Company_Law-中国公司法英文翻译
【Statute Title】Company Law of the People’s Republic of China (2005 Revision)[现行有效] 【法规标题】中华人民共和国公司法(2005修订) [Effective]
Promulgation date:10-27-2005
Effective date:01-01-2006
Department:Standing Committee of the National People's Congress Subject:Companies 发布日期：2005-10-27
生效日期：2006-01-01
发布部门：全国人大常委会类别：公司
Order of the President
(No. 42 [2005])
The Company Law of the People’s Republic of China was amended and adopted at the 18th session of the Standing Committee of the Tenth National People’s Congress of the People’s Republic of China on October 27, 2005. The amended Company Law of the People’s Republic of China is hereby promulgated and shall come into force on January 1, 2006.
President of the People’s Republic of China Hu Jintao
October 27, 2005
Company Law of the People’s Republic of China
(Adopted at the Fifth Se ssion of the Standing Committee of the Eighth National People’s Congress on December 29, 1993. Revised for the first time on December 25, 1999 according to the Decision of the Thirteenth Session of the Standing Commit tee of the Ninth People’s Congress on Amending the Company Law of the People’s Republic of China. Revised for the second time on August 28, 2004 according to the Decision of the 11th Session of the Standing Committee of the 10th National People’s Congress of the People’s Republic of China on Amending the Company Law of the People’s Republic of China. Revised for the third time at the 18th Session of the 10th National People’s Congress of the People’s Republic of China on October 27, 2005)
Contents
Chapter I General Provisions
Chapter II Establishment and Organizational Structure of A Limited Liability Company
Section 1 Establishment
Section 2 Organizational structure
Section 3 Special Provisions on One-person Limited Liability Companies
Section 4 Special Provisions on Wholly State-owned Companies
Chapter III Transfer of Stock Right of A Limited Liability Company
Chapter IV Establishment and Organizational Structure of A Joint Stock Limited Company Section 1 Establishment
Section 2 Shareholders’ Assembly
Section 3 Board of Directors, Managers
Section 4 Board of Supervisors
Section 5 Special Provisions on the Organizational Structure of A Listed Company
Chapter V Issuance and Transfer of Shares of A Joint Stock Limited Company
Section 1 Issuance of Shares
Section 2 Transfer of Shares
Chapter VI Qualifications and Obligations of the Directors, Supervisors and Senior Managers of A Company
Chapter VII Corporate Bonds
Chapter VIII Financial Affairs and Accounting of A Company
Chapter IX Merger and Split-up of Company; Increase and Deduction of Registered Capital Chapter X Dissolution and Liquidation of A Company
Chapter XI Branches of Foreign Companies
Chapter XII Legal Liabilities
Chapter XIII Supplementary Provisions
中华人民共和国主席令
（第42号）
《中华人民共和国公司法》已由中华人民共和国第十届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第十八次会议于2005年10月27日修订通过，现将修订后的《中华人民共和国公司法》公布，自2006年1月1日起施行。
中华人民共和国主席胡锦涛
2005年10月27日
中华人民共和国公司法
（1993年12月29日第八届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第五次会议通过根据1999年12月25日第九届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第十三次会议《关于修改〈中华人民共和国公司法〉的决定》第一次修正根据2004年8月28日第十届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第十一次会议《关于修改〈中华人民共和国公司法〉的决定》第二次修正2005年10月27日第十届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第十八次会议修订）
目录
第一章总则
第二章有限责任公司的设立和组织机构
第一节设立
第二节组织机构
第三节一人有限责任公司的特别规定
第四节国有独资公司的特别规定
第三章有限责任公司的股权转让
第四章股份有限公司的设立和组织机构
第一节设立
第二节股东大会
第三节董事会、经理
第四节监事会
第五节上市公司组织机构的特别规定
第五章股份有限公司的股份发行和转让
第一节股份发行
第二节股份转让
第六章公司董事、监事、高级管理人员的资
格和义务
第七章公司债券
第八章公司财务、会计
第九章公司合并、分立、增资、减资
第十章公司解散和清算
第十一章外国公司的分支机构
第十二章法律责任
第十三章附则
Chapter I General Provisions 第一章总则
Article 1 This Law is enacted for the purposes of regulating the organization and operation of companies, protecting the legitimate rights and interests of companies, shareholders and creditors, maintaining the socialist economic order, and promoting the development of the socialist market economy
第一条【立法目的】为了规范公司的组织和行为，保护公司、股东和债权人的合法权益，维护社会经济秩序，促进社会主义市场经济的发展，制定本法。
Article 2 The term "company" as mentioned in this Law refers to a limited liability company or a joint stock company limited set up within the territory of the People’s Republic of China according to the provisions of this Law.
第二条【调整对象】本法所称公司是指依照本法在中国境内设立的有限责任公司和股份有限公司。
Article 3 A company is an enterprise legal person, which has independent legal person property and enjoys the right to legal person property. It shall bear the liabilities for its debts with all its property. For a limited liability company, a shareholder shall be liable for the company to the extent of the capital contributions it has paid. For a joint stock limited company, a shareholder shall be liable for the company to the extent of the shares it has subscribed to.
第三条【公司的界定】公司是企业法人，有独立的法人财产，享有法人财产权。公司以其全部财产对公司的债务承担责任。
有限责任公司的股东以其认缴的出资额为限对公司承担责任；股份有限公司的股东以其认购的股份为限对公司承担责任。
Article 4 The shareholders of a company shall be entitled to enjoy the capital proceeds, participate in making important decisions, choose managers and enjoy other rights.
第四条【股东权利】公司股东依法享有资产收益、参与重大决策和选择管理者等权利。
Article 5 When conducting business operations, a company shall comply with the laws and administrative regulations, social morality, and business morality. It shall act in good faith, accept the supervision of the government and general public, and bear social responsibilities. The legitimate rights and interests of a company shall be protected by laws and may not be trespassed.
第五条【合法经营和合法权益受保护】公司从事经营活动，必须遵守法律、行政法规，遵守社会公德、商业道德，诚实守信，接受政府和社会公众的监督，承担社会责任。
公司的合法权益受法律保护，不受侵犯。
Article 6 To establish a company, an application for establishment registration shall be filed with the company registration authority. If the application meets the establishment requirements of this Law, the company registration authority shall register the company as a limited liability company or joint stock limited company. If the application does not meet the establishment requirements of this Law, it shall not be registered as a limited liability company or joint stock limited company.
If any law or administrative regulation provides that the establishment of a company shall be subject to approval, and relevant approval formalities shall be gone through prior to the registration of the company.
The general public may go to a company registration authority to search and consult the registration information filed by a company and the authority shall provide the research services for the public.
第六条【公司设立的准则主义】设立公司，应当依法向公司登记机关申请设立登记。符合本法规定的设立条件的，由公司登记机关分别登记为有限责任公司或者股份有限公司；不符合本法规定的设立条件的，不得登记为有限责任公司或者股份有限公司。
法律、行政法规规定设立公司必须报经批准的，应当在公司登记前依法办理批准手续。
公众可以向公司登记机关申请查询公司登记事项，公司登记机关应当提供查询服务。
Article 7 For a lawfully established company, the company registration authority shall issue a 第七条【公司营业执照】依法设立的公司，
company business license to the company. The date of issuance of the company business license shall be the date of establishment of the company. The company business license shall state the name, domicile, registered capital, actually paid capital, business scope, legal representative, etc. If any of the items as stated in the business license is changed, the company shall modify the registration and the company registration authority shall replace its old business license by a new one. 由公司登记机关发给公司营业执照。公司营业执照签发日期为公司成立日期。
公司营业执照应当载明公司的名称、住所、注册资本、实收资本、经营范围、法定代表人姓名等事项。
公司营业执照记载的事项发生变更的，公司应当依法办理变更登记，由公司登记机关换发营业执照。
Article 8 A limited liability company established according to this Law shall include the words of "limited liability company" or "limited company" in its name. A joint stock limited company established according to this Law shall include words of "joint stock limited company" or "joint stock company".
第八条【公司的名称】依照本法设立的有限责任公司，必须在公司名称中标明有限责任公司或者有限公司字样。
依照本法设立的股份有限公司，必须在公司名称中标明股份有限公司或者股份公司字样。
Article 9 A limited liability company to be changed into a joint stock limited company shall satisfy the requirements as prescribed in this Law for joint stock limited companies. A joint stock limited company to be changed into a limited liability company shall conform to the conditions as prescribed in this Law for limited liability companies. In either of the aforesaid cases, the creditor’s rights and debts of the company prior to the change shall be succeeded by the company after the change.
第九条【公司形式变更的准则主义与债权债务承继】有限责任公司变更为股份有限公司，应当符合本法规定的股份有限公司的条件。股份有限公司变更为有限责任公司，应当符合本法规定的有限责任公司的条件。
有限责任公司变更为股份有限公司的，或者股份有限公司变更为有限责任公司的，公司变更前的债权、债务由变更后的公司承继。
Article 10 A company shall regard its main office as its domicile. 第十条【公司的住所】公司以其主要办事机
构所在地为住所。
Article 11 A company established according to this Law shall formulate its bylaw that are binding on the company, its shareholders, directors, supervisors and senior managers.
第十一条【公司的章程】设立公司必须依法制定公司章程。公司章程对公司、股东、董事、监事、高级管理人员具有约束力。
Article 12 A company’s business scope shall be defined in its bylaw and shall be registered according to law. The company may change its business scope by modifying its bylaw, but it shall go through the formalities for modifying the registration.
If the business scope a company covers any item subject to approval pursuant to any law or administrative regulation, approval shall be obtained according to the law.
第十二条【公司的经营范围】公司的经营范围由公司章程规定，并依法登记。公司可以修改公司章程，改变经营范围，但是应当办理变更登记。
公司的经营范围中属于法律、行政法规规定须经批准的项目，应当依法经过批准。
Article 13 The legal representative of a company shall, be assumed by the chairman of the board of directors, acting director or manager according to the company’s bylaw and shall be registered according to law. If the legal representative of the company is changed, the company shall go through the formalities for modifying the registration.
第十三条【公司法定代表人】公司法定代表人依照公司章程的规定，由董事长、执行董事或者经理担任，并依法登记。公司法定代表人变更，应当办理变更登记。
Article 14 A company may set up branches. To set up a branch, the company shall file a registration application with the company registration authority and shall obtain a business license. A branch shall not enjoy the status of an enterprise legal person and its civil liabilities shall be born by its parent company.
A company may set up subsidiaries which enjoy the status of an enterprise legal person and shall be independently responsible for their own civil liabilities.
第十四条【分公司与子公司】公司可以设立分公司。设立分公司，应当向公司登记机关申请登记，领取营业执照。分公司不具有法人资格，其民事责任由公司承担。
公司可以设立子公司，子公司具有法人资格，依法独立承担民事责任。
Article 15 A company may invest in other enterprises. However, unless it is otherwise provided for by any law, it shall not become a capital contributor that shall bear several and joint liabilities for the debts of the enterprises in which it invests.
第十五条【公司的转投资及其限制】公司可以向其他企业投资；但是，除法律另有规定外，不得成为对所投资企业的债务承担连带责任的出资人。
Article 16 Where a company intends to invest in any other enterprise or provide guaranty for others, the co mpany shall make a resolution through the board of directors, shareholders’ meeting or shareholders’ assembly according to its bylaw. If the bylaw prescribe any limit on the total amount of investments or guaranties, or on the amount of a single investment or guaranty, the aforesaid total amount or amount shall not exceed the limited amount. If a company intends to provide guaranty to a shareholder or actual controller of the company, it shall make a resolution through the shareholder’s meeting or shareholders’ assembly.
The shareholder as mentioned in the preceding paragraph or the shareholder dominated by the actual controller as mentioned in the preceding paragraph shall not participate in voting on the matter as mentioned in the preceding paragraph. Such matter requires the affirmative votes of more than half of the other shareholders attending the meeting.
第十六条【公司转投资及提供担保的程序规定】公司向其他企业投资或者为他人提供担保，依照公司章程的规定，由董事会或者股东会、股东大会决议；公司章程对投资或者担保的总额及单项投资或者担保的数额有限额规定的，不得超过规定的限额。
公司为公司股东或者实际控制人提供担保的，必须经股东会或者股东大会决议。
前款规定的股东或者受前款规定的实际控制人支配的股东，不得参加前款规定事项的表决。该项表决由出席会议的其他股东所持表决权的过半数通过。
Article 17 Every company shall protect the lawful rights and interests of its employees, sign employment contracts with its employees, buy social insurances, and strengthen labor protection so as to ensure work safety.
Every company shall, in various forms, intensify the professional education and in-service training of its employees so as to improve their personal quality.
第十七条【公司的劳动保护等义务】公司必须保护职工的合法权益，依法与职工签订劳动合同，参加社会保险，加强劳动保护，实现安全生产。
公司应当采用多种形式，加强公司职工的职业教育和岗位培训，提高职工素质。
Article 18 The employees of a company shall, according to the Labor Union Law of the People’s Republic of China, organize a labor union, which shall carry out union activities and safeguard the lawful rights and interests of the employees. The company shall provide necessary conditions for its labor union to carry out activities. The labor union shall, on behalf of the employees, sign collective contracts with the company with respect to the remuneration, working hours, welfare, insurance, work safety and sanitation, and other matters.
In accordance with the Constitution and other relevant laws, a company shall adopt democratic management in the form of assembly of the representatives of the employees or any other ways.
To make a decision on restructuring or any important issue relating to business operations, or to formulate any important bylaw, a company shall solicit the opinions of its labor union, and shall solicit the opinions and proposals of the employees through the assembly of the representatives of the employees or in any other way.
第十八条【公司的工会及民主管理】公司职工依照《中华人民共和国工会法》组织工会，开展工会活动，维护职工合法权益。公司应当为本公司工会提供必要的活动条件。公司工会代表职工就职工的劳动报酬、工作时间、福利、保险和劳动安全卫生等事项依法与公司签订集体合同。
公司依照宪法和有关法律的规定，通过职工代表大会或者其他形式，实行民主管理。
公司研究决定改制以及经营方面的重大问题、制定重要的规章制度时，应当听取公司工会的意见，并通过职工代表大会或者其他形式听取职工的意见和建议。
Article 19 The Chinese Communist Party may, according to the Constitution of the Chinese Communist Party, establish its branches in companies to carry out activities of the Chinese Communist Party. The company shall provide necessary conditions to facilitate the activities of the Party.
第十九条【公司中的中国共产党组织】在公司中，根据中国共产党章程的规定，设立中国共产党的组织，开展党的活动。公司应当为党组织的活动提供必要条件。
Article 20 The shareholders of a company shall abide by the laws, administrative regulations and bylaw and shall exercise the shareholder’s rights under the law. None of them may injure any of the interests of the company or of other shareholders by abusing the shareholder’s rights, or injure the interests of any creditor of the company by abusing the independent status of legal person or the shareholder’s limited liabilities.
Where any of the shareholders of a company causes any loss to the company or to other shareholders by abusing the shareholder’s rights, it shall be liable for compensation.
