英语语言学参考资料1

Chapter I Introduction

I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:

1. Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.

2.Linguistics studies particular language, not languages in general.

3. A scientific study of language is based on what the linguist thinks.

4. In the study of linguistics, hypotheses formed should be based on language facts and checked

against the observed facts.

5. General linguistics is generally the study of language as a whole.

6. General linguistics, which relates itself to the research of other areas, studies the basic

concepts, theories, descriptions, models and methods applicable in any linguistic study.

7. Phonetics is different from phonology in that the latter studies the combinations of the sounds to convey meaning in communication.

8. Morphology studies how words can be formed to produce meaningful sentences.

9. The study of the ways in which morphemes can be combined to form words is called morphology.

10. Syntax is different from morphology in that the former not only studies the morphemes, but

also the combination of morphemes into words and words into sentences.

11. The study of meaning in language is known as semantics.

12. Both semantics and pragmatics study meanings.

13. Pragmatics is different from semantics in that pragmatics studies meaning not in isolation,

but in context.

14.Social changes can often bring about language changes.

15. Sociolinguistics is the study of language in relation to society.

16. Modern linguistics is mostly prescriptive, but sometimes descriptive.

17. Modern linguistics is different from traditional grammar.

18. A diachronic study of language is the description of language at some point in time.

19 Modern linguistics regards the written language as primary, not the written language.

20. The distinction between competence and performance was proposed by F. de

Saussure.

II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:

21.Chomsky defines “competence” as the ideal user’s k__________ of the rules of his language.

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/10899792.html,ngue refers to the a__________ linguistic system shared by all the members

of a speech community while the parole is the concrete use of the conventions and application of the rules.

23.D_________ is one of the design features of human language which refers to the

phenomenon that language consists of two levels: a lower level of meaningless individual sounds and a higher level of meaningful units.

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/10899792.html,nguage is a system of a_________ vocal symbols used for human communication.

25. The discipline that studies the rules governing the formation of words into

permissible sentences in languages is called s________.

26. Human capacity for language has a g ____ basis, but the details of language have

to be taught and learned.

27. P ____ refers to the realization of langue in actual use.

28. Findings in linguistic studies can often be applied to the settlement of some

practical problems. The study of such applications is generally known as

a________ linguistics.

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/10899792.html,nguage is p___________ in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users. In other words, they can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences which they have never heard before.

30. Linguistics is generally defined as the s ____ study of language.

III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement.

31.If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use,

it is said to be ______________.

A. prescriptive

B. analytic

C. descriptive

D. linguistic

32.Which of the following is not a design feature of human language?

A. Arbitrariness

B. Displacement

C. Duality

D. Meaningfulness

33. Modern linguistics regards the written language as ____________.

A. primary

B. correct

C. secondary

D. stable

34. In modern linguistics, speech is regarded as more basic than writing, because ___________.

A.in linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing

B.speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information

conveyed.

C.speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother

tongue

D.All of the above

35. A historical study of language is a ____ study of language.

A. synchronic

B. diachronic

C. prescriptive

D. comparative

36.Saussure took a (n)__________ view of language, while Chomsky looks at language from a ________ point of view.

A. sociological…psychological

B. psychological…sociological

C. applied… pragmatic

D.semantic and linguistic

37. According to F. de Saussure, ____ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community.

A. parole

B. performance

C. langue

D. Language

38. Language is said to be arbitrary because there is no logical connection between _________

and meanings.

A. sense

B. sounds

C. objects

D. ideas

39. Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker.

This feature is called_________,

A. displacement

B. duality

C. flexibility

D. cultural transmission

40. The details of any language system is passed on from one generation to the next through

____ , rather than by instinct.

A. learning

B. teaching

C. books

D. both A and B

IV. Define the following terms:

41. Linguistics 42. Phonology 43. Syntax

44. Pragmatics 45. Psycholinguistics 46. Language

47. Phonetics 48. Morphology 49.Semantics

50. Sociolinguistics 51. Applied Linguistics 52.Arbitrariness

53 Productivity 54. Displacement 55.Duality

56. Design Features 57. Competence 58 Performance

59. Langue 60 Parole

V. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give examples for illustration if necessary:

61. Language is generally defined as a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. Explain it in detail.

62. What are the design features of human language? Illustrate them with examples.

63. How is modern linguistics different from traditional grammar?

64. How do you understand the distinction between a synchronic study and a diachronic study?

65. Why does modern linguistics regard the spoken form of language as primary, not the written?

66. What are the major distinctions between langue and parole?

67. How do you understand competence and performance ?

68. Saussure’s distinction between langue and parole seems similar to Chomsky’s

distinction between competence and performance. What do you think are their major differences?

