他从语言的本质入手 运用语义学理论尤其是语义成分分析法对词汇的所指意义和联想意义进行了客观准确的分析
他从语言的本质入手运用语义学理论尤其是语义成分分析法对词汇的所指意义和联想意义进行了客观准确的分析在奈达看来各种语言结构具有很大的相似性而且深层结构也远比表层结构有共性因而翻译中通过语际间深层结构的转换能最大程度上保证译文的忠实同时由于译文的表层结构是通过深层结构转换而来的自由表达能尽可能地保证译文的通顺。
功能对等理论的发展
能指：语言符号的形式，能被人感知。
所指：语言符号所代表的意义。
“能指”和“所指”都是索绪尔语言学的术语。索绪尔认为，任何语言符号是由“能指”和“所指”构成的，“能指”指语言的声音形象，“所指”指语言所反映的事物的概念。比如英语的“tree”这个单词，它的发音就是它的“能指”，而“树”的概念就是“所指”。“能指”和“所指”是不可分割的，就像一个硬币的两面；但是，索绪尔认为，某个特定的能指和某个特定的所指的联系不是必然的，而是约定俗成的。比如在“树”这个词中，树的概念和“树”的特定发音不是必然结合在一起的，“树”在英文中的读音和在法文、拉丁文中的读音明显不同，但却都能表达了“树”的意思。这就是符号的任意性原理。符号的任意性原则是索绪尔语言学的一条重要原则，它支配着索绪尔的整个语言的语言学系统，是头等重要的。
Semantics 语义学
Semantics 1. What is Semantics? Semantics is the study of the meaning of words, phrases and sentences.语义学是研究单词、短语和句子的意义的学科 2．Geoffrey Leech利奇Seven types of meaning7种意义类型: ①Conceptual meaning概念意义 ②Connotative meaning内涵意义 ③Social meaning社会意义 ④Affective meaning 感情意义Associative Meaning联想意义（②——⑥） ⑤Reflected meaning反射意义 ⑥Collocative meaning搭配意义 ⑦Thematic meaning主位意义 3.Conceptual meaning(概念意义)is also called “denotative”（外延义）and it is concerned with the relationship between a word and the thing it refers to.概念意义也叫外延义，它关注词语跟它所指称事物之间的联系 Conceptual meaning is meaning given in the dictionary. 4.Associative meaning (联想意义) is the total of all the meanings a person thinks of when they hear the word Associative meaning is the meaning which a word suggests or implies. 5.Thematic meaning (主位意义) is “what is communicated by the way in which the message is organized in terms of order and emphasis.”它是由词序和词语重音所决定的 6. The Referential Theory（指称理论）： ① The Referential Theory ② The Semantic Triangle ③ Sense and Reference 7.The referential theory指称理论 is the theory of meaning which relates the meaning of a word to the thing it refers to.指称论是把词语意义跟它所指称的事物联系起来的理论 8. The semantic triangle语意三角 is the indirect relation between a word and a thing it refers to and it is mediated by concept.语意三角指词和所指事物之间没有直接关系，它们是以概念为中介的 9.Sense (涵义) is a set of properties possessed by a name. 10.Reference (指称) is the symbolic relationship that a linguistic expression has with the concrete object. 11. The sense of an expression is the thought it expresses, while its reference is the object it represents Every word has a sense, but not every word has a reference. 12. Sense Relations涵义关系 ①Synonymy（同义关系） ②Antonymy（反义关系）（Gradable、Complementary、Converse） ③Hyponymy（上下义关系） 13.But total synonymy is rare. They may differ in style, connotations and dialect.
语义学笔记整理
第一章作为语言学一个分支的语义学 语义学的建立以法国学者米歇尔·布勒阿尔1897年7月出版《语义学探索》为标记。 该书1900年翻译为英文“语义学：意义科学的研究（Semantics:Studies in the Science of Meaning）”。 这本专著材料丰富，生动有趣，重点在词义的历史发展方面，兼顾词汇意义和语法意义。 全书共三编：1，讲词义变化的定律，介绍变异、扩散、类推等概念；2，讲如何确定词义，介绍释义、比喻、多义、命名等；3，讲词类、词序、组合规则等，涉及语法意义。 除了语言学的语义学，还有逻辑学的语义学，哲学的语义学，还有心理学家对语义的研究。 a,逻辑学的语义学是对逻辑形式系统中符号解释的研究，又称“纯语义学”，对象并非自然语言的语义。 b,哲学的语义学围绕语义的本质展开涉及世界观的讨论。“语义学”或“语义哲学”又是本世纪前半叶盛行于西方的至今仍有影响的一个哲学流派的名称。 c,心理学家研究语义，主要是想了解人们在信息的发出和接收中的心理过程。 d,语言学的语义学把语义作为语言（乃至言语）的一个组成部分、一个方面进行研究，研究它的性质，内部结构及其变异和发展，语义间的关系等等。 布勒阿尔的书给语义的发展以重要地位，声称研究语义的变化构成了语义学。同时它把语义限制在“词语”的意义上，主要是词义上。这两个特点一直贯穿在他以后半个多世纪的若干代表性著作里。 继布勒阿尔之后，一部有世界影响的语义学专著是两位英国学者奥格登和理查兹合写，1923年出版的《意义的意义》（The Meaning of Meaning）。这两位学者还曾共同创制了后来遭到各种非议的“基本英语”(Basic English).
