基英课文概述summary(第三册)

Unit 1 Fresh Start

I first began to wonder what I was doing on a college compus anyway when my parents drove off . My plan was to keep my ears open and my mouth shut .The next morning , I found my first class and marched in . But I was in the wrong building . After class , I went to the cafeteria , I stepped in a large puddle of ketchup and my rear end met the floor . It ended with my first day of college class . I was very frustrated . But later , a composed and very confident football player let me realized I had been taking myself far too seriously .So I gave up trying to act my way through college and began not acting at all . Three years after graduation , I’m still making mistakes , and I’m even being forgiven for a few .

Unit 2 Tranny of the Urgent

Have you ever wished for a thirty-hour gay ? We seemed have a lot of things undone . But would a thirty-hour day really solve the problem ? Prolongation of time doesn’t really solve the problem . We find ourselves working more and enjoying it less . Our dilemma goes deeper , it’s basically the problem of priorities . Sometimes we have left undone and we have done those things which we shouldn’t have done . It’s the problem of priorities . Some urgent things devour our energy . Then we recall the important tasks pushed aside . We realize we’ve become slaves to the “ tyranny of the urgent ” .

Unit 3 Chinese Food

Chinese and Western have the different attitudes toward food . Most of chinese pay more attention to the food , but the western is different . For them , food is quite simply a fuel . Chinese think the eating is one of the most important things in life : to eat with the capital E . In fact , chinese food is the only truly international food . How did this come about ? The reasons included that the chinese went to work in North America , and the population pressure in HongKong . But root is that the western are interested in chinese food . There is no doubt that the traditional high-quality chinese meal is a serous matter , the preparation is detailed , and the enjoyment must therefore match it . Chinese food is an expression of basic assumptions about life itself .

Unit 4 Why I Want a Wife

I’m a wife , but I want a wife . With a wife , I can go back to college , leaving my wife to take care of the house and my children . I want a wife who will take care of my physical needs . She is supposed to the house clean , cook the meals every day , and do the grocery shopping . I want a wife who will take care of the details of my social life . When my friends are invited to our home , she should prepare a special meal and make them feel comfortable . I want a wife who will satisfy my sexual needs , of course , she will not demand sexual attention when I don’t feel like it . And I want the liberty to replace my present wife with another one . A wife can do so many things , who wouldn’t want a wife ?

Unit 5 The Company Man

Phil was a company man , a workaholic , a prefect tape A . He worked himself to death at 3:00 am Sunda y morning . He worked six days a week , over ten hours a day . He didn’t like to exercise , so he was overweight . He was too busy to share any time with his wife and children . As a result , he was very distant from them . One of his sons said : “ my fath er and I only board

here .” Most company loved him and they thought that if he could have lived for another five years , he would have been naturally moved to the top spot . Phil was dead , his company could run without him , but he left his wife and children behind , and threw them into a helpless condition .

Unit 7 The Chaser

Alan Austen wanted to buy some love portion from the old man to win a girl's heart . In the very beginning , he is very nervous . The old man showed him a portion called a life-cleaner , however , it's very expensive . But the old man told him the love portion is not as expensive as that . If the girl drinks it , she will be changed altogether , she will want to be everything to him . She will take care of him , and she will worry about him . Alan is very happy to hear that , because that is what he wants . Finally , Alan thanks the old man and leaves here .

Unit 8 Fun , Oh Boy . Fun . You Could Die from It

Fun is hard to have , fun is a rare jewel . As a matter o f fact : “ is it fun ?” becomes the questions that overshadows all other questions . When the pleasures got to be the main things , the fun fetish was sure to follow . Everything is supposed to be fun in their eyes . In order to have fun , they start to look for more and more thrilling ways to supply it . Big occasions were supposed to be fun . The correct way is to treat fun reverently , so you may have some fresh fun now and then .