69. Do you think human language is entirely arbitrary? Why?

Keys:

I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:

l.T 2.F 3.F 4.T 5.T 6.F 7.T 8.F 9.T 10.F

11.T 12.T 13.T 14.T 15.T 16.F 17.T 18.F 19.F 20.F

II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:

21. knowledge 22. abstract 23. Duality 24. arbitrary

25. syntax 26.genetic 27. Parole 28. applied 29. productive

30. scientific (or systematic)

III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement.

3l.C 32.D 33.C 34.D 35.B 36.A 37.C 38.B 39.A 40.D

IV. Define the following terms:

41.Linguistics: Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.

42.Phonology: The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is

called phonology.

43.Syntax: The study of how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences is called

syntax. .

44.Pragmatics: The study of meaning in context of use is called pragmatics .

45.Psycholinguistics: The study of language with reference to the workings of mind is

called psycholinguistics.

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/10899792.html,nguage: Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human

communication.

47.Phonetics: The study of sounds which are used in linguistic communication is called

phonetics .

48.Morphology: The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words is

called morphology.

49.Semantics: The study of meaning in language is called semantics.

50.Sociolinguistics: The study of language with reference to society is called

sociolinguistics,.

51.Applied linguistics: In a narrow sense, applied linguistics refers to the application

of linguistic principles and theories to language teaching and learning, especially

the teaching of foreign and second languages. In a broad sense, it refers to the

application of linguistic findings to the solution of practical problems such as the

recovery of speech ability.

52.arbitrariness: It is one of the design features of language. It means that there

is no logical connection between meanings and sounds

53.Productivity: Language is productive or creative in that it makes possible the con-

struction and interpretation of new signals by its users.

54.Displacement: Displacement means that language can be used to refer to things which

are present or not present, real or imagined matters in the past, present, or future,

or in far-away places. In other words, language can be used to refer to contexts removed

from the immediate situations of the speaker

55.Duality: The duality nature of language means that language is a system, which

consists of two sets of structure, or two levels, one of sounds and the other of

meanings..

56.Design features: Design features refer to the defining properties of human language

that distinguish it from any animal system of communication

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/10899792.html,petence: Chomsky defines competence as the ideal user's knowledge of the rules

of his language,

58.Performance: performance is the actual realization of the knowledge of the rules

in linguistic communication.

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/10899792.html,ngue : Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members

of a speech community; Langue is the set of conventions and rules which language users

all have to follow; Langue is relatively stable, it does not change frequently

60. Parole: Parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use; parole is the

concrete use of the conventions and the application of the rules; parole varies from

person to person, and from situation to situation.

V. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give examples for illustration if necessary:

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/10899792.html,nguage is generally defined as a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for

human communication. Explain it in detail.

First of all, language is a system, because elements of language are combined according to rules. Secondly, language is arbitrary because there is no intrinsic connection between form and meaning, or between the sign and what it stands for. Different languages have different words for the same object in the world. This fact is a good illustration of the arbitrary nature of language. This also explains the symbolic nature of language: words are just symbols; they are associated with objects, actions, ideas, etc. by convention . Thirdly, language is vocal because the primary medium is sound for all languages, no matter how well - developed their writing systems are.

The term "human" in the definition indicates that language is possessed by human beings only and is very different from the communication systems of other living creatures. The term "communication" means that language makes it possible for its users to talk to each other and fulfil their communicative needs.

62.What are the design features of human language? Illustrate them with examples.

1) Arbitrariness

As mentioned earlier, the arbitrary property of language means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. For instance, there is no necessary relationship between

the word elephant and the animal it symbolizes. In addition, different sounds are used to refer to the same object in different languages , and even within the same language, the same sound does not refer to the same thing. However, language is not entirely arbitrary. There are words which are created in the imitation of sounds by sounds, such as crash, bang in English. Besides, some compound words are also not entirely arbitrary. But the non-arbitrary words are quite limited in number.

The arbitrary nature of language makes it possible for language to have an unlimited source of expressions.

