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德语虚拟语气讲解(第二虚拟式)

德语虚拟语气讲解(第二虚拟式)
德语虚拟语气讲解(第二虚拟式)

知识点一:

德语语法中最容易迷惑人的大概就是虚拟式了。为了帮助大家更好的理解虚拟语气,我们讲分成两部分讲解虚拟式。

虚拟式分为第一虚拟式和第二虚拟式。由于平常第二虚拟式用得较频繁,且常用第二虚拟式代替第一虚拟式,我们先来谈一谈第二虚拟式到底是何方神圣?到底要怎么用?

一,虚拟式构成形式及与一般式对比

对比直陈式:

如大家所见,第二虚拟式只有两个时态:现在时,过去式。直陈式过去时有三种时态,而第二虚拟式只有一种。

二,时态

?现在时:

①弱变化动词

弱变化动词的第二虚拟式形式上比较容易掌握的,与直陈式过去时相似:

②强变化动词

动词变化基本形式是动词过去时词根加上一下词尾:

如:

④强变化动词词干元音为 a, o, u 时,须变为 ?,?,ü:

⑤助动词haben, sein, werden 第二虚拟式

⑦情态动词第二虚拟式

⑧特例:一些强变化动词和混合变化动词在构成第二虚拟式时元音和直陈式

过去时元音不一样,如:

但是这种形式现在用的比较少,常使用Würden+不定式。

⑨特例:混合动词 senden 和 wenden 在第二虚拟式中一般用弱变化形式,

如:

?过去时:

第二虚拟式过去时结构如下:

助动词haben/sein第二虚拟式形式+过去分词

需要注意的是:

?所有表示过去的直陈式形式改为虚拟式时,都用这种形式。

?sein第二人称形式du w?r e st 中间的e可以省略,即du w?rst.

三,被动态

四,第二虚拟式的代替形式 würde + 不定式

?口语中,大部分动词的第二虚拟式由würden+不定式的形式来代替,如

Ich würde dich gern einladen.

?haben和sein的第二虚拟式形式很少用würde 形式来代替,情态动词几乎不用该形式代替。

?但是,要避免住从句中都用würden形式。

Wenn ich dort eine Arbeit finden würde, würde ich an der See bleiben.(X)

五,第二虚拟式的用法

第二虚拟式主要表示一种非现实的情况。也常用于客套句中,表示婉转的请求、提问、谦虚的态度或者礼节性对话。

①礼貌表达(客套句)

?K?nnten Sie mir bitte Handtaschen zeigen?

?K?nnte ich bitte mal das Salz haben?

?Würden so freundlich sein und mir helfen?

?Würden Sie mir bitte sagen,wann der Zug nach Berlin abf?hrt

②非现实愿望

注意:

1.非现实愿望句可由wenn引导,此时动词位于句末。如果省略wenn,动词位于句首。

2.非现实愿望句要加上doch, blo?, nur 或者 doch nur 等词。(一定不能忘记加哦)

3.非现实愿望句句末一般有感叹号!

非现实条件

1.非现实条件句也一样,可以由wenn引导,也可以省去。省略wenn时,wenn 从句位于主句前(见例句ohne wenn)

2.wenn从句可位于主句前也可以位于主句后:

Ich k?me zu dir, wenn ich Zeit h?tte.

④非现实比较

以连词als ob, als或als wenn(较少用)引导的非现实比较从句常用第二虚拟式

注意:als ob 引导时,动词位于句末;当als引导时,动词紧跟als 后。

无论主句用什么时态,如果从句的动作与主句的动作同时发生,从句用过去时虚拟式;当从句的动作先于主句的动作发生,则用过去完成时虚拟式;如果从句的动作迟于主句发生,可用würde +不定式形式,但多数情况下也可用过去时虚拟式。

⑤非现实结果从句

一般结构:

zu…, als dass; so…, dass; ohne…, dass

非现实结果从句表示,从句中的情况不会出现,他们是非现实的。

?Es ist zu sp?t, als dass wir noch bei ihm anrufen k?nnen.

