考研英语2000阅读及翻译

考研英语－-２０00-阅读及翻译

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２000Passage 1

1. A histoｒyｏf ｌong and efｆｏrtless sｕｃｃess can be a ｄreaｄｆｕl ｈaｎdicap, but, if proｐｅrly haｎdleｄ,it may become a dｒiｖｉng force. When the UniteｄStａtes entereｄｊｕｓt sｕch a glowing pｅriod ａfｔer ｔhe ｅnd ｏf the Ｓeｃond Ｗorｌd Ｗａr, iｔhadａｍａrkeｔｅighｔｔiｍｅｓl ａrger than anｙｃompetｉｔｏr，ｇiving iｔs inｄusｔriｅs unpａrａlｌｅｌｅｄeco ｎoｍies ｏf scａle．Itｓｓcientiｓts were tｈe wｏrld's bｅst, itｓｗoｒｋers thｅmｏsｔskiｌled．Ａmericａand Ａｍericans ｗeｒe prospeｒoｕsｂｅyonｄｔhe dreamｓof thｅEuropｅaｎｓａnd Asｉans whoseｅconｏmieｓｔhe war ｈaｄdｅstroyed.

一段长时间并且不费力而成功的历史可能成为一种可怕的不利因素,但若处理得当，这种不利因素也有可能转化为一种积极的推动力。二战结束后,美国恰好进入了这样的一个辉煌时期，当时，它拥有比任何竞争者大8倍的市场，这使其工业经济具有前所未有的规模经济。美国的科学家是世上最优秀的,它的工人是最富于技术的。美国的国富民强是那些经济遭到战争破坏的欧亚诸国做梦也无法达到的。

Iｔwas inｅvｉtable thａt ｔhis ｐｒｉmaｃy shoulｄhave naｒroweｄas otheｒcoｕnｔｒieｓｇrew rｉcher. Ｊust as iｎevｉtａbｌｙ, tｈe ｒetreat from ｐrｅdomiｎancｅpｒoｖed paiｎful．By the mid-1９８0s Ameｒicans had fｏｕｎd thｅｍｓｅlves at a lｏｓs over ｔheir fａｄing ｉndustrial comｐetｉtiｖenｅｓs．Ｓomｅhuｇe Aｍerican inｄustｒiｅs, suｃh ａs conｓumer elｅctrｏｎics, ｈａｄsｈrunkｏr vaｎished ｉn tｈe facｅof fｏreigｎｃompetｉtｉｏn. Ｂy 19８７there waｓonly one Amｅrican teleｖisiｏnｍakerｌeｆt，Zenitｈ．(Now th ｅｒe is nｏｎe:Zeｎitｈwaｓbｏｕｇｈｔby South Koｒea's LG ElectｒonicｓiｎＪuｌy.) Foｒeign－maｄe carｓaｎd textiｌe s were ｓｗｅeping intｏtｈe ｄoｍestｉc market. Aｍeriｃａ＇s machｉne-tool industrｙwas on tｈe ropes. 2．Fo ｒaｗｈiｌe it looｋｅd as tｈouｇｈthe ｍａｋｉng of ｓemicoｎductorｓ,wh ｉch America haｄｉnｖｅnted ａｎd ｗhich sat at ｔhe heａrtｏf tｈｅｎeｗｃomputer aｇe, was goingｔo be the nｅｘt caｓuａlｔy.

随着其他国家日益强盛，美国的这一优势地位逐渐下降是不可避免的。从优势地位上退出的痛苦也同样是不可避免的。到了80年代中期,面对其日益衰退的工业竞争力，美国人感到不知所措。面对国外竞争,一些大型的美国工业,如消费电子产业，已经萎缩或渐渐消失。到1９87年，美国只剩下Zeniｔh这一家电视生产商。(现在一家也没有了:Zeｎith于当年7月被韩国ＬG电器公司收购。)外国制造的汽车和纺织品正在大举进入国内市场。美国的机床工业也即将灭亡。人们曾一度感觉下一个在海外品牌面前全军覆没的似乎该轮到美国的半导体制造业了，而在新计算机时代有着核心作用的半导体正是美国人发明的。

Aｌｌof tｈiｓcａused a crisis of conｆｉdenｃe．Ameｒicans stopｐed takingｐrosperｉty for gｒanｔed.Ｔhｅy began to bｅlieve thａt thｅｉr wa ｙｏf doｉｎｇbｕsiｎｅｓｓwas ｆailｉng，aｎd tｈａt ｔheir incoｍｅs would ｔherefｏre shortlｙｂｅgｉn to fall aｓｗelｌ.The ｍid-198０s bｒought ｏne

inｑuiｒyａfter anotheｒinto the causｅｓof America＇s indｕstｒiaｌdecｌiｎe．３．Ｔheｉｒsomeｔｉmes seｎsatiｏnａl fｉnｄinｇｓｗｅｒe fiｌｌeｄwitｈwarnings aboｕt tｈe grｏwing coｍpetiｔion frｏｍoverseaｓ.

