北师大版高一英语语法(必修一-必修四)

北师大版高一英语语法(必修一-必修四)

必修一

一、一般现在时和现在进行时

1,一般现在时e: 反复进行的,经常性的动作(惯例或习惯)

Eg, He watches soap operas.

及状态I live in Beijing.

一般现在时常和下列时间状语连用:always, usually, from, time to time, twice a week, rarely, seldom, once a month, never.

2,现在进行时:说话时正在进行的动作(现在,此刻)

一定时间段内经常进行的动作

和现在进行时连用的时间状语有just, now, at the moment, at present.

二、一般将来时:将来的安排和打算

1、be going to 表示打算要做的事情。

2、现在进行时表示已经确定或安排好事情。

Eg, I’m getting married in June.

3、一般现在是表示不可改变的官方活动或时间表

The summer term begins on the 15th of February.

三、一般过去时和过去进行时

1,一般过去时:表示过去完成的动作或过去的情境和习惯。

Eg: She climb the stairs and went to her room.

用一般过去时要在规则动词词尾加-ed,或用不规则动词的过去式,一般过去式的疑问句和否定句用did 和didn’t 加动词原形。

2、过去进行时:过去某段时间正在进行的动作形成某些事件发生的情境动

作。

Eg, It was raining during the whole match.

当过去进行时和一般过去时出现在同一个句子中时,过去进行时描述故事发生的背景,儿一般过去时则报道该事件。

Eg,We driving along a country lane when, suddenly a car drove past

us.

Form: 过去进行时的结构是:主语+was /were +动词-ing形式。

Eg,The driver was sitting behind the wheel.

四、现在完成时和一般过去式,现在完成时表示发生在过去的事情对现在依然有明显的影响发生在过去的动作但是不知道动作发生的时间或对动作发生的确切时

间不感兴趣。

现在完成时经常和下列时间状语连用:

Before, ever, never, already, and , yet. already 用于肯定句,yet 用于疑问句和否定句。Venus and Serena have played each other before.(重要的事他们过去进行了比赛,但是何时比赛并不重要—现在完成时)

Venus and Serena have played each other in June 1999.( 我们知道此事发生的确切时间—一般过去时)

五、被动语态

在下列情况下使用被动语态:

1、不知道耶不需要知道谁做的这件事。

2、动作的执行者“显而易见”　

3、动作本身比动作执行者更重要或不想指出谁做的这件事。

4、在书面语特别是在科技报告、报刊文章中被动语态比主动语态更正式。

Form:

Tense时态form 形式+past

一般现在时am/is/are +past participle 过去分词现在进行时am/is/are being +pp

现在完成时have/has been +pp

一般过去时was/were +pp

过去进行时was/were being +pp

六、have to/not have to, can/can’t, ought to/ought not to uses 用法:

have to 用来表示义务责任,You have to pass your test before you can drive.

Don’t have to 表达不必:We don’t have to wear uniforms at our

school.

Can 用来表示允许或请求许可或者表示某事可能发生。

You can buy CDs at the market.

Can’t 表示禁止或不可能:You can’t go out tonight.

Ought to 表示应该做某事。You ought to visit your grandparents this weekend.

Ought not to 表示不应该做某事You ought not to walk alone at night.

Form 形式

can/can’t, have to/not have to 及ought to/ought not to 后用动词原形。

现在完成时,一般现在时,一般过去时

很多语言都有现在完成时态,因此常将它和一般现在时混淆,在英语中,用现在完成时描述发生在过去但对现在又影响的事件。如果涉及到过去某时间,则要用一般过去时。

如果过去事件的确切时间或日期不重要,也可以用现在完成时。

必修二

一、will 和be going to 表示推测揣想

1、Will+动词原形表示依据直觉知识经验等做出的揣测。

二、真实条件句

A表示依据其他将来事件将来有可能发生的事件。

If the rain stops, the match will begin.

句型是:

if clause main clause

if +present simple will/won’t +infinitive/without to 也可能用其他句型,特别是使用情态动词时:

If you have time, we can go for a walk this evening.