Unit 9 One Becoming a Better Student

As students , we expect a great deal from our teachers . As a teacher , I begun to see that is really impossible to teach by these expectations . Many factors come together to make a fine student . Such people are tremendously curious , and they have the better discipline . To be a student is to take risks . Successful students don't expect to be spoon-fed , but take their own initiative . To learn , is to open oneself . There are several advice to the good students : Be attentive ; Be seen ; Be on time ; Be consistent ; Listen with your whole body ; you have the right to disagree ; and last , let your teacher know much you appreciate him or her .

学生历年成绩总表及学生原始成绩总册归档说明

学生历年成绩总表及学生原始成绩总册归档说明 一、学生历年成绩总表及原始成绩总册组卷： 1、学生历年成绩总表及学生原始成绩总册以卷为保管单位。按专业进行组卷。 2、学生历年成绩总表按专业40人组成一卷，原始成绩总册按专业和班级组成一卷。 3、学生历年成绩总表超过40人的专业，需要进行分卷。分卷时可以将一个专业按班号顺序拆分成（**专业一卷、**专业二卷、**专业三卷、）。 4、卷内文件目录顺序按学生的学号顺序进行排列。 5、卷皮封面的案卷题名应粘贴在卷皮空白中间处三分之一位置，字体用二号宋体并加粗打印粘贴。 二、学生历年成绩总表及原始成绩总册编写页号： 将已经组好卷的学生历年成绩总表及学生原始成册总册按顺序编页号。页号位置在非装订线一侧的右（左）下角。无论单面或双面只要有书写文字，均应一面编写一个页号，每一卷都从第1页开始编写。 三、学生历年成绩总表及原始成绩总册打印： 1、将已经编好页号的学生历年成绩总表及学生原始成绩总册，按照以下卷内文件目录表格式样，依次录入卷内学生名单。下表中带下划线部分的内容、学号及学生姓名，要根据实际情况填入正确信息。 2、将已录好的学生历年成绩总表及学生成绩总册卷内文件目录打印在A4纸上。 3、将打印好的学生历年成绩总表（招生注册处学籍注册科盖章）及学生原始成绩总册一并归档。 4、学生历年成绩总表请使用A3纸，激光打印机打印。 四、学生历年成绩总表及原始成绩总册卷内目录电子文件归档： 1、请将已经形成的学生历年成绩总表及学生原始成绩总册卷内文件目录的电子文件以粘贴附件的形式，发入综合档案室的电子邮箱中，与

纸质档案同时归档。 邮箱地址为：583481906@https://www.sodocs.net/doc/0f12363120.html, 2、邮件名称可写为：**学院**专业学籍表（成绩表）卷内文件目录。 卷内文件目录表格样式： 1、学生原始成绩总册 2、学生历年成绩总表 3、文书档案卷内目录 4、卷内备考表 5、长江大学档案移交清单 望各立档单位兼职档案员同志们，认真阅读归档说明，不清楚的请随时拨打8060401电话咨询，我们将热情并竭诚为您解答，谢谢您的合作及对我们工作的支持！

