

6) ( ) Language is a system of arbitrary, written signs which permit all the people in a given

culture, or other people who have learned the system of that culture, to communicate or

interact.

7) ( ) In theory, the length of sentences is limited.

8) ( ) The relationship between the sounds and their meaning is arbitrary.

9) ( ) Linguistic symbols are a kind of visual symbols, which include vocal symbols.

10) ( ) Linguistic symbols are produced by human speech organs.

11) ( ) Every language has two levels: grammatically —meaningless and sound —

meaningful.

12) ( ) Such features of language as being creative, vocal, and arbitrary can differentiate

human languages from animal communicative systems.

13) ( ) Duality is one of the characteristics of human language. It refers to the fact that

language has two levels of structures: the system of sounds and the system of meanings.

14) ( ) Language is a means of verbal communication. Therefore, the communication way

used by the deaf-mute is not language.

15) ( ) Arbitrariness of language makes it potentially creative, and conventionality of

language makes a language be passed from generation to generation. As a foreign

language learner, the latter is more important for us.

5. Glossary translation

1)personal function

2)heauristic function

3)ideational function

4)interchangeability

5)控制功能

6)表现功能

7)文化传递性

8)分离性

9)区别性特征

10)不受时空限制的属性

11)Interactional function

12)instrumentational function

13)imaginative function

14)寒暄功能

15)元语言功能

16)Personal function

17)performative function

18)娱乐功能

19)信息功能

20)人际功能

6. Short Essay Questions

1)What are the functions of language? Exemplify each function.

2)Explain what the term duality means as it is used to describe a property of human

language.

3)Is language productive or not? Why?

4)What is language?

5)What are the major design features of language? Please explain three of them with

examples.

Key to Chapter One

1. Define the followina terms

1) Discreteness refers to the phenomenon that the sounds in a language are meaningfully distinct. For instance, the difference between the sounds /p/ and /b/ is not actually very great, but when these sounds are part of a language like English, they are used in such a way that the occurrence of one rather than the other is meaningful. The fact that the pronunciation of the forms pad and bad leads to a distinction in meaning can only be due to the difference between the sounds/p/ and /b/in English. Each sound in the language is thought of as discrete. It is possible to produce a range of sounds in a continuous stream which are all generally like the sounds /p/ and /b/.

2) “Design features” refer to the defining properties of human language that tell the difference between human language and any system of animal communication. They are arbitrariness, duality, productivity, displacement, cultural transmission and interchangeability. (3分)

3) “Arbitrariness” means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. A dog might be a pig if only the first person or group of persons had used it for a pig.

Language is therefore largely arbitrary. But language is not absolutely arbitrary, because there are cases where there are or at least seem to be some sound-meaning association, if we think of echo Words, like “bang”, “crash”,”roar”,’ which are motivated in a certain sense. Secondly, some compounds are not entirely arbitrary eit her. “Snow” and “storm” are arbitrary or unmotivated words, while “snowstorm” is less so. So we can say “arbitrariness” is a matter of degree.

4) Linguists refer “duality” of structure to the fact that in all languages so far investigated, one finds two levels of structure or patterning. At the first, higher level, language is analyzed in terms of combinations of meaningful units (such as morphemes, words etc.); at the second, lower level, it is seen as a sequence of segments which lack any meaning in themselves, but which combine to form units of meaning. According to Hu Zhuanglin et al., language is a system of two sets of structures, one of sounds and the other of meaning. This is important for the workings of language. A small number of sounds can be grouped and regrouped into a large number of semantic units (words), and these units of meaning can be arranged and rearranged into an infinite number of sentences. (For example, we have dictionaries of words, but no dictionary of sentences!) Duality makes it possible for a person to talk about anything within his knowledge. No animal communication system enjoys this duality, or even approaches this honor.

5) “Displacement”, as one of the design features of the human language, refers to the fact that one can talk about things that are not present, as easily as he does things present. In other words,

one can refer to real and unreal things, things of the past, of the present, of the future. Language itself can be talked about too. People can use language’ to d escribe something that had occurred, is occurring, or is to occur. But a dog could not bark for a bone to be lost. The bee’s System has a small share of “displacement”, but it is an unspeakable tiny share.