B建议或命令某人做某事,提出建议或请求:

If you feel sleepy, go to bed.

句型是

If clause main clause

If +present simple imperative(祈使句)

三. 虚拟条件句

A虚拟条件句(1)表示想象的将来不可能发生的事

If I become an MP, I’d fight for animals rights.

2)现在不可能存在的状态

If I lived closer to school, I wouldn’t have to get up so early.

句型是

If clause main clause

If +past simple would /could /might +infinitive/without to

四、突然决定,表示将来的时间状语;状语从句;让步状语从句。

说话瞬间突然做出决定,用will +动词原形表示。

表示将来的时间状语从句,在when, as soon as, after, before 引导的时间状语从句中用一般现在时表将来。

Adverbial clause of concession 让步状语从句

Although和though可以引导让步状语从句

Although she doesn’t enjoy her job, she works hard..

五、状语从句二原因、结果、目的状语从句

1.as, since, because 等连词可以引导原因状语从句

As I haven’t studied, I won’t pass this exam

2.so that 可以引导目的状语从句

He is studying hard so that he can become a doctor.

3.so …that 或such+(an) +名词+that 可引导结果状语从句。

It is so cold that the lake has frozen over.

4.在many, much, few, little 前用so 而不用such.

Famous film stars earn so much money nowadays that they can choose who to work for.

用so lovely a boy 可代替such a lovely boy.

六、表示时间,地点和动作的介词

Time :时间after lunch, at midnight, at night, at the movement,

before Christmas, during the break in 1999, in April, in the morning, on Sunday, on 1st April.

Place 地点at home /the bank /the seaside /above the lake/ below

the clouds, behind the tree, between the bank and the park., in Bake street, in the box, in the picture, on the table/bus/first floor, under

the bridge, over the table.

Movement 动作: across the park\, along the river, in to the

building, to/from Warsaw

七、定语从句 1

定语从句可用来修饰,限定正在谈论的人或物

Students who go to this school

没有定语从句就不知道所谈的和人或何物。

在定语从句中门要用下列关系代词:

Who (有时用that )用来指人,that用来指代动物。

Which (that)用来指代物地点等

The park that is in the center of the town has beautiful big trees.

Where 用来指代位置和地点,whose用来表示所属关系。

若关系代词which,that或who在定语从句中作宾语,而不做主语时,可以省略。

The girl (who) you meet is Peter’s sister.

八、冠词,a, an ,the

在下列情况下用a/an

1,所谈论的事那个人或物并不重要时

2),所谈论的是一类人或物时,3,第一次谈论某人或物时,

2,单词首字母为辅音前用 a ,而首字母为元音或以元音发音的名词前用an 3, 在下列情况下用the

1)所谈论的人或物是读者或听者已知晓的且易于辨认的。

2)当所谈论的人或物时世界上独一无二的

用或不用冠词的短语

英语有许多短语中冠词的使用很难解释清楚,所以需要牢记

No article:零冠词at home, at school, go to work, go to bed, have

breakfast /lunch, in hospital,

和the 连用的短语:at the station, to the cinema, play the piano, in

the morning/ evening .

和a 连用的短语:have a bath /shower, have a rest, have a cake, have

a drink.

在国家和城镇名称前不用the 但在河流,海洋和山脉名称前要用the。

必修三

一、引导的定语从句

关系副词where, when 引导的定语从句可提供时间和地点的信息,在reason 后可用why 引导的定语从句。

介词+ which /whom 引导的定语从句

关系代词可做介词的宾语,通常在which和whom前加介词即介词+which/whom 结构

This is the book for which he is looking.

可以根据定语从句所修饰的名词或代词来选介词,也可以依据从句的相关动词来选用。但在日常英语中,通常是吧介词放在从句句末,省略关系代词which 和whom

The train(which /that) I’m travelling on is for Shanghai.

二、形容词和副词的比较

More and more 越来越…　

Less /the least 不如/最不…　

The …the …越…就越… The less I worried, the better I worked.