综英课文

动物的魔力 许多科学家认为把动物器官移植到人体内是唯一能够长期解决世界范围内人体器官短缺问题的措施。本文是玛格丽特·西蒙斯对最新发展的看法。 世界范围内，可供移植的人体器官短缺。举例来说，在英国，有6 000人正需要器官移植——5 000人要换肾脏，其余的人需要移植心脏、肺或者肝脏。然而，每年仅能实施大约1 750例肾脏移植手术、500例心脏或者心脏和肺移植手术以及650例肝移植手术。等待者的名字每年以5%的速度递增。在美国，需要器官的30 000人中仅有一半可以得到满足。 因而，动物器官移植到人体，也就是异种移植（该词汇来源于希腊语xeros，意思是陌生的或外国的）引起了很大的兴趣，大多数科学家相信这是唯一的一项解决器官短缺问题的措施。自本世纪初以来，有人实验过异种移植，但都不成功。存活时间最长的是一个婴儿，名叫法依，1984年换上了狒狒的心脏，维持了仅20天。 任何器官移植的主要问题是更换器官后的病人的免疫系统排斥移植来的器官。因此，免疫系统发起巨大的进攻，激活了一种叫做防御素的酶，该酶进攻异体，最后也把病人杀死了。当移植器官发生在人与人之间时，如果两人的组织准确相配，并且病人能长期使用名为免疫抑制剂的药，就可以克服这种抵制性。该抑制剂在十多年前首次使用。用异种移植，排斥性更严重。举例来说，一颗正常猪的心脏，若输入人体血液，在15分钟内就会毁坏。 过去几年来，大量的研究已经进入准备动物器官的阶段。这些动物通过饲养，基因发生了改变，它们被称为转基因种类。动物胚胎被注射人类基因，以产生人体防御素的抑制素，控制防御素的释放，因而移植后，人体防御素认为跨基因的动物器官仿佛是人类器官。 比较适合用作器官移植的动物不是其他的灵长目动物，而是猪。那些灵长目动物曾被认为是异种移植的最佳候选动物。具有讽刺意味的是，其他的灵长目动物很象人。能够传染猴子和猿的同一病毒也可以传染给人。一个灵长目动物的器官移植后可以传递致命的疾病。爱滋病极有可能起源于一种猴子身上的病毒，这种病毒由猴子传染给了人。尽管猪的器官在功能和大小上与人类相近，但该物种与人类关系甚远，不会将致命病毒传染给人类。而且猪的价格便宜，又容易繁殖。 英国有个叫伊木特兰的生物技术公司，坐落在剑桥城内，正计划在今年某个时候进行首次临床实验：把猪器官移植于人体。去年，剑桥的科学家成功地把猪心脏移植给了猴子。60天以后，一些猴子仍然活着。这打破了美国科学家创造的最长存活期仅为30小时的记录。 假若伊木特兰公司的实验能够按计划进行，到2000年左右就可以研制出转基因的猪器官，包括肾脏和肺。"这将给世界上成千上万的病人带来希望；否则，他们会因为等待供移植的心脏、肺或肾脏而死去，" 伊木特兰的主管克里斯托弗·萨姆浦勒说。现阶段，该公司尚未考虑猪肝脏的移植。 然而，异种移植既要克服科学障碍，又要克服道德障碍。猪胰岛素已经用于治疗糖尿病患者，猪心脏瓣膜已经用于心脏修复手术。因此，动物器官的使用不会引起轩然大波。但是，如同人们预料的那样，动物权利保护者不同意人类处于医疗目的而饲养并杀死大量的动物。而且，动物保护协会苏格兰分部经理雷斯·瓦尔德指出，供移植的器官被取走后，猪剩下的部分怎么办呢？肉用于人类消费吗？"如果是这样的话——记住，猪包含着人类基因——这不是人类自食其肉吗？"

新课标大英三Summary

大学英语3 第二版summary U1 Active reading（1） In the fall of our final year, our mood changed. The relaxed atmosphere had disappeared, and the peer group pressure to work hard was strong. M eanwhile, at the back of everyone's mind was what we would do next afte r graduation. As for me, I wanted to travel, and I wanted to be a writer. I braced myself for some resistance to the idea from my father, who wante d me to go to law school, and follow his path through life. However, he supported what I wanted but he made me think about it b y watching the crabs. The cage was full of crabs. One of them was trying to escape, but each time it reached the top the other crabs pulled it back. I n the end it gave up lengthy struggle to escape and started to prevent othe r crabs from escaping. By watching crabs, my father told me not to be pul led back by others, and to get to know oneself better. U1 Active reading（2） Life is short. We never quite know when we become 1) coffin dwellers or 2) trampled ash in the rose garden of some local cemetery. So there’s no point in putting our dreams 3) on the back burner until 4) the right tim e arrives. Now is the time to do what we want to do. 5) Make the best of o ur short stay and 6) fill our life with the riches on offer so that when the r eaper arrives, we’ve achieved much instead of 7) regrets.