时间太晚了,以至于我们不能给他打电话。

?Er hat so viel Zeit, dass er das ganze Jahr verreisen k?nnte.

他的时间没有多到可以让他一年到头旅行挥霍。

?Er ging weg, ohne dass er sich bei uns verabschiedet h?tte.

他没有跟我门道别就走了。

⑥非现实假设句

An deiner Stelle h?tte ich ihm gar nicht geholfen.

处在你的地位我是完全不会帮他的。(事实上“我”不是“你”)

⑦beinahe 或 fast 引导的句子表示某事差点发生,但是没发生,也使用第二虚

拟式

?Beinahe w?re das Haus angebrannt!

房子差点着火了!(实际上并没有着火)

?Fast h?tte ich den Bus nicht mehr erreicht!

我差点没赶上公交!(实际上赶上了)

⑧非现实的独立句

?Ich h?tte dich besucht, aber ich hatte deine Adresse nicht.

我本来要摆放你的,但是我没有你的地址。

?Ich würde gern heute ins Theater gehen, aber ich habe leider keine Karte.

我今天想去看戏,但是很遗憾我没有牌。

虚拟语气讲解和专项练习题

虚拟语气 一.虚拟语气用于条件状语从句中 以下表格是虚拟语气用于条件状语从句中时,主句和从句谓语动词的形式: 条件状语从句主句 与现在事实相反一般过去时(be用were) should /would/could/might +动词原形与过去事实相反had + 过去分词would/should/could/might +have done 与将来事实相反一般过去时(be用were) should + 动词原形 were to + 动词原形 would/should/cold/might + 动词原形 1.表示与现在事实相反的假设和结果 如:If I were a boy, I would join the army. If she had time, she should go with you. 2.表示与过去的事实相反的假设和结果 如:If he had taken my advice, he would have succeeded in the competition. 3.表示与将来事实相反的假设和结果 如: If it were to rain tomorrow, the football match would be put off. 4.当条件状语从句表示的行为和主句表示的行为所发生的时间不一致时(表示错综 时间的虚拟语气),动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间作相应调整。如: If I were you, I would not have missed the film last night. If you had listened to the doctor, you would be all right now.(从句---用过去,主句---用现在) 5. 虚拟条件句可以转换成下列形式: (1)用介词代替条件状语从句, 常见的介词有with , without, but for(若/要不是) 有时假设的情况并不用条件从句表示出来,而是通过介词短语来表示。 如: Without air (If there were not air), there would be no living things. But for your help (If it hadn’t been for your help) I couldn’t have do ne it. What would you do with a million dollars (if you had a million dollars?) (2) 假设的情况有时可以通过上下文或其他方式表现出来。 如: I was busy that day.Otherwise I would have gone there with them. (If I hadn’t been busy that day, I would have gone there with them.) I would have finished the work, but I was ill. (If I hadn’t been ill, I would have finished the work.) 我本来该完成这项工作的,但我生病了。 6. If虚拟条件句的倒装 省略连词if。