MARKETING INNOVATION OF THE STRATEGICAL TACTIC1

MARKETING INNOV ATION OF THE STRATEGICAL TACTICS 1.Introduction of marketing

1.1The definition of Marketing

1.1.1 Traditional marketing and Internet marketing

Marketing is defined by the American Marketing Association (AMA) as "the activity, set of institutions, and processes for creating, communicating, delivering, and exchanging offerings that have value for customers, clients, partners, and society at large.""Definition of Marketing". American Marketing Association.

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/0918881428.html,/AboutAMA/Pages/DefinitionofMarketing.aspx. Retrieved 2009-10-30.

As a plan and an activity, the procedure of marketing includes a type of product, a type of service or the development, definition, promotion of a thought. The purpose is to satisfy the organization or personal need through exchange or transaction. Marketing means that with the directio ns of customer’s need, the enterprise’s process of manufacture, transaction, after-sale service.

For the traditional definition of marketing, there is no universal definition. We can classify the definition of marketing in two aspects, as the method of marketing, traditional marketing means selling without any technique of internet. As the theory of marketing, traditional marketing theory means no internet technology impingement. As a word, we can judge the definition of traditional marketing is the definition before internet technology came into forth. The internet marketing appeared in the end of 1990s. And the definition of marketing in 1990s is: Marketing is made up of three plates, including P (Positioning), STP (Segmentation, Targeting, Positioning)

4P(product, price, place, promotion).

1.1.2 The development of marketing and marketing theory

Marketing was originated in USA in 1920s. As the development of the social economy, the marketing had radical changes. From traditional marketing to contemporary marketing, the application of marketing has extended abroad and has developed to different type of organizations. Nowadays, marketing has been combined with the administration of the enterprise. As same as Economics, Behavioral Science, Anthropology, Mathematics, marketing has become a subject with edge management application. The development of western marketing is closely related to the change of commodity economy, business philosophy.

There are four steps for the development of definition of the marketing.

Ⅰ. The beginning stage

After the individual revolution of the main capitalism countries, the production capacity had a significant increase. The urban economy developed quickly, in the same time, the commodity need had big increase and it is simple for the product to actualize

its value. The marketing came into being in this situation. In 1902, some universities in USA set up the subject of marketing, some pioneers of marketing appeared, such as Arch W Shaw, Ralph Star Bulter, John B Swirnly and J E Hagerty. The characters of the marketing research in this period are:

A.Emphasizing selling and advertising, there is no theory, definition and principles

of the current marketing research.

B.The society and the enterprises didn’t pay a lot attention to marketing theory.

Ⅱ. The application period

The period from 1920s to the end of the Second World War is the application stage. The development of the marketing in this stage can be seen from the application. The research theory of marketing began to be known to the society, the enterprises began to pay attention to the theory of marketing.

Ⅲ. The development period

The period from the end of 1950s to 1980s is the development of marketing. What is more, the supply of products is more than the customer’s need from thi s period.

Ⅳ. The Maturity period

The period from 1980s to current time is the maturity time of marketing, which has two characters,

A.Marketing became related to other subjects.

B.Marketing has its own theory system. 1980s’ marketing is the revolution

time of marketing, which was a part of contemporary marketing and a new beginning of marketing.

1.2The classification of marketing

1.2.1Integrated Marketing Communications

Integrated Marketing Communications is very common in current enterprises, which includes common advertise, direct communication with customers, promotion, in the same time, this type of marketing combines the distributed information in order to make the sales of the products clearly and continuously.

1.2.2Database marketing

Database marketing means to col lect the consumers’ behavior information, the news of different stores and to accumulate the information in a format database. This type of marketing will be in forth in appropriate opportunities according to the analysis of database.

1.2.3Internet Marketing

Internet Marketing is an important component of a company’s marketing strategy. The purpose of internet marketing is to actulize the overall objectives of a company, including all types of activities with internet marketing method. The functions of internet marketing include website promotion, internet brands, online research, customer’s relation, distribution channel, sales promotion and information broadcast.