6) Language is not biologically transmitted from generation to generation, but the details of the linguistic system must be learned anew by each speaker. It is true that the capacity for language in human beings (N. Chomsky called it “language acquisition device”, or LAD) has a geneticbasis, but the particular language a person learns to speak is a cultural one rather than a genetic one like the dog’s barking system. If a human being is brought up in isolation he cannot acquire language. The wolf-child reared by the wolves turned out to speak the wolf’s roaring “tongue” when he was saved. And it was difficult for him to acquire human language.

7) The imaginative function refers to language used to create imaginary system, whether these are literary works, philosophical systems or utopian visions on the one hand, or daydreams and idle musings on the other hand. It is also language used for sheer joy of using language, such as a baby’s babbling, a chanter’s chanting, a poet’s pleasuring.

8) The personal function refers to language used to express the indi vidual’s feelings, emotions and personality.

9) The heuristic function of language refers to language used in order to acquire knowledge and understanding the world. The heuristic functioning provides a basis for the structure of knowledge in the different disciplines. Language allows people to ask questions about the nature of the world they live in and to construct possible answers.

10) Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.

2. Multiple Choice

1) – 5): A C C C B 6) – 10): A C C B B

3. Word Completion.

1) defining 2) Descreteness 3)productivity or creativity 4) metalingual 5) culturally, instinct or inheritance 6) speech 7) representational 8) interactional; 9) vocal;10) gramatically meaningful, sound meaningless; 11) system; 12) regulatory 13) arbitrariness, duality, productivity, cultural transmission, interchangeability, discreteness, displacement. 14) sound; 15) exhaustiveness, economy, objectivity, consistency

4. True or False Questions

1 – 5: FFTFF 6 – 10: FFTFT 11 – 15: FFTFT

5. Glossary Translation

1)personal function: 人际功能

2)heauristic function:启发功能

3)ideational function:概念功能

4)interchangeability:互换性

5)控制功能:regulatory function

6)表现功能: representational functin

7)文化传递性: cultural transmisssion

8)分离性: discreteness

9)区别性特征: design features

10)不受时空限制的属性: displacement

11)Interactional function: 互动功能

12)instrumentational function:工具功能

13)imaginative function:想象功能

14)寒暄功能:phatic function

15)元语言功能: metalingual function or metafunction of language

16)personal function: 自指性功能

17)performative function: 表达功能

18)娱乐功能: recreational function

19)信息功能: informative function

20)人际功能: interpersonal function

6. Short Essay Questions

1) What are the functions of language? Exemplify each function.

According to Wang Gang (1988: 11), the functions of language can be mainly embodied in three aspects. i) Language is a tool of human communication; ii) Language is a tool whereby people learn about the world; iii) Language is a tool by which people create art.

As a matter of fact, different linguists have different terms for the various functions of language. The British linguist M. A. K. Halliday uses the following terms to refer to the initial functions of children’s language:

(1) Instrumental

The instrumental function of language refers to the fact that language allows speakers to get things done. It allows them to control things in the environment. People can cause things to be done and to happen through the use of words alone. An immediate contrast here is with the animal world in which sounds are hardly used in this way, and, when they are, they are used in an extremely limited degree. The instrumental function can be primitive too in human interaction. Performative utterances such as the words which name a ship at a launching ceremony clearly have instrumental functions if the right circumstances exist;they are acts, e.g. I name this ship Liberty Bell.

(2) Regulatory

The regulatory function refers to language used in an attempt to control events once they happen. Those events may involve the self as well as others. People do try to control themselves through language, e.g. Why did I say that?/ Steady! / And Let me think about that again. Language helps to regulate encounters among people. Language provides devices for regulating specific kinds of encounters and contains words for approving or disapproving and for controlling or disrupting the behavior of others. It allows us to establish complex patterns of organization in order to try to regulate behavior, from game playing to political organization, from answering the telephone to addressing in foreign affairs. It is the regulatory function of language that allows people some measure of control over events that occur in their lives.