在书面语中,如果虚拟条件从句中有were,had 或should,可 把if省略,把这几个词放到主语之前,构成主谓倒装。 如: Should he come (If he should come), tell him to ring me up. Were I you (If I were you), I would not do it. Had he taken my advice(If he had taken…), he would have succeeded. 二.虚拟语气用于名词性从句①“wish + 宾语从句”表示不能实现的愿望,译为“要是……就好了”等。表示 现在不能实现的愿望,从句中的谓语动词用一般过去时;表示将来不能实现的愿望, 从句中的谓语动词用“would/could + 动词原形”;表示过去不能实现的愿望,从句中 的谓语动词用“had +过去分词”或“could(should) + have + 过去分词”。如: I wish it were spring all the year round. I wish I had known the answer. I wish I could fly like a bird. ②在表示建议、要求、命令等的动词insist、command、order、suggest、advise、propose、demand、require、request、等后的宾语从句中,谓语动词用should + 动词原形或是动词原形。如:She suggested we (should)leave here at once. The doctor ordered she (should) be operated. 2.虚拟语气在同位语从句和表语从句中的运用。 作表示建议、要求、命令等的名词advise、idea、order、demand、plan、proposal、suggestion、request等的表语从句和同位语从句,从句中的谓语动词用“(should) + 动词原形”。如:His suggestion that we (should)go to Shanghai is wonderful. My idea is that they (should)pay 100 dollars. 3.虚拟语气在主语从句中的运用。 在主语从句中,谓语动词的虚拟语气用“should + 动词原形”的结构,表示惊奇、 不相信、理应如此等。如: It is necessary(important, natural, strange, etc.)that we should clean the room every day. It was a pity (a shame, no wonder, etc.)that you should be so careless. It will be desired(suggested, decided, ordered, requested, proposed, etc.)that she should finish her homework this afternoon. 注意:这种从句表示的是事实。如果说人对这种事实表现出惊奇的情感,就可用虚拟语气。反之,如果不表示惊奇等情感,that从句也可用陈述句语气。如:It is pity that you can’t swim. 三.虚拟语气在其它场合的运用 1.虚拟语气在as if/as though、even if/even though等引导的表语从句或状语从句中,如果从句表示的动作发生在过去,用过去完成时;指现在状况,则用一般过去时;指将来状况则用过去将来时。如:He did it as if he were an expert. Even if she were here, she could not solve the problem. 2. 虚拟语气用于定语从句中。 这种从句常用于句型“It is (high)time (that) … ”中,定语从句的谓语动词用一般过去时(be用were)或should + 动词原形,意思是“(现在)该……”。如:It’s time that I picked up my daughter.It’s high time we should go / went to school. 3. 虚拟语气用在if only引导的感叹句中。如: If only I were a bird. If only I had taken his advice. 4. 在一些习惯表达中如:would rather+从句,是一个常用的虚拟语气句型。从句 的谓语一般用过去时来表示现在或将来。在谈到过去的动作时,谓语则用过去完成时。其意为“宁愿……,还是……好些”“一个人宁愿另一个人做某事”。 如:I’d rather you left right away.