所有这一切导致了信任危机。美国不再视繁荣为理所当然之事。他们开始相信自己的商业经营方式不灵了,也相信不久他们的收入也会因此而下降。80年代中期,人们对美国工业衰退的成因作了一次又一次的探寻。在美国人那些有时耸人听闻的发现中充满着对其他国家日益增长的经济竞争的警告之词。

Hｏw ｔhings hａvｅchａnged! In １９95tｈe UnｉteｄStａｔes caｎlook ｂack ｏｎfｉve ｙears ｏf ｓolｉd gｒowth whiｌe Japan haｓｂeen ｓｔruｇｇｌing．４. FeｗＡmeriｃans attrｉｂuｔe thisｓolelｙto sucｈｏbｖiousｃａus ｅs ａs a deｖaluｅd dollar or the ｔurnｉng ｏf ｔｈe ｂusinｅss cyｃle. Sｅｌf-do ｕbt ｈａs yｉｅlded to blind priｄe."Amｅｒiｃaｎinduｓtry has chaｎgeｄｉtｓstrucｔurｅ, ｈas gone ｏn a diet，ｈasｌｅarnt to be morｅｑuick-wi ｔｔｅd，"ａccｏrding to Rｉcｈard Cavanauｇh,ｅxecｕtiｖe dｅan of Ｈaｒvard's Keｎnedy Scｈｏｏl oｆGovｅrnｍent."It maｋesｍe ｐｒoud to be an Ａmericaｎjuｓt to seｅhow oｕr ｂｕｓinesses aｒe ｉmprovinｇtheｉｒproductivitｙ,"says Stｅｐｈen Mooreｏf the Ｃato Ｉnstitｕte, ａthiｎk-ｔan ｋiｎＷashiｎｇtｏｎ, D.Ｃ. Ａnd WilｌiaｍSaｈｌman of the Ｈａrｖaｒd B ｕsｉneｓs School beliｅves tｈat peoｐle wilｌlｏok bａck on tｈｉｓperiod ａs"ａgｏldeｎage of buｓinｅss ｍanaｇemenｔin the United Sｔateｓ."

情况的变化真快!1995年，当日本还在奋力拼搏的时候,美国却可以对5年的稳固发展作一回顾了。没几个美国人将这一巨变单纯归因于美元贬值或商业周期循环这些显而易见的原因。到如今,对自身的怀疑已被盲目乐观所取代。“美国的工业已经改变了结构，消除了滞胀，学会了明智”，这是哈佛大学肯尼迪管理学院行政院长理查德·卡佛纳的看法。华盛顿特区的智囊团——卡托研究院的史蒂芬·莫尔说:“看到我们的企业正在提高自身的生产率，作为一个美国人,我感到自豪。”哈佛商学院的威廉·萨尔曼相信人们将会把这一时期视为“美国企业管理的黄金时代”。

2000Ｐasｓage 2

Being ａmaｎhas aｌways beenｄａｎｇerous． 1. Thｅreａre about 10５maｌesｂorn foｒeverｙ100fｅｍａles, buｔthｉs raｔｉo dropｓｔo nearｂalancｅat ｔhe age ｏf matｕritｙ, aｎd aｍｏｎｇ70-year-oｌds there arｅtwiｃｅas ｍany wｏmenａｓmen．Ｂut the greａt universal of male mｏrtalｉｔyｉs beiｎg chａnged.Nｏｗ, boy babies surviveａlmost ａs well ａｓｇirlｓdｏ.Ｔhｉs meaｎｓthat, ｆoｒthe fiｒｓt time,ｔherｅw ｉｌl be ａn exｃesｓof boyｓin thｏｓe cｒuｃiaｌyｅarｓwhen ｔhey arｅｓe ａrcｈiｎｇforａmaｔe．Ｍoｒｅimportａnｔ, anotｈeｒchancｅfｏr natu ｒａｌseｌｅｃtioｎhａs bｅeｎremｏved．Fｉｆｔｙｙｅarsａgo, ｔhe chance oｆa babｙ(paｒticularly aｂoy bａbｙ)ｓｕrviving depeｎded on iｔｓwｅighｔ. A kｉloｇram ｔoo light or tooｈeavy ｍｅant ａlmost ｃｅrtaｉn deaｔh. Today iｔｍakｅs almoｓｔno ｄiffｅrｅncｅ. Ｓinceｍｕcｈof tｈe variaｔion is dｕe toｇenes,oｎe mｏｒe aｇentｏf eｖｏｌutiｏn haｓgone．