基英课文概述summary(第三册)

Unit 1 Fresh Start I first began to wonder what I was doing on a college compus anyway when my parents drove off . My plan was to keep my ears open and my mouth shut .The next morning , I found my first class and marched in . But I was in the wrong building . After class , I went to the cafeteria , I stepped in a large puddle of ketchup and my rear end met the floor . It ended with my first day of college class . I was very frustrated . But later , a composed and very confident football player let me realized I had been taking myself far too seriously .So I gave up trying to act my way through college and began not acting at all . Three years after graduation , I’m still making mistakes , and I’m even being forgiven for a few . Unit 2 Tranny of the Urgent Have you ever wished for a thirty-hour gay ? We seemed have a lot of things undone . But would a thirty-hour day really solve the problem ? Prolongation of time doesn’t really solve the problem . We find ourselves working more and enjoying it less . Our dilemma goes deeper , it’s basically the problem of priorities . Sometimes we have left undone and we have done those things which we shouldn’t have done . It’s the problem of priorities . Some urgent things devour our energy . Then we recall the important tasks pushed aside . We realize we’ve become slaves to the “ tyranny of the urgent ” . Unit 3 Chinese Food Chinese and Western have the different attitudes toward food . Most of chinese pay more attention to the food , but the western is different . For them , food is quite simply a fuel . Chinese think the eating is one of the most important things in life : to eat with the capital E . In fact , chinese food is the only truly international food . How did this come about ? The reasons included that the chinese went to work in North America , and the population pressure in HongKong . But root is that the western are interested in chinese food . There is no doubt that the traditional high-quality chinese meal is a serous matter , the preparation is detailed , and the enjoyment must therefore match it . Chinese food is an expression of basic assumptions about life itself . Unit 4 Why I Want a Wife I’m a wife , but I want a wife . With a wife , I can go back to college , leaving my wife to take care of the house and my children . I want a wife who will take care of my physical needs . She is supposed to the house clean , cook the meals every day , and do the grocery shopping . I want a wife who will take care of the details of my social life . When my friends are invited to our home , she should prepare a special meal and make them feel comfortable . I want a wife who will satisfy my sexual needs , of course , she will not demand sexual attention when I don’t feel like it . And I want the liberty to replace my present wife with another one . A wife can do so many things , who wouldn’t want a wife ? Unit 5 The Company Man Phil was a company man , a workaholic , a prefect tape A . He worked himself to death at 3:00 am Sunda y morning . He worked six days a week , over ten hours a day . He didn’t like to exercise , so he was overweight . He was too busy to share any time with his wife and children . As a result , he was very distant from them . One of his sons said : “ my fath er and I only board

新标准大学英语综合教程3课文summary

↓↓↓ 大英3课文Summary UNIT 1 1.1 catching crabs In the fall of our final year,our mood changed.The relaxed atmosphere had disappeared, and peer group pressure to work hard was strong. Meanwhile,at the back of everyone’s mind was what we would do next after graduation. As for me,I wanted to travel,and I wanted to be a writer.I braced myself for some resistance to the idea from my father,who wanted me to go to law school,and follow his path through life. However,he supported what I wanted but he made me think about it by watching the crabs.The cage was full of crabs. One of them was trying to escape,but each time it reached the top the other crabs pulled it back.In the end it gave up lengthy struggle to escape and started to prevent other crabs from escaping.By watching crabs,my father told me not to be pulled back by others,and to get to know himself better. 1.2We are all dying Life is short.We never quite know when we become coffin dwellers or trampled ash in the rose garden of some local ceremony.So there’s no p oint in putting our dreams on the back burner until the right time arrives.Now is the time to do what we want to do. Make the best of our short stay and fill our life with the riches on offer so that when the reaper arrives,we’ve achieved much instead of regrets. UNIT 2 2.1superman The extract from Johnny Panic and the Bible of Dreams by Sylvia Plath is a combination of her real life and imaginary life in her childhood.In the real life,Plath was a winner of the prize for drawing the best Civil Defense signs,lived by an airport and had an Uncle who bore resemblance to Superman.In her imagination,the airport was her Mecca and Jerusalem because of her flying dreams.Superman fulfilled her dream at the moment. David Stirling,a bookish boy,also worship Superman.During the recess at school,he and the author played Superman https://www.sodocs.net/doc/0f12363120.html,pared with their school-mates who played the routine games,they felt they were outlaws but had a sense of windy superiority.They also found a stand-in,Sheldon Fein, who later invented tortures. 2.2cultual childhoods Historically,childhood has undergone enormous transformations in terms of children’s responsibilities and parental expectations.Culturally,childhood is socially constructed.The interplay of history and cultural leads to different understanding of childhood,consequently it is advisable not to impose ideas from one culture to understand childhood in another culture. UNIT 3 3.1how we listen For the sake of clarify,we split up the process of listening to music into three hypothetical planes.Firstly,the sensuous plane.It is a kind of brainless but attractive state of mind engendered