Where any of the shareholders of a company evades the payment of its debts by abusing the independent status of legal person or the shareholder’s limited liabilities, if it seriously injures the interests of any creditor, it shall bear several and joint liabilities for the debts of the company.
第二十条【股东滥用权利的责任】公司股东应当遵守法律、行政法规和公司章程，依法行使股东权利，不得滥用股东权利损害公司或者其他股东的利益；不得滥用公司法人独立地位和股东有限责任损害公司债权人的利益。
公司股东滥用股东权利给公司或者其他股东造成损失的，应当依法承担赔偿责任。
公司股东滥用公司法人独立地位和股东有限责任，逃避债务，严重损害公司债权人利益的，应当对公司债务承担连带责任。
Article 21 Neither the controlling shareholder, nor the actual controller, nor any of the directors, supervisors or senior management of the company may injure the interests of the company by taking advantage of its connection relationship. Anyone who causes any loss to the company due to violating the preceding paragraph shall be liable for the compensation.
第二十一条【禁止关联行为】公司的控股股东、实际控制人、董事、监事、高级管理人员不得利用其关联关系损害公司利益。
违反前款规定，给公司造成损失的，应当承担
赔偿责任。
Article 22 A resolution of the shareholders’ meeting, shareholders’ assembly or board of directors of the company that is in violation of any law or administrative regulation shall be null and void.
If the procedures for calling a shareholders’ meeting or shareholders’ assembly, or meeting of the board of directors, or the voting form, is in violation of any law, administrative regulation or the bylaw, or if a resolution is in violation of the bylaw of the company, the shareholders may, within 60 days from the day when the resolution is made, request th e people’s court to revoke it.
If the shareholders initiate a lawsuit under the preceding paragraph, the people’s court shall, at the request of the company, demand the shareholders to provide corresponding guaranty. Where a company has, according to the resolution of the shareholders’ meeting, shareholders’ assembly or meeting of the board of directors, completed the modification registration, if the people’s court declares the resolution null and void or revoke the resolution, the company shall file an application with the company registration authority for revoking the modification registration.
第二十二条【无效决议及其法律后果】公司股东会或者股东大会、董事会的决议内容违反法律、行政法规的无效。
股东会或者股东大会、董事会的会议召集程序、表决方式违反法律、行政法规或者公司章程，或者决议内容违反公司章程的，股东可以自决议作出之日起六十日内，请求人民法院撤销。
股东依照前款规定提起诉讼的，人民法院可以应公司的请求，要求股东提供相应担保。
公司根据股东会或者股东大会、董事会决议已办理变更登记的，人民法院宣告该决议无效或者撤销该决议后，公司应当向公司登记机关申请撤销变更登记。
Chapter II Establishment and Organizational structure of A Limited Liability Company 第二章有限责任公司的设立和组织机构Section 1 Establishment 第一节设立
Article 23 The establishment of a limited liability company shall meet the following conditions:
(1)The number of shareholders constitutes the quorum;
(2)The amount of capital contributions paid by the shareholders reaches the statutory minimum amount of the registered capital;
(3)The shareholders jointly work out the bylaw;
(4)The company has a name and its organizational structure complies with that of a limited liability company; and
(5)The company has a domicile.
第二十三条【有限责任公司的设立条件】设立有限责任公司，应当具备下列条件：
（一）股东符合法定人数；
（二）股东出资达到法定资本最低限额；
（三）股东共同制定公司章程；
（四）有公司名称，建立符合有限责任公司要求的组织机构；
（五）有公司住所。
Article 24 A limited liability company shall be established by no more than 50 shareholders that make capital contributions.
第二十四条【有限责任公司的股东人数限制】有限责任公司由五十个以下股东出资设立。
Article 25 A limited liability company shall state the following items:
(1)The name and domicile of the company;
(2) Business Scope of the company;
(3)Registered capital of the company;
(4)Names of shareholders;
(5) Forms, amount and date of capital contributions made by shareholders;
(6)The organizations of the company and its formation, their functions and rules of procedure;
(7)Legal representative of the company;
(8)Other matters deemed necessary by shareholders.
The shareholders should affix their signatures or seals to the bylaw of the company.
第二十五条【有限责任公司章程的法定事项】有限责任公司章程应当载明下列事项：（一）公司名称和住所；
（二）公司经营范围；
（三）公司注册资本；
（四）股东的姓名或者名称；
（五）股东的出资方式、出资额和出资时间；
（六）公司的机构及其产生办法、职权、议事规则；
（七）公司法定代表人；
（八）股东会会议认为需要规定的其他事项。
股东应当在公司章程上签名、盖章。
Article 26 The registered capital of a limited liability company shall be the total amount of capital contributions subscribed to by all the shareholders registered in the company registration authority. The amount of the initial capital contributions made by all shareholders shall not be less than 20% of the registered capital, nor less than the statutory minimum amount of registered capital, the margin shall be paid off by the shareholders within 2 years from the day when the company is established; for an investment company, it may be paid off within 5 years. The minimum amount of registered capital of a limited liability company shall be
第二十六条【有限责任公司的注册资本及其最低限额】有限责任公司的注册资本为在公司登记机关登记的全体股东认缴的出资额。公司全体股东的首次出资额不得低于注册资本的百分之二十，也不得低于法定的注册资本最低限额，其余部分由股东自公司成立之日起两年内缴足；其中，投资公司可以在五年内缴足。
RMB 30, 000 yuan. If any law or administrative regulation prescribes a relatively higher minimum amount of registered capital of a limited liability company, the provisions of that law or administrative regulation shall be followed.
有限责任公司注册资本的最低限额为人民币三万元。法律、行政法规对有限责任公司注册资本的最低限额有较高规定的，从其规定。
Article 27 A shareholder may make capital contributions in cash, in kind, or intellectual property right, land use right, or other non-monetary properties that may be assessed on the basis of currency and may be transferred according to the law, excluding the properties that shall not be treated as capital contributions under any law or administrative regulation.
The value of the non-monetary properties as capital contributions shall be assessed and verified, which shall not be over-valued or under-valued. If any law or administrative regulations provides for the value assessment, such law or administrative regulation shall be followed. The amount of the capital contributions in cash paid by all the shareholders shall be no less than 30% of the registered capital of the limited liability company.
第二十七条【股东出资方式、出资评估及其限制】股东可以用货币出资，也可以用实物、知识产权、土地使用权等可以用货币估价并可以依法转让的非货币财产作价出资；但是，法律、行政法规规定不得作为出资的财产除外。
对作为出资的非货币财产应当评估作价，核实财产，不得高估或者低估作价。法律、行政法规对评估作价有规定的，从其规定。
全体股东的货币出资金额不得低于有限责任公司注册资本的百分之三十。
Article 28 Each shareholder shall make full payment for the capital contributions he has subscribed to according to the bylaw. If a shareholder makes his capital contribution in cash, he shall deposit the full amount of such cash capital contribution into a temporary bank account opened for the limited liability company. If any capital contributions are made in non-monetary properties, the appropriate transfer procedures for the property rights therein shall be followed according to law.
Where a shareholder fails to make his capital contribution as specified in the preceding paragraph, he shall not only make full payment to the company but also bear the liabilities for breach of contract to the shareholders who have make full payment of capital contributions on schedule.
第二十八条【股东出资义务的履行和出资违约】股东应当按期足额缴纳公司章程中规定的各自所认缴的出资额。股东以货币出资的，应当将货币出资足额存入有限责任公司在银行开设的账户；以非货币财产出资的，应当依法办理其财产权的转移手续。
股东不按照前款规定缴纳出资的，除应当向公司足额缴纳外，还应当向已按期足额缴纳出资的股东承担违约责任。
Article 29 The capital contributions made by the shareholders shall be verified by a lawfully established capital verification institution and the institute shall issue a certification to prove the contribution.
第二十九条【股东出资的验资证明】股东缴纳出资后，必须经依法设立的验资机构验资并出具证明。
Article 30 After the initial capital contributions made by the shareholders have been verified by a lawfully established capital verification institution, the representative designated by all the shareholders or the agent entrusted by all the shareholders shall apply for establishment registration by submitting a company registration application, bylaw, capital verification and other documents to the company registration authority.
第三十条【有限责任公司的设立登记】股东的首次出资经依法设立的验资机构验资后，由全体股东指定的代表或者共同委托的代理人向公司登记机关报送公司登记申请书、公司章程、验资证明等文件，申请设立登记。
Article 31 After the establishment of a limited liability company, if the actual value of the capital contributions in non-monetary properties is found to be apparently lower than that set forth in the bylaw of the company, the difference shall be made up by the shareholder who offered them, and the other shareholders of the company who established the company shall bear several and joint liabilities.
第三十一条【非货币财产出资违约责任】有限责任公司成立后，发现作为设立公司出资的非货币财产的实际价额显著低于公司章程所定价额的，应当由交付该出资的股东补足其差额；公司设立时的其他股东承担连带责任。
Article 32 After the establishment of a limited liability company, each shareholder shall be issued a capital contribution certificate, which shall specify the following:
(1) The name of the company;
(2) The date of establishment of the company;
(3) The company’s registered capital;
(4) The name of the shareholder, the amount of his capital contribution, and the day when the capital contribution is made; and
(5) The serial number and date of issuance of the capital contribution certificate. The capital contribution certificate shall bear the seal of the company.
第三十二条【股东出资证明书】有限责任公司成立后，应当向股东签发出资证明书。
出资证明书应当载明下列事项：
（一）公司名称；
（二）公司成立日期；
（三）公司注册资本；
（四）股东的姓名或者名称、缴纳的出资额和出资日期；
（五）出资证明书的编号和核发日期。
出资证明书由公司盖章。
Article 33 A limited liability company shall prepare a registry of shareholders and the registry shall record the following information:
第三十三条【股东名册】有限责任公司应当置备股东名册，记载下列事项：
(1)The names of all shareholders and their domiciles thereof;
(2)The amount of capital contributions made by each shareholder;
(3)The serial numbers for all capital contribution certificates.
The shareholders recorded in the registry of shareholders may, pursuant to the registry of shareholders, claim to and exercise the shareholder’s rights.
A company shall register each shareh older’s name and its amount of capital contributions in the company registration authority. Where any of the registered items is changed, the company shall modify the registration. If the company fails to do so, it shall not, on the basis of the unregistered or un-modified registration item, stand up to any third party.
（一）股东的姓名或者名称及住所；
（二）股东的出资额；
（三）出资证明书编号。
记载于股东名册的股东，可以依股东名册主张行使股东权利。
公司应当将股东的姓名或者名称及其出资额向公司登记机关登记；登记事项发生变更的，应当办理变更登记。未经登记或者变更登记的，不得对抗第三人。
Ar ticle 34 Every shareholder shall be entitled to review and duplicate the company’s bylaw, the minutes of the shareholders’ meetings, the resolutions of the board of directors’ meetings, the resolutions of the board of supervisors’ meetings, as well as the financial reports.
Every shareholder may request to review the accounting books of the company. Where a shareholder requests to review the accounting books of the company, it shall submit a written request, which shall state his motives. If the company, has the legitimate reason to believe that the shareholder’s requests to review the accounting books has an improper motive and may impair the legitimate interests of the company, it may reject the request of the shareholder to review the books and shall, within in 15 days after the shareholder submits a written request, give the shareholder a written reply, which shall include an explanation. If the company reject the request of any shareholder to review the accounting books, the shareholder may plead a peop le’s court to demand the company to open the books for his review.
第三十四条【股东的查阅权】股东有权查阅、复制公司章程、股东会会议记录、董事会会议决议、监事会会议决议和财务会计报告。
股东可以要求查阅公司会计账簿。股东要求查阅公司会计账簿的，应当向公司提出书面请求，说明目的。公司有合理根据认为股东查阅会计账簿有不正当目的，可能损害公司合法利益的，可以拒绝提供查阅，并应当自股东提出书面请求之日起十五日内书面答复股东并说明理由。公司拒绝提供查阅的，股东可以请求人民法院要求公司提供查阅。
Article 35 Shareholders shall be distributed with the dividends based on the percentages of the capital that they actually contributed. When a company is going to increase the capital, its shareholders have the preemptive right to subscribe to the new capitals based on the same percentages of the old capital that they contributed. The exception shall be given if all shareholders agree that they will not be distributed with the dividends or have the preemptive right to subscribe to the new capitals based on the percentages of the old capital that they contributed.
第三十五条【股东分红权和优先认购权】股东按照实缴的出资比例分取红利；公司新增资本时，股东有权优先按照实缴的出资比例认缴出资。但是，全体股东约定不按照出资比例分取红利或者不按照出资比例优先认缴出资的除外。
Article 36 After the establishment of a company, no shareholder may illegally take away the registered capital.
第三十六条【股东不得抽回出资】公司成立后，股东不得抽逃出资。
Section 2 Organization Structure 第二节组织机构
Article 37 The shareholders’ meeting of a limited liability company shall be composed of all the shareholders. It is the authority of the company and shall exercise its powers according to this Law.
第三十七条【股东会】有限责任公司股东会由全体股东组成。股东会是公司的权力机构，依照本法行使职权。
Article 38 The shareholders’ meeting shall exercise the following functions:
(1) Determining the company’s operational guidelines and investment plans;
(2) Electing and changing the directors and supervisors assumed by non-representatives of the employees and deciding the matters relating to their salaries and compensations;
(3) Deliberating and approving reports of the board of directors;
(4) Deliberating and approving reports of the board of supervisors or the supervisor;
(5) Deliberating and approving annual financial budget plans and final account plans of the company;
(6) Deliberating and approving company profit distribution plans and loss recovery plans;
(7) Making resolutions about the increase or reduction of the company’s registered capital;
(8) Making resolutions about the issuance of corporate bonds;
(9) Adopting resolutions about the assignment, split-up, change of company form, dissolution, liquidation of the company;
(10) Revising the bylaw of the company;
第三十八条【股东会的职权】股东会行使下列职权：
（一）决定公司的经营方针和投资计划；
（二）选举和更换非由职工代表担任的董事、监事，决定有关董事、监事的报酬事项；
（三）审议批准董事会的报告；
（四）审议批准监事会或者监事的报告；
（五）审议批准公司的年度财务预算方案、决算方案；
（六）审议批准公司的利润分配方案和弥补亏损方案；
（七）对公司增加或者减少注册资本作出决议；
（八）对发行公司债券作出决议；
(11) Other functions as specified in the bylaw.
If all the shareholders consent to any of the matters listed in the preceding paragraph by writing , they do not need to hold a shareholders’ meeting and may made decisions and have the decisions signed and sealed by all the shareholders.
（九）对公司合并、分立、解散、清算或者变更公司形式作出决议；
（十）修改公司章程；
（十一）公司章程规定的其他职权。
对前款所列事项股东以书面形式一致表示同意的，可以不召开股东会会议，直接作出决定，并由全体股东在决定文件上签名、盖章。
Article 39 The first shareholders’ meeting shall be convened and presided over by the shareholder who made the largest capital contributions, and he shall exercise his powers according to this Law.