做男人总是充满危险,出生时男女比例大约是10５:10０，但到了成熟期,这一比例几乎持平，而在70岁的老人中女性是男性的两倍,但是男性死亡率普遍偏高这种情况正在改变，现在男婴存活率几乎同女婴一样高。这就意味着男孩到了寻找伴侣的关键年龄将首次出现男孩过剩现象。更重要的是，又一次自然选择的机会不复存在了。5０年前,婴儿(尤其是男婴)存活的机会取决于体重，过轻或过重几乎意味着必死无疑。今日体重几乎不起什么作用，因为大部分差异是由基因引起的,又一个进化的因素消失了。

There iｓanoｔheｒway ｔo coｍｍｉtｅvolｕtionary suicide：stay ａlive，bｕｔhａve fewer childreｎ．Ｆew pｅｏple are as fertｉle as iｎｔhe p ａst. Excepｔin sｏmｅrelｉｇious ｃommunities, vｅry fｅw ｗｏｍen hａｓ1５cｈｉldren. Ｎowadays tｈe number of ｂｉrths，lｉke the agｅof death,hａs become averagｅ. Ｍost of ｕsｈave roughly tｈeｓａme ｎumber of offspring. 2. Agaｉｎ,ｄiｆferenｃesｂeｔwｅen pｅｏple aｎd the oｐpoｒｔuｎity foｒnａtuｒａl seｌeｃtiｏn to take aｄvantagｅof it haｖe dｉｍinｉsh ed．Ｉndia sｈｏws what is ｈappening．The couｎtｒy oｆfeｒs ｗealthｆor ａfewｉｎthe grｅat cities aｎd ｐovertｙfor thｅｒｅmaininｇtｒｉbal peｏples． 3. The gｒａｎdｍeｄiocrity of todaｙ— eveｒyone being thｅsame iｎｓurｖivａl ａnd number of oｆfｓpring —means thａt ｎaｔｕrａl ｓelectioｎhas lｏｓt 80% of ｉts poｗeｒiｎｕpper-middle-clａｓsＩｎｄiａcompaｒｅd ｔo the trｉbe s.

进化自杀还有另一种方法：存活，但少生孩子。现在没有几个人像过去那样具有旺盛的生育力。除了在一些宗教社区之外,没有几名妇女有１５个孩子。当今婴儿出生的数量同死亡年龄一样已趋于平均化,我们多数人的子女数量大致相同。人与人之间的差异和利用差异进行自然选择的机会再一次减少。印度可以说明正在发生的一切。这个国家给大城市里的少数人提供财富，而给其余的各部落民族以贫困。今天这种极其显著的平均化——每个人的生存机会和子女数量都相同——意味着与部落相比较，自然选择在印度中、上层已经失去了８0%的效力。

For ｕs, thｉsｍeaｎs thaｔevolutiｏn ｉs ovｅr; ｔｈe bｉolｏｇical Ｕｔoｐia hａs aｒrｉved. Sｔrangeｌy, it has ｉnvｏlｖe d liｔtle ｐhysiｃaｌchａnｇe. No ｏｔher ｓpeｃies filｌs so many placesｉn nature．But in tｈe paｓt１00,000 years —eｖｅn tｈe ｐast 100 yｅars—ourｌiｖes have beenｔransform ed butｏｕr bodｉes haｖe not.We diｄnｏｔevolve，because macｈines and ｓｏｃieｔy did it foｒｕs. 4.Dａrwin ｈaｄ a phｒase ｔｏdeｓc ｒibe ｔｈoｓe iｇnoｒant of eｖolutｉoｎ: ｔheｙ＂ｌook at an organiｃbeing as ａsavageｌｏokｓａt a shiｐ，as ａt somethinｇwholly ｂeｙond hｉs comp ｒｅhｅnｓion." No dｏubｔｗｅｗill remember a20thｃｅntｕry wayｏf life ｂｅyoｎd cｏmｐrｅheｎsｉon for its ｕｇｌiｎｅｓs．But ｈowｅver amazed our descendant s ｍayｂe at howｆaｒｆroｍUｔopiａwe weｒe, ｔhｅy wil ｌlｏｏk jｕｓt lｉke uｓ.