(3)Representational

The representational function refers to the use of language to communicate knowledge about the world, to report events, to make statements, to give accounts, to explain relationships, to relay messages and so on. This function of language is represented by all kinds of record-keeping, such as historical records, geographical surveys, business accounts, scientific reports, government acts, and public data banks. It is an essential domain of language use, for the availability of this material guarantees the knowledge-base of subsequent generations, which is a prerequisite of social development.

(4) Interactional

The interactional function refers to language used to ensure social maintenance. Phatic communion is part of it. The term phatic communion introduced by the anthropologist Bronislaw Malinowski refers to language used for establishing an atmosphere or maintaining social contact rather than for exchanging facts. A greeting such as how are you?is relatively empty of content, and answers like fine or very well, thank you are equally empty, because the speaker is not interested in the hearer’s health, but rather to demonstrate his politeness and general attitude toward the other person when he gives a conversational greeting.

(5) Personal

The personal function refers to language used to express the individual’s feelings, emotions and personali ty. A person’s individuality is usually characterized by his or her use of personal function of communication. Each individual has a “voice” in what happens to him. He is free to speak or not to speak, to say, as much or as little as he pleases, and to choose how to say what he says. The use of language can tell the listener or reader a great deal about the speaker or writer — in particular, about his regional origin, social background, level of education, occupation, age, sex, and personality.

Language also provides the individual with a means to express feelings, whether outright in the form of exclamations, endorsements, or curse, or much more subtly through a careful choice of words. Many social situations display language used to foster a sense of identity: the shouting of a crowd at a football match, the shouting of names or slogans at public meetings, the reactions of the audience to television game shows, the shouts of affirmation at some religious meetings. For example, the crowds attending Pres ident Regan’s pre-election meetings in 1984 repeatedly shouted “Four more years!” which united among those who shared the same political views.

(6) Heuristic

The heuristic function refers to language used in order to acquire knowledge and understanding the world. The heuristic functioning provides a basis for the structure of knowledge in the different disciplines. Insofar as the inquiry into language itself, a necessary result is the creation of a metalanguage, i.e. a language used to refer to language, containing terms such as sound, syllable, word, structure, sentence, meaning and so on.

(7) Imaginative

The imaginative function refers to language used to create imaginary system, whether these are literary works, philosophical systems or utopian visions on the one hand, or daydreams and idle musings on the other hand. The imaginative function also allows people to consider not just the real world but all possible worlds — and many impossible ones. Much literature is the most obvious example to serve this function as an account of Robinson Crusoe in the deserted island. The imaginative function enables life to be lived vicariously and helps satisfy numerous deep artistic urges.

2) Explain what the term duality means as it is used to describe a property of human

language.

Language is organized at two levels or layers-- sounds and meaning-- simultaneously. This property is called duality, or “double articulation”. In terms of speech production, we have the physical level at which we can produce individual sounds, like n, b, and i. As individual sound, none of these discrete forms has any intrinsic meaning. When we produce those sounds in a particular combination, as in bin, we have another level producing a meaning, which is different

from the meaning of the combination in nib. So, at one level, we have distinct sounds, and at another level, we have distinct meanings. This duality of levels is, in fact,: one of the most economical features of human language, since with a limited set of distinct sounds we are capable of producing a very large number of sound combinations (relatively finite words and infinite number of sentences) which are distinct in meaning. No animal communication system has duality, or ever comes near to possessing it.

3) Is language productive or not? Why?

(1) Language is productive or creative. (233) This means that users can understand and produce sentences they have never heard before. Every day we send messages that have never been sent before, and we understand novel messages. Much of them we say and hear for the first time; yet there seems no problem of understanding. For example, the sentence” A red-eyed elephant is dancing on the hotel bed” must be new to you and it does not describe a common happening in the world. Nevertheless, nobody has any difficulty in understanding it.

(2) Productivity is unique to human language. Most animal communication systems appear to be highly restricted with respect to the number of different signals that their users can send and receive. For example, gibbon calls are not productive, for they draw all their calls from a limited repertoire, which is rapidly exhausted, making any novelty impossible. Bee dancing is used only to indicate food sources, which is the only message that can be sent through the dancing.