第三十九条【股东会的首次会议】首次股东会会议由出资最多的股东召集和主持，依照本法规定行使职权。
Article 40 The shareholders’ meetings shall be classified into regular meetings and interim meetings. The regular meetings shall be timely held according to the bylaw. Where an interim meeting is proposed by the shareholders representing 1/10 of the voting rights or more, or by directors representing 1/3 of the voting rights or more, or by the board of supervisors, or by the supervisors of the company with no board of supervisors, an interim meeting shall be held.
第四十条【股东会的会议制度】股东会会议分为定期会议和临时会议。
定期会议应当依照公司章程的规定按时召开。代表十分之一以上表决权的股东，三分之一以上的董事，监事会或者不设监事会的公司的监事提议召开临时会议的，应当召开临时会议。
Article 41 Where a limited liability company has set up a board of directors. The shareholders’ meetings shall be convened by the board of directors and presided over by the chairman of the board of directors. If the chairman is unable or fails to perform his duties, the meetings thereof shall be presided over by the deputy chairman of the board of directors. If the deputy chairman of the board of directors is unable or fails to perform his duties, the meetings shall be presided over by a director jointly recommended by half or more of the directors.
For a limited liability company with no board of directors, the shareholders’ meetings shall be convened and presided over by the acting director.
If the board of directors or the acting director is unable or fails to fulfill the duties of convening the shareholders’ meeting, the board of supervisors or the supervisor of the company with no board of supervisors may convene and preside over such meetings. If the board of supervisors or supervisor does not convene or preside over such meetings, the shareholders representing 1 / 10 or more of the voting rights may convene and preside over such meetings on their own initiatives.
第四十一条【股东会会议的召集与组织】有限责任公司设立董事会的，股东会会议由董事会召集，董事长主持；董事长不能履行职务或者不履行职务的，由副董事长主持；副董事长不能履行职务或者不履行职务的，由半数以上董事共同推举一名董事主持。
有限责任公司不设董事会的，股东会会议由执行董事召集和主持。
董事会或者执行董事不能履行或者不履行召集股东会会议职责的，由监事会或者不设监事会的公司的监事召集和主持；监事会或者监事不召集和主持的，代表十分之一以上表决权的股东可以自行召集和主持。
Article 42 Every shareholder shall be given a notice 15 days before a shareholders’ meeting is held unless it is otherwise specified by the bylaw or it is otherwise stipulated by all the shareholders.
A shareholders’ meeting shall make the minutes for th e decisions about the matters discussed at the meeting. The shareholders who attended the meeting shall affix their signatures to the minutes.
第四十二条【股东会会议的通知期限和会议记录】召开股东会会议，应当于会议召开十五日前通知全体股东；但是，公司章程另有规定或者全体股东另有约定的除外。
股东会应当对所议事项的决定作成会议记录，出席会议的股东应当在会议记录上签名。
Article 43 The shareholders shall exercise their voting rights at the shareholders’ meetings based on their respective percentage of the capital contributions unless it is otherwise prescribed by the bylaw.
第四十三条【股东的表决权】股东会会议由股东按照出资比例行使表决权；但是，公司章程另有规定的除外。
Article 44 Unless it is otherwise provided for by this Law, the discussion methods and voting procedures of the shareholders’ meeting shall be provided for in the bylaw.
A resolution made at a shareholders’ meeting on revising the bylaw, increasing or reducing the registered capital, merger, split-up, dissolution or change of the company form shall be adopted by the shareholders representing 2 / 3 or more of the voting rights.
第四十四条【股东会的议事方式和表决程序】股东会的议事方式和表决程序，除本法有规定的外，由公司章程规定。
股东会会议作出修改公司章程、增加或者减少注册资本的决议，以及公司合并、分立、解散或者变更公司形式的决议，必须经代表三分之二以上表决权的股东通过。
Article 45 The board of directors established by a limited liability company shall be composed of 3 up to 13 members unless it is otherwise provided by Article 51 of this Law.
第四十五条【董事会及其成员构成及董事长法律地位】有限责任公司设董事会，其成员为三人
If a limited liability company established by 2 or more state-owned enterprises or other state-owned investors, the board of directors shall include representatives of the employees of the companies. The board of directors of any other limited liability company may also include representatives of the employees of the company concerned. The employees’ representatives who are to serve as board directors shall be democratically elected by the employees of the company through the general assembly of the representatives of employees, employees’ assembly of the company or in any other way. The board of directors shall have one chairman and may have one or more deputy chairmen. The appointment of the chairman and deputy chair shall be specified in the bylaw. 至十三人；但是，本法第五十一条另有规定的除外。
两个以上的国有企业或者两个以上的其他国有投资主体投资设立的有限责任公司，其董事会成员中应当有公司职工代表；其他有限责任公司董事会成员中可以有公司职工代表。董事会中的职工代表由公司职工通过职工代表大会、职工大会或者其他形式民主选举产生。
董事会设董事长一人，可以设副董事长。董事长、副董事长的产生办法由公司章程规定。
Article 46 The term of office of the directors shall be provided for by the bylaw, but each term of office shall not exceed 3 years. The directors may, after the expiry of their term of office, hold a consecutive term upon re-election. If no reelection is timely carried out after the expiry of the term of office of the directors, or if the number of the members of the board of directors is less than the quorum due to the resignation of some directors from the board of directors prior to the expiry of their term of office, the original directors shall, before the newly elected directors assume their posts, perform the powers of the directors according to the laws, administrative regulations, as well as the bylaw.
第四十六条【董事的任职期限】董事任期由公司章程规定，但每届任期不得超过三年。董事任期届满，连选可以连任。
董事任期届满未及时改选，或者董事在任期内辞职导致董事会成员低于法定人数的，在改选出的董事就任前，原董事仍应当依照法律、行政法规和公司章程的规定，履行董事职务。
Article 47 The board of directors shall be responsible for the shareholders’ meeting and exercise the following functions:
(1) C onvening shareholders’ meetings and presenting reports thereto;
(2) Implementing the resolutions made at the shareholders’ meetings;
(3) Determining the company’s business and investment plans;
(4) Working out the company’s annual financial budget plans an d final account plans;
(5) Working out the company’s profit distribution plans and loss recovery plans;
(6) Working out the company’s plans on the increase or reduction of registered capital, as well as on the issuance of corporate bonds;
(7) Working out t he company’s plans on merger, split, change of the company form, or dissolution, etc.;
(8) Making decisions on the establishment of the company’s internal management departments;
(9) Making decisions on hiring or dismissing the company’s manager and his sa lary and compensation, and, according to the nomination of the manager, deciding on the hiring or dismissal of vice manager(s) and the persons in charge of finance as well as their salaries and compensations;
(10) Working out the company’s basic management system; and
(11) Other functions as specified in the bylaw.
第四十七条【董事会的职权】董事会对股东会负责，行使下列职权：
（一）召集股东会会议，并向股东会报告工作；
（二）执行股东会的决议；
（三）决定公司的经营计划和投资方案；
（四）制订公司的年度财务预算方案、决算方案；
（五）制订公司的利润分配方案和弥补亏损方案；
（六）制订公司增加或者减少注册资本以及发行公司债券的方案；
（七）制订公司合并、分立、解散或者变更公司形式的方案；
（八）决定公司内部管理机构的设置；
（九）决定聘任或者解聘公司经理及其报酬事项，并根据经理的提名决定聘任或者解聘公司副经理、财务负责人及其报酬事项；
（十）制定公司的基本管理制度；
（十一）公司章程规定的其他职权。
Article 48 A meeting of the board of directors shall be convened and presided over by the chairman of the board of directors. If the chairman of the board of directors is unable or fails to perform his duties, it may be convened or presided over by the deputy chairman of the board of directors. If the deputy chairman of the board of directors is unable or fails to perform his duties, it may be convened or presided over by a director whom is jointly recommended by half or more of the directors.
第四十八条【董事会会议的召集和主持】董事会会议由董事长召集和主持；董事长不能履行职务或者不履行职务的，由副董事长召集和主持；副董事长不能履行职务或者不履行职务的，由半数以上董事共同推举一名董事召集和主持。
Article 49 Unless it is otherwise provided for by this Law, the discussion methods and voting procedures of the board of directors shall be specified by the bylaw.
The board of directors shall make minutes of the decisions about the matters discussed at the meetings thereof. The shareholders who attend the meeting shall affix their signatures to the minutes.
In the voting on a resolution of the board of directors, every director shall have one vote.
第四十九条【董事会的议事方式和表决程序】董事会的议事方式和表决程序，除本法有规定的外，由公司章程规定。
董事会应当对所议事项的决定作成会议记录，出席会议的董事应当在会议记录上签名。
董事会决议的表决，实行一人一票。
Article 50 A limited liability company may have a manager, who shall be hired or dismissed upon decision of the board of directors. The manager shall be responsible for the board of directors and shall exercise the following powers:
(1)Taking charge of the management of the production and business operations of the company, organizing the implementation of the resolutions of the board of directors;
(2)Organizing the execution of the company’s annual busines s plans and investment plans;
(3)Drafting plans on the establishment of the company’s internal management departments;
(4)Drafting the company’s basic management system;
(5)Formulating the company’s specific rules and policies;
(6)Proposing to hire or dism iss the company’s vice manager(s) and the person in charge of finance;
(7)Deciding on the hiring or dismissal of the persons-in-charge other than those who shall be decided by the board of directors; and
(8)Other powers conferred by the board of directors.
If the bylaw provides otherwise for the powers of managers, the bylaw shall be followed. The manager attends the meetings of the board of directors as a non-voting representative.
第五十条【经理的职权】有限责任公司可以设经理，由董事会决定聘任或者解聘。经理对董事会负责，行使下列职权：
（一）主持公司的生产经营管理工作，组织实施董事会决议；
（二）组织实施公司年度经营计划和投资方案；
（三）拟订公司内部管理机构设置方案；
（四）拟订公司的基本管理制度；
（五）制定公司的具体规章；
（六）提请聘任或者解聘公司副经理、财务负责人；
（七）决定聘任或者解聘除应由董事会决定聘任或者解聘以外的负责管理人员；
（八）董事会授予的其他职权。
公司章程对经理职权另有规定的，从其规定。
经理列席董事会会议。
Article 51 For a limited liability company with a relatively small number of shareholders or for a relatively small limited liability company, it may have an acting director and no board of directors. The acting director may concurrently hold the post of the company’s manger.
The powers of the acting director shall be specified in the bylaw.
第五十一条【执行董事】股东人数较少或者规模较小的有限责任公司，可以设一名执行董事，不设董事会。执行董事可以兼任公司经理。
执行董事的职权由公司章程规定。
Article 52 A limited liability company may set up a board of supervisors, which shall be composed of at least 3 persons. For a limited liability company in which there is a relatively small number of shareholders or which is relatively small in scale, it may have 1 or 2 supervisors and does not have to establish a board of supervisors. The board of supervisors shall include sh areholders’ representatives and representatives of the employees’ of the company at an appropriate ratio to be specifically prescribed in the bylaw. The employees’ representatives who are to serve as members of the board of supervisors shall be democratically elected by the employees of the company through the assembly of the employees’ representatives, or employees’ assembly or by any other means. The board of supervisors shall have one chairman, who shall be elected by half or more of all the supervisors. The chairman of the board of supervisors shall convene and preside over the meetings of the board of supervisors. If the chairman of supervisors is unable or fails to perform his duties, the supervisor recommended by half or more of the supervisors shall convene and preside over the meetings of the board of supervisors.
No director or senior manager may concurrently serve as a supervisor.
第五十二条【监事会和监事】有限责任公司设监事会，其成员不得少于三人。股东人数较少或者规模较小的有限责任公司，可以设一至二名监事，不设监事会。
监事会应当包括股东代表和适当比例的公司职工代表，其中职工代表的比例不得低于三分之一，具体比例由公司章程规定。监事会中的职工代表由公司职工通过职工代表大会、职工大会或者其他形式民主选举产生。
监事会设主席一人，由全体监事过半数选举产生。监事会主席召集和主持监事会会议；监事会主席不能履行职务或者不履行职务的，由半数以上监事共同推举一名监事召集和主持监事会会议。
董事、高级管理人员不得兼任监事。
Article 53 Each term of office of the supervisors shall be 3 years. The supervisors may, after the expiry of their term of office, hold a consecutive term upon reelection. If no reelection is timely carried out after the expiry of the term of office of the supervisors, or if the number of the members of the board of directors is less than the quorum due to the resignation of some directors from the board of supervisors prior to the expiry of their term of office, the original supervisors shall, before the newly elected supervisors assume their posts, exercise the powers of the supervisors according to laws, administrative regulations, as well as the bylaw.
第五十三条【监事的任职期限】监事的任期每届为三年。监事任期届满，连选可以连任。
监事任期届满未及时改选，或者监事在任期内辞职导致监事会成员低于法定人数的，在改选出的监事就任前，原监事仍应当依照法律、行政法规和公司章程的规定，履行监事职务。
Article 54 The board of supervisors or supervisor of a company with no board of supervisors may exercise the following powers:
(1)To check the financial affairs of the company;
(2)To supervise the duty-related acts of the directors and senior managers, to put forward proposals on the removal of any director or senior manager who violates any law, administrative regulation, the bylaw or any resolution of the shareholders’ meeting;
(3)To demand any director or senior manager to make corrections if his act has injured the interests of the company;
第五十四条【监事会或监事的一般职权】监事会、不设监事会的公司的监事行使下列职权：（一）检查公司财务；
（二）对董事、高级管理人员执行公司职务的行为进行监督，对违反法律、行政法规、公司章程或者股东会决议的董事、高级管理人员提出罢免的建议；
（三）当董事、高级管理人员的行为损害公司
(4)To propose to call interim shareholders’ meetings, to call and preside over shareholders’ meetings when the board of directors does not exercise the function of calling and presiding over shareholders’ meetings as prescribed in this Law;
(5)To put forward proposals at shareholders’ meetings;
(6)To initiate actions against directors or senior managers according to Article 152 of this Law; and
(7)Other duties as provided for by the bylaw. 的利益时，要求董事、高级管理人员予以纠正；
（四）提议召开临时股东会会议，在董事会不履行本法规定的召集和主持股东会会议职责时召集和主持股东会会议；
（五）向股东会会议提出提案；
（六）依照本法第一百五十二条的规定，对董事、高级管理人员提起诉讼；
（七）公司章程规定的其他职权。
Article 55 The supervisors may attend the meetings of the board of directors as non-voting attendees, and may raise questions or suggestions about the meeting agenda discussed by the board of directors.
If the board of supervisors or the supervisors of the company that does not have a board of supervisors find that the company is running abnormally, they may conduct an investigation. Where necessary, they may hire an accounting firm to help them with the investigation and the related expenses shall be born by the company.
第五十五条【监事的质询建议权与调查权】监事可以列席董事会会议，并对董事会决议事项提出质询或者建议。
监事会、不设监事会的公司的监事发现公司经营情况异常，可以进行调查；必要时，可以聘请会计师事务所等协助其工作，费用由公司承担。
Article 56 The board of supervisors shall hold meetings at least once a year. Any supervisors may propose to hold interim meetings of the board of supervisors.