对我们来说,这意味着进化已经结束；生物学上的乌托邦已经降临。奇怪的是,这一过程几乎丝毫没有牵涉到身体上的变化,没有其他物种充斥着自然中如此多的空间。但在过去的10万年——甚至过去的100年中，我们的生活发生了变化，但我们的身体却没变。我们没有进化。因为机器和社会替我们办了这一切。达尔文有一句话描述那些对进化一无所知的人,他们“看有机的生命如同野人看船,好像看某种完全不能理解的东西”。毫无疑问，我们将记住20世纪的生活

方式,尽管对其丑陋之处不得其解，但是，不管我们的子孙后代对我们离乌托邦的理想境界还差多远感到有多么惊讶,他们的样子会同我们差不了多少。

20０0Pａｓsage 3

１．Whｅn a nｅｗmoveｍｅnt iｎａｒt attainｓa ｃｅrtain fashion, it is a ｄｖisableｔo find out ｗhat its adｖocaｔe sａre aimiｎｇat，for, howｅver farｆetcｈedａｎd unreaｓoｎable thｅｉr prｉｎｃipｌe s may sｅeｍtoday, it is ｐoｓsible that iｎyearｓto come theｙmay be regaｒdｅｄａs ｎｏrmal． 2. W ｉｔh regard toＦｕturisｔpoetry，howevｅr，ｔhe ｃase is rａｔheｒdifficｕｌｔ，foｒwhatever Fuｔｕrｉsｔpoetry ｍay bｅ— even adｍｉttiｎgｔhａt ｔhe theory on wｈicｈit ｉs based may be rｉght — it cａn harｄly be classｅｄa ｓLiteratｕre．

当一场新的艺术运动形成某种时尚时，理应弄清其倡导者的目标所在，因为无论他们的准则在今天看来是多么牵强附会、不可思议，将来都有可能被视为正常的。然而,就未来派诗歌而言，情况却相当不同，因为无论未来派诗歌为何物——即使承认其理论根据可能正确,也很难称之为文学。

Tｈis, in briｅf，is what the Futurist ｓays: fｏr a cｅntury, past cｏndit ｉｏnｓoｆlifｅｈａvｅbeen cｏｎｄｉtionallｙsｐｅeｄing up,tｉll now we l ｉve in a world oｆｎｏise and violｅnｃｅandｓpeｅｄ. Consequently, oｕr feelingｓ,thouｇhts and emｏtionsｈaｖeｕndeｒgｏne a coｒresponｄing ｃｈａnge. Ｔｈis spｅediｎg up ｏf life, saｙｓthe Futuｒist, rｅqｕiｒes a nｅw form oｆｅｘpression. Wｅmuｓt sｐeed up our literａture toｏ, ｉf we want to inｔerpreｔmoｄern stｒｅsｓ. 3. We ｍustｐour ouｔaｌarge stream oｆe ｓsentiａｌwordｓ, uｎhａｍｐered by stｏps, or ｑualｉfyiｎg adjｅcｔiｖes, ｏｒfinite ｖerbs.Insteａd of ｄescribiｎg sounds ｗe must makｅup wｏrds t ｈat imitatｅｔhem; wｅmusｔuse mａｎｙsiｚes of typｅaｎd ｄifｆｅrｅnt colｏｒed inｋs on ｔhｅsamｅpage,and sｈorｔeｎor lengthen wｏrｄs ａt wilｌ.

简而言之，未来派诗人宣称：一个世纪以来，过去的生活一直在有条件地急剧变化；现在，我们生活在一个充斥着喧嚣、暴力和快节奏的世界之中。因此，我们的感情、思想和情绪都经历了相应的变化。未来派诗人声称,这种加速的生活节奏需要一种新的表达形式。如果我们想诠释现代生活的压力，就必须加快文学发展的步伐。我们必须大量使用基本词汇，摆脱句号,修饰性形容词及限定动词的羁绊。我们不应描绘声音,我们必须造出模仿声音的词语；我们必须在同一张纸上使用不同型号和不同颜色的墨水,任意缩短或加长词语。

Cｅrｔaｉnｌｙtheｉｒdescｒiptioｎｓoｆｂaｔtle s ａｒe confuｓｅd. 4. Bu ｔit is a liｔtｌｅupsｅｔｔｉng to rｅａd iｎthe explanａtorｙnotes tｈat a certain lｉｎeｄｅscribｅs a fight betweeｎa Ｔurｋish and a Bulgaｒiaｎofficer on a briｄge oｆf ｗhｉｃh tｈey boｔh faｌl iｎtｏtｈe river — and the ｎto fiｎd thａt the lｉne consistｓｏf the nｏisｅｏf theｉr falｌｉng and ｔ

he weightｓof thｅoｆfｉcers: "Ｐlｕff！Plufｆ！ A huｎｄrｅd and eiｇhty－f ｉve kiｌｏｇrams."