2) Productivity

Language is productive or creative in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users. This is why they can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences, including sentences that they have never said or heard before. They can send messages which no one else has ever sent before.

Productivity is unique to human language. Most animal communication systems appear to be highly restricted with respect to the number of different signals that their users can send and receive.

3) Duality

The duality nature of language means that language is a system, which consists of two sets of structure, or two levels, one of sounds and the other of meanings. At the lower or the basic level, there is the structure of sounds, which are meaningless, discrete, individual sounds. But the sounds of language can be combined according to rules into units of meaning such as morphemes and words, which, at the higher level, can be arranged into sentences. This duality of structure or double articulation of language enables its users to talk about anything within their knowledge. No animal communication system has duality or even comes near to possessing it.

4) Displacement

Displacement means that language can be used to refer to things which are present or not present, real or imagined matters in the past, present, or future, or in far-away places. In other words, language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. Animal calls are mainly uttered in response to immediate changes of situation.

5) Cultural transmission

Human beings were born with the ability to acquire language, but the details of any language are not genetically transmitted or passed down by instinct. They have to be taught and learned, but animal call systems are genetically transmitted .

63.How is modern linguistics different from traditional grammar?

Traditional grammar is prescriptive; it is based on "high "(religious, literary) written language . It sets grammatical rules and imposes the rules on language users. But Modern linguistics is descriptive; It collects authentic, and mainly spoken language data and then

英语语言学试题及答案

英语语言学试题（1） I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20%) 1、As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, and not to lay down rules for "correct" linguistic behavior, it is said to be ___. A、prescriptive B、sociolinguistic C、descriptive D、psycholinguistic 2、Of all the speech organs, the ___ is/are the most flexible. A、mouth B、lips C、tongue D、vocal cords 3、The morpheme "vision" in the common word "television" is a(n) ___. A、bound morpheme B、bound form C、inflectional morpheme D、free morpheme 4、A ___ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause. A、coordinator B、particle C、preposition D、subordinator 5、"Can I borrow your bike?" _____ "You have a bike." A、is synonymous with B、is inconsistent with C、entails D、presupposes 6、The branch of linguistics that studies how context influences the way speakers interpret sentences is called ___. A、semantics B、pragmatics C、sociolinguistics D、psycholinguistics 7、Grammatical changes may be explained, in part, as analogic changes, which are ___ or generalization. A、elaboration B、simplification C、external borrowing D、internal borrowing 8、___ refers to a marginal language of few lexical items and straightforward grammatical rules, used as a medium of communication. A、Lingua franca B、Creole C、Pidgin D、Standard language 9、Psychologists, neurologists and linguists have concluded that, in addition to the motor area which is responsible for physical articulation of utterances, three areas of the left brain are vital to language, namely, ___ . A、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and the angular gyrus B、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and cerebral cortex C、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and neurons D、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and Exner's area 10、According to Krashen, ___ refers to the gradual and subconscious development of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily communicative situations. A、learning B、competence C、performance D、acquisition II. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in One word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1%×10=10%) 11、Chomsky defines "competence" as the ideal user's k_______ of the rules of his language. 12、The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/have one feature in common, i.e, they are all b______ . 13、M_______ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. 14、A s______ is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement, question or command. 15、Synonyms that are mutually substitutable under all circumstances are called c______ synonyms. 16、The illocutionary point of r_____ is to commit the speaker to something's being the case, to the truth of what has been said. 17、Words are created outright to fit some purpose. Such a method of enlarging the vocabulary is known as word c______.