三、修饰形容词比较级

Much, a lot, slightly, a little, almost, a bit, far, even, still,

twice/ three times …more than/twice as much/many as/twice the +n +of …比…多/是…的两倍/三倍。

四、状态或动作动词

英语中动词分为两类:动作动词和状态动词。动作动词描述动作,可用于一般时态和进行时态;状态动词描述状态,一般不用于进行时态。

状态动词

表达思维活动的动词:admit, believe, know, mean, prefer, realize,

remember, think, understand, want,

表达情感的动词:adore,care, like, dislike, love, hate, hope

表达拥有和存在的动词:appear, be, belong, contain, have, include,

need, seem, possess, own.

感官动词feel, hear, look, see, smell, sound, taste,有些状态动词也可以表示动作,在此意义上,这些动词可用于现在时。How are you feeling?

感官动词后用形容词修饰二不用副词。

The roses look and smell beautiful.

四、定语从句:限制性和非限制性定语从句

限制性定语从句修饰限定名词和代词,清楚表明所修饰的人或物,

The girl who is playing tennis is my friend.

非限制性定语从句提供句子意义以外的额外信息要用逗号隔开

My friend, who is playing tennis, comes from Italy.

非限制性定语从句中的关系代词which 可指整个句子:

It’s very difficult to give up smoking, which is why my father

failed several times.

五、现在完成进行时

用法:1.过去开始的反复或正在进行的尚未完成的动作

I’ve been going everywhere by bike for the last two months.

2.最近的过去开始的对现在又影响的动作。

He ‘s been doing his science project all night.(that’s why he’s so sleepy, now.)

Form:形式

Subject + have /has +been + -ing

You’ve been studying very hard.

六、现在完成时和现在完成进行时

1.我们用现在完成时谈论一个完成的动作,用现在完成进行时谈论未完成的动作。

2.现在完成时关注动作结果,尤其谈到数字或数量时,现在完成进行时关注动作本身,特别是解释动作可见的结果时。

He has run three times

He has been running for an hour.

七、现在完成时和时间状语

现在完成时使用下列时间状语:.

1.before,ever, never, seldom, sometimes often, usually, just, 这些副词一般放在has /have 之后,有时放在句末。

2. already 用在陈述句中(一般在have 之后)yet 用在疑问句和否定句中(常放在句末)

3.for, since, all my life

For 说明动作的时间长度,since说明动作的起点。

八、too 加形容词,not + 形容词+ enough

Too + 形容词表示某物超过我们所需。标识语too + 形容词相反的意思用not + 形容词+ enough结构。

九、形容词的顺序

Quality –size/age/shape-color-origin-made of-type/usage-noun

Beautiful long brown hair

Metal half-moon glasses

Old French car

10、冠词a/an

1,冠词a/an用在单数可数名词前,泛指某人某事,并把该人该事作为一群/一种的例子时。2,第一次谈论某事时用冠词a/an。

The,定冠词

1,当别人知道我们谈论的那个人那件事,并能容易地判定该人,该事时,

The car is dirty.

2,谈论世上独一无二的事物。

3,河流,海洋,山脉和群岛名称前,the Nile.

4,单数名词表达整个种类时,The whale is the biggest mammal.

5,形容词谈论享有同一特征的群体时,

零冠词

1,在表示泛指的复数名词和不可数名词前

2,在洲,城镇,湖泊,单座山脉,单个岛屿和国家名称前,,

3,机场,车站,街道的名称前

4,在复数形式的国名和国名中含有一个普通名词的国家名称前要加the.

必修四

一、some /any /no; a lot of /many /much; there is /are英语名词分为可数名词和不可数名词,可数名词有单,复数形式,而不可数名词只有单数形式。

Some, any, no, a lot of 是数量词,用在可数或不可数名词前。通常some 用于肯定句,any用于否定句。

Much和a little 用于不可数名词前

I need some new shoes. I don’t have any money.

We ha ven’t bought much sugar. There is a little milk left.

Many 和a few 用于可数复数名词前

There aren’t many quiet place nowadays.

I invited a few friends to my birthday party.