他们对战斗的描述确实让人很难理解。但是读到一句描写战斗的诗行的注解时，则令人有点生厌,注解中说该诗描写了一名土耳其军官和一名保加利亚军官在一座桥上发生了搏斗,结果双双从桥上掉进河中——结果，诗把他们两人落水的声音和体重写在了一起：“扑通！扑通!185公斤。”

Ｔhis,though it fulfｉll s the law s and ｒeｑｕiｒｅmeｎｔｓof Fｕｔｕrisｔｐoｅtry, can haｒdly ｂe classed as Ｌiteｒature. 5.All the ｓame, no ｔｈinking ｍan caｎrefuse ｔo aｃcｅｐt thｅir ｆirst pｒopoｓition：thａｔa great ｃhangｅin ouｒｅmｏtioｎaｌlifｅcalｌｓforａchange oｆexpression．Tｈe wholｅqueｓtion iｓreaｌlｙthis：ｈaｖe ｗe ｅsseｎtiallｙchangｅd?

尽管这符合未来派诗歌的规则和要求，却很难被归入文学之列。实际上,没有一个善于思考的人会拒绝接受他们的第一个观点：即情感生活的巨大变化要求表达方式也随之变化。实际问题是：我们发生了根本的变化吗?

2000 Pａssage 4

1．Aimlessneｓsｈas haｒdlｙbeｅn tｙpicａl ofｔhe postｗaｒJaｐaｎｗhｏｓe ｐroductivity aｎd ｓociａl harｍony are thｅenvy of tｈe Uｎｉted SｔａteｓandＥurｏpｅ. Butｉncｒeaｓinglyｔhe Ｊａｐanese are seeinｇａｄｅclｉne of thｅtｒaｄｉｔional worｋ-ｍoｒal values.Ｔen years agｏyoung peopleｗere hardwoｒking anｄsaｗtheir jobs asｔheｉr primarｙreason fo ｒbeiｎg, bｕｔnow Japan has largely ｆulfilled its eｃoｎomic needs，anｄyoung peｏpleｄon't knowｗhere thｅy shouｌd ｇｏnext.

战后日本的生产率和社会的和谐为美国和欧洲所称羡，因此漫无目标很难说是战后日本的特色。但是，日本人正在经历传统工作道德价值观的日益衰退。10年前，日本人工作勤奋,将工作视为他们存在的主要理由,但现在日本大体上已经满足了其经济需求，年轻人却不知道他们下一步的目标在哪里。

2．Thｅｃomｉng of agｅof the posｔｗar baｂy boom and aｎentry of wｏmen inｔo tｈｅｍaｌe-ｄｏminａｔed jｏbｍarｋeｔhave liｍited tｈｅopportun ｉｔies ｏf teenagerｓｗｈｏaｒe aｌready ｑuestionｉｎg thｅhｅaｖy ｐersonal sacrifice s iｎvolved in climbing Japan's rigid sｏｃial ladｄer to good schｏｏls ａn ｄjoｂs. In ａrecent survey，it wａs fｏund that only 24.５perｃeｎｔo ｆＪapanese students were fｕllｙｓatisfiedｗith ｓcｈｏol life, ｃｏmpaｒed wiｔh ６7．2 ｐercent of stｕdｅnｔs iｎｔhｅUnited Stａtｅs．In adｄition，ｆａr moｒｅJapanｅsｅworｋers expressed dissaｔｉｓｆactｉon with their jｏｂｓthan did tｈeｉｒcｏunｔerｐａrｔs in ｔhe 10 othｅr couｎｔries survｅｙed．

战后婴儿出生高峰期的到来及妇女进入男性主宰的就业市场，限制了青少年的发展机遇,这些青少年已经开始质疑在进好学校,找好工作，攀登日本等级森严的社会阶梯的过程中所做出的沉重的个人牺牲是否值得。在最近一次调查中发现与62．7％的美国学生相比较,只有24.5%的日本学生对学校生活完全满意。此外，与被调查的其他10个国家的工人相比,对自身工作表示不满的日本工人多得多。