高中英语虚拟语气详解和练习(含答案解析)

虚拟语气 第一节语气 英语的动词一般可带有三种不同的语气:陈述语气(Indicative Mood),祈使语气(Imperative Mood)和虚拟语气(Subjunctive Mood)。不同的语气用动词的不同形式(有的还借助句法形式)来表示。 第二节虚拟语气的概念 虚拟语气是一种特殊的动词形式,一是用来表示说话人所说的话不是一个事实,而是一种假设、猜测、怀疑等(在条件从句中或让步状语从句中);一是表示说话人的愿望、要求、命令、建议等 (在宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句)。 第三节虚拟语气在条件句中 1.当条件状语从句表示的行为和主句表示的行为所发生的时间不一致时,被称为:错综时间条件句“,动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间作出相应的调整. If you had followed my advice , you would be better now. 如果你听我的建议,你现在就会痊愈了. 2.在条件句中,可省略 if,把were ,had, should 提到句首,变为倒装句式. If you had come earlier, you would have met him. Had you come earlier, you would have met him.

第四节虚拟语气在名词从句中的运用 一、虚拟语气在主语从句中 A.在句型“It is important (necessary, strange, natural) that .... ”中,表示某事 重要、奇怪、自然、必要等;that 后面的从句中的谓语动词用: should + 动词原形(should 可以省略)例如: It’s important that we should take good care of the patient. 重要的是我们要照顾好病人。 这类的形容词还有advisable(可取的),appropriate(适当的),compulsary(必须的),crucial (关键的),desirable(理想的),essential(必要的),imperative(迫切的),important(重要的),possible(可能的),preferable(更好的),probable(可能的),strange(奇怪的),urgent(急迫的),vital(极为重要的)等。 B. 在It is demanded/suggested/ordered/required/recommended/requested/required/. that-clause句型中从句用(should )+动词原型,表示愿望,建议,请求等主观意愿等。 It is demanded that we should work out a plan. C. 在It is a pity/a shame/ no wonderproposal/recommendation/suggestion/surprise/advice that…..句型中从句也常用(should )+动词原型,表示建议,命令,请求,道歉,怀疑,惊奇等。 It’s a pity that you (should) miss a good chance. 二、用于宾语从句 用于表示命令、建议、要求等一类词后面的宾语从句。 insist, suggest, order, command, advise, propose, require, request, demand, desire etc. 注意:suggest 当表示“暗示、表明“讲时,insist 表示”坚持认为“之意时,应用陈述语气。 The teacher suggested that we should clean the blackboard after class. 老师建议我们课后把黑板擦了。 The smile on his face suggested that he was satisfied with our work. 他脸上的表情表明他对我们的工作很满意. He insisted that all of us be there on time by any means. 他坚持要求我们大家想尽办法按时去那里。 The man insisted that he had never stolen the money. 那个人坚持说他没有偷钱. 三、用于表语从句和同位语从句 在suggestion / proposal / order / plan / advice / idea / request /desire/ recommendation/resolution 等名词后的表语和同位语从句中要用“should+动词原形” should可以省略. My advice is that you should practice speaking English as often as possible. 我的建议是你要尽可能经常地练习说英语。 The suggestion that the mayor should present the prizes was accepted by everyone. 每个人都接受由市长颁发奖金这一建议。 第五节虚拟语气在其他从句中 1. It is (high / about ) time that…从句中的谓语动词用过去式或should+动词原形,should 不能省略.

德语语法第一虚拟式和第二虚拟式

德语语法第一虚拟式和第二虚拟式 * 第一虚拟式直接由词干变化得来 人称弱变化动词情态动词 sagen antworten 词尾k? nnen sollen m? gen ich sage antworte -e k? nne solle m? ge du sagest antwortest -est k? nnest sollest m? gest er/sie/es sage antworte -e k? nne solle m? ge wir sagen antworten -en k? nnen sollen m? gen ihr saget antwortet -et k? nnet sollet m? get sie/Sie sagen antworten -en k? nnen sollen m? gen 人称强变化动词 fahren backen haben werden sein 词尾 ich fahre backe habe werde sei -e du fahrest backest habest werdest seiest -est er/sie/es fahre backe habe werde sei -e wir fahren backen haben werden seien -en ihr fahret backet habet werdet seiet -et sie/Sie fahren backen haben werden seien -en 2 除了sei 的第一、第三人称外,都符合变化规则。 2 复合谓语中,只有助动词用虚拟式 完成时: Er habe ... gesagt. Er sei... gekommen. 将来时: Er werde ... kommen. 当第一虚拟式的形式和直陈式的现在时相同时,或者在口语中,可以用第二虚拟式代替第一虚拟式。 * 第一虚拟式有现在时、将来时和完成时 直陈式第一虚拟式第一虚拟式时态Hans f? hrt. Hans fahre. 现在时 Hans wird fahren. Hans werde fahren. 将来时 Hans fuhr Hans ist gefahren. Hans sei gefahren. 完成时Hans war gefahren. Hans sagte. Hans hat sagte. Hans habe gesagt. Hans hatte sagte. * 第一虚拟式主要用于间接引语,或者表示强烈和有可能实现的愿望。 2 用于间接引语,表示纯客观地转述他人原话。间接引语可用da? 引导,也可以不用连词直接用正语序。人 称代词、物主代词需要相应变化。如果直接引语是没有疑问词的疑问句,变成间接引语时,用ob 引出。 如果直接引语是命令句,则变成间接引语时,用情态动词sollen 或者m? gen 的虚拟式表示命令语气。间接引语中使用第一虚拟式,如果其与直陈式现在时相同时,也可以用第二虚拟式。 直接引语间接引语