(3) The productivity or creativity of language partially. originates from its duality, because of which the speaker is able to combine the basic linguistic units to form an infinite set of sentences, most of which are never before produced or heard. The productivity of language also means its potential to create endless sentences. It is the recursive nature of language that provides a theoretical basis for this possibility.

4) What is language?

(1) It is very difficult to give this question a satisfactory definition. However, most linguists would accept a tentative definition like this: language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. (2) Language must be a system, since elements in it are arranged according to certain rules; they cannot be combined at will. If language were not systematic, it could not be learned or used consistently. (3) Language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between the word pen and the thing we use to write with. The fact that different languages have different words for it (钢笔in Chinese for instance) speaks strongly for the arbitrary nature of language. (4) This also explains the symbolic nature of language: words are associated with objects, actions, ideas by convention. (5) We say language is vocal because the primary medium is sound for all languages, no matter how well developed are their writing systems. All evidence shows that writing systems came much later than the spoken forms and that they are only attempts to capture sounds and meaning on paper (6) The term “human”in the definition is meant to specify that language is human.specific; that is, it is very different from the communication systems other forms of life possess.

5) What are the major design features of language? Please explain three of them

with examples.

(1) Displacement is one of the defining properties of human language, which refers to the fact that human language can be used to talk about things that are present or not present, real or not real, and about matters in the past, present or future, or in far-away places. In other words, language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of its users.

This phenomenon is thought of as “displacement”, which can provide its users with an opportunity to communicate about a wide range of subjects, free from any barriers caused by separation in time and space. That is, the feature of displacement can enable us to talk about things and places whose existence we cannot even be sure of. We can refer to mythical creatures, demons, fairies, angels, Santa Claus, and recently invented characters such as superman. This feature is unique to human language. No animal communication system possesses it. Some animal calls are often uttered in response to immediate changes of situation. For instance, during the mating season, in the present of danger or pain, animals will make calls. Once the danger or pain is missing, their calls stop.

(2) Discreteness The sounds used in language are meaningfully distinct. For example, the difference between the sounds b andp is actually not very great, but when these sounds are part of a language like English, they are used in such a way that the occurrence of one rather than the other is meaningful. The fact that the pronunciation of the forms pack and back leads to a distinction in meaning can only be due to the difference between the sounds p and b in English. This property of language is described as discreteness. Each sound in the language is treated as discrete. It is possible; in fact, to produce a range of sounds in a continuous stream which are all generally like the p and b sounds. However, that continuous stream will only be interpreted as being either a p sound, or a b sound (or, possibly, as a non-sound) in the language. We have a very discrete view of the sounds of our language and wherever a pronunciation falls within the physically possible range of sounds, it will be interpreted as a linguistically specific and meaningfully distinct sound

(3) Language is a system. It is organized into two levels simultaneously. We have distinct sounds at the lower level (sound level), which is seen as a sequence of segments which have no meaning in themselves. At the higher level, we have distinct meanings (meaningful level). Language is analyzed in terms of combination of meaningful units. Then the meaningful units (such as morphemes, words, etc.) at the higher level can be arranged and rearranged into an infinite number of sentences. The organization of language into levels, one of sounds, the other of meaning, is known as duality or double articulation. This unique feature of language enables its users to talk about anything within their knowledge. No animal communication system possesses the feature of duality.