1.2.4Direct Marketing

Direct Marketing (DM) means to transfer the products and service to the consumers without any dealer. The biggest feature of DM is to communicate with the consumers directly. Usually the medium tools for communication of DM are different from the other general medium such as TV advertise, their communication tools is oriented to specialties, for example, some merchants print their advertisements in the packages of facial tissues, then they distribute the tissues freely to the potential consumers. Some other methods such as telephone promotion, TV shopping belong to DM too.

1.2.5Relationship Marketing

In most situations, the company can’t find the instant transaction, so they always establish a long-term relationship with the customers. The company need to show their excellent service ability. Since the customers became globally nowadays, they prefer to be supplied different products in different area, maybe from different suppliers in order to solve problems in different areas. When the management plans for relationship of the customers implement, the organization must emphasize the management of customers and products. In the same time, the company must realize that although the relationship marketing is very important, but it is not effective in every situation. Therefore, the company must find out the most important relationship marketing from careful analysis.

1.2.6Green Marketing

Green Marketing is to satisfy the habit of consumers in order to fulfill the need of environment requirement, whose manufacture idea is obeying the green culture. Their marketing activity is always oriented to the environmental products.

1.2.7Social Marketing

Social Marketing is based on the social welfare through business marketing methods, or to promote their products and service through social welfare. As same as general marketing, social marketing is to change the behavior of the target consumers, the different point is that their motivations are non-commerce.

1.2.8Virus Marketing

Virus Marketing is a type of information transferring, they duplicate their information like virus from public people in order to make more people know their products. This type of marketing method is common in Email or company’s website, which may ask you to ‘tell a friend’, or ask you to invite others to visit the website etc. Because of the cheap cost and good effect, this

type of marketing is adopted by more and more companies.

1.2.9Crisis Marketing

Crisis Marketing is adopting a series of measures used in crisis and urgent situation in order to reduce the bad influence. The measures include, broadcasting the company situation, let the staff know the truth, establish good relationship with the medium, keep contact with the customers.

2.Contemporary Marketing

2.1Contemporary Marketing Channels

2.1.1The importance of marketing channels

The decision and management of marketing channels are important aspects of the strategy of marketing. In the past marketing disciplines in China, the most important thing is to research circulating business economy. Because in planned economy, the manufacturing companies are only in charge of manufacturing, they don’t care how to sell or where to sell. However, in nowadays, after establishing the market economy, the enterprise became individual operator and pursued the max benefits. Especially to the manufacturing enterprises, how to approach the final market and satisfy them has become the key point for them to win.

有关交通灯中英文翻译资料

当今时代是一个自动化时代，交通灯控制等很多行业的设备都与计算机密切相关。因此，一个好的交通灯控制系统，将给道路拥挤、违章控制等方面给予技术革新。随着大规模集成电路及计算机技术的迅速发展，以及人工智能在控制技术方面的广泛运用，智能设备有了很大的发展，是现代科技发展的主流方向。本文介绍了一个智能交通灯系统的设计。该智能交通灯控制系统可以实现的功能有：对某市区的四个主要交通路口进行监控；各路口有固定的工作周期，并且在道路拥挤时中控中心能改变其周期；对路口违章的机动车能够即时拍照，并提取车牌号。在世界范围内，一个以微电子技术，计算机和通信技术为先导的，以信息技术和信息产业为中心的信息革命方兴未艾。而计算机技术怎样与实际应用更有效的结合并有效的发挥其作用是科学界最热门的话题，也是当今计算机应用中空前活跃的领域。本文主要从单片机的应用上来实现十字路口交通灯智能化的管理，用以控制过往车辆的正常运作。 The times is a automation times nowadays , traffic light waits for much the industry