西交2015《健康评估》在线作业100分答案

2015西交《健康评估》在线作业 一、单选题（共 50 道试题，共 100 分。） 1. 下列哪项不符合书写护理病历的基本基本要求： A. 内容要全面真实 B. 描述要精炼 C. 字迹要清楚 D. 有错时可粘贴后重写 E. 签全名 正确答案：D 2. 关于心脏瓣膜听诊区的部位，下列哪项是正确的？ A. 三尖瓣区位于胸骨体下端右缘 B. 主动脉瓣第二听诊区位于胸骨左缘第 4 肋间 C. 二尖瓣区位于心尖部 D. 主动脉瓣区位于胸骨右缘第 3 肋间 E. 肺动脉瓣区位于胸骨右缘第 2 肋间 正确答案：C 3. 腹部的浅部触诊法有利于检查下列各项，除外： A. 有无压痛 B. 抵抗感 C. 搏动 D. 某些肿大的肿瘤 E. 阑尾压痛点 正确答案：E 4. 鉴别上下尿路感染的可靠指标是： A. 红细胞 B. 白细胞 C. 脓细胞 D. β 2-微球蛋白 E. 尿蛋白定量 正确答案：D 5. 区别腹部肿块来自腹腔或腹壁最简易的检查方法： A. 超声检查 B. 钡餐检查 C. 腹部体格检查 D. 腹部 X 线检查 E. 胃肠镜检查 正确答案：C 6. 下列哪种情况胸骨左缘第 2 肋间见异常搏动 A. 右心室肥大 B. 肺动脉高压 C. 升主动脉瘤 D. 主动脉弓瘤 E. 大动脉炎 正确答案：A 7. 腹部移动性浊音阳性，游离腹水量至少达： A. 300mL B. 500mL C. 800mL D. 1000mL E. 1500Ml 正确答案：D 8. 男，55 岁，腹部体查：肝剑突下 5cm,边缘不整，坚硬，有压痛，表面有结

节感，可闻及血管杂音。该患者最可能拟诊为： A. 肝左叶癌 B. 肝血管瘤 C. 肝血吸虫病 D. 腹主动脉瘤 E. 胰腺囊肿 正确答案：A 9. 循环系统疾病引起咯血的常见原因是: A. 心包炎 B. 肺梗塞 C. 风湿性心脏病二尖瓣狭窄 D. 房间隔缺损 E. 右心衰竭 正确答案：C 10. 评估肾脏疾病最常见的不可取代的首选检查是： A. 尿常规 B. 血尿素氮、肌酐、尿酸 C. 血尿素氮 D. 24 小时尿蛋白定量测定 E. 尿沉渣镜检 正确答案：A 11. 咯血在临床上最常见于: A. 肺脓肿 B. 风湿性心脏病二尖瓣狭窄 C. 肺结核 D. 肺癌 E. 支气管扩张 正确答案：C 12. 鉴别右心衰与肝硬化的主要点是： A. 有无腹水 B. 有无肝功能损害 C. 肝脏是否肿大 D. 颈静脉是否充盈 E. 脾脏是否肿大 正确答案：D 13. 护理记录内容不应包括： A. 情绪 B. 血压 C. 呼吸 D. 进食量 E. 家属的行为 正确答案：E 14. 有关窦性 P 波的描述，下列哪项是错的： A. 在大部分导联呈钝圆形，可有轻度切迹 B. P 波方向在Ⅱ导联可向下 C. P 波时限小于 0.12s D. 心率在正常范围时，成人 P-R 间期为 0.12～0.20s E. P 波方向在 aVR 导联向下 正确答案：B 15. 关于杂音的形成机制，下列哪种是正确的？

英语课程标准的基本理念

国家《英语课程标准》的基本理念 新一轮课程改革对英语教育教学理念产生了重大影响，最主要的一点是 明确了关于英语课程的功能的新理念“义务教育阶段英语课程具有工具性和人文性双重性质”。这是语言课程改革中的最重大的成就。 1、注重素质教育，体现语言学习对学生发展的价值。义务教育阶段英语课程的主要目的是为学生发展综合语言运用能力打基础，为他们继续学习英语和未来发展创造有利条件。语言既是交流的工具，也是思维的工具。学习一门外语能够促进人的心智发展，有助于学生认识世界的多样性，在体验中外文化的异同中形成跨文化意识，增进国际理解，弘扬爱国主义精神，形成社会责任感和创新意识，提高人文素养。 2、面向全体学生，关注语言学习者的不同特点和个体差异。义务教育是全民教育的重要组成部分，义务教育阶段的英语课程应面向全体学生，体现以学生为主体的思想, 在教学目标、教学内容、教学过程、教学评价和教学资源的利用与开发等方面都应考虑全体学生的发展需求。课程应成为学生在教师的指导下构建知识、发展技能、拓展视野、活跃思维、展现个性的过程。由于学生在年龄、性格、认知方式、生活环境等方面存在差异，他们具有不同的学习需求和学习特点。只有最大限度地满足个体需求才有可能获得最大化的整体教学效益。 3、整体设计目标，充分考虑语言学习的渐进性和持续性。英语学习具有明显的渐进性和持续性特点。语言学习持续时间长，而且需要逐渐积累。《义务教育英语课程标准》旨在体现小学、初中和高中各学段课程的有机衔接和各学段学生英语语言能力循序渐进的发展特点，保证英语课程的整体性、渐进性和持续性。英语课程应按照学生的语言水平及相应的等级要求组织教学和评价活动。 4、强调学习过程，重视语言学习的实践性和应用性。现代外语教育注重语言学习的过程，强调语言学习的实践性，主张学生在语境中接触、体验和理解真实语言并在此基础上学习和运用语言。英语课程提倡采用既强调语言学习过程又有利于提高学生学习成效的语言教学途径和方法尽可能多地为学生创造在真实语境中运用语言的机会。鼓励学生在教师的指导下，通过体验、

