外文翻译

Vol.9 No.1 March 2002

Article ID:1005 9784(2002)01 0005 06

J.CENT.S OUTH UNIV.TECHNOL.

Effects of induction heat treatment on

mechanical properties of TiAl based alloy

PENG Chao qun(彭超群),HUANG Bai yun(黄伯云),HE Yue hui(贺跃辉) State Key Laboratory for Po wder Metallurgy,Central South University,Changsha410083,China

Abstract:The effects of rapid heating cyclic heat treatment on mechanical properties of a TiAl based alloy (Ti 33Al 3Cr)were studied by means of an induction heating machine.The results show that:1)fine fully lamellar microstructure with c olony size of about50 m and lamellar spacing of about0.12 m can be ob tained;2)the c ompression mechanical properties can be improved to a large e xtent and the best comprehensive compression mechanical properties can reach the yield stress745MPa,the large flow stress1672MPa and the compression ra tio19.4%;and3)the compression fracture at room te mperature after induction heat treatment and aging is still typical cleavage fracture.

Key words:TiAl based alloy;rapid heating;induc tion heat treatment;mechanical properties

Document code:A

1 INTRODU CTION

Early in1965,Grange et al[1]found a way which can refine the grain size of primary austenite of steels to3 5 m.The essentials of this technol ogy are repeated rapid heating(to austenitizing temperature)and cooling.It is pointed out that this technology is also applicable to the other alloy systems with similar transformation characteristics to those of steels.

ZHANG et al[2 4],WANG[5]and XIE et al[6]separately studied the effects of cyclic heat treatment on microstructures and mechanical prop erties of the TiAl based alloys,and obtained fine fully lamellar microstructures through intermediate transformation processes,for example massive transformation.The common points of the cyclic heat treatment technologies studied by them are as follows:relatively low heating rate,relatively long holding time and low cooling rate,intermediate phase transformations by which the fine fully lamellar microstructures form.

The authors proposed a new cyclic heat treat ment technology with high heating rate and low cooling rate,by which the fine fully lamellar microstructures of the TiAl based alloys can di rectly form.Based on the feasibility study,orthog onal tests[7]and thermal simulation tests[8],the specimens of the TiAl based alloy for measuring mechanical properties were prepared by induction heat treatment process,and the mechanical prop erties were measured,the microstructures were ob served.

2 EXPERIMENTAL

The test material used is as cast Ti 33Al 3Cr (mass fraction,%)alloy with primary colony size of about800 m.The schematic diagram of induc tion heating cyclic heat treatment is shown in Fig.1.The specimens were prepared using a GP 30(A)portable induction heating machine whose main technological parameters are shown in Table

1.

F ig.1 Sche matic diagram of rapid heating

cyclic heat treatment technology

Foundation item: The National Advanced Materials Committee of China(No.715 005 0040)

Biography of the first author: PENG Chao qun,associate professor,born in1966,majoring in T i Al based intermetallics. Received date: Aug.21,2001

Table 1 Main technological parameters of portable

GP 30(A)type induction heating machine

Input voltage/V 380(50~60Hz)Range of input voltage/V 320~420Output vibration frequency/kHz 30~100Heating current/A 100~1000Holding current/A 100~1000Holding time/s 1~99Input power/kV A

30Cooling water press ure/MPa 0.05~0.2Mass/kg

20

Volume/(mm mm mm)180 360 410Heating ti me/s 1~99(Auto)Cooling ti me/s

1~99(Auto)

3 RESU LTS AND DISCUSSION

3.1 Effects of induction hea ting cyclic heat

treatment on mechanical properties of TiAl based alloy

Based on the exploratory tests,the effects of heating current,holding current,holding time and cycling number on refining the as cast TiAl based alloy were systematically studied.The results of microstructure observations show that the refining of G 4and G 5with technological parameters lis ted in Table 2is most obvious.Their optical mi crostructures and SEM morphologies are shown in Figs.2,3a and 3b respectively.The TEM mor phology of sample G 5is shown in Fig.3c.It can be known from Fig.2and Fig.3that the colony size and lamellar spacing of sample G 5are about 50 m and 0.12 m respectively.