第三版综英课文参考译文

课文参考译文 Unit 1 Text 1 我的第一份工作 在宾夕法尼亚州的夏洛瑞市，我的父母经营着一家小餐馆——潘格尼斯餐馆。餐馆每周营业七天，每天24小时。我的第一份正式工作是给顾客擦鞋，那时我六岁。父亲年轻时也曾干过这活，所以他就教我怎样把鞋擦好，还让我问问顾客活干得好不好，如果顾客不满意，应主动给顾客再擦一次。 随着年龄的增长，我的活也多了起来。十岁时，我已经会收拾餐桌了，并且还当清洁工。爸爸咧着嘴笑着说我是在他手下干过的最好的“清洁工”。 在餐馆里工作是我骄傲的资本，因为我也在为家里的生计出把力。但是，父亲明确规定我得符合一定的标准才能成为集体的一员。我必须守时，勤快，对顾客彬彬有礼。 在餐馆里除了擦鞋以外，其它工作都没有报酬。一天我犯了个错误，告诉父亲我觉得他每周应付我10美元的报酬。父亲说：“好呀，那你付我在这儿的一日三餐钱，怎么样？还有你带你的朋友来免费喝饮料的钱？”他算下来我每周还欠他40美元。这件事情给了我一个教训：在谈判时，你不仅要知道自己想说什么，你还要搞清楚对方会说些什么。 我还记得在外服兵役两年后回家的情景。我刚晋升为上尉，满脸自豪地迈进父母的餐馆。父亲的第一句话就是：“今天清洁工休息，晚上你来打扫卫生，怎么样？” 我简直不敢相信！我想，我是一名美国陆军军官！但这并不要紧。在父亲的眼里我只是团队中的一名成员。我伸手去拿了拖把。 为父亲做事使我明白了一个道理，对团队的忠诚是第一位的，无论这个团队从事的是经营家庭餐馆还是执行“沙漠风暴行动”。 Read more 我的第一份工作 “做什么事都要有自豪感，”父亲总是这样告诉我，“不管你是老板还是清洁工。”15岁时我在一家地方医院有了份兼职工作，他们要我做拖地的活儿。我笑了，就想到了父亲说过的那些话。 既使我的工作是最低层的，我也非常激动能有事情做。我没把它看成是个困难，而是看成一个挑战，因为这是我的第一份工作。我学着去守时，符合工作规范。反过来，医院里的职工和病人也很尊敬我。 每天早晨，我先设想一下，如果我没能洗涮干净，那沾满麦片粥的碟子只能让病人更感不适。早饭刚过，我就开始卖力地干活，把所有病房的地板拖一遍，再冲洗厕所。尽管我累得精疲力尽，但我心里清楚，如果地板没拖得闪闪发亮，我的形象照出来也会很糟。我想把工作做得漂亮些，大家也会笑着说：“小伙子工作确实出色。”这让我很感自豪。 在医院里工作让我懂得了一个道理，自豪感是积极投身工作的一部分，不管工作是拖地还是经营一家大企业。我曾做过许多工作，父亲的建议总回响在我耳边。我拖过地，而现在被提升为经理。我想爸爸也会为我骄傲的。 Unit 2 Text 美国家庭和中国传统家庭的比较 美国家庭和中国传统家庭有很多不同之处。先说说住房吧。美国房子通常都有院子，大小