00541语言学概论必过资料

第一章语言和语言学 第一节语言的客观存在形式 一、语言: 1.语言是一种社会现象,不是一种物质实体。 2.言语交际是一个编码(说话)和解码(听话)的过程。 (语言的客观存在形式首先表现为人与人之间的口头交际行为,有声的口头语言,即口语) 3.语言的客观存在形式跟语言学家研究的语言是不完全一模一样的。 二、口语和书面语的主要差别: 1.口语:是有声的口头语言。 2.书面语:是经过加工提炼和发展了的口语书面形式。 3.口语是第一性的,书面语是第二性的。 4.书面语比口语更精练、更精确。 5.书面语比口语省略成份少一些。(多了一些成份) 三、口语与书面语的关系: 1.口语是第一性的,书面语是第二性的。 2.书面语反过来影响和促进口语的发展。 3.口语、书面语基本是一致的。(一般情况下) 四、书面语产生具有重大的历史意义: 书面语的产生克服了口语的时间、空间的限制,是人类进入文明社会的标志。 五、语言和民族: 1.语言是民族的重要标志,但不是最可靠的标志。 (1)在绝大多数情况下一个民族使用一种语言。 (2)也有一个民族使用多种语言。(犹太民族) (3)不同民族使用同一种语言。(满族、汉族) (4)尽管语言是最直观的,最容易识别民族的标志,从目前了解到的情况来看,“共同的历史文化传统和由此产生的民族认同感”,也许是维系一个“民族”的最根本的因素。 因而也是确定一个民族的最根本的标准。不能单凭“互相理解程度”来区分语言和方言。() 六、语言与种族的关系: 语言和种族没有必然的联系,但不是完全没有联系。特别就“语系”而言,两者之间的联系还是比较明显的。(汉语、汉藏语系都有声调) 七、语言和种族没有必然联系的根本原因是:语言能力和生理因素、心理因素有关,但是语言不是一种生理现象,也不是一种心理现象,不是先天遗传的,它是一种社会现象,完全是在一定的语言环境中后天获得的,所以语言和种族没有必然联系。 八、语言的客观存在形式:口语、书面语。语言的客观存在形式首先表现为有声的口头语言即口语, 而当出现了文字以后,又表现为有形的书面语言即书面语。 口语和书面语都有两个方面:一方面是表示一定意义的声音或图形,这是一种物理现象;另一方面则是由声音或图形(字)表示的意义,那是一种心理现象,或者说是思维活动的结果和感情流露。 第二节语言的性质 一、语言和言语 瑞士语言学家索绪尔是杰出的代表和集其大成的学者。 他的《普通语言学教程》(1916)开创了20世纪现代语言学的新局面。 1.什么是语言、言语? (1)言语:指说话这种行为和说出来的具体的话。 特色:a.具有个人因素(嗓音、用词等)。

语言学概论复习题及参考答案

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语言学概论课后练习汇总 第一章总论 本章思考题: 1.“在现代科学体系中语言学是领先和关键的学科。”怎样理解这句话的含义? 2.你怎样理解应用语言学这一术语? 3.有人说转换生成语言学是语言学的革命,有人则说它是“毒蛇蛋”;有人说它不断改变看法是理论上的不一贯,有人则说它是理论上的发展。你认为应该怎样正确看待转换生成语言学? 4.张三和李幺妹刚给2岁的孩子过完两周岁的生日,两人就为小孩的培养问题争吵了起来。张三说:“应该教儿子识字了。”李幺妹说:“应该教儿子学音乐。”请从语言学的角度给他们一点建议。 练习题 名词解 1.语言学 2.小学 3.专语语言学 4.共时语言学 5.历时语言学 二、填空题 1.语言学的三大发源地是______、______、______。 2.我国传统的语文学统称“小学”,包括______、______、______三方面。 3.研究语言的结构,主要包括______、______、______、______四个部分。 4.语言是传递信息的过程,主要包括______、______、______、______、______五个阶段。 5.专语语言学可以从______和______两个方向研究语言,分别被称为______语言学和______语言学。 6.______语言学的建立,标志着语言学开始走上独立发展的道路。 7.布龙菲尔德的代表性著作______是美国结构主义语言学的奠基性著作,对美国结构主义语言学的形成、发展有重要的作用。 8.______被称为现代语言学之父,其代表作《普通语言学教程》在语言学史上具有十分重要的地位。 三、问答题 1.古代的语言研究和今天的语言研究有哪些不同之处? 2.语言交际过程分为哪几个阶段?请举例说明。(可结合分析任举一个句子作说明.) 3.“语言学既是一门古老的学科,又是一门年轻的学科;既与社会科学有密切的联系,又与自然科学有密切的联系。”怎样理解这句话的含义? 4.语言学有哪些作用?请结合实际加以说明。(结合实际部分可以根据自己的学习,工作或生活经历举例) 5.简述语言学的分类。