Table 2 Technological parameters of induction heat

treated G 4and G 5sa mples

Sample No.Heating current/A Heating time/s Holding current/A Holding ti me/s Cycling number G 4790620355G 5

800

6

240

5

5

3.2 Effects of ag ing on m icrostructu re and

hardness of induction heat treated TiAl based alloy

In order to eliminate the thermal stress pro duced in the induction heat treatment process and make the alloy change from metastable to stable,samples G 4and G 5were aged at 1000 for 12 48h respectively.The technological parame

ters are shown in Table 3.

Table 3 Technological parameters of aging for

G 4and G 5series samples

Sample No.Heat treatment conditions / t /h G 4 1100012G 4 2100024G 4 3100036G 4 4100048G 5 1100012G 5 2100024G 5 3100036G 5 4

1000

48

The HV 5values of samples G 4and G 5after aging at 1000 for 12 48h are shown in Table 4and Fig.4.It can be seen from Table 4that af ter induction heat treatment,the HV 5values of samples G 4and G 5are raised by 117HV 5and 92HV 6respectively as compared to those of the as HIPped alloy.After aging at 1000 for 12 48h,the heat treated samples still retain the low est hardness of 352HV 5which is 57HV 5higher than that of the as HIPped sample.Therefore,

Fig.2 Optical microstructures of induction heating

treated G 4(a)and G 5(b)samples

6Jo urnal CSUT Vol.9 No.1 2002

(a)G 4sample,SEM;(b)G 5sample,SE M;(c)G 5sample,TEM

F ig.3 SE M and TEM morphologies of

G 4and G 5

samples

Fig.4 Dependence of HV 5values of G 4(a)and

G 5(b)samples on time (aged at 1000 )

the induction heating cyclic heat treatment can sig

nificantly raise the hardness of the TiAl based al loy.

It is indicated by Table 4and Fig.4that for samples G 4and G 5aged at 1000 ,when the

aging time reaches 12h,the hardness almost

keeps unchanged with increasing aging time.Thus,after 12h aging at 1000 ,the thermal stress produced in the induction heat treatment process is basically relaxed.

Table 4 HV 5values of G 4and G 5samples measured

after aging at 1000 for 12~48h

*

Sample No.

M eas ured data Mean value

G4412412410414412412G 4 1367367358367367365G 4 2341358367367367360G 4 3347362380367367365G 4 4362362362362367363G5390386395386380387G 5 1371377365371371371G 5 2367367367362362365G 5 3

371371371350359364G 5 4

362

362

345

345

345

352

*For as HIPped TiAl sample:HV 5=295

3.3 Effects of induction heat trea tment and

aging on mechanical properties of TiAl based alloy

3.3.1 Compression mechanical properties

According to the compression load vs defor

7

PENG Chaoqun ,et al:Effe cts of induction heat treatment on mechanic al prope rties o f Ti Al base d alloy

mation curves at room temperature,the yield stress 0.2,the largest flow stress p and the com pression ratio of the G 4and G 5series samples and the as HIPped sample were calculated by means of the data treatment software attached to the Gleeble 1500thermal simulator.The results are listed in Table 5.

Table 5 Yield stress 0.2,largest flow stress p and

compression ratio !%in compressive test at room temperature for G 4and G 5series samples and as HIPped TiAl

Sample No.

0.2/MPa p /MPa !/%G 4846.71394.810.8G 4 1736.01267.811.5G 4 2570.01437.614.7G 4 3665.01599.314.6G 4 4663.6

1287.48.9G 5728.31385.010.9G 5 1666.71389.113.8G 5 2745.11672.219.4G 5 3806.61742.014.1G 5 4646.71356.213.1As HIPped