equipment to go hand in hand with the computer under the control of. Therefore, a good traffic light controls system , will give road aspect such as being crowded , controlling against rules to give a technical improvement. With the fact that the large-scale integrated circuit and the computer art promptness develop, as well as artificial intelligence broad in the field of control technique applies, intelligence equipment has had very big development , the main current being that modern science and technology develops direction. The main body of a book is designed having introduced a intelligence traffic light systematically. The function being intelligence traffic light navar's turn to be able to come true has: The crossing carries out supervisory control on four main traffic of some downtown area; Every crossing has the fixed duty period , charges centre for being able to change it's period and in depending on a road when being crowded; The motor vehicle breaking rules and regulations to the crossing is able to take a photo immediately , abstracts and the vehicle shop sign. Within world range, one uses the microelectronics technology , the computer and the technology communicating by letter are a guide's , centering on IT and IT industry information revolution is in the ascendant. But, how, computer art applies more effective union and there is an effect's brought it's effect into play with reality is the most popular topic of conversation of scientific community , is also that computer applications is hit by the unparalleled active field nowadays. The main body of a book is applied up mainly from slicing machine's only realizing intellectualized administration of crossroads traffic light , use opera tion in controlling the vehicular traffic regularity.

库库尔坎金字塔

地理位置 位于墨西哥大学城以南的库库尔坎（Kukulcan），是玛雅文化前古典期晚期（公元前800年——公元前200年）中部高原文化的重要文化遗址之一，“库库尔坎”的原意是“舞蹈唱歌的地方”，或表示“带有羽毛的蛇神”。 建筑结构 “库库尔坎”金字塔是我们现在看到的早期墨西哥金字塔是一座用土筑成的 九层圆形祭坛，高29米 ，周边各宽55米多，周长250米左右，最高一层建有一座6米高的方形坛庙，库库尔坎金字塔高约30 米，四周环绕91 级台阶，加起来一共364级台阶，再加上塔顶的羽蛇神庙，共有365阶，象征了一年中的365 天。台阶的两侧宽达1米的边墙，北边墙下端，有一个带羽行的大蛇头石刻，蛇头高1.43米，长达1.80米，宽1.07米，蛇嘴里吐出一条大舌头，颇为独特。 这座古老的建筑，在建造之前，经过了精心的几何设计，它所表达出的精确度和玄妙而充满戏剧性的效果，令后人叹为观止：每年春分和秋分两天的日落时分，北面一组台阶的边墙会在阳光照射下形成弯弯曲曲的七段等腰三角形，连同底部雕刻的蛇头，宛若一条巨蛇从塔顶向大地游动，象征着羽蛇神在春分时苏醒，爬出庙宇。每一次，这个幻像持续整整3 小时22 分，分秒不差。这个神秘景观被称为“光影蛇形”。 每当“库库尔坎”金字塔出同蛇影奇观的时候，古代玛雅人就欢聚在一起，高歌起舞，庆祝这位羽毛蛇神的降临。 库库尔坎金字塔，是玛雅人对其掌握的建筑几何知识的绝妙展示，而金字塔旁边的天文台，更是把这种高超的几何和天文知识表现得淋漓尽致。 建造工艺 在没有金属工具、没有大牲畜和轮车的情况下，古代玛雅人却能够开采大量重达数十吨的石头，跋山涉水、一路艰辛地运到目的地，建成一个个雄伟的金字塔。金字塔最高的可达70米，其规模之巨大、施工难度之高，令人吃惊。 古代玛雅的金字塔和古埃及的金字塔在建筑形式上有着明显的不同。埃及的金字塔的塔顶是尖的，而玛雅金字塔却是平顶，塔体呈方形，底大顶小，层层叠叠，塔顶的台上还建有庙宇；在用途上也不一样：埃及金字塔是法老的陵墓，而玛雅的金字塔除个别外，一般是用来祭祀或观察天象的。除金字塔外，玛雅人还兴建了不少功能性强，技艺高的民用建筑，主要有：房屋（包括庙宇、府邸、民居等）、公共设施（球场、广场、集市等）、基础设施（桥梁、大道、码头、堤坝、护墙等）和水利工程（水渠、水库、水井、梯田）等。