高级英语6 lesson1 课文的summary

Summary of Sexism in School According to Myra and David Sadker, many people believe classroom sexism was gone already, but actually it still exists in school: boys still get more attention than girls do in classroom. Based on some reliable investigation and bountiful evidence, readers can easily know that teachers' sexist attitudes towards students do exist and it can directly affect students' progress in learning. It can be found that boys get more than their fair share of teacher attention, while girls just sit and keep quiet. Besides, the sexism with far-reaching harmful effects also exists in work place. Then the authors make a recommendation that teachers getting trained can establish equity in classroom, which turns out to be effective according to the study. Finally, the authors make a call for immediate action to remove sexism in school so that females can achieve equity in work world as well as in school.

综英课文1

Discovery of a Father You hear it said that fathers want their sons to be what they feel they cannot themselves be, but I tell you it also works the other way. A boy wants something very special from his father. I know that as a small boy I wanted my father to be a certain thing he was not, I wanted him to be a proud, silent , dignified（有尊严的）father. When I was with other boys and he passed along the street, I wanted to feel a glow of pride. “There he is. That is my father.”But he wasn?t such a one. He couldn?t be. It seemed to me then that he was always showing o ff. Let?s say someone in our town had got up a show.1 They were always doing it. The druggist would be in it, the shoe store clerk, the horse doctor, and a lot of women and girls. My father would manage to get the chief comedy part. 2It was, let?s say, a Civil War play and he was a comic Irish soldier. He had to do the most absurd（可笑的）things. They thought he was funny, but I didn?t. I thought he was terrible. I didn?t see how mother could stand it. She even laughed with the others. Maybe I would have laughed if it hadn?t been my father.Or there was a parade, the Fourth of July or Decoration Day. He?d be in that, too, right at the front of it, as Grand Marshal or something, on a white horse hired from a livery （车马出租所）stable. He couldn?t ride for shucks. 3 He fell off the horse and everyone hooted（起哄）with laughter, but he did n?t care. He even seemed to like it, I remember once when he had done something ridiculous, and right out on Main Street, too. I was with some other boys and they were laughing and shouting at him and he was shouting back and having as good a time as they were. I ran down an alley（小巷）back of some stores and there in the Presbyterian Church sheds I had a good long cry. Or I would be in bed at night and father would come home a little lit up and bring some men with him. He was a man who was never alone. Before he went broke, running a harness shop, there were always a lot of men loafing in the shop.4 He went broke, of course, because he gave too much credit. 5He couldn?t refuse it and I thought he was a fool. I had got to hate him. There?d be men I didn?t think would want t o be fooling around with him. 6 There might even be the superintendent（督导）of our schools and a quiet man who ran the hardware store. Once I remember there was a white-haired man who was a cashier of the bank. It was a wonder to me they?d want to be seen with such a windbag（夸夸其谈的人）. That?s what I thought he was. I know now wh at it was that attracted them. It was because life in our town, as in all small towns, was at times pretty dull and he livened it up. He made them laugh. He could tell stories. He?d even get them to singing. If they didn?t come to our house they?d go off, say at night, to where there was a grassy（多草的）place. They?d cook food there and drink beer and sit about listening to his stories.He was always telling stories about himself. He?d say this or that wonderful thing that had happened to him. It might be something that made him look like a fool. He d idn?t care.If an Irishman came to our house, right away father would say he was Irish. He?d tell what county in Ireland he was born in. He?d tell things that happened there when he was a boy. He?d make it seem so real that, if I hadn?t known he was born in southern Ohio, I?d have believed him myself. If it was a Scotchman（苏格兰人）the same thing happened. He?d get a burr（颤动舌尖的r音）into his speech. Or he was a German or a Swede. He?d be anything the other man was. I think they all knew he was lying, but they seemed to like him just the same. As a boy that was what I couldn?t unde rstand. And there was mother. How could she stand it, I wanted to ask, but never did. She was not the kind you asked such questions. I?d be upstairs in my bed, in my room above the porch（门廊）, and father would be telling some of his tales. A lot o f father?s stories were about the Civil War. To hear him tell it he?d been in about every battle. He?d known Grant, Sherman, Sheridan and I don?t know how many others. He?d been particularly intimate with General Grant so that when Grant went East to take charge of all the armies, he took father along. “I was an orderly（勤务兵）at headquarters and Sam Grant said to me, …Irve? he said, I?m going to take you along with me.?” It seems he and Grant used to slip off sometimes and have a quiet drink together. That?s what my father said. He?d tell about the day Lee surrendered and how, when the great moment came, they couldn?t find Grant. “You know,” my father said, “about General Grant?s book, his memoirs（回忆录）. You?ve read of how he said he had a headache and how, when he got word that Lee was ready to call it quits, 7 he was suddenly and miraculously（奇迹般地）cured. “Huh,” said father. “He was in the woods with me.” “I was in there with my back against a tree. I was pretty well corned. 8 I had got hold of a bottle of pretty good stuff. “They were looking for G rant. He had got off his horse and come into the woods. He found me. He was covered with mud. “I had the bottle in my hand. What?d I care? The war was over. I knew we had them licked. 9” My father said that he was the one who told Grant about Lee. An orderly riding by had told him, because the orderly knew how thick（感情深厚）he was with Grant. 10 Grant was embarrassed. “But, Irve, look at me. I?m all covered with mud,” he said to my father. And then, my father said, he and Grant decided to have a drink together. They took a couple of shots（小