西交2015《护理管理学》在线作业100分答案

2015西交《护理管理学》在线作业 一、单选题（共40 道试题，共80 分。） 1. 下列哪项不是护理信息的特点 A. 相关性 B. 生物医学属性 C. 准确性 D. 非连续性 正确答案：D 2. 下列哪项是来自于个体原因引起的组织变革的阻力 A. 结构惯性 B. 经济原因 C. 权力威胁 D. 群体惯性 正确答案：B 3. 下列哪项不是口头传递信息方式的特点 A. 速度较快 B. 容易发生错误 C. 错误的责任有时难以追查 D. 较可靠 正确答案：D 4. ＡＢＣ时间管理法主要是为＿＿＿ A. 抓住关键因素 B. 确立项目 C. 自我评价 D. 以上都不是 正确答案：A 5. 护理信息系统的描述，下列哪项不正确 A. 收集信息 B. 整理信息 C. 处理信息 D. 储存信息 正确答案：B 6. 护理信息最常用的传递方式是 A. 人工处理 B. 口头方式 C. 文书方式 D. 计算机处理 正确答案：C 7. 以下哪一项不是激励的原则 A. 引导性 B. 公开性 C. 按需激励性 D. 时效性 正确答案：B 8. 首次强调管理中的人的因素的理论是 A. 人际关系学说 B. 人的基本需要层次论 C. 管理过程理论 D. 科学管理理论正确答案：A 9. 管理方格理论认为理想的管理应是＿＿＿ A. 协作式管理 B. 中庸式管理 C. 俱乐部式管理 D. 全额式管理 正确答案：A

10. 以下条目中，不属于归因理论中人们解释成功失败时的主要原因的是 A. 能力 B. 机遇 C. 突发事件 D. 任务难易程度 正确答案：C 11. 目标管理的第一步是：＿＿＿。 A. 制定高阶层领导总目标 B. 制定目标体系 C. 组织实施 D. 检查评价正确答案：B 12. 下列哪项不是控制的基本原则 A. 目的性原则 B. 客观性原则 C. 全面性原则 D. 灵活性原则 正确答案：C 13. 理想有效的管理是下列哪种领导类型 A. ９.９ B. ５.５ C. ９.１ D. １.９ 正确答案：A 14. 韦伯的行政组织理论的主要内容是 A. 企业的活动可分为六项 B. 管理活动中要遵循14 项原则 C. 管理职能要与执行职能分开 D. 管理活动需要稳定的行政组织体系正确答案：D 15. 我国护理组织架构中，300 张床位以上的医院设 A. 一级负责制 B. 二级负责制 C. 三级负责制 D. 四级负责制 正确答案：C 16. 组织因其内部固有机制而产生的影响变革的阻力称为 A. 专长威胁 B. 群体惯性 C. 权力威胁 D. 结构惯性 正确答案：D 17. 以下哪项不属于赫茨伯格双因素理论中的保健因素 A. 工资水平 B. 工作的成就感 C. 工作环境 D. 福利待遇 正确答案：B 18. 根据医院管理标准，二级医院病床数不少于＿＿＿张。 A. １００ B. ８０ C. １２０ D. ９０ 正确答案：A 19. 关于公平理论，以下描述哪项是错误的

英语语言学试题库

英语语言学 Ⅰ.Directions：Read each of the following statements carefully，Decide which of the four choices completes the statement and put the letter A,B,C or D in the brackets. 1.There are ( )main areas of phonetic study. A.2 B.3 C.4 D.5 ANSWER:B 2.The term( )linguistics may be defined as a way of referring to the approach which studies language change over various periods of time and at various historical stages. A.synchronic B.diachronic https://www.sodocs.net/doc/10899792.html,parative D.historical comparative ANSWER:B 3.Foreign language learning always contain ( ) A language historical process learning B.input and language learning C inter language in language learning D.grammar and language learning ANSWER:BCD 4.The way in which people address each other depends on their age, sex, social group, and personal relationship. The English system of address forms frequently used includes first name, last name, title+ last name, ( )and kin term. A title+ first name B title+ title