The discussion methods and voting procedures of the board of supervisors shall be specified in the bylaw unless it is otherwise provided by this Law.
A resolution of the board of supervisors shall be approved by more than half of the supervisors. The board of supervisors shall scribe the minutes for the resolutions about the agenda and have the minutes signed by the supervisors in presence.
第五十六条【监事会会议】监事会每年度至少召开一次会议，监事可以提议召开临时监事会会议。
监事会的议事方式和表决程序，除本法有规定的外，由公司章程规定。
监事会决议应当经半数以上监事通过。
监事会应当对所议事项的决定作成会议记录，出席会议的监事应当在会议记录上签名。
Article 57 The expenses necessary for the board of supervisors or the supervisor of a company that does not have a board of supervisors to perform their duties shall be borne by the company.
第五十七条【监事行使职权的费用承担】监事会、不设监事会的公司的监事行使职权所必需的费用，由公司承担。
Section 3 Special Provisions on One-person Limited Liability Companies 第三节一人有限责任公司的特别规定
Article 58 The provisions of this Section shall apply to the establishment and the organizational structure of a one-person limited liability. For any matter not touched by this Section, it shall be governed by Sections 1 and 2 of this Chapter.
The term "one-person limited liability company" as mentioned in this Law refers to a limited liability company with only one natural person shareholder or legal person shareholder.
第五十八条【一人有限责任公司的定义、设立、组织机构】一人有限责任公司的设立和组织机构，适用本节规定；本节没有规定的，适用本章第一节、第二节的规定。
本法所称一人有限责任公司，是指只有一个自然人股东或者一个法人股东的有限责任公司。
Article 59 The minimum amount of registered capital of a one-person limited liability company shall be RMB 100, 000 yuan. The shareholder shall, in a lump sum, pay the capital contributions as specified in the bylaw.
One natural person is allowed to establish merely an one-person limited liability company, which shall not establish any more one-person limited liability company.
第五十九条【一人有限责任公司的投资限制与注册资本最低限额】一人有限责任公司的注册资本最低限额为人民币十万元。股东应当一次足额缴纳公司章程规定的出资额。
一个自然人只能投资设立一个一人有限责任公司。该一人有限责任公司不能投资设立新的一人有限责任公司。
Article 60 An one-person limited liability company shall, in the company registration, give a clear indication that it is solely-funded by one natural person or legal person and the same shall be specified in the business license of the company.
第六十条【公司登记与营业执照中的投资者身份注明】一人有限责任公司应当在公司登记中注明自然人独资或者法人独资，并在公司营业执照中载明。
Article 61 The bylaw of an one-person limited liability company shall be formulated by the shareholder.
第六十一条【一人有限责任公司的章程】一人有限责任公司章程由股东制定。
Article 62 An one-person limited liability company has no board of directors. When the shareholder make a decision on any of the matters as listed in Article 38 of this Law, he shall make it in writing, sign it, and keep it in the company.
第六十二条【股东决定重大事项的书面形式要求】一人有限责任公司不设股东会。股东作出本法第三十八条第一款所列决定时，应当采用书面形式，并由股东签名后置备于公司。
Article 63 An one-person limited liability company shall make a financial report by the end of every fiscal year and have the report audited by an accounting firm.
第六十三条【年度审计】一人有限责任公司应当在每一会计年度终了时编制财务会计报告，并经会计师事务所审计。
Article 64 If the shareholder of a one-person limited liability company is unable to prove that the property of the one-person limited liability company is independent from his own property, he shall bear joint liabilities for the debts of the company.
第六十四条【股东对公司债务的连带责任】一人有限责任公司的股东不能证明公司财产独立于股东自己的财产的，应当对公司债务承担连带责任。
Section 4 Special Provisions on Wholly State-owned Companies 第四节国有独资公司的特别规定
Article 65 The provisions of this Chapter shall apply to the establishment and organizational structure of the wholly state-owned companies. Any matter not covered by this Chapter shall be governed by the provisions of Sections 1 and 2 of this Chapter.
A "wholly state-owned company" as mentioned in this Law refers to a limited liability company invested wholly by the state, for which the State Council or the local people’s g overnment authorizes the state-owned assets supervision and administration institution of the people’s government at the same level to perform the functions of the capital contributor.
第六十五条【国有独资公司的定义】国有独资公司的设立和组织机构，适用本节规定；本节没有规定的，适用本章第一节、第二节的规定。
本法所称国有独资公司，是指国家单独出资、由国务院或者地方人民政府授权本级人民政府国有资产监督管理机构履行出资人职责的有限责任公司。
Article 66 The bylaw of a wholly state-owned company shall be formulated by the state-owned assets supervision and administration institution, or shall be drafted by the board of directors and then be submitted to the state-owned assets supervision and administration institution for approval.
第六十六条【国有独资公司章程的制定或批准】国有独资公司章程由国有资产监督管理机构制定，或者由董事会制订报国有资产监督管理机构批准。
Article 67 Wholly state-owned companies do not have shareholders’ meetings. The state-owned assets supervision and administration institution shall exercise the functions of the shareholders’ meeting. The state-owned assets supervision and administration institution may authorize the company’s board of directors to exercise some of t he functions of the shareholders’ meeting and decide on the important matters of the company, excluding those that must be decided by the state-owned assets supervision and administration, such as merger, split-up, dissolution of the company, increase or reduction of registered capital as well as the issuance of corporate bonds. For the merger, split-up, dissolution or application for bankruptcy of an important wholly state-owned company, it shall, be subject to the examination of the state-owned assets supervision and administration institution, and then be submitted to the people’s government at the same level for approval.
The term "important wholly state-owned company" as mentioned in the preceding paragraph shall be determined according to the provisions of the State Council.
第六十七条【国有独资公司重大事项的决定】国有独资公司不设股东会，由国有资产监督管理机构行使股东会职权。国有资产监督管理机构可以授权公司董事会行使股东会的部分职权，决定公司的重大事项，但公司的合并、分立、解散、增加或者减少注册资本和发行公司债券，必须由国有资产监督管理机构决定；其中，重要的国有独资公司合并、分立、解散、申请破产的，应当由国有资产监督管理机构审核后，报本级人民政府批准。
前款所称重要的国有独资公司，按照国务院的规定确定。
Article 68 A wholly state-owned company shall establish a board of directors, which shall exercise its functions according to Articles 47 and 67 of this Law. Each term of office of the directors shall not exceed 3 years. The board of directors shall include representatives of the employees. The members of the board of directors shall be appointed by the state-owned assets supervision and administration institution, but of whom the representatives of the employees shall be elected through the assembly of the representatives of the employees of the company. The board of directors shall have one chairman and may have deputy chairmen. The chairman and deputy chairmen shall be designated by the state-owned assets supervision and administration institution from the members of the board of directors.
第六十八条【国有独资公司的董事会】国有独资公司设董事会，依照本法第四十七条、第六十七条的规定行使职权。董事每届任期不得超过三年。董事会成员中应当有公司职工代表。
董事会成员由国有资产监督管理机构委派；但是，董事会成员中的职工代表由公司职工代表大会选举产生。
董事会设董事长一人，可以设副董事长。董事长、副董事长由国有资产监督管理机构从董事会成员中指定。
Article 69 A wholly state-owned company shall have a manager, whom shall be hired or dismissed by the board of directors. The manager shall exercise his powers according to Article 50 of this Law. Upon consent of the state-owned assets supervision and administration institution, the members of the board of directors may concurrently hold the post of manager.
第六十九条【国有独资公司经理】国有独资公司设经理，由董事会聘任或者解聘。经理依照本法第五十条规定行使职权。
经国有资产监督管理机构同意，董事会成员可以兼任经理。
Article 70 None of the chairman, deputy chairmen, directors and senior managers of a wholly state-owned company may concurrently take up a post in any other limited liability company, joint stock limited company or any other economic organization unless it is so consented by the state-owned assets supervision and administration institution.
第七十条【高级职员的兼职禁止】国有独资公司的董事长、副董事长、董事、高级管理人员，未经国有资产监督管理机构同意，不得在其他有限责任公司、股份有限公司或者其他经济组织兼职。
Article 71 The board supervisors of a wholly state-owned company shall be composed of at least 5 members, of whom the employees’ represen tatives shall account for no less than 1/3, the specific percentage shall be specified by the bylaw.
The members of the board of supervisors shall be appointed by the state-owned assets supervision and administration institution, however, the employee representative members of the board of supervisors shall be elected by the assembly of the employee representatives of the company. The chairman of the board of supervisors shall be designated by the state-owned assets supervision and administration institution from the members of the board of supervisors. The board of supervisions shall exercise the functions as mentioned in Article 54 (1) through (3) of this Law and those provided for by the State Council.
第七十一条【国有独资公司的监督管理】国有独资公司监事会成员不得少于五人，其中职工代表的比例不得低于三分之一，具体比例由公司章程规定。
监事会成员由国有资产监督管理机构委派；但是，监事会成员中的职工代表由公司职工代表大会选举产生。监事会主席由国有资产监督管理机构从监事会成员中指定。
监事会行使本法第五十四条第（一）项至第（三）项规定的职权和国务院规定的其他职权。
Chapter III Transfer of Stock Right of A Limited Liability Company 第三章有限责任公司的股权转让
Article 72 All or some of the stock rights of the shareholders of a limited liability company may be transferred among the shareholders.
Where a shareholder intends to transfer his/its stock rights to any one other than the shareholders, he shall obtain the consent from more than half of the other shareholders. The shareholder shall give the other shareholders a written notice about the matters related to the transfer of stock rights for their consent. If any of the other shareholders fails to give it a reply within 30 days after it receives a written notice, it shall be deemed to have consented to the transfer. If half or more of the other shareholders disagree to the transfer, the shareholders who disagree to the transfer shall purchase the stock rights to be transferred. If they refuse to purchase these stock rights, they shall be deemed to have consented to the transfer. Under the same conditions, the other shareholders have a preemptive right to purchase the stock rights to be transferred upon their consent. If two or more shareholders claim the preemptive right, they shall determine their respective purchase percentage through negotiation. If they fail to reach an agreement during the negotiation, they shall exercise the preemptive right on the basis of their respective percentage of capital contributions.
Unless it is otherwise provided for the transfer of stock rights in the bylaw, the bylaw shall be followed.
第七十二条【股权转让的一般规定】有限责任公司的股东之间可以相互转让其全部或者部分股权。
股东向股东以外的人转让股权，应当经其他股东过半数同意。股东应就其股权转让事项书面通知其他股东征求同意，其他股东自接到书面通知之日起满三十日未答复的，视为同意转让。其他股东半数以上不同意转让的，不同意的股东应当购买该转让的股权；不购买的，视为同意转让。
经股东同意转让的股权，在同等条件下，其他股东有优先购买权。两个以上股东主张行使优先购买权的，协商确定各自的购买比例；协商不成的，按照转让时各自的出资比例行使优先购买权。
公司章程对股权转让另有规定的，从其规定。
Article 73 When the people’s court transfers the stock right s of a shareholder pursuant to the mandatory enforcement procedure as provided in laws, the court shall notify the company and all the shareholders that the other shareholders have a preemptive right under the same conditions. If any of the other shareholders fails to exercise the preemptive right within 20 days after he/it receives the notice of the court, it shall be deemed to have waived his preemptive right.
第七十三条【强制执行程序下的股权转让】人民法院依照法律规定的强制执行程序转让股东的股权时，应当通知公司及全体股东，其他股东在同等条件下有优先购买权。其他股东自人民法院通知之日起满二十日不行使优先购买权的，视为放弃优先购买权。
Article 74 After a company transfers its stock rights according to Articles 72 and 73 of this Law, it shall cancel the capital contribution certificate of the former shareholder, issue a capital contribution certificate to the new shareholder and modify the shareholders and their capital contributions in the bylaw and the registry of shareholders. No voting of the shareholders’ meeting is needed for the modification of the bylaw regarding the transfer of stock rights.
第七十四条【股权转让对出资证明书、公司章程和股东名册的影响】依照本法第七十二条、第七十三条转让股权后，公司应当注销原股东的出资证明书，向新股东签发出资证明书，并相应修改公司章程和股东名册中有关股东及其出资额的记载。
对公司章程的该项修改不需再由股东会表决。
Article 75 Under any of the following circumstances, a shareholder, who votes against the resolution of the shareholders’ meeting, may r equest the company to purchase its stock rights at a reasonable price:
(1)The company that has made profits for five consecutive years has failed to distribute any dividends to the shareholders for 5 consecutive years and conforms to the profit distribution conditions as prescribed in this Law;
(2)The company is going to merge with others, to be split up, or transfer the major properties of the company to others;
(3)When the business term as specified in the bylaw expires or other reasons for dissolution as prescribed in the bylaw occur, the shareholders’ meeting makes the company exist continuously by adopting a resolution to modify the bylaw.
Within 60 days after the resolution is adopted at the shareholders’ meeting, if the shareholder and the company fails to reach an agreement on the purchase of stock rights, the shareholder may initiate a lawsuit in the people’s court within 90 days after the resolution is adopted at the shareholders’ meeting.
第七十五条【异议股东请求公司收购股权的情形】有下列情形之一的，对股东会该项决议投反对票的股东可以请求公司按照合理的价格收购其股权：
（一）公司连续五年不向股东分配利润，而公司该五年连续盈利，并且符合本法规定的分配利润条件的；
（二）公司合并、分立、转让主要财产的；
（三）公司章程规定的营业期限届满或者章程规定的其他解散事由出现，股东会会议通过决议修改章程使公司存续的。
自股东会会议决议通过之日起六十日内，股东与公司不能达成股权收购协议的，股东可以自股东会会议决议通过之日起九十日内向人民法院提起诉讼。
Article 76 After the death of a natural-person shareholder, his lawful inheritor may inherit the shareholder’s qualifications unless it is otherwise provided for by the bylaw.
第七十六条【股东资格的继承】自然人股东死亡后，其合法继承人可以继承股东资格；但是，公司章程另有规定的除外。
Chapter IV Establishment and Organizational structure of A Joint Stock Limited Company 第四章股份有限公司的设立和组织机构Section 1 Establishment 第一节设立
Article 77 The establishment of a joint stock limited company shall satisfy the following conditions:
(1)The number of promoters meets the quorum requirement;
(2)The capital stock subscribed to by the promoters and raised by stock floatation reaches the minimum amount of the statutory capital;
(3)The issuance of shares and the preparatory work conform to the provisions of laws;
(4)The bylaw is formulated by the promoters, and is adopted at the establishment meeting if the company is to be launched by stock floatation;
(5)The company has a name and its organizational structure complies with that of a joint stock limited company
(6)The company has a domicile.
第七十七条【设立条件】设立股份有限公司，应当具备下列条件：
（一）发起人符合法定人数；
（二）发起人认购和募集的股本达到法定资本最低限额；
（三）股份发行、筹办事项符合法律规定；
（四）发起人制订公司章程，采用募集方式设立的经创立大会通过；
（五）有公司名称，建立符合股份有限公司要求的组织机构；
（六）有公司住所。
Article 78 A joint stock limited company may be established by the way of promotion or stock floatation.