596.0

1174.9

11.6

It is clear from Table 5that:1)the yield stresses and the largest flow stresses of the G 4se ries samples except sample G 4 2are higher than those of the as HIPped sample,while the com pression ratios may be higher or lower than that of the latter;2)all the compression mechanical properties of the G 5series samples are higher than those of the as HIPped sample except that the compression ratio of G 5sample is slightly lower than that of the latter,the yield stress,the largest flow stress and the compression ratio are raised re

spectively by 210MPa,517MPa and 7.8%and the G 5 2sample has the best comprehensive me chanical properties;3)the comprehensive me chanical properties of the G 5series samples are better than those of the G 4series samples on the whole;4)samples G 4and G 5reach the best comprehensive mechanical properties after aging at 1000 for 36h and 24h respectively;5)for sample G 4,when the aging time reaches 48h at 1000 ,both the largest flow stress and com pression ratio decrease sharply,which is possibly related to the coarsening of the grains.The com pression load deformation curves corresponding to the as HIPped,G 4 3and G 5 2samples are shown in Fig.5.

3.3.2 Compression fracture morphology

In consideration of service,the tensile prop erties are very important,but the compression properties are also important,especially when large deformation is needed.To completely under stand the deformation and fracture of the fully lamellar TiAl alloys is the key to determine the further mechanical working.Dao et al [9]systemat ically studied the deformation and fracture of the lamellar TiAl microstructure under compression loading,probed the failure modes of the polycrys talline fully and near lamellar microstructures and proposed a deformation and fracture model for the lamellar TiAl pseudosingle crystals.

Fig.6shows the SEM micrographs of the compression fractures of G 5series samples at room temperature.It can be seen that after induc tion heat treatment and aging ,the

compression

Fig.5 Load vs strain curves in compressive tests at room temperature( ?=10-4s -1)

8Jo urnal CSUT Vol.9 No.1 2002

F ig.6 SE M micrographs of compression fractures of

G 5series samples

fractures at room temperature are still typical cleavage fractures,i.e.there occur cleavage steps,river patterns and rock candy patterns,and the propagation of cracks is predominantly trans granular.

The compression mechanical properties are raised to a large extent after induction heat treat ment and aging as compared to those of the as HIPped sample.This is mainly due to the fact that the above treatments refine the grain size,thus re ducing the difference of the deformations at the grain boundaries and in the grains.Therefore,the movements of the dislocations are impeded,the deformation and fracture are delayed,finally the strength and the ductility are improved.

4 CONCLUSION S

1)Fine fully lamellar TiAl microstructures with colony size of about50 m and lamellar spac ing of about0.12 m can be obtained by rapid heating cyclic heat treatment.

2)The hardness of the TiAl based alloy can be raised by rapid heating cyclic heat treatment to a large extent;the largest hardness can reach412 HV5.

9

PENG Chaoqun,et al:Effe cts of induction heat treatment on mechanic al prope rties o f Ti Al base d alloy

3)The compression mechanical properties at room temperature can be improved significantly, the best comprehension mechanical properties can be achieved,i.e.the yield stress745.1MPa, the largest flow stress1672.2and the compres sion ratio19.4%,respectively.

4)The compression fracture of the TiAl based alloy at room temperature after induction heat treatment and aging is still clevage fracture and the propagation of the cracks occurs predomi nantly transgranularly.

REFERENCES

[1] Grange R A,Shackelford E R.Method o f producing

ultra f ine grained steel[P].US3178324,1965.

[2] ZHANG Ji,MA Wan qing,ZOU Dun xu,et a l.The heat

treatment process and mechanisms of obtaining the NG mi

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Heat Treatment(in Chinese),1996,17(3):17.[3] ZHANG Ji,Z HANG Jian wei,ZOU Dun xu,et al.T he

generating kinetics and mechanisms of the cast TiAl inter

metallic alloy FFL microstructure[J].Transactions o f Metal

Heat Treatment(in Chinese),1996,17(4):12.

[4] ZHANG Ji,ZHANG Zhi hong,ZOU Dun xu,et al.Refine

ment of cast T i Al alloy FL microstructure[J].Journal o f

Iron and Steel Research(in Chinese),1997,9(S1):162. [5] WANG Jian nong.New processi ng technology and mi

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[6] XIE Kun,WANG Jian nong,TANG Jian cheng,et al.Re

fining TiAl grains by cyclic heat treatment[J].Ra re Metal

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[7] PENG Chao q un,HUANG Bai yun,HE Yue hui,et al.