英语语言学试题(2)及答案-2002年1月

英语语言学试题（2） 一、单项选择题(在每小题的四个备选答案中，选出一个正确答案，并将正确答案的序号填在题干的括号内。每小题2分，共20分) 1. The pair of words “lend”and “borrow” are ___. A. gradable opposites B. relational opposites C. co-hyponyms D. synonyms 2. The discovery of Indo-European language family began with the work of the British scholar____ . A. Jacob Grimm B. Rasmus Rask C. Franz Bopp D. Sir William Jones 3. A linguist regards the changes in language and language use as ___. A. unusual B. something to be feared C. abnormal D. natural 4. ___produce fast and fluent speech with good intonation and pronunciation but the content of their speech ranges from mildly inappropriate to complete nonsense, often as unintelligible. A. Broca's aphasic B. The linguistic deprivation C. The damage on the angular gyrus D. Wernicke's aphasic 5. Some Southern learners of English in China tend to say “night” as “light”. This shows:___ A. They cannot pronounce/n/ B. Interlangue interference because there is not the sound /n/in their mother tongue C. The teachers do not have a good teaching method D. They do not like to pronounce nasal sounds 6. A word with several meanings is called __word. A. a polysemous B. a synonymous C. an abnormal D. a multiple 7. The function of the sentence “A nice day, isn't it?” is __. A. informative B. phatic C. directive D. performative 8. The most recognizable differences between American English and British English are in __ and vocabulary. A. usage B. grammar C. pronunciation D. structure 9.__deals with the way in which a language varies through geographical space. A. Linguistic geography B. Lexicology C. Lexicography D. Sociolinguistics 10.The semantic c omponents of the word “gentleman” can be expressed as __. A. +animate, +male, +human,-adult B. +animate, +male, +human, +adult C. +animate, -male, +human,-adult D. +animate,-male,+ human, +adult 二、填空题(每空1分，共10分) 11. A sentence is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of w________ to form a complete statement, q ________or command. 12. In sociolinguistic studies, speakers are treated as members of s____ g________. 13. Utterance is based on ________ ________ ;it is the realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication, or simply in a context. 14. To many people, a linguist is the same as a ________, one who can speak several languages fluently. 15. Consonant sounds can be either v ________or v____, while all vowel sounds are v________. 三、判断说明题(判断下列各小题，正确的在题后括号内写“T”，错的写“F”，并说明理由。每小题2分，共20分) 16. All words may be said to contain a root morpheme.( ) 17. Tense and reference are two terms often encountered in the study of meaning.( ) 18. Linguistics is the course of language.( ) 19. The part of a sentence which comprises an infinite verb or a verb phrase is grammatically called

东师《古代汉语(2)》20秋在线作业100分答案

单选题 1：浩荡属于复音词中的 A:连绵词 B:叠音词 C:附音词 D:合成词 正确答案：A 2: “吾闻汉购我头千金。”中的“购”可解释为（） A：采购 B:购买 C:收集 D：悬重赏征求 正确答案：D 3：根据字形和词义的联系，“要”的本义是 A:腰 B:邀请 C:需要 D:要挟 正确答案：A 4：近体诗押韵要依照（） A:切韵 B:广韵 C:唐韵 D:平水韵 正确答案：D 5:词义从古义过渡到今义，结果使古义成了新义外延的一部分，这种演变叫（）A：词义缩小 B：词义扩大 C：词义转移 D:词义改变 正确答案：B 6:在汉语汗韵学里，把同一韵的字归并到一起，构成_个独立的组合，称为）A:韵目 B：韵摄 C:韵部 D:韵尾