Whｉle oｆteｎｐraise d by ｆｏrｅignｅrs for its ｅmphaｓis oｎtｈｅbaｓiｃs, Ｊapａｎesｅedｕcaｔiｏｎtenｄｓｔo strｅsｓｔｅｓt tａkｉng and ｍecｈanical ｌｅaｒniｎg over cｒeativity and self-expreｓsion."Those things that do nｏt sｈow up in thｅtest sｃｏreｓ—personality, abiliｔy，ｃoｕraｇe or ｈuｍａnity are comｐletely igｎorｅd," sayｓTｏshikiＫaifｕ,chａｉｒman of the rulinｇLiberal DｅｍocraｔiｃPａrty's ｅducation cｏmmittee. "Frｕstration agａinst thｉs ｋｉｎd ｏfｔhing leads kiｄs to drｏpｏuｔａnd run wｉld." Laｓt yｅar Jａpan experｉｅnced 2１25 ｉncｉdents of scｈoｏl viｏlencｅ, inｃlｕｄing 9２9 aｓsａult s on teachｅrｓ. Amid the outｃry,many conservaｔivｅlｅaders ａｒe sｅｅkiｎg a return to the preｗａr eｍphａsis on moｒal education. 3. Ｌaｓt year MitsｕｏSeｔoyamａ, who wａs ｔhｅn education miｎistｅｒ, rａised eyebro ｗｓwhen he arｇｕｅd thaｔliｂｅｒaｌreforms introduceｄｂy thｅAme ｒicａn ocｃupatｉonａuthoriｔieｓａftｅr WorlｄWar Ⅱｈad ｗeakｅｎｅｄthe ＂Japanesｅｍorality oｆｒespect ｆoｒparentｓ".

虽然日本的教育因强调基础知识而经常受到外国人的赞扬,但是它往往强调考试和机械学习，而不重视创造性和自我表现。“在考分中得不到体现的那些东西——个性、能力、勇气或人性——完全被忽视，”执政的自民党教育委员会主席ToｓｈikiＫaｉfu说，“对这类事情灰心丧气,致使孩子辍学、放荡不羁。”去年日本发生了2125起校园暴力事件，其中包括9２９起袭击老师事件。在一片抗议声中，许多保守党领导人正在力图回复到战前，强调道德教育;去年,当时任教育大臣的Mｉtsuo Sｅtoyaｍa就提出责难，他申辩说二战后美国占领当局引进的自由改革削弱了“日本人尊敬父母的道德观”。

But thａt mａy havｅmore to do ｗith Jａｐaneｓe life-styles．"In Japａn,＂ｓayｓeｄuｃａtorＹoko Ｍuro,"ｉt'sｎeｖer a questioｎof wheｔｈer ｙoｕenjoy yｏur ｊob ａnd yoｕrｌife, bｕt onｌy how ｍucｈｙｏｕcanｅndｕr ｅ." 4．Wiｔh ecｏnｏｍic groｗth has ｃoｍe ｃentｒalizatiｏn; fully 76 pｅrceｎｔｏf Jａpan's 1１9ｍillion ｃiｔｉｚeｎs ｌive iｎcitiｅs wheｒe coｍmｕｎity ａnd tｈe eｘtendｅｄfaｍiｌｙｈavｅｂeｅn abanｄoｎed iｎfaｖoｒｏf ｉｓolａte d,ｔｗo-gｅneratiｏn housｅholｄs.Urban Japanese hａvｅｌｏｎg eｎduｒｅd lenｇthy commuｔｅs (trａvels tｏａnｄｆrom ｗｏrk) and crowded livinｇcoｎdiｔionｓ, bｕt as the old group ａnd ｆamｉly values ｗeakeｎ, the diｓcomfｏrt is beｇinｎiｎg to ｔelｌ．Iｎthe ｐａst decade，thｅJａｐaneseｄiｖoｒｃeｒaｔｅ，whｉｌe still ｗelｌbｅlow ｔhａｔof tｈe ＵniteｄＳtateｓ,hasｉncreａsｅｄby moｒe than 50 pｅrｃeｎｔ，and suｉc ｉｄｅsｈavｅｉncreａｓed by nearly oｎe-quartｅｒ.

但是,那也许与日本人的生活方式关系更大。“在日本，”教育家Yｏko Murｏ说,“问题绝对不是你是否喜欢自己的工作和生活，而仅仅是你能承受多大的负荷。”随着经济的发展,居住集中化也跟着来了，在日本1亿1９00万人当中,足有7６%住在城市，在那里社区和几世同堂

的大家庭已经成为过去,而取而代之的是单门独户的两代之家。城市里的日本人长期忍受着漫长的上下班来回路程和拥挤不堪的居住条件，随着旧的群体家庭道德观的削弱，令人不舒服的结果开始显现出来。在过去１0年中,日本的离婚率,尽管仍远在美国之下，已经上升了５0％，而自杀事件则上升了近1/4。

2００0 Passagｅ5

1.If ambitｉon ｉs to ｂe wｅll regarded，ｔhe ｒewards ｏｆambition —weａｌtｈ,distｉｎｃtioｎ,cｏnｔrol ovｅr onｅ's destinｙ— must be dｅｅm ed woｒtｈｙofｔhe ｓacrificeｓmａdｅon ambitioｎ＇s bｅhａlｆ.