智能交通灯控制系统_英文翻译

英文 Because of the rapid development of our economy resulting in the car number of large and medium-sized cities surged and the urban traffic, is facing serious test, leading to the traffic problem increasingly serious, its basically are behaved as follows: traffic accident frequency, to the human life safety enormous threat, Traffic congestion, resulting in serious travel time increases, energy consumption increase; Air pollution and noise pollution degree of deepening, etc. Daily traffic jams become people commonplace and had to endure. In this context, in combination with the actual situation of urban road traffic, develop truly suitable for our own characteristics of intelligent signal control system has become the main task. Preface In practical application at home and abroad, according to the actual traffic signal control application inspection, planar independent intersection signal control basic using set cycle, much time set cycle, half induction, whole sensor etc in several ways. The former two control mode is completely based on planar intersection always traffic flow data of statistical investigation, due to traffic flow the existence of variable sex and randomicity, the two methods have traffic efficiency is low, the scheme, the defects of aging and half inductive and all the inductive the two methods are in the former two ways based on increased vehicle detector and according to the information provided to adjust cycle is long and green letter of vehicle, it than random arrived adaptability bigger, can make vehicles in the parking cord before as few parking, achieve traffic flowing effect In modern industrial production,current,voltage,temperature, pressure, and flow rate, velocity, and switch quantity are common mainly controlled parameter. For example: in metallurgical industry, chemical production, power engineering, the papermaking industry, machinery and food processing and so on many domains, people need to transport the orderly control. By single chip microcomputer to control of traffic, not only has the convenient control, configuration simple and flexible wait for an advantage, but also can greatly improve the technical index by control quantity, thus greatly improve product quality and quantity. Therefore, the monolithic integrated circuit to the traffic light control problem is an industrial production we often encounter problems. In the course of industrial production, there are many industries have lots of traffic equipment, in the current system, most of the traffic control signal is accomplished by relays, but relays response time is long, sensitivity low, long-term after use, fault opportunity increases greatly, and adopts single-chip microcomputer control, the accuracy of far greater than relays, short response time, software reliability, not because working time reduced its performance sake, compared with, this solution has the high feasibility. About AT89C51 (1)function characteristics description: AT89C51 is a low power consumption, high performance CMOS8 bit micro-controller, has the 8K in system programmable Flash memory. Use high-density Atmel company the beltpassword nonvolatile storage technology and manufacturing, and industrial 80S51 product instructions and pin fully compatible. Chip Flash allow program memory in system programmable, also suitable for conventional programmer. In a single chip, have dexterous 8 bits CPU and in system programmable Flash, make AT89C51 for many embedded control application system provides the high flexible, super efficient solution. AT89C51 has the following standard function: 8k bytes Flash, 256 bytes RAM, 32-bit I/O mouth line, the watchdog timer, two data pointer, three 16 timer/counter, a 6 vector level 2 interrupt structure, full-duplex serial port, piece inside crystals timely clock circuit. In addition, AT89C51 can drop to 0Hz static logic operation, support two software can choose power saving mode. Idle mode, the CPU to stop working, allowing the RAM, timer/counter, serial ports, interruption continue to work. Power lost protection mode, RAM content being saved, has been frozen, microcontroller all work stop, until the next interruption or hardware reset so far. As shown in

交通信号灯英文翻译

交通信号灯 当今，红绿灯安装在各个道口上，已经成为疏导交通车辆最常见和最有效的手段。社会的发展，人们的消费水平不断的提高，私人车辆不断的增加。人多、车多道路窄的道路交通状况已经很明显了。所以采用有效的方法控制交通灯是势在必行的。PLC 的智能控制原则是控制系统的核心，采用PLC把东西方向或南北方向的车辆按数量规模进行分档，相应给定的东西方向与南北方向的绿灯时长也按一定的规律分档. 这样就可以实现按车流量规模给定绿灯时长，达到最大限度的有车放行，减少十字路口的车辆滞流，缓解交通拥挤、实现最优控制，从而提高了交通控制系统的效率. PLC的应用正在不断地走向深入，同时带动传统控制检测日新月益更新。它具有结构简单、编程方便、可靠性高等优点，已广泛用于工业过程和位置的自动控制中。由于PLC具有对使用环境适应性强的特性，同时其内部定时器资源十分丰富，可对目前普遍使用的“渐进式”信号灯进行精确控制，特别对多岔路口的控制可方便地实现。因此现在越来越多地将PLC应用于交通灯系统中。 同时，PLC本身还具有通讯联网功能，将同一条道路上的信号灯组成一局域网进行统一调度管理，可缩短车辆通行等候时间，实现科学化管理。在实时检测和自动控制的PLC应用系统中，PLC往往是作为一个核心部件来使用。 .. 21世纪，PLC会有更大的发展。从技术上看，计算机技术的新成果会更多地应用于可编程控制器的设计和制造上，会有运算速度更快、存储容量更大、智能更强的品种出现；从产品规模上看，会进一步向超小型及超大型方向发展；从产品的配套性上看，产品的品种会更丰富、规格更齐全，完美的人机界面、完备的通信设备会更好地适应各种工业控制场合的需求；从市场上看，各国各自生产多品种产品的情况会随着国际竞争的加剧而打破，会出现少数几个品牌垄断国际市场的局面，会出现国际通用的编程语言；从网络的发展情况来看，可编程控制器和其它工业控制计算机组网构成大型的控制系统是可编程控制器技术的发展方向。目前的计算机集散控制系统DCS中已有大量的可编程控制器应用。伴随着计算机网络的发展，可编程控制器作为自动化控制网络和国际通用网络的重要组成部分，将在工业及工业以外的众多领域发挥越来越大的作用。