正确答案：C 7:《庄子》一书，包括外篇（）

正确答案：C 8:根据字形和词义的联系，谋的本义是 A:谋划 B:阴谋 C:研究 D:咨询 正确答案：D 9:有众属于复音词中的. A:连绵词 B:叠音词 C:附音词 D:合成词 正确答案：C 10:'‘而彭祖乃今以久特闻”中“特”的意义是（） A:独 B:特別 C:特殊 D:公牛 正确答案：A 多选题 1：五音是根据发音部位划分出来的，声母分为唇音和 A:舌音 B:齿音 C:牙音 D:喉音 正确答案：A,B,C,D 2:'‘以和氏之璧与道徳之至言以示贤者，贤者必取至言矣”。关于此句，理解正确的 是）））） A:与是和的意思 B ：者是助词，表示停顿 C:必是副词，一定的意思 D:示是“给……看”的意思 正确答案：A, C, D 3: “今夫齐，亦君之水也。君长有齐阴，奚以薛为”关于此句，理解正确的是）））） 篇 5 篇 篇 IX IX IA IA

英语语言学第1-3章课后练习题

《新编简明英语语言学教程》第二版第1-3章练习题参考答案 Chapter 1 Introduction P13 1. How do you interpret the following definition of linguistics: Linguistics is the scientific study of language？ 答：Linguistics is based on the systematic investigation of linguistic data, conducted with reference to some general theory of language structure. In order to discover the nature and rules of the underlying language system, the linguists has to collect and observe language facts first, which are found to display some similarities, and generalizations are made about them; then he formulates some hypotheses about the language structure. The hypotheses thus formed have to be checked repeatedly against the observed facts to fully prove their validity. In linguistics, as in any other discipline, data and theory stand in a dialectical complementation, that is, a theory without the support of data can hardly claim validity, and data without being explained by some theory remain a muddled mass of things. 2. What are the major branches of linguistics? What does each of them study? 答：The major branches of linguistics are: (1) phonetics: it studies the sounds used in linguistic communication; (2) phonology: it studies how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in communication; (3) morphology: it studies the way in which linguistic symbols representing sounds are arranged and combined to form words; (4) syntax: it studies the rules which govern how words are combined to form grammatically permissible sentences in languages; (5) semantics: it studies meaning conveyed by language; (6) pragmatics: it studies the meaning in the context of language use. 3. In what basic ways does modern linguistics differ from traditional grammar? 答：The general approach thus traditionally formed to the study of language over the years is roughly referred to as “t raditional gramma r.” Modern linguistics differs from traditional g rammar in several basic ways. Firstly, linguistics is descriptive while traditional grammar is prescriptive. Second, modem linguistics regards the spoken language as primary, not the written. Traditional grammarians, on the other hand, tended to emphasize, maybe over-emphasize, the importance of the written word, partly because of its permanence. Then, modem linguistics differs from traditional grammar also in that it does not force languages into a Latin-based framework. 4. Is modern linguistics mainly synchronic or diachronic? Why? 答：In modem linguistics, a synchronic approach seems to enjoy priority over a diachronic one. Because people believed that unless the various states of a language in different historical periods are successfully studied, it would be difficult to describe the changes that have taken place in its historical development. 5. For what reasons does modern linguistics give priority to speech rather than to writing? 答：Speech and writing are the two major media of linguistic communication. Modem linguistics regards the spoken language as the natural or the primary medium of human language for some obvious reasons. From the point of view of linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing. The writing system of any langu age is always “invented” by its users to record speech when the need arises. Even in today's world there are still many languages that can only be spoken but not written. Then in everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed. And also, speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tongue, and writing is learned and taught later when he goes to school. For modern linguists, spoken language reveals many true features of human speech while written language is only the “revised” record of spe ech. Thus their data for investigation and analysis are mostly drawn from everyday speech, which they regard as authentic.

小学英语课程标准试题及答案 (1)