语言学概论00541史上最全(吐血整理) 汇总 简单题+名词解释 小抄笔记

27.书面语:书面语是用文字记录的语言形式,它是文字产生或在口语的基础上产生的,书面语是经过加工、提炼和发展了的口语的书面形式。 26.口语:就是有声的口头语言,任何一种语言都有口头存在形式。它是书面产生的基础。 28.语言相关论:语言相关论是萨丕尔和沃尔夫提出的关于语言与思维关系的观点,主张语言决定思维,不同的语言就有不同的思维方式。 29.大脑语言功能临界期:大脑语言功能临界期是指大脑的单侧化,大脑左半球的分区以及语言的遗传机制,都只提供人具有语言能力的潜在可能性,这些潜能必须在一定期限内被一定的语言环境激活才可能起作用。26.语言符号的所指 :语言符号的所指是符号的形式所指的意义内容。 29.机器翻译:通过计算机把一种语言自动翻译成另一种或多种自然语言的信息处理技术。 26.语音:语音是人的发音器官发出的、用于人与人之间交际并表达一定意义的声音。 27.词:词是最小的、有意义的、能够独立运用的语言单位。 28.语用:语用指语言运用,即人们在一定的交际环境中对语言的实际运用。 29.文字:文字是记录语言的书写符号系统。 27.单纯词:单纯词是由一个构词语素构成的词。 29.屈折:屈折是通过词的内部发生语音的交替变换来改变词的语法意义的手段。 28.意译词:是用本族语言的构词材料和规则构成新词,把外语中某个词的意义翻译过来。 27.仿译词:是用本族语言的语素逐个对译外语原词的语素造成的词,它不仅把原词的词义翻译过来,而且保持了原词的内部构成方式。 29.主谓词组:两个成分之间具有被说明和说明关系的词组是主谓词组。 27.复辅音:一个音节内处于同一个肌肉紧张的渐强阶段或渐弱阶段上的两个或两个以上辅音的组合。 27.双语现象:某一言语社团使用两种或多种语言的社会现象,具体而言是社团内的全体成员或部分成员双语并用的现象。 28.亲属语言:从同一种语言中分化出来的各个语言叫亲属语言,亲属语言之间具有历史同源关系。 26.调位:利用音节内的音高差别来起辩义作用的语音单位叫做调位,调位是一种非音质音位,依附在音位的组合序列上。 29.词组:实词与实词之间具有直接联系的相对独立的词群。 28.语素:语素是语言中音义结合的最小单位。 28.词尾:附着在词干后的,能改变词的语法形式,但不能构成新词的语素。 29.语素:音义结合的最小语言单位。 26.词类:词类是词在语法上的分类。它指可以替换出现在语法结构某些共同组合位置上的词的类,即具有聚合关系的词的类。 27.词法:(1)词法主要描写词的形态特征和词形变化规则。例如,俄语的名词在形式上有单数和复数的区别,有阳性、阴性、中性等性的区别,有主格、宾格、属格等格的区别,这些都是典型的词法现象。(2)由于印欧语言中构词单位、构词方式和词类都与词的形态变化相关,因此构词和词类问题也成为词法的一部分。27.语法意义:语法意义是语法形式所体现的意义,是语言中通过一类形式或功能所获得的意义。二者相辅相成,不可分离。如“动词+名词”有动宾关系的意义,汉语所有的同类组合都是如此,这种意义就是一种语法意义。 27.语法形式:语法形式就是能体现表达某种语法意义的形式。表示某一类语法意义或者有共同作用的形式,如词类形式、组合形式、虚词形式,就是语法形式。语法形式不是个别的语音形式和词语形式,但能产生某一类意义或者有共同作用的语音表现形式或者词形变化形式也是语法形式。 27.语法手段:根据语法形式的共同特点所归并的语法形式的基本类别叫做语法手段。语法手段可分为词法手段和句法手段两大类。通过词形的变化来表现语法意义的形式是词法手段;通过结构的变化来表现语法意义的形式是句法手段;例如英语名词后加s表示复数,英语动词后面加ed表示过去时,就是词法手段中的词形变化。 28.自源文字:自源文字指独立发展起来的文字。如古埃及文字、苏美尔文字、汉字,这些文字的形体、体系都是由最早使用该文字的人们独创的。 29.语音合成(1)语音合成是语音信息处理研究中的主要工作。 (2)语音合成就是让计算机模拟人的发音器官的动作并发生类似的声音。如汉语的语音合成目前已初步实现自动生成声韵调结合的音节。 26.句子:句子是词或词组按一定规则组合成的、能表达相对完整的意义、前后有较大停顿并带有一定的语气和句调的语言单位。 27.异化:语流中两个相同或相近的音,其中一个因受另一个影响而变得不相同或不相近。