Microstructural refinement of as cast TiAl based alloy by

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of Technology(in Chinese),1999,30(1):52 54.

[8] PENG Chao qun.E ff ects o f Cyclic Hea t Treatment on Mi

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[D].Changsha:Central South University,2001.

[9] Dao M,Kad B K,Asaro R J.Deformation and fracture un

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Phil Mag A,1996,74(3):569 591.

10Jo urnal CSUT Vol.9 No.1 2002

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最高审计机关的环境审计活动 1最高审计机关越来越多的活跃在环境审计领域。特别是1993-1996年期间，工作组已检测到环境审计活动坚定的数量增长。首先，越来越多的最高审计机关已经活跃在这个领域。其次是积极的最高审计机关，甚至变得更加活跃：他们分配较大部分的审计资源给这类工作，同时出版更多环保审计报告。表1显示了平均数字。然而，这里是机构间差异较大。例如，环境报告的数量变化，每个审计机关从1到36份报告不等。 1996-1999年期间，结果是不那么容易诠释。第一，活跃在环境审计领域的最高审计机关数量并没有太大变化。“活性基团”的组成没有保持相同的：一些最高审计机关进入，而其他最高审计机关离开了团队。环境审计花费的时间量略有增加。二，但是，审计报告数量略有下降，1996年和1999年之间。这些数字可能反映了从量到质的转变。这个信号解释了在过去三年从规律性审计到绩效审计的转变（1994-1996年，20％的规律性审计和44％绩效审计;1997-1999：16％规律性审计和绩效审计54％）。在一般情况下，绩效审计需要更多的资源。我们必须认识到审计的范围可能急剧变化。在将来，再将来开发一些其他方式去测算人们工作量而不是计算通过花费的时间和发表的报告会是很有趣的。 在2000年，有62个响应了最高审计机关并向工作组提供了更详细的关于他们自1997年以来公布的工作信息。在1997-1999年，这62个最高审计机关公布的560个环境审计报告。当然，这些报告反映了一个庞大的身躯，可用于其他机构的经验。环境审计报告的参考书目可在网站上的最高审计机关国际组织的工作组看到。这里这个信息是用来给最高审计机关的审计工作的内容更多一些洞察。 自1997年以来，少数环境审计是规律性审计（560篇报告中有87篇，占16％）。大多数审计绩效审计（560篇报告中有304篇，占54％），或组合的规律性和绩效审计（560篇报告中有169篇，占30％）。如前文所述，绩效审计是一个广泛的概念。在实践中，绩效审计往往集中于环保计划的实施（560篇报告中有264篇，占47％），符合国家环保法律，法规的，由政府部门，部委和/或其他机构的任务给访问（560篇报告中有212篇，占38％）。此外，审计经常被列入政府的环境管理系统（560篇报告中有156篇，占28％）。下面的元素得到了关注审计报告：影响或影响现有的国家环境计划非环保项目对环境的影响;环境政策;由政府遵守国际义务和承诺的10％至20％。许多绩效审计包括以上提到的要素之一。 1本文译自：S. Van Leeuwen.(2004).’’Developments in Environmental Auditing by Supreme Audit Institutions’’ Environmental Management Vol. 33, No. 2, pp. 163–1721