库库尔坎金字塔位于墨西哥

库库尔坎金字塔位于墨西哥尤卡坦半岛北部，是曾经古玛雅人留下的文明遗址。 库库尔坎在玛雅文化中是带羽蛇神的意思，被誉为是太阳的化身，即太阳神。羽蛇神主宰着晨星、发明了书籍、立法，而且给人类带来了玉米，还代表着死亡和重生，也是祭司们的保护神。古典时期，玛雅“真人”手持权杖，权杖一端为精致小形、中间为小人的一条腿化作蛇身、另一端为一蛇头。到了后古典时期，出现了多种变形，但基本形态完全变了，成为上部羽扇形、中间蛇身下部蛇头的羽蛇神形象。 羽蛇神与雨季同来，而雨季又与玛雅人种玉米的时间相重合，因而羽蛇神又成为玛雅农人最为崇敬的神明。在玛雅人眼中羽蛇神与犬神有同样高的地位 在现今留存的最大的玛雅古城奇岑－伊扎，库库尔坎金字塔屹立其中。它的每个面有91级台阶，4个面象征一年四季，共364级台阶，加上塔顶的神殿共365级，象征一年365天。4个边缘分别代表春分、秋分、夏至和冬至。在金字 塔的北面两底角雕有两个蛇头。每年春分、秋分两天，太阳落山时，可以看到蛇头投射在地上的影子与许多个三角形连套在一起，成为一条动感很强的飞蛇。好像从天空中游向大地，栩栩如生。春分蛇由上至下出现，仿佛从神庙中爬出来一样，秋分则由下至上出现，像是爬进去一样。只有每年的这两天里才能看到这一奇景。所以，现在它已经成为墨西哥的一个著名旅游景点。而在当年，玛雅人可以借助这种将天文学与建筑工艺精湛地融合在一起的直观景致，准确把握农时。与此同时，也准确把握崇拜羽蛇神的时机。考古学家在玛雅神庙下方发现神秘的坑洞，进一步的考察发现，坑洞是自然形成的，延伸大约34米，深度为20米 左右。最新的消息指出，神秘下方的洞穴可连接到其他洞穴或者地下湖泊，同时具有深层次的宗教意义，在玛雅文化中处于非常重要的地位。这座寺庙名称为Kukuerkan，即库库尔坎金字塔，这是中美洲最著名的古文明遗址之一，是玛雅文明的巅峰之作。那么金字塔下方的洞穴为何会存在呢，具有何种宗教意义？ 考古学家发现玛雅人在1000年前建造了金字塔，位于一个巨大的天然深坑 上，他们相信建立在深坑顶部的建筑是宗教信仰的一部分，因为库库尔坎金字塔内有一尊玛雅蛇神，或者认为是有羽毛的蛇，它是玛雅人非常崇拜的蛇神。由于蛇神需要水，因此神殿下方是一个被填满水的深坑，水流的运行由北向南。考古学家通过一种新的探测技术对神殿下方的结构进行研究，发现了深坑的存在，探测器能够探测到岩石结构走向，分辨出水流和岩石的相对位置。