高中英语虚拟语气详细讲解大全

高中英语虚拟语气详细讲解 虚拟语气 什么是虚拟语气?是的,我们要学习虚拟语气就必须先弄明白它的概念。 虚拟语气包含两种:一种指与事实相反或不可能发生。“虚拟条件句+虚拟主句”的结构都属于这一类;even if、even though、as if、as though引导的状语中如果需要用到虚拟语气也属于这一类;wish、would rather后面接的宾语从句表示不可能实现的愿望,还是属于这一类。 另一种指与事实实际是否发生没有直接关系。如和suggest、order、demand等表示建议、命令、要求等相关的名词性从句都属于这一类。 大家知道以上两类虚拟语气后,我们就从从句的角度来系统学习虚拟语气。紧跟小简老师的步伐哦! 一. 虚拟条件句中的虚拟语气 1、表示与现在事实相反的情况 从句:If+主语+did(be动词用were) 主句:主语+ should/would/might/could+do

If I were you,I would take an umbrella. 如果我是你,我会带把伞。(事实:我不可能是你) If I knew his telephone number,I would tell you. 如果我知道他的,我就会告诉你。(事实:不知道) If there were no air or water,there would be no living things on the earth. 如果没有水和空气,地球上就不会有生物。(事实:地球上既有空气也有水) 2、表示与过去事实相反的情况 从句:If+主语+had+done 主句:主语+should/would/might/could+have done If I had got there earlier,I should/would have met her. 如果我早到那儿,我就会见到她。(事实:去晚了) If he had taken my advice,he would not have made such a mistake. 如果他听我的劝告的话,就不会犯这样的错误了。(事实:没有听我的话) 3、表示与将来事实相反的情况

解析虚拟语气练习题(简单含答案和解释)

虚拟语气练习题 1. I enjoyed the movie very much. I wish I _____ the book from which it was made. A. have read B. had read C. should have read D. are reading 2. You are late. If you _____ a few minutes earlier, you _____ him. A. come; would meet B. had come; would have met C. come; will meet D. had come; would meet 3. The two students talked as if they _____ friends for years. A. should be B. would be C. have been D. had been 4. It is important that I _____ with Mr. Williams immediately. A. speak B. spoke C. will speak D. to speak 5. He looked as if he _____ ill for a long time. A. was B. were C. has been D. had been

6. If the doctor had come earlier, the poor child would not _____. A. have laid there for two hours B. have been lied there for two hours C. have lied there for two hours D. have lain there for two hours 7. I wish that I _____ with you last night. A. went B. could go C. have gone D. could have gone 8. Let’s say you could go there again, how _____ feel? A. will you B. should you C. would you D. do you 9. I can’t stand him. He always talks as though he _____ everything. A. knew B. knows C. has known D. had known 10. _____ the fog, we should have reached our school. A. Because of B. In spite of C. In case of D. But for 11. If you had told me in advance, I _____ him at the airport.

初中虚拟语气讲解及专项练习与标准答案(带解析)