语言学概论习题

导言 一、单项选择题 1. 普通语言学从理论上研究() A 个别民族语言的特殊规律 B 人类各种语言一般的共同规律 C 几种民族语言的一般与个别的规律 D 汉语普通话的发展规律 2. 语言学可以分为两大类别,即() A 理论语言学、应用语言学 B 汉语语言学、英语语言学 C 英语语言学、俄语语言学 D 个别语言学、一般语言学 3. 语言学概论属于() A 个别语言学的范围 B 一般语言学的范围 C 应用语言学的范围 D 汉语言学的范围 4. 结构主义语言学独特的研究方法是() A 历史比较法 B 归纳法 C 分布分析法和直接成分分析法 D 句子成分分析法 二、填空题 1. 古中国、古印度、古希腊具有悠久的历史文化传统,是语言学的三大发源地。 2. 文字、训诂、音韵是我国传统的语文学。 3. 研究语言的结构,主要是研究语音、语法、语汇三个部分。 4. 历史比较语言学的建立,标志着语言学开始走上独立发展的道路。 5. 布龙菲尔德的代表著作《语言论》,是美国结构主义语言学的奠基性著作,对美国结构主义语言学的形成、发展有重要的作用和深远的影响。 6. 索绪尔被称为现代语言学之父,其代表作《普通语言学教程》在语言学史上具有十分重要的地位。 7. 结构主义语言学派可以分为布拉格学派、哥本哈根学派、美国结构语言学派三派。 三、判断题 1. 历史比较语言学不仅标志着语言学科的独立而且为普通语言学的建立打下了坚实的基础。() 2. 我国的语文学通称“小学”。() 3. 普通语言学是以汉语普通话为研究对象的语言学分支学科。()

4. 每个人至少掌握一种语言,所以都能准确地回答“什么是语言”这个问题。() 四、名词解释 1. 语言学 2. 语文学 3. 理论语言学 4. 应用语言学 5. 普通语言学 6. 个别语言学 第一章语言的社会功能 一、单项选择题 1. 语言是() A 说话 B 个人说的行为和结果 C 写成的作品或发表的言论 D 从言语中概括出来的为社会所公认的词语和规则的总和 2. 言语是() A 言论和语言 B 音义结合的符号系统 C 个人说的行为和结果 D写成的作品或发表的言论 3. 语言是() A 特殊的社会现象 B 一般的社会现象 C 上层建筑 D 经济基础 二、填空题 1. 言语是个人说的行为和结果。它有两种形式,即和。 2. “我们俩没有共同语言。”这句话的“语言”指的是,是一种用法。 3. 一种语言中的句子数量是无限的,人类之所以能掌握语言,是因为构成句子的语言材料 和是十分有限的。 4. 语言是特殊的社会现象的含义是语言具有,没有。 5. 语言和说话的关系可以这样理解:语言是,说话时个人的;语言是抽象的,说话 是。 三、判断题 1. 语言是人类最重要的交际工具。( )