2019年(春)六年级美术下册 第1课《追寻文明的足迹》说课教案 人美版

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大连交通大学 题目智能交通信号灯模拟控制系统设计 学生姓名方飞班级 1401 指导教师林盛专业机械工程学号 20142140 完成日期 2014 年 12 月 26 日

智能交通信号灯模拟控制系统设计 方飞 （大连交通大学机械工程学院辽宁大连116028） 摘要：随着社会经济的增长，人民日益增长的物质文化要求，机动车数量以几何倍数在增长，各大城市交通压力日益加大。行人和非机动车闯红灯、争道、抢道现象仍非常严重，全民交通安全意识有待提高！这就导致了交通的堵塞，据纽约时报报道，中国的交通情况处于倒数行列。为了改善这种交通堵塞情况，本文通过了解关于城市交通流的形成过程的介绍与对交通拥堵现象的形成与传播过程的分析，应对城市交通拥堵的对策与方法的介绍。本论文通过分析城市交通现状及其形成的原因，对对城市交通的建设与管理和国内外大城市道路交通管理的一些实例进行了简单的介绍，针对这种情况，制作出一种全新的智能交通信号灯的模拟控制系统设计，它能根据现实中的车流量来改变交通信号灯的时间显示，从而达到改善交通堵塞的情况。希望可以对我国城市交通建设与管理的策略给予一些建议和启示。 关键字：交通堵塞智能交通信号灯模拟管理

1 引言 城市是人类的最大遗产和人类文化的最大成就。中国的城市交通在近几十年中得到了不可忽视的迅猛发展，但拥堵还是不可忽视的现状。 一是交通基础设施投资和建设过度集中。在改革之后，我国各个大中小城市 的基础设施建设都有了不小的发展，尤其是在面对着美国次贷危机的威胁形式 下，我国党中央国务院为保证经济平稳，特别加大了对锅里基础设施的投入，而 交通运输也是主要对象之一。但是过于密集投资和建设也会带来负面影响。二是 私家车出行迅速增长。自12世纪开始，国际汽车市场全面开放，汽车价格也一 降再降，加上国家大力支持私人购车，近几年我国私家车数量迅速增长，造成城 市交通严重拥挤。三是城市人口剧增。随着城市化的发展，城乡一体化的进程加 快，城市人口剧增，各种矛盾也明显和计划，首当其冲的就是城市交通问题，这 种问题甚至形成了“超级城市病”，体现在交通拥堵日益严重，生态坏境日益恶 化，城市居民幸福感下挫等方面，而交通堵塞是其中最为严重的问题之一。四是 坏境和交通事故频繁。汽车数量增加导致了能源问题和坏境问题，公民出行便利 和国家能源紧张之间的矛盾在不停的激化。 针对上述的种种缘由，通过林盛老师的课，我充分认识到中国的交通需要改 善已经是迫在眉睫，所以在老师的指导下，实地观察，在图书管里查找资料设计 出一个智能的交通信号灯模拟系统控制。此模拟系统控制利用的原理是：当十字 路口的绿灯即将变成红色时，从机的超声波收发器会发射出超声波，如果在五十 米外还有车在等待过马路，这时信号会被接受，然后被传送到从机的主控制器里， 然后由MAX485把TTL电平转换成符合RS-485传输电气特性的电信号，电信号传 递给主机的主控制器，从而控制显示屏和时间显示器，让绿灯时间延时20秒， 进而达到缓解交通堵塞的情况。 2 论文简述 本论文是通过实地观察，然后再结合实际，查找资料，给出了一种新型的交 通信号灯模拟控制系统设计方案。 2.1意义： 本次的机电系统控制设计能够根据实时车流量，实时且灵活的调控绿灯的通 行时间，灵活的增大了车辆在路口遇见绿灯的几率，减少道路交通堵塞情况，更 便于车辆的通行，有利于道路交通的优化，为人们节约了在路口等红灯的时间， 提高了人们的生活节奏。