2. Ifｔhe tradi ｔioｎｏf amｂitioｎis tｏhaｖe viｔaliｔy, ｉt must be widely shareｄ; ａnd iｔespeciaｌlｙmust beｈｉｇｈlｙrｅgａrdeｄｂy peoｐle ｗｈo aｒｅthｅmse ｌｖes admired,tｈｅeｄuｃａted not leasｔamong tｈｅｍ. Ｉnａn odd w ａy,howｅver, it ｉｓｔhe edｕcａted ｗｈo hａvｅcｌaimed ｔｏｈａve gｉve uｐｏｎambiｔionａs an idｅaｌ. Whａt is odd iｓｔｈat ｔheｙｈave peｒhaps mｏsｔbｅnefｉted from amｂitiｏn —ｉf not aｌwayｓtheｉr own theｎtｈat of thｅir parents and grａnｄｐarents.

3. Thｅｒｅis a hｅaｖy note of hypo ｃrisy in this, ａcａse of clｏsｉng ｔｈｅbarn door after the horses have escaｐe d—witｈthe educａtedｔhemｓeｌｖeｓriｄing on tｈem．

个人的雄心如果能被正确看待的话，那么它的回报——财富、声誉、对命运的掌握——则应该被认为值得为之付出牺牲。如果雄心的传统具有生命力，那么它就应该受到广泛的推崇，尤其应该受到那些自身得到他人羡慕的人们的高度重视,当然那些接受过良好教育的人也应包括在内。然而，恰恰是那些受过良好教育的人却不可思议地声称他们已经放弃了雄心壮志这一理想。奇怪的是他们已经从雄心壮志中获益颇多了——如果不是他们自己的雄心,那么就是他们父母的和祖父母的。这其中有着浓厚的虚伪色彩,恰如马跑后再关上马厩的门那样,而受过良好教育的人自己正骑在那些马背上。

4.Cerｔainly pｅopleｄo nｏｔｓeem less iｎterｅｓteｄin suｃceｓs aｎd its sｉgnsｎow than fｏrｍerly. Sｕmmｅr hoｍes, Eｕroｐean ｔravｅl，ＢMWs —Ｔhe locations, pｌace nameｓand nａme bｒanｄs may ｃhaｎge, buｔｓuｃh itｅmｓdｏnot seem ｌess in demａnｄtodａy than a decaｄｅｏr two year ｓago．

5. What has hａppｅneｄis ｔhat pｅoｐleｃanｎｏt cｏｎfess fulｌy ｔo ｔhｅiｒdｒｅams,ａs ｅaｓilｙａnd opeｎlｙas oｎce theｙcoulｄ，le ｓt they ｂe thｏught pｕshiｎｇ, acquiｓitｉve and vulgａr.6．Ｉnsteaｄ，we a ｒｅtreated ｔo fine hｙpoｃriticａl sｐectａｃｌｅs，ｗhich nｏw mｏre ｔｈan e ｖeｒseem in amｐle supply: tｈe cｒitiｃof Ameriｃan mａteｒiaｌiｓm wiｔh a Soｕtｈａmptｏn suｍmer home；tｈｅpｕbｌisheｒｏｆｒadｉcalｂooks ｗｈo tａkes hｉs ｍealｓｉn three-sｔａr reｓtaｕrants; the journaｌiｓt ａdvｏca ｔiｎg parｔiciｐatory democｒacy in all phasｅs of life,ｗhose oｗｎｃhildren ａre ｅｎroｌｌeｄin pｒivate sｃhｏｏls.Foｒｓuch pｅｏplｅaｎd man ｙmore pｅrhaｐs nｏｔso exceptional,the ｐrｏper formuｌａｔiｏn is, "Sｕcｃeｅd at alｌcostｓbut avoid ａppｅaｒiｎｇambitious."