The establishment of a company by promotion means that the promoters establish a company by subscribing to all of the shares that should be issued by the company.
The establishment of a company by stock floatation means that the promoters establish a company by subscribing to some of the shares that should be issued by the company and offering the remaining shares to the general public or to a group of specified people for subscription.
第七十八条【设立方式】股份有限公司的设立，可以采取发起设立或者募集设立的方式。
发起设立，是指由发起人认购公司应发行的全部股份而设立公司。
募集设立，是指由发起人认购公司应发行股份的一部分，其余股份向社会公开募集或者向特定对象募集而设立公司。
Article 79 To establish a joint stock limited company, there shall not be less than 2 but not more than 200 promoters, of whom half or more shall have a domicile within the territory of China.
第七十九条【设立发起人的限制】设立股份有限公司，应当有二人以上二百人以下为发起人，其中须有半数以上的发起人在中国境内有住所。
Article 80 The promoters of a joint stock limited company shall undertake the preparatory work of the company.
They shall conclude a promoter’s agreement to clarify their respective rights and obligations
第八十条【发起人筹办公司的义务】股份有限公司发起人承担公司筹办事务。
发起人应当签订发起人协议，明确各自在公司
during the course of establishing the company. 设立过程中的权利和义务。
Article 81 Where a joint stock limited company is established by promotion, its registered capital shall be the total capital stocks subscribed by all the promoters with the company registration authority. The minimum amount of initial capital contributions to be made by all promoters shall be not less than 20% of the total registered capital, the remaining amount shall be paid by the promoters within 2 years from the day when the company is established, while for an investment company, the remaining amount may be paid within 5 years. Before the registered capital is paid, no stock may be offered to others for subscription.
Where a joint stock limited company is established by stock floatation, its registered capital shall be the total actually paid capital stocks registered with the company registration authority. The minimum amount of the registered capital of a joint stock limited company shall be RMB 5 million yuan. If any law or administrative regulation provides a relatively higher minimum amount of registered capital, such provision shall be followed.
第八十一条【注册资本与发起人的出资限额】股份有限公司采取发起设立方式设立的，注册资本为在公司登记机关登记的全体发起人认购的股本总额。公司全体发起人的首次出资额不得低于注册资本的百分之二十，其余部分由发起人自公司成立之日起两年内缴足；其中，投资公司可以在五年内缴足。在缴足前，不得向他人募集股份。
股份有限公司采取募集方式设立的，注册资本为在公司登记机关登记的实收股本总额。
股份有限公司注册资本的最低限额为人民币五百万元。法律、行政法规对股份有限公司注册资本的最低限额有较高规定的，从其规定。
Article 82 The bylaw of a joint stock limited company shall specify the following matters:
(1)The name and address of the company;
(2)The business scope of the company;
(3)The form of company establishment;
(4)Total shares, par value of each share, and the amount of registered capital of the company;
(5)The name of each promoter, the shares it has subscribed to, as well as the form and date of capital contributions;
(6)The composition, powers, term of office, and rules of procedure of the board of directors;
(7)The legal representative of the company;
(8)The composition, powers, term of office, and rules of procedure of the supervisory board;
(9)The method for profit distribution of the company;
(10)The reasons for dissolution of the company and liquidation methods;
(11)The methods for issuing notices or public announcements of the company; and
(12)Other matters deemed necessary by the meetings of shareholders’ assembly.
第八十二条【股份有限公司章程的法定事项】股份有限公司章程应当载明下列事项：（一）公司名称和住所；
（二）公司经营范围；
（三）公司设立方式；
（四）公司股份总数、每股金额和注册资本；
（五）发起人的姓名或者名称、认购的股份数、出资方式和出资时间；
（六）董事会的组成、职权和议事规则；
（七）公司法定代表人；
（八）监事会的组成、职权和议事规则；
（九）公司利润分配办法；
（十）公司的解散事由与清算办法；
（十一）公司的通知和公告办法；
（十二）股东大会会议认为需要规定的其他事项。
Article 83 The form of capital contributions of promoters shall be governed by the provisions of Article 27 of this Law.
第八十三条【发起人的出资方式要求】发起人的出资方式，适用本法第二十七条的规定。
Article 84 When establishing a joint stock company limited by promotion, the promoters shall subscribe, in writing, to the full amount of shares provided in the bylaw. In the case of paying the capital contributions at one time, the promoters shall make the payment in a lump sum; in the case of paying the capital contributions by installments, the promoters shall make the down payment immediately. In the case of making capital contributions in non-monetary properties, the promoters shall go through the procedures for the transfer of property rights according to laws.
If any of the promoters fails to make capital contributions by following the provisions of the preceding paragraph, it shall bear the liabilities for breach of contract under the stipulations in the promoter’s agreement.
After the promoters have made their down payment, they should elect the board of directors and board of supervisors. The board of directors shall file a registration application with the company registration authority and submit thereto the bylaw, the capital verification certification as issued by a lawfully established capital verification institution, as well as other documents as provided for by the laws and administrative regulations.
第八十四条【发起人出资义务的履行、出资违约及设立登记申请】以发起设立方式设立股份有限公司的，发起人应当书面认足公司章程规定其认购的股份；一次缴纳的，应即缴纳全部出资；分期缴纳的，应即缴纳首期出资。以非货币财产出资的，应当依法办理其财产权的转移手续。
发起人不依照前款规定缴纳出资的，应当按照发起人协议承担违约责任。
发起人首次缴纳出资后，应当选举董事会和监事会，由董事会向公司登记机关报送公司章程、由依法设定的验资机构出具的验资证明以及法律、行政法规规定的其他文件，申请设立登记。
Article 85 For a joint stock limited company established by stock flotation, the shares subscribed by the promoters shall not be less than 35 % of the total shares. However, if it is otherwise provided for by any law or administrative regulation, such law or administrative
第八十五条【对募集设立发起人认购股份的要求】以募集设立方式设立股份有限公司的，发起人认购的股份不得少于公司股份总数的百分之三十
regulation shall prevail. 五；但是，法律、行政法规另有规定的，从其规
定。
Article 86 For the public offer shares, the promoters shall publish a prospectus and prepare share subscription forms. The share subscription form shall contain the items listed in Article 87, and a subscriber shall fill in the number and amount of shares he subscribes to and his domicile, and shall affix his signature or seal thereto. A subscriber shall pay the shares according to the number of shares he has subscribed to.
第八十六条【募集股份公告和认股书内容】发起人向社会公开募集股份，必须公告招股说明书，并制作认股书。认股书应当载明本法第八十七条所列事项，由认股人填写认购股数、金额、住所，并签名、盖章。认股人按照所认购股数缴纳股款。
Article 87 The prospectus shall be accompanied by the bylaw formulated by the promoters and shall state the following:
(1)The number of shares subscribed to by the promoters;
(2)The par value and issuing price of each share;
(3)The total number of unregistered stocks issued;
(4)The purposes for the fund raising;
(5)The rights and obligations of the subscribers; and
(6)The beginning and ending dates for the public offering and a statement to indicate that the subscribers may revoke their subscriptions if the offered stocks cannot be fully subscribed at the closing time of the public offering.
第八十七条【招股说明书的主要内容】招股说明书应当附有发起人制订的公司章程，并载明下列事项：
（一）发起人认购的股份数；
（二）每股的票面金额和发行价格；
（三）无记名股票的发行总数；
（四）募集资金的用途；
（五）认股人的权利、义务；
（六）本次募股的起止期限及逾期未募足时认股人可以撤回所认股份的说明。
Article 88 The public offer shares shall be underwritten by a lawfully established securities company and an underwriting agreement shall be concluded.
第八十八条【发起人向社会募集股份的方式】发起人向社会公开募集股份，应当由依法设立的证券公司承销，签订承销协议。
Article 89 For the public offer shares, the promoters shall sign an agreement with the bank receiving the funds to purchase the shares.
The receiving bank shall receive and hold as agent the payments for shares according to the agreement, produce receipts to subscribers who have made the payments, and shall be obliged to produce evidence of receipt of payments to the relevant departments.
第八十九条【缴纳股款方式】发起人向社会公开募集股份，应当同银行签订代收股款协议。
代收股款的银行应当按照协议代收和保存股款，向缴纳股款的认股人出具收款单据，并负有向有关部门出具收款证明的义务。
Article 90 After full payments have been made for the public offer shares, they shall be verified by a lawfully established capital verification institution and a certification shall be issued thereby. The promoters shall hold a company establishment meeting within 30 days, which shall be composed of the subscribers. If the public offer shares are not fully subscribed to at the expiration of the time limit prescribed in the prospectus, or if the promoters fail to hold an establishment meeting within 30 days after full payment for the public offer shares is made, the subscribers may demand the promoters to make repayments for the public offer shares plus an interest calculated at the bank deposit interest rate for the same period.
第九十条【发起人召开公司创立大会的义务】发行股份的股款缴足后，必须经依法设立的验资机构验资并出具证明。发起人应当自股款缴足之日起三十日内主持召开公司创立大会。创立大会由发起人、认股人组成。
发行的股份超过招股说明书规定的截止期限尚未募足的，或者发行股份的股款缴足后，发起人在三十日内未召开创立大会的，认股人可以按照所缴股款并加算银行同期存款利息，要求发起人返还。
Article 91 The promoters shall notify each subscriber of the date of the establishment meeting or make a public announcement about the meeting 15 days in advance. The establishment meeting may not be held unless subscribers representing at least half of the shares appear. The establishment meeting shall exercise the following powers:
(1) Deliberating the report on the pre-establishment activities prepared by the sponsors;
(2) Adopting the bylaw;
(3)Electing members of the board of directors;
(4)Electing members of the board of supervisors;
(5)Verifying expenses incurred for the establishment of the company;
(6) Verifying the value of the assets contributed by the promoters in lieu of pecuniary payment for the shares;
(7)Where the force majeure or a material change of the operational conditions makes the establishment of a company impossible, the promoters may decide not to establish the company.
第九十一条【创立大会的召集职权和表决程序】发起人应当在创立大会召开十五日前将会议日期通知各认股人或者予以公告。创立大会应有代表股份总数过半数的发起人、认股人出席，方可举行。
创立大会行使下列职权：
（一）审议发起人关于公司筹办情况的报告；
（二）通过公司章程；
（三）选举董事会成员；
（四）选举监事会成员；
（五）对公司的设立费用进行审核；
（六）对发起人用于抵作股款的财产的作价进行审核；
（七）发生不可抗力或者经营条件发生重大变
A resolution adopted at the establishment meeting on any of the matters as mentioned in the previous paragraph requires affirmative votes by subscribers representing more than half of the votes of those attending the meeting. 化直接影响公司设立的，可以作出不设立公司的决议。
创立大会对前款所列事项作出决议，必须经出席会议的认股人所持表决权过半数通过。
Article 92 The promoters and subscribers shall not withdraw their share capital after making payments for the shares they have subscribed to or after making capital contributions by using non-monetary properties, unless the public offer shares have not been fully subscribed within the time limit, the promoters fail to convene the establishment meeting within the time limit, or the establishment meeting has decided not to set up the company.
第九十二条【股本抽回的限制】发起人、认股人缴纳股款或者交付抵作股款的出资后，除未按期募足股份、发起人未按期召开创立大会或者创立大会决议不设立公司的情形外，不得抽回其股本。
Article 93 The board of directors shall, within 30 days after the establishment meeting ends, file a registration application with the company registration authority and submit thereto the following documents:
(1)A company registration application;
(2)The minutes of the establishment meeting;
(3)The bylaw;
(4)A capital verification certification;
(5)The appointment documents and identity certificates of the legal representative, directors, supervisors;
(6)The promoters’ certifications of the legal person or the identifications of natural persons, and
(7)The certification for the domicile of the company.
For a joint stock limited company established by stock floatation that makes public stock offerings, besides the aforementioned documents, it shall submit to the company registration authority the approval documents issued by the securities regulatory institution of the State Council.
第九十三条【申请设立登记文件】董事会应于创立大会结束后三十日内，向公司登记机关报送下列文件，申请设立登记：
（一）公司登记申请书；
（二）创立大会的会议记录；
（三）公司章程；
（四）验资证明；
（五）法定代表人、董事、监事的任职文件及其身份证明；
（六）发起人的法人资格证明或者自然人身份证明；
（七）公司住所证明。
以募集方式设立股份有限公司公开发行股票的，还应当向公司登记机关报送国务院证券监督管理机构的核准文件。
Article 94 After the establishment of a joint stock limited company, if any of the promoters fail to make full payments for the capital contributions as stipulated in the bylaw, they shall make up the arrears and the other promoters shall bear several and joint liabilities.
After the establishment of a joint stock limited company, if it is found that the actual value of the non-monetary properties used as capital contributions for the establishment of the company is obviously lower than as the value stipulated in the bylaw, the promoter who made such a capital contribution shall make up the difference and the other promoters shall bear several and joint liabilities.
第九十四条【发起人的出资补缴责任】股份有限公司成立后，发起人未按照公司章程的规定缴足出资的，应当补缴；其他发起人承担连带责任。
股份有限公司成立后，发现作为设立公司出资的非货币财产的实际价额显著低于公司章程所定价额的，应当由交付该出资的发起人补足其差额；其他发起人承担连带责任。
Article 95 The promoters of a joint stock limited company shall bear the following liabilities: (1) In the event of failure to establish the company, being jointly and severally liable for the debts and expenses incurred from the activities related to the company establishment;
(2) In the event of failure to establish the company, being jointly and severally liable for refunding the subscribers with their paid capital plus the interests calculated according to the bank interest rate for the same period of time; and
(3) If the company’s interest is injured in the course of its establishment due to the negligence of the promoters, being liable for making compensations to the company.
第九十五条【公司设立过程中的发起人责任】股份有限公司的发起人应当承担下列责任：（一）公司不能成立时，对设立行为所产生的债务和费用负连带责任；
（二）公司不能成立时，对认股人已缴纳的股款，负返还股款并加算银行同期存款利息的连带责任；
（三）在公司设立过程中，由于发起人的过失致使公司利益受到损害的，应当对公司承担赔偿责任。
Article 96 Where a limited liability company is changed into a joint stock limited company, the total amount of the paid capital shall not be less than the total amount of the net assets. Where a limited liability company is changed into a joint stock limited company, the public offer stocks issued for the purpose of increasing the capital shall comply with the law.
第九十六条【有限责任公司变更为股份有限公司的资产额要求及募股要求】有限责任公司变更为股份有限公司时，折合的实收股本总额不得高于公司净资产额。有限责任公司变更为股份有限公司，为增加资本公开发行股份时，应当依法办理。
Article 97 A joint stock limited company shall make and keep the bylaw, the register of the shareholders, the stubs of corporate bonds, the minutes of the shareholders’ assembly
第九十七条【重要资料的置备】股份有限公司应当将公司章程、股东名册、公司债券存根、股
meetings, the minutes of the meetings of the board of directors, the minutes of the meetings of the board of supervisors, and the financial reports in the company. 东大会会议记录、董事会会议记录、监事会会议记录、财务会计报告置备于本公司。
Article 98 The shareholders shall be entitled to review the bylaw, the register of the shareholders, the stubs of corporate bonds, the minutes of the shareholders’ assembly meetings, the minutes of the meetings of the board of directors, the minutes of the meetings of the board of supervisors, and the financial reports, and may put forward proposals or raise questions about the business operations of the company.