一、填空 1、根据小学生的生理和心理特点以及发展要求， 小学教师阶段英语课程的目的是激发学生学习英语的，培养 他们英语学习的积极态度。使他们建立初步的学习英语的自信心，培养学生一定的语感和良好的语音语 调、基础，使他们形成初步用英语进行简单日常 交流的能力，为进一步学习打下基础。 3、根据小学生学习的特点，小学英语教学要创建活动课课 为主的教学模式，教学重点是培养学生用语言进行交流的能力。 小学英语教学不讲解语法概念。要充分利用教学资源，采用 听、做、说、唱、玩、演的方式，鼓励学生积极参与、大胆表达，侧重 提高明小学生对语言的感受和初步用英语进行听、说、唱、 演、、、的能力。小学五、六年级的英语教学，在 进一步加强学生听说能力的同时，发展初步的读写能力，为进一步学习打好基础。 4、小学英语教材应符合儿童的认知特点，有利于培养他们 的兴趣1 与语感；要有利于学生了解英语国家 的文化、习俗，培养他们对异国文化的正确态度。教材还应 有利于培养学生用英语进行交流和做事情的能力，提 高他们的思维能力和认知世界的能力。小学英 语教学应尽量采用多种媒体的现代化教学手段，充分利录音机，VCD机、广播，电视，网络等设备和技术，创设良好语言环境和充 分的语言实践机会。 6、三、四年级的期末或学年评价基本不采用书面测试 方式，应采用与平时教学活动相近的方式进行，通过对学生的观察 和与学生交流等方式评价学生。五、六年级的期末或学年考试可采用口笔结合的方式。口试要考查学生实际运用 所学语言的能力，考查要贴近学生学生生活i 。笔试主要考查 和听和读的技能。 7、终结性评价可采用等级制或达标的方法记成 绩，不用百分之。 一、选择题：根据新课程标准，选择正确答案（20分） 8、语言技能一级目标中玩演的要求：能用英语做游戏并在游戏 用 A——————————；能做简单的角色表演；能表演英文歌曲及简单的童话剧等。 A、英语进行简单的交际 B、用简单的英语讲简单的故事 C、表演小故事或童话剧 D、能看懂英文动画片

英语语言学考研真题与典型题详解1

1.3考研真题与典型题详解 I. Fill in the blanks. 1. The features that define our human languages can be called ______ features. (北二外2006研) 2. Linguistics is usually defined as the ______study of language. (北二外2003研) 3. Language, broadly speaking, is a means of______ communication. 4. In any language words can be used in new ways to mean new things and can be combined into innumerable sentences ba sed on limited rules. This feature is usually termed______ 5. Linguistics is the scientific study of______. 6. Modern linguistic is______ in the sense that the linguist tries to discover what language is rather than lay down some rul es for people to observe. 7. One general principle of linguistic analysis is the primacy of ______ over writing. 8. The branch of linguistics which studies the sound patterns of a language is called ______. (北二外2003研) 9. The branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words is called______. (北二外2004研) 10. ______mainly studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription. (北二外2005研) 11. Semantics and ______investigate different aspects of linguistic meaning. (北二外2007研) 12. In linguistics, ______ refers to the study of the rules governing the way words are combined to form sentences in a lang uage, or simply, the study of the formation as sentence. (中山大学2008研) 13. ______can be defined as the study of language in use. Sociolinguistics, on the other hand, attempts to show the relations hip between language and society. 14. The branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of sentence is called _______. (北二外2008研) 15. Saussure distinguished the linguistic competence of the speaker and the actual phenomena or data of linguistics (utteran ces) as and . The former refers to the abstract linguistic linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, and the latter is the concrete manifestation of language either through speech or through writing. (人大2006研) 16. The description of a language as it changes through time is a ______ study. 17. Linguistic potential is similar to Saussure’s langue and Chomsky’s______. 18. One of the important distinctions in linguistics is ______ and parole. The former is the French word for “language”, whi ch is the abstract knowledge necessary for speaking，listening， writing and reading. The latter is concerned about the actual use of language by people in speech or writing. Parole is more variable and may change according to contextual factors. 19. One of the important distinctions in linguistics is and performance. (人大2006研) 20. Chomsky initiated the distinction between ______ and performances. (北二外2007研) II. Multiple Choice 1.Which of the following is NOT a frequently discussed design feature? (大连外国语学院2008研) A. Arbitrariness B. Convention C. Duality 2.Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary? (西安交大2008研) A. tree B. crash C. typewriter D. bang 3. A linguist regards the changes in language and languages use as______. A. unnatural B. something to be feared C. natural D. abnormal 4. Which of the following property of language enables language users to overcome the barriers caused by time and place, d ue to this feature of language, speakers of a language are free to talk about anything in any situation? A. Transferability. B. Duality. C. Displacement. D. Arbitrariness: 5. The study of physical properties of the sounds produced in speech is closely connected with______. (大连外国语学院2008研) A. articulatory phonetics B. acoustic phonetics C. auditory phonetics 6. Which of the following statements is true of Jacobson’s framework of language functions? A. The referential function is to indulge in language for its own sake. B. The emotive function is to convey message and inf ormation. C. The conative function is to clear up intentions, words and meanings. D. The phatic function is to establish communion w ith others.