北京师范大学《普通语言学概要》考研复习题库

考试复习重点资料(最新版) 资料见第二页 封 面

北京师范大学《普通语言学概要》复习重点题库 第一章 语言和语言学 一、单项选择题 1.语言的客观存在形式首先表现为口语。语言学是指研究语言的科学。 2.在个别情况下,当口语已经发生巨大变化而书面语长期保持古代语言的面貌不变时,就可能产生言文脱节的现象。 3.在我国,白话文代替文言文的时间是五四运动以后。 4.世界各国都把书面语的产生作为文明史的开端。 5.共同的历史文化传统和民族认同感是确定一个“民族”的最根本的标准。 6.语言是最直观最容易识别的民族标志。 7.口语是语言的有声客观存在形式。 8.书面语虽然在口语的基础上产生,但也影响口语的发展。 9.口语和书面语都有两个方面:一方面是表示一定意义的声音或图形,这是一种物理现象;另一方面则是由声音或图形表示的意义,那是一种心理现象。 10.人与人的口头交际过程是非常复杂的,从通信理论的角度可以将之理解为编码和解码的过程。 11.主张把语言和言语分开的代表人和集大成的学者是现代语言之父索绪尔,他的代表作是《普通语言学教程》。 12.语言符号的特点有:任意性、强制性、可变性、离散性、线性。 13.索绪尔创立的语言学,使语言学成为现代意义的科学。 14.言语活动可以分为语言和言语两个分支,即索绪尔提出人类言语活动可分为语言和言语两个部分。 15.语言和言语:“语言”是言语活动中同一社会群体共同掌握的有规律可循而又成为系统的那一部分。言语是个人“说话”的具体行为和结果,在每个人的发音、用词和使用的句子结构等方面体现出个人特色。 16.书面语和口语的关系是:前者是第二性的,后者是第-性的。 17.口语和书面语的所谓一致,是指基本的语言成分。 18.语言符号的物质实体(语音)和所表示的意义(语义)之间没有必然的理据关系,这说明,语言符 号具有任意性。 19.语言符号是离散的,在时间这根轴上成线性排列。语言符号的线性特征使离散的语言符号有可能 组合成大小不等的语言单位,组合成连续的语流。 20.在语言系统的各个子系统中,语音系统的系统性最强。 21.语言系统中最小的语言单位是语素;最小的交际单位是句子;最大的交际单位语篇。 22.在同一个位置上可以互相替换出现的各个语言单位处在互相可以联想起采的关系中,这种关系称 为聚合关系。 23.最早广泛应用语言学的理论和成果的社会领域是语言教学领域。 24.希腊哲学家柏拉图认为“名”是由“实”决定的。 25.我国哲学家荀子认为“名”和“实”之间没有必然联系。 26.中国古代传统语言学被称之为“小学”。

语言学概论之一语言功能

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《语言学概论》课程简介 课程名称:《语言学概论》 英文名称:Linguistics Outline 学分: 3 总学时:54学时。 先修课程:现代汉语。 内容介绍:《语言学概论》是语言理论基础课,它从理论上探讨人类语言的本质、结构规律和发展规律以及语言与文字的关系等方面问题,属于普通语言学的范围。它跟属于个别语言学范围的现代汉语、古代汉语课程不同。 适用专业及层次:中文系及其他各系本科生。 教学方式:多媒体电子讲稿和板书相结合的启发式讲解。作业次数:10次。 考核方式:闭卷考试。 选用教材:《语言学纲要》叶蜚声、徐通锵著北京大学出版社1997年第三版。 参考书目:[1]岑麒祥.语言学史概要[M] .北京:北京大学出版社,1998. [2]徐志民.欧美语言学简史[M] .上海:学林出版社,1990. [3]刘润清.西方语言学流派[M] .北京:外语教学与研究出版社,1995.

[4]索绪尔著.高名凯译.普通语言学教程[M] .北京:商务印书馆,1999. [5]高名凯.语言论[M] .北京:商务印书馆,1995. [6]布龙菲尔德著.袁家骅等译.语言论[M] .北京:商务印书馆,1997. [7]徐通锵胡吉成主编.《语言学纲要》学习指导书 [M] .北京:北京大学出版社,2001. [8]高名凯石安石主编.语言学概论[M] .北京:中华书局1963 [9]刘伶黄智显陈秀珠主编.语言学概要[M] .北京:北京师范大学出版社,1984. [10]徐通锵.基础语言学教程[M] .北京:北京大学出版社,2001. [11]王德春.语言学概论[M] .上海:上海外语教育出版社,1997. [12]伍铁平主编.普通语言学概要[M] .北京:高等教育出版社,1993. [13]戚雨村主编.语言学引论[M] .上海:上海外语教育出版社,1985. [14]彭泽润李葆嘉主编.语言理论[M] .长沙:中南大学出版社,2003.

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