第九十八条【股东的查阅权与建议质询权】股东有权查阅公司章程、股东名册、公司债券存根、股东大会会议记录、董事会会议决议、监事会会议决议、财务会计报告，对公司的经营提出建议或者质询。
Section 2 Shareholders’ Assembly 第二节股东大会
Article 99 The shareholders’ assembly of a joint stock limited company shall be composed of all the shareholders. It is the company’s organ of power, which shall exercise its powers according to this law.
第九十九条【股东大会的地位与组成】股份有限公司股东大会由全体股东组成。股东大会是公司的权力机构，依照本法行使职权。
Article 100 The provisions regarding the powers of the shareholders’ assembly of a limited liability company as prescribed in the first paragraph of Article 38 of this Law shall apply to the sha reholders’ assembly of a joint stock limited company.
第一百条【股东大会的职权】本法第三十八条第一款关于有限责任公司股东会职权的规定，适用于股份有限公司股东大会。
Article 101 An annual session of the shareholders’ assembly shall be held each year. Under any of the following circumstances, an interim shareholders’ assembly session shall be held within 2 months:
(1) The number of directors is less than two-thirds of the number of directors as required by this Law or the number of directors as specified in the bylaw;
(2) The un-recovered losses of the company reach one-third of the total pain-in capital;
(3) At the request of the shareholders separately or aggregately holding 10% or more of the company’s shares;
(4) The board of directors deems it necessary;
(5) At the request of the board of supervisors; and
(6) Other circumstances as specified in the bylaw.
第一百零一条【股东大会及临时股东大会的召开】股东大会应当每年召开一次年会。有下列情形之一的，应当在两个月内召开临时股东大会：（一）董事人数不足本法规定人数或者公司章程所定人数的三分之二时；
（二）公司未弥补的亏损达实收股本总额三分之一时；
（三）单独或者合计持有公司百分之十以上股份的股东请求时；
（四）董事会认为必要时；
（五）监事会提议召开时；
（六）公司章程规定的其他情形。
Article 102 A session of the shareholders’ assembly shall be convened by the board of directors and shall be presided over by the chairman of the board of directors. If the chairman is unable or fails to perform his duties, the meetings thereof shall be presided over by the deputy chairman of the board of directors. If the deputy chairman of the board of directors is unable or fails to perform his duties, the meetings shall be presided over by a director jointly recommended by half or more of the directors.
If the board of directors or the acting director is unable or fails to fulfill the obligation of convening the meetings of the shareholders’ assembly, the board of supervisors shall convene and preside over such meetings. If the board of supervisors does not convene or preside over such meetings, the shareholders separately or aggregately holding 1/10 or more of the shares may convene and preside over such meetings on their own initiative.
第一百零二条【股东大会的召集】股东大会会议由董事会召集，董事长主持；董事长不能履行职务或者不履行职务的，由副董事长主持；副董事长不能履行职务或者不履行职务的，由半数以上董事共同推举一名董事主持。
董事会不能履行或者不履行召集股东大会会议职责的，监事会应当及时召集和主持；监事会不召集和主持的，连续九十日以上单独或者合计持有公司百分之十以上股份的股东可以自行召集和主持。
Article 103 For a shareholders’ assembly meeting to be held, a notice shall be given to each shareholder 20 days in advance, which shall state the time and place of the meeting, and the matters to be deliberated at the meeting. For an interim meeting of the shareholders’ assembly, a notice shall be given to each shareholder 15 days in advance. For the issue of unregistered stocks, the time and place of the meeting and the matters to be deliberated at the meeting shall be announced 30 days in advance.
The shareholders separately or aggregately holding 3% or more of the shares of the company may put forward a written interim proposal to the board of directors 10 days before a shareholders’ assembly is held. The board of directors may notify other shareholders within 2 days and submit the interim proposal to the meeting of the shareholders’ assembly for
第一百零三条【股东大会的通知期限、临时议案和股票交存制度】召开股东大会会议，应当将会议召开的时间、地点和审议的事项于会议召开二十日前通知各股东；临时股东大会应当于会议召开十五日前通知各股东；发行无记名股票的，应当于会议召开三十日前公告会议召开的时间、地点和审议事项。
单独或者合计持有公司百分之三以上股份的股东，可以在股东大会召开十日前提出临时提案并书面提交董事会；董事会应当在收到提案后二日内通
deliberation. The contents of an interim proposal shall fall within the scope to be decided by the shareholders’ assembly, and the interim proposal shall have a clear topic for discussion and matters to be decided.
The shareholders’ assembly shall not make any decision on any matter not listed in the notice as mentioned in the preceding two paragraphs. If the holders of unregistered stocks attend the shareholders’ assembly, they shall have their stocks preserved in the company during the period from 5 days before the meetin g is held to the day when the shareholders’ assembly is closed. 知其他股东，并将该临时提案提交股东大会审议。临时提案的内容应当属于股东大会职权范围，并有明确议题和具体决议事项。
股东大会不得对前两款通知中未列明的事项作出决议。
无记名股票持有人出席股东大会会议的，应当于会议召开五日前至股东大会闭会时将股票交存于公司。
Article 104 When a shareholder attends a meeting of the shareholders’ assembly, he shall have one voting right for each share he holds. However, the company has no voting right for its own shares it holds. When any resolution is to be made by the shareholders’ assembly, it shall be adopted by shareholders representing more than half of the voting rights of the shareholders in presence. However, when the shareholders’ assembly makes a decision to modify the bylaw, or to increase or reduce the registered capital, or a resolution about the merger, split-up, dissolution or change of the company form, such a decision shall be adopted by shareholders representing 2/3 or more of the voting rights of the shareholders in presence.
第一百零四条【表决权与股东大会议事规则】股东出席股东大会会议，所持每一股份有一表决权。但是，公司持有的本公司股份没有表决权。
股东大会作出决议，必须经出席会议的股东所持表决权过半数通过。但是，股东大会作出修改公司章程、增加或者减少注册资本的决议，以及公司合并、分立、解散或者变更公司形式的决议，必须经出席会议的股东所持表决权的三分之二以上通过。
Article 105 The important matters, such as the company to transfer or accept any significant asset or to provide a guaranty for any other person shall be decided by the shareholders’ assembly according to this Law and the bylaw, the board of directors shall timely call a shareholders’ assembly to vote on these matters.
第一百零五条【股东大会的法定召集及表决事项】本法和公司章程规定公司转让、受让重大资产或者对外提供担保等事项必须经股东大会作出决议的，董事会应当及时召集股东大会会议，由股东大会就上述事项进行表决。
Article 106 A shareholders’ assembly may adopt a cumulative voting system to elect the directors or supervisors according to the bylaw or its resolutions.
The term "cumulative voting system" as mentioned in this Law refers to a system of voting by shareholders for the election of directors or supervisors at a meeting of the shareholders’ assembly in which the shareholder can multiply his voting rights by the number of candidates and vote them all for one candidate for director or supervisor.
第一百零六条【累积投票制】股东大会选举董事、监事，可以依照公司章程的规定或者股东大会的决议，实行累积投票制。
本法所称累积投票制，是指股东大会选举董事或者监事时，每一股份拥有与应选董事或者监事人数相同的表决权，股东拥有的表决权可以集中使用。
Article 107 A shareholder may entrust an agent to attend a shareholders’ assembly. The agent shall present a proxy issued by the shareholder to the company and shall exercise his voting rights within the authorization scope.
第一百零七条【表决权的代理行使】股东可以委托代理人出席股东大会会议，代理人应当向公司提交股东授权委托书，并在授权范围内行使表决权。
Article 108 The shareholders’ assembly shall scribe the minutes for the decisions about the matters discussed at the assembly. The chair of the meeting and the directors in presence shall affix their signatures to the minutes, which shall be preserved together with the book of signatures of the shareholders in presence as well as the power of attorney thereof.
第一百零八条【股东大会的会议记录】股东大会应当对所议事项的决定作成会议记录，主持人、出席会议的董事应当在会议记录上签名。会议记录应当与出席股东的签名册及代理出席的委托书一并保存。
Section 3 The Board of Directors and Manager 第三节董事会、经理
Article 109 A joint stock limited company shall set up a board of directors, which shall be composed of 5-19 persons.
The board of directors may include representatives of the company’s employees. The representatives of the employees who serve as board directors shall be democratically elected through the assembly of the representatives of the employees, the assembly of employees, or other methods.
The provisions in Article 46 of this Law on the term of office of the directors of a limited liability company shall apply to the director of a joint stock limited company.
第一百零九条【董事会设立及其职权】股份有限公司设董事会，其成员为五人至十九人。
董事会成员中可以有公司职工代表。董事会中的职工代表由公司职工通过职工代表大会、职工大会或者其他形式民主选举产生。
本法第四十六条关于有限责任公司董事任期的规定，适用于股份有限公司董事。
本法第四十七条关于有限责任公司董事会职权
The provisions in Article 47 of this Law on the functions of the board of directors of a limited
liability company shall apply to the board of directors of a joint stock limited company.
的规定，适用于股份有限公司董事会。
Article 110 The board of directors shall have one chairman and may have a deputy chairman. The chairman and deputy chairmen shall be elected by more than half of all the directors. The chairman of the board of directors shall call and preside over the meetings of the board of directors and check the implementation of the resolutions of the board of directors. The deputy chairman shall assist the chairman to work. If the chairman is unable or fails to perform his duties, the deputy chairman shall perform such duties. If the deputy chairman of the board of directors is unable or fails to perform his duties, a director who is jointly recommended by half or more of the directors shall perform such duties.
第一百一十条【董事会的组成】董事会设董事长一人，可以设副董事长。董事长和副董事长由董事会以全体董事的过半数选举产生。
董事长召集和主持董事会会议，检查董事会决议的实施情况。副董事长协助董事长工作，董事长不能履行职务或者不履行职务的，由副董事长履行职务；副董事长不能履行职务或者不履行职务的，由半数以上董事共同推举一名董事履行职务。
Article 111 The board of directors shall convene at least two meetings every year and shall give a notice to all directors and supervisors 10 days before it holds a meeting.
The shareholders representing 1/10 or more of the voting rights, or 1/3 of the directors, or the board of supervisors may put forward a proposal to hold an interim meeting of the board of directors. The chairman of the board of directors shall, within 10 days after he receives such a proposal, call and preside over a meeting of the board of directors. If the board of directors holds an interim meeting, it may separately decide the method and time limit for the notification about convening meetings of the board of directors.
第一百一十一条【董事会的召开】董事会每年度至少召开两次会议，每次会议应当于会议召开十日前通知全体董事和监事。
代表十分之一以上表决权的股东、三分之一以上董事或者监事会，可以提议召开董事会临时会议。董事长应当自接到提议后十日内，召集和主持董事会会议。
董事会召开临时会议，可以另定召集董事会的通知方式和通知时限。
Article 112 No meeting of the board of directors may be held unless more than half of the directors are present. When the board of directors makes a resolution, it shall be adopted by more than half of all the directors.
For the voting on a resolution of the board of directors, each director shall have one vote only.
第一百一十二条【董事会的议事规则】董事会会议应有过半数的董事出席方可举行。董事会作出决议，必须经全体董事的过半数通过。
董事会决议的表决，实行一人一票。
Article 113 The meetings of the board of directors shall be attended by the directors in person. Where any director is unable to attend the meeting for a certain reason, he may, by issuing a written proxy, entrust another director to attend the meeting on his behalf, and the proxy shall state the scope of authorization.
The board of directors shall prepare minutes regarding the resolutions on the matters discussed at the meeting, which shall be signed by the directors in presence. The directors shall be responsible for the resolutions of the board of directors. Where a resolution of the board of directors is in violation of any law, administrative regulation, bylaw, or resolution of the shareholders’ a ssembly and causes any serious loss to the company, the directors who participate in adopting the resolution shall make compensation. However, if a director is proven to have expressed his objection to the vote on such resolution and his objection was recorded in the minutes, then the director may be exempted from liability.
第一百一十三条【董事会的出席与代理出席、会议记录与责任承担】董事会会议，应由董事本人出席；董事因故不能出席，可以书面委托其他董事代为出席，委托书中应载明授权范围。
董事会应当对会议所议事项的决定作成会议记录，出席会议的董事应当在会议记录上签名。
董事应当对董事会的决议承担责任。董事会的决议违反法律、行政法规或者公司章程、股东大会决议，致使公司遭受严重损失的，参与决议的董事对公司负赔偿责任。但经证明在表决时曾表明异议并记载于会议记录的，该董事可以免除责任。
Article 114 A joint stock limited company may have a manager whom may be hired or dismissed by the board of directors.
The provisions of Article 50 of this Law on the powers of the manager of a limited liability company shall apply to the manager of a joint stock limited company.
第一百一十四条【经理及其职权】股份有限公司设经理，由董事会决定聘任或者解聘。
本法第五十条关于有限责任公司经理职权的规定，适用于股份有限公司经理。
Article 115 The board of directors of a company may decide to appoint a member of the board of directors to concurrently take up the post of the manager.
第一百一十五条【董事会成员兼任经理】公司董事会可以决定由董事会成员兼任经理。
Article 116 No company may, directly or via its subsidiary, lend money to any of its directors, supervisors, or senior managers.
第一百一十六条【禁止向高级职员提供借款】公司不得直接或者通过子公司向董事、监事、高级管理人员提供借款。
Article 117 A Company shall regularly disclose to its shareholders with the information about remunerations received by the directors, supervisors and senior managers from the company.
第一百一十七条【定期披露高级职员报酬】公司应当定期向股东披露董事、监事、高级管理人
传统民俗节目英文翻译
民俗文艺节目翻译 一、民俗表演《龙狮舞》 Dragon and Lion Dance 表演单位：元潭乡“女子龙狮舞”传习所 Performed by: “Female Dragon and Lion Dance Institute” of Yuantan township 龙、狮——是中华民族文化图腾，“舞龙、耍狮”以最具东方民族文化特色跻身世界民族文化瑰宝。在我们巴山人的生活中，每逢重大节庆，人们都会舞龙、舞狮，表达喜悦的心情和美好的愿望。 Dragon and lion——the totem of the Chinese national culture. The most oriental ethnic Dragon Dance and Lion Dance are the gems of the world culcure.In our life in Bashan Mountain,people joyfully play Dragon and Lion Dance to express their happiness and good wishes especially on important festivals. 二、民俗表演《巴山出嫁》 Bashan Marriage 表演单位：光雾山文艺中心 Performed by: GuangWu Mountain Literature and Arts Center. 大巴山的传统婚礼习俗中的对歌、抬花轿、拜堂、成亲等场景，有游戏、表演、逗趣等，展现出大巴山人对美好生活的向往和对婚姻家庭的美好祝愿。 Traditional Bashan Weddings are always filled with interesting scenes：Antiphonal，Sedan chair lift，the Bows and so on.Games and funny performances at the wedding are aspirations for happy marriage and better life.
