GMAT阅读——Eco efficiency文章和题目翻译

Eco efficiency (measures to minimize environmental impact through the reduction or elimination of waste from production processes) has become a goal for companies worldwide, with many realizing significant cost savings from such innovations. Peter Senge and Goran Carstedt see this development as laudable but suggest that simply adopting eco efficiency innovations could actually worsen environmental stresses in the future.Such innovations reduce production waste but do not alter the number of products manufactured nor the waste generated from their use and discard; indeed, most companies invest in eco efficiency improvements in order to increase profits and growth. Moreover, there is no guarantee that increased economic growth from eco efficiency will come in similarly eco efficient ways, since in today’s global markets, greater profits may be turned into investment capital that could easily be reinvested in old-style eco-inefficient industries. Even a vastly more eco efficient industrial system could, were it to grow much larger, generate more total waste and destroy more habitat and species than would a smaller, less eco efficient economy. Senge and Carstedt argue that to preserve the global environment and sustain economic growth, businesses must develop a new systemic approach that reduces total material use and total accumulated waste. Focusing exclusively on eco efficiency, which offers a compelling business case according to established thinking, may distract companies from pursuing radically different products and business models. 环境效率（通过减少或者消除生产过程中产生的废品减少环境影响的措施）已经变成了全世界的公司的一个目标，很多公司意识从这个创新中得到的巨大的成本节约。

PS和GC这两个人认为这个发展是值得赞扬的，但也提出，仅仅采用环境效率创新可能实际上会使未来的环境压力变坏。

这种创新减少了生产的废品，但不改变生产的产品的数量，也不改变从他们的使用和丢弃中产生的废品；确实，大多数的公司投资于环境效率进展是为了增加利润和成长。

另外，通过环境效率方法的而增长的经济成长将会和环境效率方法一样是没有保证的，因为在当今的全球市场，更大的利润可能会被变成投资资本，投资资本可能被很容易地重新投资到旧的模式的环境非效率工业中。

甚至，如果一个大范围的更加环境效率的工业系统变得更大，它能够产生更多的总的废品，破坏更多的栖息地和物种，相比较于一个更小的，更不环境效率的经济。

S和C这两个人说，为了保护全球的环境和保持经济增长，贸易必须发展一个新的系统的方法，那个方法能够减少总的材料使用和总的积累的废品。

单独地关注环境效率（根据已经建立的理论，它提供了一个引人注目的贸易案例）可能能让公司从激进地追求不同的产品和贸易模型中转移出来。

1、The primary purpose of the passage is to

A.explain why a particular business strategy has been less successful than was once anticipated

B.propose an alternative to a particular business strategy that has inadvertently caused ecological damage

C.present a concern about the possible consequences of pursuing a particular business strategy

D.make a case for applying a particular business strategy on a larger scale than is currently practiced

E.suggest several possible outcomes of companies’ failure to understand the economic impact of a particular business strategy

1、文章主要的目的是为了

A.解释为什么一个特定的贸易策略比它曾经预期的要不成功

B.提出一个特定的贸易策略的另一个选择，这个策略非故意地导致了经济破坏

C.呈现一个关于追求一个特定的贸易策略的可能的结果的忧虑

D.做了一个案例，为了把一个特定的贸易策略应用于一个比现在实行的规模更大的规模

E.提出若干可能的结果，这些结果是公司对于一个特定的贸易策略的经济影响的不理解

选C

2.The passage mentions which of the following as a possible consequence of companies’realization of greater profits through eco efficiency?

A.The companies may be able to sell a greater number of products by lowering prices.

B.The companies may be better able to attract investment capital in the global market.

C.The profits may be reinvested to increase economic growth through eco efficiency.

D.The profits may be used as investment capital for industries that are not eco efficient.

E.The profits may encourage companies to make further innovations in reducing production waste.

2、文章提到了以下哪一点，作为一个公司通过环境效率意识到更大的利润的结果？

A.公司可能能够通过低价来卖更多产品

B.公司可能能在全球市场上吸引投资资本

C.利润可能会被重新投资，用于通过环境效率来增加经济成长

D.利润可能会被用于对非环境效率的工业的投资资本

E.利润可能会鼓励公司去做更多的创新来减少生产产生的废品

选D

3.The passage implies that which of the following is a possible consequence of a company’s adoption of innovations that increase its eco efficiency?

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/0a16334530.html,pany profits resulting from such innovations may be reinvested in that company with no guarantee that the company will continue to make further improvements in eco efficiency.

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/0a16334530.html,pany growth fostered by cost savings from such innovations may allow that company to manufacture a greater number of products that will be used and discarded, thus worsening

environmental stress.

C.A company that fails to realize significant cost savings from such innovations may have little incentive to continue to minimize the environmental impact of its production processes.

D.A company that comes to depend on such innovations to increase its profits and growth may be vulnerable in the global market to competition from old-style eco-inefficient industries.

E.A company that meets its eco efficiency goals is unlikely to invest its increased profits in the development of new and innovative eco efficiency measures.

3、文章暗示，下列哪一个是一个公司采用了增加它的环境效率的创新的可能的结果？

A.公司的来自这个创新的利润可能会被重新投资于那个公司，那个公司是否将会继续在环境效率上做更深的进展是没有保证的

B.来自这个创新的成本节约用于支持公司成长，公司成长可能允许公司去生产更多的将会被使用和废弃的产品，从而使环境压力变坏。

C.没有意识到从这个创新中得到的巨大的成本节约的公司可能几乎没有动机去继续减少它的生产过程的环境影响

D.依赖于这个创新去增加它的利润和成长的公司可能在全球市场上，很容易受来自旧模式的环境非效率的工业的竞争的伤害

E.达到它的环境效率目标的公司不可能把它的增加的利润投资于新的和创新的环境效率措施的发展中去

选B

4.According to the passage, an exclusive pursuit of ecoefficiency may cause companies to

A.neglect the development of alternative business models and products

B.keep the number of products that they manufacture unchanged

C.invest capital from increased profits primarily in inefficient and outmoded industries that may prove unprofitable

D.overemphasize the production process as the key to increasing profits and growth

E.focus more on reducing costs than on reducing the environmental impact of production processes

4、根据文章，对于环境效率的一个单独的追求可能会导致公司去

A.忽略另一个贸易模型和产品的发展

B.保持他们生产的产品的数量不变

C.投资来自主要在非效率的和过时的可能能够证明是非盈利性的工业中增加的利润的资本

D.过度强调生产过程，作为增加利润和成长的关键

E.更多的关注于减少成本，相比较于减少生产过程的环境影响

选A