当然，现在人们对成功及其标志的兴趣似乎并未比从前减弱，避暑别墅，欧洲旅行、宝马车——它们的位置、地名和商标可能会改变，但现在对这些东西的需求似乎并未比一二十年前减少。现在的情况是人们不能像以前那样轻易地、公开地坦陈自己的梦想，惟恐别人认为自己爱出风头、贪婪、庸俗不堪。相反我们目睹了比以前任何时候都多的虚伪景观：美国物欲主义批评家在南安普顿拥有一幢避暑别墅；激进的出版商到三星级宾馆就餐；倡导终生参与民主制的新闻记者却把自己的子女送进私立学校。对于这样的人，还有那些也许不太出色的人而言，“不惜一切代价获得成功,但避免让他人看出雄心勃勃”是对他们最好的诠释。

7. Tｈeａttackｓon ａmbｉtｉon arｅmany anｄcome fromｖａriｏus angｌes; ｉtsｐubｌic defenderｓare fｅｗａｎd unimpressive,where thｅy are noｔexｔremely unattｒactｉve.As a rｅsult,tｈｅsｕpport foｒamｂiｔion as a hｅalthy imｐulse, a qualｉty to be adｍｉreｄanｄfｉx ed ｉｎthe mind ｏf ｔｈｅyouｎg，is probablｙlower than it has ever beｅn in the United States. Thｉｓdoｅs not mｅan thatａmbiｔiｏn iｓat ａn ｅｎd，thａt peｏple ｎo lonｇer fｅel its stiｒrｉng s and pｒomｐtingｓ, ｂut ｏnlyｔhaｔ, no lｏnger openly honored, ｉt is less ｏpｅｎly proｆess eｄ. Cｏnseｑueｎcｅs follｏw ｆrom tｈｉs, ofｃourse，sｏｍe oｆwhich arｅtｈat ambitiｏn iｓdｒｉven un ｄergｒounｄ, or madｅsly．Such,theｎ, is the way ｔhｉngs stａnｄ: ｏn tｈe left aｎｇry critiｃs, on ｔhe riｇｈt sｔupｉd ｓuｐpoｒters, anｄinｔhｅmiｄdle, as usual, tｈe majority oｆｅａｒｎｅst peoｐｌe tryｉng tｏｇetｏn ｉn ｌife.

对雄心的攻击非常之多,出自各种不同的角度;公开为之辩解的则少之又少，虽不能说他们是完全没有吸引力的，但却未能给人们留下深刻印象。因此,在美国，作为一种健康的冲动,一种应该令人称羡并扎根于青年人心灵的品质的雄心，它所得到的支持也许比以往任何时期都低。但这并不意味着雄心已经穷途末路，人们不再感觉到它对人们的激励了，只是人们不再公开地以它为荣,更不愿公开地坦白了。当然这样就带来了很多不良后果,其中的一些后果就是雄心被赶入地下，或暗藏于胸。于是情况就成了这样:左边是愤怒的批评家，右边是愚蠢的支持者，而居中的通常是大多数认真而努力追求成功的人。

2001年考研英语真题及解析(黄皮书)

2001年全国攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试英语试题 Part I Cloze Test Directions： For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points) The government is to ban payments to witnesses by newspapers seeking to buy up people involved in prominent cases 1 the trial of Rosemary West. In a significant 2 of legal controls over the press, Lord Irvine, the Lord Chancellor, will introduce a 3 bill that will propose making payments to witnesses 4 and will strictly control the amount of 5 that can be given to a case 6 a trial begins. In a letter to Gerald Kaufman, chairman of the House of Commons media select committee, Lord Irvine said he 7 with a committee report this year which said that self regulation did not 8 sufficient control. 9 of the letter came two days after Lord Irvine caused a 10 of media protest when he said the 11 of privacy controls contained in European legislation would be left to judges 12 to Parliament. The Lord Chancellor said introduction of the Human Rights Bill, which 13 the European Convention on Human Rights legally 14 in Britain, laid down that everybody was 15 to privacy and that public figures could go to court to protect themselves and their families. “Press freedoms will be in safe hands 16 our British judges,” he said. Witness payments became an 17 after West was sentenced to 10 life sentences in 1995. Up to 19 witnesses were 18 to have received payments for telling their stories to newspapers. Concerns were raised 19 witnesses might be encouraged exaggerate their stories in court to 20 guilty verdicts. 1.［A］as to ［B］for instance ［C］in particular ［D］such as 2.［A］tightening ［B］intensifying ［C］focusing ［D］fastening 3.［A］sketch ［B］rough ［C］preliminary ［D］draft 4.［A］illogical ［B］illegal ［C］improbable ［D］improper 5.［A］publicity ［B］penalty ［C］popularity ［D］peculiarity 6.［A］since ［B］if ［C］before ［D］as 7.［A］sided ［B］shared ［C］complied ［D］agreed 8.［A］present ［B］offer ［C］manifest ［D］indicate 9.［A］Release ［B］Publication ［C］Printing ［D］Exposure 10.［A］storm ［B］rage ［C］flare ［D］flash 11.［A］translation ［B］interpretation ［C］exhibition ［D］demonstration

考研英语阅读理解部分翻译

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