毕业设计外文翻译附原文
外文翻译 专业机械设计制造及其自动化学生姓名刘链柱 班级机制111 学号1110101102 指导教师葛友华
外文资料名称： Design and performance evaluation of vacuum cleaners using cyclone technology 外文资料出处：Korean J. Chem. Eng., 23(6), (用外文写) 925-930 (2006) 附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文 2.外文原文
应用旋风技术真空吸尘器的设计和性能介绍 吉尔泰金，洪城铱昌，宰瑾李， 刘链柱译 摘要：旋风型分离器技术用于真空吸尘器 - 轴向进流旋风和切向进气道流旋风有效地收集粉尘和降低压力降已被实验研究。优化设计等因素作为集尘效率，压降，并切成尺寸被粒度对应于分级收集的50％的效率进行了研究。颗粒切成大小降低入口面积，体直径，减小涡取景器直径的旋风。切向入口的双流量气旋具有良好的性能考虑的350毫米汞柱的低压降和为1.5μm的质量中位直径在1米3的流量的截止尺寸。一使用切向入口的双流量旋风吸尘器示出了势是一种有效的方法，用于收集在家庭中产生的粉尘。 摘要及关键词：吸尘器; 粉尘; 旋风分离器 引言 我们这个时代的很大一部分都花在了房子，工作场所，或其他建筑，因此，室内空间应该是既舒适情绪和卫生。但室内空气中含有超过室外空气因气密性的二次污染物，毒物，食品气味。这是通过使用产生在建筑中的新材料和设备。真空吸尘器为代表的家电去除有害物质从地板到地毯所用的商用真空吸尘器房子由纸过滤，预过滤器和排气过滤器通过洁净的空气排放到大气中。虽然真空吸尘器是方便在使用中，吸入压力下降说唱空转成比例地清洗的时间，以及纸过滤器也应定期更换，由于压力下降，气味和细菌通过纸过滤器内的残留粉尘。 图1示出了大气气溶胶的粒度分布通常是双峰形，在粗颗粒（>2.0微米）模式为主要的外部来源，如风吹尘，海盐喷雾，火山，从工厂直接排放和车辆废气排放，以及那些在细颗粒模式包括燃烧或光化学反应。表1显示模式，典型的大气航空的直径和质量浓度溶胶被许多研究者测量。精细模式在0.18?0.36 在5.7到25微米尺寸范围微米尺寸范围。质量浓度为2?205微克，可直接在大气气溶胶和 3.85至36.3μg/m3柴油气溶胶。
当今最潮的英语翻译
伪球迷biased fans 紧身服straitjacket 团购group buying 奉子成婚shortgun marriage 婚前性行为premartial sex 开博to open a blog 家庭暴力family volience 问题家具problem furniture 炫富flaunt wealth 决堤breaching of the dike 上市list share 赌球soccer gambling 桑拿天sauna weather 自杀Dutch act 假发票fake invoice 落后产能outdated capacity 二房东middleman landlord 入园难kindergarten crunch 生态补偿ecological compensation 金砖四国BRIC countries 笑料laughing stock 泰国香米Thai fragrant rice 学历造假fabricate academic credentials 泄洪release flood waters 狂热的gaga eg: I was gaga over his deep blue eyes when I first set eyes on him 防暑降温补贴high temperature subsidy 暗淡前景bleak prospects 文艺爱情片chick flick 惊悚电影slasher flick 房奴车奴mortgage slave 上课开小差zone out 万事通know-it-all 毕业典礼commencement 散伙饭farewell dinner 毕业旅行after-graduation trip 节能高效的fuel-efficient 具有时效性的time-efficient 死记硬背cramming 很想赢be hungry for success 面子工程face job 捉迷藏play tag 射手榜top-scorer list 学历门槛academic threshold 女学究blue stocking
节目及节目种类名称(英文)讲课讲稿
节目及节目种类名称 (英文)
节目名称（英文） 今日说法Legal Report 道德观察Ethical Review 新闻调查News Probe 实话实说Tell it like it is 共同关注Eyes on 大家Great Masters 科技博览Science Review 科技苑Science and Technology 走近科学 Approaching Science 全球资讯榜Newslist 文化访谈录Culture Interview 探索发现Exploring 新闻30分 News 30 Min 百家讲坛Lecture Room 挑战主持人Challenge Anchor 名将之约Winner’s Circle 让世界了解你Meet China 中国电影报道China Movie Repor(拼写错误) 今日影视Movie Today 世界电影之旅World Film Report
世界影视博览World Cinema 影视同期声Movie & TV Express 周日影院Sunday Movie Zone 佳片有约 the Best 天天饮食I can cook so do you 搜寻天下Exploring High & Low 乡村大世界the World of Country 子午书简Diary Read Speedy Digest 当代工人contemporary labourer 讲述Story 人物People 影响100 Influence 100 健康之路Meet on the Road of Health 焦点访谈 Topics in Focus 新闻调查 News Probe 新闻30分 News in 30 Minutes 东方时空 Oriental Horizon 社会经纬 Net of Justice 夕阳红 Sunset Glow 商业电视 Business TV 市场热线 Market Hotline 世界经济报道 World Economic Report
易观：2017年第1季度银行服务应用APP现分化 工商银行手机银行用户粘性优势明显
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银行用户粘性高，交通银行、掌上生活分别以14.9分钟、14.4分钟位居第二、第三位。 Analysys易观分析认为，影响银行服务应用APP活跃及粘性的因素包括用户自身属性、银行APP功能、安全性及用户体验等。建议商业银行在APP产品创新过程中，加强对于用户使用习惯、使用场景的调研与分析，了解用户在产品使用过程中的需求、日常生活中的点滴事件触发，提升对于用户各个使用场景的覆盖、各个使用功能的覆盖，从而赢得用户的使用认可与支持，加强用户粘性。 2017年第1季度，工行、建行等银行推出新版APP，升级后的客户端优势主要体现在界面优化、客户体验提升、安全性提高等方面。具体来看，工商银行手机银行运用生物识别技术新增指纹登录、指纹支付等功能，实现了与融e购等平台的互联互通，为用户提供更智能、更安全的移动金融服务体验；建设银行推出新版手机银行，新增功能近150项，优化功能超过350项，UI界面更亲切、简约，交互设计更便捷、易用，服务更个性、智能。从营销活动来看，2017年第1季度，工行手机银行推出了“工行帮您过好节”系列活动、“‘象’惠星期四”专
毕业设计英文翻译
使用高级分析法的钢框架创新设计 1．导言 在美国，钢结构设计方法包括允许应力设计法(ASD)，塑性设计法(PD)和荷载阻力系数设计法(LRFD)。在允许应力设计中，应力计算基于一阶弹性分析，而几何非线性影响则隐含在细部设计方程中。在塑性设计中，结构分析中使用的是一阶塑性铰分析。塑性设计使整个结构体系的弹性力重新分配。尽管几何非线性和逐步高产效应并不在塑性设计之中，但它们近似细部设计方程。在荷载和阻力系数设计中，含放大系数的一阶弹性分析或单纯的二阶弹性分析被用于几何非线性分析，而梁柱的极限强度隐藏在互动设计方程。所有三个设计方法需要独立进行检查，包括系数K计算。在下面，对荷载抗力系数设计法的特点进行了简要介绍。 结构系统内的内力及稳定性和它的构件是相关的，但目前美国钢结构协会（AISC）的荷载抗力系数规范把这种分开来处理的。在目前的实际应用中，结构体系和它构件的相互影响反映在有效长度这一因素上。这一点在社会科学研究技术备忘录第五录摘录中有描述。 尽管结构最大内力和构件最大内力是相互依存的（但不一定共存），应当承认，严格考虑这种相互依存关系，很多结构是不实际的。与此同时，众所周知当遇到复杂框架设计中试图在柱设计时自动弥补整个结构的不稳定（例如通过调整柱的有效长度）是很困难的。因此，社会科学研究委员会建议在实际设计中，这两方面应单独考虑单独构件的稳定性和结构的基础及结构整体稳定性。图28.1就是这种方法的间接分析和设计方法。
在目前的美国钢结构协会荷载抗力系数规范中，分析结构体系的方法是一阶弹性分析或二阶弹性分析。在使用一阶弹性分析时，考虑到二阶效果，一阶力矩都是由B1,B2系数放大。在规范中，所有细部都是从结构体系中独立出来，他们通过细部内力曲线和规范给出的那些隐含二阶效应，非弹性，残余应力和挠度的相互作用设计的。理论解答和实验性数据的拟合曲线得到了柱曲线和梁曲线，同时Kanchanalai发现的所谓“精确”塑性区解决方案的拟合曲线确定了梁柱相互作用方程。 为了证明单个细部内力对整个结构体系的影响，使用了有效长度系数，如图28.2所示。有效长度方法为框架结构提供了一个良好的设计。然而，有效长度方法的
50个很潮的英文单词
发表日期：2015-09-29 07:48 来源：80后励志网编辑：80后点击：3321次 文章标签: 英语名言教育好文读书励志英语教育 文章导读:英语是国际性的语言，英语在我们的生活中使用率也越来越高，下面这50个很潮的英文单词，年轻人一定要学会哦！ 50个很潮的英文单词，年轻人一定要学会！ 1.预约券 reservation ticket 2.下午茶 high tea 3.微博 Microblog/ Tweets 4.裸婚 naked wedding 5.亚健康 sub-health 6.平角裤 boxers 7.愤青 young cynic 8.灵魂伴侣 soul mate 9.小白脸 toy boy 10.精神出轨 soul infidelity 11.人肉搜索 flesh search 12.浪女 dillydally girl 13.公司政治 company politics 14.剩女 3S lady(single，seventies,stuck)/left girls 15.山寨 copycat 16.异地恋 long-distance relationship 17.性感妈妈 yummy mummy ; milf(回复中指出的~) 18.钻石王老五 diamond bachelor;most eligible bachelor 20.时尚达人 fashion icon 21.御宅 otaku 22.上相的,上镜头的 photogenic 23.脑残体 leetspeak 24.学术界 academic circle 25.哈证族 certificate maniac 26.偶像派 idol type 27.住房公积金 housing funds 28.个税起征点 inpidual income tax threshold 29.熟女 cougar(源自电影Cougar Club) 30.挑食者 picky-eater 31.伪球迷 fake fans 32.紧身服 straitjacket 33.团购 group buying 34.奉子成婚 shotgun marriage 35.婚前性行为 premarital sex 36.开博 to open a blog 37.家庭暴力 family/domestic violence (由回复更正) 38.问题家具 problem furniture
英语阅读理解带翻译：电视节目
英语阅读理解带翻译：电视节目 Television gives the American people a wide variety of programs from early morning until late at night. Operas, orchestral performances, chamber music and jazz concerts are often presented on television. So most of the leisure at home is used for watching television. Many Americans are so fond of their TV programs that they often have cold luncheon in front of their receiving sets. Television has given people newer and deeper understanding of history, art, music, literature, the ballet, the theater, the discoveries of modern science and the wonders of the universe. Television viewers pay no tax or charges for receiving programs on their sets. The cost of the programs is paid chiefly by those who are given the opportunity to advertise their goods or services during the commercial breaks. 美国人从清晨直到深夜都能看到形形色色的电视节目。电视屏幕 上经常播放歌剧、管弦乐、室内音乐和爵士音乐演奏。所以家庭中绝 大部分空闲时间都花在看电视上。很多美国人酷爱电视节目，经常在 电视机前边看电视边吃冷餐。电视使人们对历史、艺术、音乐、文学、舞剧、戏剧、现代科学的新发现和宇宙的奥妙有较新和较深切的了解。电视观众看电视节目既不用缴税，也不必付款，节目费用主要是由那 些借此为其商品和服务做插播广告的人支付的。
央视节目英文翻译
栏目名和书名、文章标题一样，是画龙点睛之笔，其翻译应遵循以下原则：1.能够反映本栏目的中心内容，突出主题。2.译名必须简洁，明白易懂，朗朗上口。 3.不用句子结构，即主谓宾或主系表结构。 4.不能望文生义。如《东方时空》译为Oriental Horizon。horizon的意思是地平线,即"向水平方向望去,天与地相交接的线"，以此作为栏目名意境深远,给人想象的空间。如果译为Eastern Tim e and Space，就失去其深邃的意义了。又如社会经纬是中央电视台最早的一个法制节目，目的是向观众普及法律知识，增强观众的法律意识，弘扬司法公正。"社会经纬"字面上并没有法律，如直译成英文，会显得莫名其妙。但如果译成N et of Justice，就会使人由法律想到公正，由经纬想到天网恢恢。再如《夕阳红》译为Sunset Glow，比较贴切，又富有诗意。因为glow的意思"throw out light and heat without flame"(The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Curren t English,p.502)。下面，笔者把收集到的栏目名称英译与大家分享： 焦点访谈 Topics in Focus 新闻调查 News Probe 新闻30分 News in 30 Minutes 商业电视 Business TV 市场热线 Market Hotline 世界经济报道 World Economic Report 股市分析 Stock Market Analysis 足球之夜 Soccer Night 健康俱乐部 Health Club 春节联欢晚会 Spring Festival Gala Evening 半边天 Half the Sky 综艺大观 Super Variety Show 戏迷园地 Garden for Opera Fans 大风车 Big Pinwheel 七巧板 Tangram 12演播室 Twelve Studio 中华民族 Chinese Ethnic Peoples 科技博览 Science and Technology Review 人与自然 Man and Nature 正大综艺 Zhengda Variety Show 书坛画苑 Gallery of Calligraphy Painting 天涯共此时 Time Together across the Strait 华夏风情 China Kaleidoscope 中国新闻 China News 中国报道 China Report 旅行家 Travelogue 中国各地 Around China 今日中国 China Today 周日话题 Sunday Topics 英语新闻 English News 东方时尚 Oriental Fashion
工行手机银行介绍
手机银行(W AP) 业务简述 手机银行（WAP）是指工行依托移动通信运营商的网络，基于WAP技术，为手机客户提供的账户查询、转账、缴费付款、消费支付等金融服务的电子银行业务。是可以随身携带的网上银行。 服务渠道与时间 通过手机上网访问工行手机网站https://www.sodocs.net/doc/141569663.html,，点击“手机银行（WAP）登录”链接，即可登录工行手机银行（WAP）。7x24小时服务。 工行手机银行（WAP）业务具有随身便捷、申请简便、功能丰富、安全可靠等特点，主要涵盖了以下内容： （一）账户管理 为您提供余额查询、当日明细查询、历史明细查询、注册卡维护、账户挂失、默认账户设置、银行户口服务等功能。 注册卡维护是您自助添加、删除手机银行(WAP)注册卡/账户的功能。默认账户功能是为了方便操作，将多张注册卡/账户中常用的一张指定为默认的账户。 （二）转账汇款 为您提供工行汇款、跨行汇款、向E-mail、手机号汇款、定活转账、通知存款、本人外币转账、我的收款人维护、个人网银我的收款人、电话银行我的收款人等功能。 向E-mail、手机号汇款是指收款人只需绑定个性化别名和收款账号，汇款人汇款时输入收款人姓名、汇款别名和金额即可汇款。通知存款提供您将理财金账户卡或灵通卡内的活期子账户的资金，转存为通知存款的功能，通知存款最小起存金额为5万元。本人外币转账是提供您向指定账户进行本异地账户外币转账汇款的功能。 （三）缴费业务 您通过此功能可缴纳分行特色缴费项目费用，并支持您在非工作时间内进行缴费的预约指令提交，系统会在工作时间内为您办理业务。缴费成功后可将该项目存入我的缴费项目中，您还可以通过“我的缴费项目”进行个人缴费项目的缴费、查询、增删操作。 手机银行签订委托代扣协议的内容，支持您在手机银行-缴费业务功能下进行委托代扣协议的签订、查询、撤销。 （四）手机股市 您可通过手机银行(WAP)查询上证、深证的股票信息，并且在“定制我的股票”中输入股票代码定制或删除自己关心的股票。您可以通过“第三方存管”功能进行银行转证券公司、证券公司转银行和相关查询交易，此外还可以链接到券商W AP站点页面进行股票交易。 （五）基金业务 提供您根据基金公司、基金类型、基金代码及自选基金为条件，查询出某只基金详细信息（包括：基金代码、名称、类型、净值、历史净值等），并可将重点关注基金的设置为自选基金的功能。还可以快速便利地进行基金申购、认购、定投、赎回、撤单、余额及历史明细查询等操作。 （六）国债业务 支持储蓄国债（凭证式）和记账式国债的一站式购买。 储蓄国债（凭证式）可以进行查询信息、购买、兑付、查询国债余额的操作。记账式国债可以进行查询国债相关信息、开立托管账户、购买、卖出、交易余额及明细查询的操作。
毕业设计外文翻译格式实例.