A lot of 用于可数复数名词和不可数名词前。Much和many主要用于否定句。

Not many people come to her party.

He haven’t got much homework tonight.

表示某处有某物时常用there is /are 结构。

二、all none, both neither, 是限定词,all用于复数名词或不可数名词前表示人或物种的每一个或全部整体。

All (of) the players are fit. She ate all (of) her rice.

Noun of 用于复数名词或the +集合名词前,和noun 连用得动词可以使单数或复数,但总是肯定形式。表达两人或两物时,用both of和neither of。

三、another,other, the other, the second.

Another, other, the other , second 是限定词,another用于单数可数名词前表示“又一个”或另外一个,其他一种。

Other ,用于复数名词前,表示另外的,更多的。

There are other routes to school but this is the nicest one.

四、不定式

不定式to do在句中可做主与,表语,宾语,宾语补足语,定语和状语。

It is useful to know how to drive.(宾补)

The best way to learn a foreign language is to make friends with a foreigner.(定语,表语)

I need to attend the meeting.(宾语)

在特定动词后,不定式可以和疑问词连用。

Verb+ who /which /how / when …+ to do

不定式的否定式是not to do.

五、被动语态。

1,可用于不知道或不需要强调动作执行者时,

The press conference will be held in the hotel lobby.

2, 动作的执行者很明确时。

3,要强调动作本身二不是强调谁做的这件事时。

4,有时,要强调的动作执行者时(人或物)通常在句末用by + 名词表示。

Form:

一般现在时:is/are +过去分词一般过去时was /were + 过去分词

现在进行时:is/are being + 过去分词

过去进行时:was /were being + 过去分词

现在完成时:have /has been +过去分词

过去完成时:had been +过去分词

Will : will be +过去分词

Can : can be + 过去分词

Be going to : is going to be +过去分词

六、动名词

动名词(ing形式)在句中起名词的作用,可用作主语,表语,定语和宾语(用在动词或介词后)

Smoking is a terrible habit.(主语)

The advertising of products and services is big business.(主语)

His hobby is colleting stamps.(表语)

He doesn’t like my singing.(宾语)

We are tired from working all day. (宾语)

Where is the publishing house?(定语)

注意:不要混淆介词to 和不定式符号to (do) 动名词用于介词后。

I’m looking forward to getting you early.

七、跟动名词或不定式的动词。

跟不定式作宾语的动词有:decide, refuse, learn, ask, tell, fail,

choose, promise, expect, wish, intend, manage, pretend, agree, help,

arrange, afford, plan, would, like/ love/prefer, persuade, seem, appear,

offer, attempt.

跟动名词作宾语的动词有:can’t help, dislike, avoid, consider,

finish, suggest, deny, give up, imagine, put off, risk, mind, keep, miss,

enjoy, can’t stand, fancy, admit, delay .

即可跟不定式,也可跟动名词做宾语的有:1)begin,start, continue, intend

这些动词后可跟不定式或动名词意义上区别不大,可通用。

2)hate, like, love, prefer, 大部分表示喜欢或不喜欢,的动词常可跟动名词做宾语,也可跟不定式做宾语,但有时在含以上略有区别。

3)remember, forget, regret, mean, try, stop, need/want, 这些动词后用不定时还是动名词做宾语,含义不同。

Remember to do 记得将要做,remember doing 记得曾做过,

Regret to do 做事前,感觉遗憾,惋惜。Regret doing 做此时后,感到懊悔。

Stop to do sth 停下正在做的事,开始另一件事。Stop doing sth 停止正在做的事

Try to do sth, 努力尽力做某事。Try doing sth, 试着做某事,看是否达到预期效果。

八、现在分词,即动词-ing形式,在句中起形容词作用或副词作用,可用作定语,状语,表语和宾语补足语。

The crying child had a cut on his knee.

有时,现在分词短语可以替代定语或状语从句,现在分词短语还可以替代and 或but 连接两个并列句。

现在分词短语作状语时,其逻辑主语也必须是句子的主语。

北师大版高中英语必修一课文电子版

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