上海高考Summary如何写

Summary如何写（I） 说明文的summary 我们以上海英语高二课本中的一篇文章为例 The Problem of Packaging 第一段 A large source of rubbish is packaging material. It often makes up more than 30 percent of the total. To understand why this is true, think of the packaging commonly used for a simple product, such as toothpaste. The packaging includes not only the tube for the toothpaste, but also the box for the tube. This box is put into a plastic wrapper. Then, the boxes are transported in a cardboard container. 第二段 Most packaging material ends up in a landfill after it is thrown away. Though necessary, landfills take up valuable space, often stink, and can leak harmful substances into the soil. Landfills not included, the production of packaging material itself is a major source of air and water pollution. 第三段 People are now trying to solve the problems caused by packaging materials. In 1991, Germany took the lead by requiring companies to recycle the packaging used for their goods. To do this, the companies set up recycling bins in every neighborhood. Consumers now separate their rubbish into three categories—metal, plastic and paper cartons. They then put it into the appropriate bin. The rubbish sorted, it is transported to are cycling company for processing. 第四段 The programme worked well at first. However, the amount of rubbish has begun to increase again. One reason for this is that many consumers no longer reduce waste because they think the problem is solved. It seems that to properly deal with the problem of rubbish, everyone must remain vigilant and do their part. 我们先来把每段的大意理一下： 第一段的中心应该就是讲 A large source of rubbish is packaging material. It often makes up more than 30 percent of the total. 后面的牙膏的情况只是举例说明咯。 第二段呢？讲了两层意思，一层：垃圾进入填埋场后造成污染；二层：这些包装材料生产过程中，会产生对空气和水的污染。 第三段：中心句很清晰啊People are now trying to solve the problems caused by packaging materials. 后面的德国的事情也是举例子，政府啊，制造商啊，个人啊，采取什么措施来试图解决包装材料带来的污染问题。 最后一段了：尽管德国的方法起到了一定的作用，但，又有些人开始神兜兜起来了。包装材料的污染仍是个大问题啊，我们不能放弃警惕。