理工学院毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译 专业：热能与动力工程 姓名：赵海潮 学号：09L0504133 外文出处：Applied Acoustics, 2010(71):701~707 附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。
附件1：外文资料翻译译文 基于一维CFD模型下汽车排气消声器的实验研究与预测Takeshi Yasuda, Chaoqun Wua, Noritoshi Nakagawa, Kazuteru Nagamura 摘要目前，利用实验和数值分析法对商用汽车消声器在宽开口喉部加速状态下的排气噪声进行了研究。在加热工况下发动机转速从1000转/分钟加速到6000转/分钟需要30秒。假定其排气消声器的瞬时声学特性符合一维计算流体力学模型。为了验证模拟仿真的结果，我们在符合日本工业标准（JIS D 1616）的消声室内测量了排气消声器的瞬态声学特性，结果发现在二阶发动机转速频率下仿真结果和实验结果非常吻合。但在发动机高阶转速下（从5000到6000转每分钟的四阶转速，从4200到6000转每分钟的六阶转速这样的高转速范围内），计算结果和实验结果出现了较大差异。根据结果分析，差异的产生是由于在模拟仿真中忽略了流动噪声的影响。为了满足市场需求，研究者在一维计算流体力学模型的基础上提出了一个具有可靠准确度的简化模型，相对标准化模型而言该模型能节省超过90％的执行时间。 关键字消声器排气噪声优化设计瞬态声学性能 1 引言 汽车排气消声器广泛用于减小汽车发动机及汽车其他主要部位产生的噪声。一般而言，消声器的设计应该满足以下两个条件：（1）能够衰减高频噪声，这是消声器的最基本要求。排气消声器应该有特定的消声频率范围，尤其是低频率范围，因为我们都知道大部分的噪声被限制在发动机的转动频率和它的前几阶范围内。（2）最小背压，背压代表施加在发动机排气消声器上额外的静压力。最小背压应该保持在最低限度内，因为大的背压会降低容积效率和提高耗油量。对消声器而言，这两个重要的设计要求往往是互相冲突的。对于给定的消声器，利用实验的方法，根据距离尾管500毫米且与尾管轴向成45°处声压等级相近的排气噪声来评估其噪声衰减性能，利用压力传感器可以很容易地检测背压。 近几十年来，在预测排气噪声方面广泛应用的方法有：传递矩阵法、有限元法、边界元法和计算流体力学法。其中最常用的方法是传递矩阵法（也叫四端网络法）。该方
50个很潮的英文单词
50个很潮的英文单词，年轻人一定要学会！ 发表日期：2015-09-29 07:48 来源：80后励志网编辑：80后点击：3321次 文章标签: 英语名言教育好文读书励志英语教育 文章导读:英语是国际性的语言，英语在我们的生活中使用率也越来越高，下面这50个很潮的英文单词，年轻人一定要学会哦！ 50个很潮的英文单词，年轻人一定要学会！ 1.预约券 reservation ticket 2.下午茶 high tea 3.微博 Microblog/ Tweets 4.裸婚 naked wedding 5.亚健康 sub-health 6.平角裤 boxers 7.愤青 young cynic 8.灵魂伴侣 soul mate 9.小白脸 toy boy 10.精神出轨 soul infidelity 11.人肉搜索 flesh search 12.浪女 dillydally girl 13.公司政治 company politics 14.剩女 3S lady(single，seventies,stuck)/left girls 15.山寨 copycat 16.异地恋 long-distance relationship 17.性感妈妈 yummy mummy ; milf(回复中指出的~) 18.钻石王老五 diamond bachelor;most eligible bachelor
20.时尚达人 fashion icon 21.御宅 otaku 22.上相的,上镜头的 photogenic 23.脑残体 leetspeak 24.学术界 academic circle 25.哈证族 certificate maniac 26.偶像派 idol type 27.住房公积金 housing funds 28.个税起征点 inpidual income tax threshold 29.熟女 cougar(源自电影Cougar Club) 30.挑食者 picky-eater 31.伪球迷 fake fans 32.紧身服 straitjacket 33.团购 group buying 34.奉子成婚 shotgun marriage 35.婚前性行为 premarital sex 36.开博 to open a blog 37.家庭暴力 family/domestic violence (由回复更正) 38.问题家具 problem furniture 39.炫富 flaunt wealth 40.决堤 breaching of the dike 41.上市 list share 42.赌球 soccer gambling 43.桑拿天 sauna weather 44.自杀 Dutch act 45.假发票 fake invoice 46.落后产能 outdated capacity 47.二房东 middleman landlord 48.入园难 kindergarten crunch 49.生态补偿 ecological compensation 50.金砖四国 BRIC countrie
CCTV节目单 英文翻译
1. Topics in Focus 焦点访谈 2. News Probe 新闻调查 3. News in 30 Minutes 新闻30分 4. Business TV 商业电视 5. Market Hotline 市场热线 6. World Economic Report 世界经济报道 7. Stock Market Analysis 股市分析 8. Soccer Night 足球之夜 9. Health Club 健康俱乐部 10. Spring Festival Gala Evening春节联欢晚会 11. Half the Sky 半边天 12. Super Variety Show 综艺大观 13. Garden for Opera Fans 戏迷园地 14. Big Pinwheel大风车 15. Tangram 七巧板 16. Twelve Studio 12演播市 17. Chinese Ethnic Peoples 中华民族 18. Science and Technology Review 科技博览 19. Human and Nature 人与自然 20. Zhengda Variety Show 正大综艺
21. Gallery of Calligraphy Painting 书坛画苑 22. Time Together across the Strait 天涯共此时 23. China Kaleidoscope 华夏风情 24. China News 中国新闻 25. China Report 中国报道 26. Travelogue 旅行家 27. Around China 中国各地 28. China Today 今日中国 29. Sunday Topics 周日话题 30. English News 英语新闻 31. Oriental Fashion 东方时尚 32. Chinese Cooking 厨艺 33. Traditional Chinese Medicine 中华医药 34. Total Soccer 天下足球 35. Hoop Park 篮球公园 36. Weather Report 天气预报 37. English News 英语新闻 38. Sports World 体育世界 39. Lecture Room 百家讲坛 40. People 人物 41. Sports News 体育新闻 42. Mystery All Star 全明星猜想
中国工商银行是中国五大银行之首.精讲
中国工商银行是中国五大银行之首，世界五百强企业之一，拥有中国最大的客户群，是中国最大的商业银行。中国工商银行是中国最大的国有独资商业银行，基本任务是依据国家的法律和法规，通过国内外开展融资活动筹集社会资金，加强信贷资金管理，支持企业生产和技术改造，为我国经济建设服务。该行是在中国人民银行专门行使中央银行职能的同时，从中国人民银行分离出的专业银行。中国内地规模最大的银行。《金融时报》列出中国工商银行全球企业500大排行榜第9位。《欧洲货币》和英国的《银行家》杂志以所有权益排序，工商银行列为全球1，000家大银行第6位。 工商银行是中国最大公司银行，截至2010年末，拥有412万公司客户。 公司业务优势 中国银行的业务范围涵盖商业银行、投资银行、保险和航空租赁，旗下有中银香港、中银国际、中银保险等控股金融机构，在全球范围内为个人和公司客户提供金融服务。中国银行作为中国国际化和多元化程度最高的银行，在中国内地、香港、澳门、台湾及37个国家为客户提供全面的金融服务。主要经营商业银行业务，包括公司金融业务、个人金融业务和金融市场业务等多项业务。2013年7月，英国《银行家》（The Banker）杂志公布了2013年“全球1000家大银行”排名，位居第9位，与2012年排名一致。 以商业银行为核心、多元化服务、海内外一体化发展的大型跨国银行 跨境业务优势货币兑换境外支付等优势 中国农业银行 面向三农，服务城乡 农业信贷，个人薪资保障贷款贷款业务优势 中国建设银行 个人住房保障性贷款 欧元清算和汇款业务：分行依托强大的系统网络，提供专业高效的欧元清算服务 国家基本建设预算拨款和企业自筹资金拨付，监督资金合理使用，对施工企业发放短期贷款，办理基本业务结算业务的职责 管理建设资金 住房建设类贷款，施工企业贷款优势 交通银行 综合性优势 是第一家在境外上市的国有控股大型商业银行 底下控股的银行机构多 为首家在台湾设立机构的大陆银行 业务发展均衡，综合指数高 兴业银行 短期周转贷款,个体户经营贷款 贷款门槛较低便利 1、申请简便，审批快捷简化贷款申请手续，申请资料齐全，5个工作日内完成审批，助客户把握商机。 2、一次授信，循环使用单次授信期限可达10年，授信期限内，额度循
毕业设计英文翻译资料(中文)
故障概率模型的数控车床 摘要：领域的失效分析被计算机数字化控制（CNC）车床描述。现场收集了为期两年的约80台数控车床的故障数据。编码系统代码失效数据是制定和失效分析数据库成立的数控车床。失败的位置和子系统，失效模式及原因进行了分析，以显示薄弱子系统的数控车床。另外，故障的概率模型，分析了数控车床的模糊多准则综合评价。 作者关键词：数控车床；场失败；概率模型；模糊信息 文章概述 1.介绍 2. CNC车床的概述 3.收集和整理数据 3.1. 收集数据 3.2. 领域失效数据的有效性 3.3. 数据核对和数据库 4. 失效分析 4.1. 对失败位置和子系统的频率分析 4.2. 对失败形式的频率分析 5.失败机率模型 5.1. 方法学 5.2. 分布倍之间连续的失败 5.3. 修理时间的发行 6.结论 1.介绍 在过去十年中，计算机数字化控制（CNC）车床已经越来越多地被引入到机械加工过程中。由于其固有的灵活性很大，稳定的加工精度和高生产率，数控车床是能给用户巨大的利益。然而，作为一个单一的数控车床故障也许会导致整个生产车间被停止，而且维修更加困难和昂贵，当故障发生时[1]，数控车床能够给用户带来很多的麻烦。 与此同时，制造商还需要持续改进数控车床的可靠性来提高市场的竞争力。因此，数控车床的可靠性能使生产商和用户增加显著性和至关重要的意义。 需要改进数控车床的可靠性，使用户和制造商收集和分析领域的故障数据和采取措施减少停机时间。本文论述了研究失效模式及原因，失效的位置和薄弱的子系统，故障概率模型的数控车床。
图1 系统框图的数控车床 机械系统包括主轴及其传动链（固定在主轴箱），两根滑动轴（命名X、Z或者U，W在轮），车床拖板箱，转动架或刀架，尾座，床身等。主轴持续或加强连续变速，驱动交流或直流主轴电机直接或通过主传动，并有一个光电编码器的主轴车削螺纹。X和Z 两根轴的驱动交流或直流伺服车削螺纹和控制同时进行。该转动架或刀架可自动交换工
潮语俚语英语翻译词典
1)特困生super-sleepy students 2)讨债人debt collector 3)老赖deadbeat 4)另类offbeat 5)蕾丝边lesbian 6)油条flirtatious boy 7)晒黑族injustice exposer 8)新新人类new-new generation 9)麦霸microphone monopolist 10)楼主thread starter 11)姐弟恋cradle snatcher 12)达人pro/doyen 13)潮人trendsetter 14)性情中人unsophisticated person 15)钻石王老五diamond bachelor 16)毒枭drug lord 17)菜鸟rookie/novice 18)三夹板sandwich husband 19)熟女sophisticated lady 20)型男metro-sexual men 21)作女high-maintenance woman 22)潜规则hidden rule 23)傍大款live off a moneybags 24)爆料tip off/blow the whistle 25)拆烂污mess up knowingly 26)强档prime time 27)哑巴亏take it on the chin 28)找不着北lose one’s bearings 29)不折腾Don’t stir up turmoil. 30)双规double designation 31)高考状元college entrance exam ace 32)走光wardrobe malfunction 33)开光consecrate/bless/deify 34)骨感型boney clan 35)素人layman, bungler 36)敲门砖door opener, stepping stone 37)淘客online shopper 38)内鬼inner culprit 39)死党sworn friend 40)名嘴popular TV presenter 41)老娘舅avuncular arbitrator 42)奔奔族car-less drivers 43)考托exam scalper 44)医托hospital scalper, hospital stoolie
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央视节目英文翻译
焦点访谈Topics in Focus 新闻调查News Probe 新闻30分News in 30 Minutes 东方时空Oriental Horizon 社会经纬Net of Justice 夕阳红Sunset Glow 商业电视Business TV 市场热线Market Hotline 世界经济报道World Economic Report 股市分析Stock Market Analysis 足球之夜Soccer Night 健康俱乐部Health Club 春节联欢晚会Spring Festival Gala Evening 半边天Half the Sky 综艺大观Super Variety Show 戏迷园地Garden for Opera Fans 大风车Big Pinwheel 七巧板Tangram 12演播室Twelve Studio 中华民族Chinese Ethnic Peoples 科技博览Science and Technology Review 人与自然Man and Nature 正大综艺Zhengda Variety Show 书坛画苑Gallery of Calligraphy Painting 天涯共此时Time Together across the Strait 华夏风情China Kaleidoscope 中国新闻China News 中国报道China Report 旅行家Travelogue 中国各地Around China 今日中国China Today 周日话题Sunday Topics 英语新闻English News 东方时尚Oriental Fashion 厨艺Chinese Cooking 中华医药Traditional Chinese Medicine
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