智能交通信号灯毕业设计外文翻译

智能交通信号灯 摘要：信号控制是一种必要的措施以确保的质量和安全,交通循环。现在的信号控制的进一步发展具有极大的潜力来减少运行时间、车辆、事故成本和整车排放。检测的发展和计算机技术改变了交通信号控制从定时开环规定自适应反馈控制。目前的自适应控制方法,像英国、瑞典MOV A SOS)和英国(孤立的信号(area-wide又控制),采用数学优化与仿真技术来调整信号波动的时间观察到的交通流实时的。优化是通过改变时间和周期长度的绿色的信号。在area-wide交叉口控制偏移是之间也发生了变化。已经开发为几种方法确定最优周期长度和最小延迟在十字路口,但基于不确定性和严格的交通信号控制的本质,全局最优是不可能找到的。 1．引文：由于越来越多的公众意识的环境影响道路交通许多当局现在所追求的政策来:，管理供求?拥挤，影响模式和路径选择?;贯彻“三个代表”重要思想,提高公共汽车?有轨电车和其他公共服务车辆;设施提供更好的、更安全,骑自行车和行人的道路使用者等脆弱;降低汽车排放?、噪声和视觉入侵;为所有道路改善安全?用户群。 在自适应交通信号控制的弹性增强的增加的数量在周期层叠的绿色阶段,从而使数学优化非常复杂和困难。因为这个原因,自适应信号控制在大多数情况下不是建立在精确的优化上,而是建立在绿色的扩展原理。在实践中,遵循的均匀性是最主要的交通信号控制安全的原因。这一规定的限制的周期时间和相位的安排。因此,在实践中是交通信号控制的针对性的解决方案和调整的基础上由交通规划者。现代可编程信号控制器以大量的可调参数是非常适合这一过程。对于好的结果,一个经验丰富的策划人和微调领域中是必要的。模糊控制已经被证明是成功的,在这些问题中,精确的数学建模是困难的或不可能的,但一名有经验的人可以控制的工艺操作。因此,交通信号控制是一种适合于任务特别为模糊控制。事实上,最古老的文化之一的潜力的例子是一个模拟的模糊控制在一个inter-section交通信号控制的两个单向的街道。即使在这个非常简单的情况下,模糊控制是至少在作为一个良好的传统的自适应控制。一般而言,模糊控制是发现在复杂问题都优于用多目标决策。在交通信号控制多种交通流竞争来自同一时间和空间,而且不同的优先选择往往不同交通流或车辆组。此外,优化标准,包括几个同时喜欢平均和最大车辆和行人延误、最大队列长度和百分比停止的车辆。所以,它很可能是很有竞争力的模糊控制在复杂真实的十字路口的地方传统的优化方法的使用是有问题的。 2．模糊逻辑：介绍了模糊逻辑,并成功地应用于大范围的自动控制任务。最大的好处模糊逻辑是有机会模型与不确定的模糊决策。此外,模糊逻辑有能力理解语言指令和控制策略的基础上产生的先验的沟通。这一点在利用模糊逻辑来控制理论的基础上,是模仿人类专家控制的知识,而不是为了构建过程本身。的确,模糊控制已经被证明是成功的,在这些问题中,精确的数学建模是困难的或不可能的,但一名有经验的操作员可以控制的过程。一般而言,模糊控制是发现在复杂问题都优于多目标决策。 目前,有大量的基于模糊推论系统技术。不过它们当中的主要部分,受含糊不清的根基;即使它们大都是古典数学方法表现更好,他们还带有黑色的盒子,如德模糊化,这是很难证明数学或逻辑的。例如,如果-然后模糊规则,它们在核心的模糊推理系统,经常报道的工作方式,是Ponens概括规则推理机制的经典,但随便起来就不是这样的,这之间的关系,这些规则和多值逻辑是任何已知的复杂和人工。此外,专家系统的性能应相当于人类专家:它应该得到同样的结果,专家给,但提醒当控制问题是如此模糊,专家是不确定适当的行为。现有的模糊专家系统很少满足这第二种情况。 然而,很多研究观察,模糊推理的方法是基于相似。Kosko,举个例子,写的模糊隶属……代表的相似性定义对象特性的imprecisely。以这句话严重,我们学习系统的多值等价,即模糊相