虚拟语气专练 1.I enjoyed the movie very much. I wish I _____ the book from which it was made. A. have read B. had read C. should have read D. are reading 2.You are late. If you _____ a few minutes earlier you _____ him. https://www.sodocs.net/doc/132246734.html,e would meet B. had come would have met C. come will meet D. had come would meet 3.The two students talked as if they _____ friends for years. A. should be B. would be C. have been D. had been 4.It is important that I _____ with Mr. Williams immediately. A. speak B. spoke C. will speak D. to speak 5.He looked as if he _____ ill for a long time. A. was B. were C. has been D. had been 6.If the doctor had come earlier the poor child would not _____. A. have laid there for two hours B. have been lied there for two hours C. have lied there for two hours D. have lain there for two hours 7.I wish that I _____ with you last night. A. went B. could go C. have gone D. could have gone 8.Let’s say you could go there again how _____ feel A. will you B. should you C. would you D. do you 9.I can’t stand him. He always talks as though he _____ everything. A. knew B. knows C. has known D. had known 10._____ the fog we should have reached our school. A. Because of B. In spite of C. In case of D. But for 11.If you had told me in advance I _____ him at the airport. A. would meet B. would had met C. would have met D. would have meet 12.Mike can take his car apart and put it back together again. I certainly wish he_____ me how. A. teaches B. will teach C. has taught D. would teach 13.I would have told him the answer had it been possible but I _____ so busy then. A. had been B. were C. was D. would be 14.He’s working hard for fear that he _____. A. should fall behind B. fell behind C. may fall behind D. would fallen behind 15.If it _____ another ten minutes the game would have been called off. A. had rained B. would have rained C. have seen D. rained 16.He suggested that they _____ use a trick instead of fighting.

德语虚拟语气讲解(第二虚拟式)

知识点一: 德语语法中最容易迷惑人的大概就是虚拟式了。为了帮助大家更好的理解虚拟语气,我们讲分成两部分讲解虚拟式。 虚拟式分为第一虚拟式和第二虚拟式。由于平常第二虚拟式用得较频繁,且常用第二虚拟式代替第一虚拟式,我们先来谈一谈第二虚拟式到底是何方神圣?到底要怎么用? 一,虚拟式构成形式及与一般式对比 对比直陈式: 如大家所见,第二虚拟式只有两个时态:现在时,过去式。直陈式过去时有三种时态,而第二虚拟式只有一种。 二,时态 ?现在时:

①弱变化动词 弱变化动词的第二虚拟式形式上比较容易掌握的,与直陈式过去时相似: ②强变化动词 动词变化基本形式是动词过去时词根加上一下词尾: ③ 如: ④强变化动词词干元音为 a, o, u 时,须变为 ?,?,ü:

⑤助动词haben, sein, werden 第二虚拟式 ⑥ ⑦情态动词第二虚拟式

⑧特例:一些强变化动词和混合变化动词在构成第二虚拟式时元音和直陈式 过去时元音不一样,如: 但是这种形式现在用的比较少,常使用Würden+不定式。 ⑨特例:混合动词 senden 和 wenden 在第二虚拟式中一般用弱变化形式, 如: ⑩ ?过去时: 第二虚拟式过去时结构如下: 助动词haben/sein第二虚拟式形式+过去分词 需要注意的是: ?所有表示过去的直陈式形式改为虚拟式时,都用这种形式。

?sein第二人称形式du w?r e st 中间的e可以省略,即du w?rst. 三,被动态 四,第二虚拟式的代替形式 würde + 不定式 ?口语中,大部分动词的第二虚拟式由würden+不定式的形式来代替,如 Ich würde dich gern einladen. ?haben和sein的第二虚拟式形式很少用würde 形式来代替,情态动词几乎不用该形式代替。 ?但是,要避免住从句中都用würden形式。 Wenn ich dort eine Arbeit finden würde, würde ich an der See bleiben.(X) 五,第二虚拟式的用法 第二虚拟式主要表示一种非现实的情况。也常用于客套句中,表示婉转的请求、提问、谦虚的态度或者礼节性对话。 ①礼貌表达(客套句) ?K?nnten Sie mir bitte Handtaschen zeigen? ?K?nnte ich bitte mal das Salz haben? ?Würden so freundlich sein und mir helfen?

虚拟语气详解

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英语虚拟语气语法归纳总结

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初中虚拟语气讲解及专项练习与答案(带解析)

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高三年级英语语法-虚拟语气全总结

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