营销-外文翻译

外文翻译 原文 Marketing Material Source：Marketing Management Author：Philip Kotler Marketing Channels To reach a target market, the marketer uses three kinds of marketing channels. Communication channels deliver messages to and receive messages from target buyers. They include newspapers, magazines, radio, television, mail, telephone, billboards, posters, fliers, CDs, audiotapes, and the Internet. Beyond these, communications are conveyed by facial expressions and clothing, the look of retail stores, and many other media. Marketers are increasingly adding dialogue channels (e-mail and toll-free numbers) to counterbalance the more normal monologue channels (such as ads). The marketer uses distribution channels to display or deliver the physical product or service to the buyer or user. There are physical distribution channels and service distribution channels, which include warehouses, transportation vehicles, and various trade channels such as distributors, wholesalers, and retailers. The marketer also uses selling channels to effect transactions with potential buyers. Selling channels include not only the distributors and retailers but also the banks and insurance companies that facilitate transactions. Marketers clearly face a design problem in choosing the best mix of communication, distribution, and selling channels for their offerings. Supply Chain Whereas marketing channels connect the marketer to the target buyers, the supply chain describes a longer channel stretching from raw materials to components to final products that are carried to final buyers. For example, the supply chain for women’s purses starts with hides, tanning operations, cutting operations, manufacturing, and the marketing channels that bring products to customers. This supply chain represents a value delivery system. Each company captures only a certain percentage of the total value generated by the supply chain. When a company acquires competitors or moves upstream or downstream, its aim is

智能交通灯控制系统_英文翻译

英文 Because of the rapid development of our economy resulting in the car number of large and medium-sized cities surged and the urban traffic, is facing serious test, leading to the traffic problem increasingly serious, its basically are behaved as follows: traffic accident frequency, to the human life safety enormous threat, Traffic congestion, resulting in serious travel time increases, energy consumption increase; Air pollution and noise pollution degree of deepening, etc. Daily traffic jams become people commonplace and had to endure. In this context, in combination with the actual situation of urban road traffic, develop truly suitable for our own characteristics of intelligent signal control system has become the main task. Preface In practical application at home and abroad, according to the actual traffic signal control application inspection, planar independent intersection signal control basic using set cycle, much time set cycle, half induction, whole sensor etc in several ways. The former two control mode is completely based on planar intersection always traffic flow data of statistical investigation, due to traffic flow the existence of variable sex and randomicity, the two methods have traffic efficiency is low, the scheme, the defects of aging and half inductive and all the inductive the two methods are in the former two ways based on increased vehicle detector and according to the information provided to adjust cycle is long and green letter of vehicle, it than random arrived adaptability bigger, can make vehicles in the parking cord before as few parking, achieve traffic flowing effect In modern industrial production,current,voltage,temperature, pressure, and flow rate, velocity, and switch quantity are common mainly controlled parameter. For example: in metallurgical industry, chemical production, power engineering, the papermaking industry, machinery and food processing and so on many domains, people need to transport the orderly control. By single chip microcomputer to control of traffic, not only has the convenient control, configuration simple and flexible wait for an advantage, but also can greatly improve the technical index by control quantity, thus greatly improve product quality and quantity. Therefore, the monolithic integrated circuit to the traffic light control problem is an industrial production we often encounter problems. In the course of industrial production, there are many industries have lots of traffic equipment, in the current system, most of the traffic control signal is accomplished by relays, but relays response time is long, sensitivity low, long-term after use, fault opportunity increases greatly, and adopts single-chip microcomputer control, the accuracy of far greater than relays, short response time, software reliability, not because working time reduced its performance sake, compared with, this solution has the high feasibility. About AT89C51 (1)function characteristics description: AT89C51 is a low power consumption, high performance CMOS8 bit micro-controller, has the 8K in system programmable Flash memory. Use high-density Atmel company the beltpassword nonvolatile storage technology and manufacturing, and industrial 80S51 product instructions and pin fully compatible. Chip Flash allow program memory in system programmable, also suitable for conventional programmer. In a single chip, have dexterous 8 bits CPU and in system programmable Flash, make AT89C51 for many embedded control application system provides the high flexible, super efficient solution. AT89C51 has the following standard function: 8k bytes Flash, 256 bytes RAM, 32-bit I/O mouth line, the watchdog timer, two data pointer, three 16 timer/counter, a 6 vector level 2 interrupt structure, full-duplex serial port, piece inside crystals timely clock circuit. In addition, AT89C51 can drop to 0Hz static logic operation, support two software can choose power saving mode. Idle mode, the CPU to stop working, allowing the RAM, timer/counter, serial ports, interruption continue to work. Power lost protection mode, RAM content being saved, has been frozen, microcontroller all work stop, until the next interruption or hardware reset so far. As shown in