英语语言学概论复习
《英语语言学概论》复习纲要 1.复习的基本原则：第一，理解和吃透各章的重点内容。第二，以 各章的题目为统领，理解各章节下的具体内容。第三，动手书写和记忆重要内容，部分语言学理论会应用到实际中。 2.各章节复习要点如下 Chapter 1 Invitations to Linguistics Definitions of the following terms: language, linguistics, arbitrariness, duality, creativity, displacement, descriptive VS prescriptive, synchronic VS diachronic, langue VS parole, competence VS performance Study of the origin of language What are the functions of language Which subjects are included in macrolinguistics Chapter 2 Speech Sounds Definitions of the following terms: articulatory phonetics, acoustic phonetics, auditory phonetics, phonetics, phonology, consonants, vowels, allophones, broad transcription VS narrow transcription Analyze the complementary distribution, free variation with examples The classification of English consonants and English vowels and the features involved in the classification Understand some processes of phonology: nasalization, dentalization, velarization
英语语义学 Semantics
Semantics Semantics Semantics is the study of the meaning of linguistic units, words and sentences in particular. Semantics = Theory of Meaning Its goal is to reveal how language are matched with their proper meanings by the speakers of that language. Lexical semantics—the study of word meanings. it deals not only with the meanings of individual words but also the relationship between the meanings of different words. Compositional semantics—is concerned exclusively with the meanings of phrases and sentences. History of Semantics 1893 - French linguist Breal coined ―semantique‖. 1897 – Breal first use it as the science of meaning. 1900 – Its English version came out. 1980s – semantics began to be introduced into China. One of the most famous books on semantics is The Meaning of Meaning(1923). Semantic Triangle 语义三角 Concept（meaning） refers to symbolizes Symbol Thing （word）（referent） stands for The Referential Theory 指称论 Concept (Meaning): the mental image, the abstraction or generalization of objects of the same kind. Referent (Thing): the physical entity or actual object, event, idea or whatever if denoted by a word, phrase or expression. Concept VS. Referent (Thing) A referent may exist in the physical world. The concept is abstracted from the referent and labeled by a word. Sense 语义 Sense is the inherent meaning of the linguistic form independent of situational context. It’s abstract and de-contextualized. Sense Relations Sense relations between words
语义学
从认知语言学的角度看一词多义现象 摘要：一词多义指一个词项具有多个相关义项的语言现象。新义项的产生不是随机的, 也不是盲目的, 而是人类认知参与下语言历时变化的结果, 因此认知角度的一词多义研究能够比较清楚地揭示一词多义的根源与本质。新义项以基本义项为核心, 按照辐射型或链接型方式排列, 构成一个词项意义的原型范畴。人们总是从基本义项出发, 主要利用隐喻和转喻思维等方式, 将新义项赋予现有词项, 从而使一词多义现象表现出明显的认知理据性。 关键词: 认知; 一词多义; 范畴化; 隐喻; 转喻 Abstract:Polysemy is the linguistic phenomenon in which a lexical item has more than one related meaning. It is the diachronic result of language development facilitated by human cognition. New meanings, centering on the basic meaning and arranged in a radiant or linear manner, form the prototypical category of a w ord. People tend to attach new meanings to a lexical item by w ay of categorization, metaphor and metonymy, which results in the striking motivational features of polysemy. Key words: cognition, polysemy, categorization, metonymy, metaphor 几乎所有的语言中都存在一个普遍现象, 即一个词可能会承载二种以上的意义, 语言学家将此语言现象称为一词多义现象。通过赋予同一词形以更多的词义来减少词的数量, 它极大地丰富了我们的语言，减轻了人们词汇记忆的负担，是人们进一步认知世界的简便、有效的途径,是优于造词、构词和借词的语言手段。因而，一词多义现象一直成为了语义学研究的热点。传统的理论对于一词多义现象做过众多的研究, 其中主要有: K atz 和Fo rdo r( 1963) 基于组词间的类似性提出的语义成分分析法(semantic feature analysis); 由德国学者J. Trier 提出的词在语义上是互相联系的完整的词汇系统语义场理论以及传统的真值语义分析。传统的语义学理论更多地将它归于历史的、社会的因素。这些固然是词义变化的重要因素, 但它们只是外部因素, 传统的语义学理论终究没有看清词义变化和一词多义的关系, 也未能充分地解释一词多义现象形成的缘由。本文试图从认知语义学的角度运用范畴化的型理论对一词多义现象的形成方式，发展模式以及认知手段进行研究。 1.认知语言学的语义观 认知语言观承认客观世界的现实性及对语言形成的本源作用, 但更强调人的认知的参与作用, 认为语言不能直接反映客观世界, 而是由人对客观世界的认知作用之。所谓“心生而言立” , 其认知模式是: 客观世界—认知加工一概念生成一语言符号(赵艳芳,20 0 1 : 3 5 )。Lakof与Jo h n s o n (1 9 8 0 : 1 9 5 : 1 9 9 9 ) 以及L a k o f (19 8 7 )根据他们提出的体验哲学认为: 人类的认知、概念、意义、推理和语言等均源于对客观外界的感知和经验, “体验哲学和C L (cognitive linguistics ) 认为认知来源于实践, 语言是体验和认知的结果” (王寅, 2 0 0 5 : 1 6 )。认知是和语言不可分的, 认知是语言的基础和发端。语言是由客观世界, 人的认知体验, 社会、文化历时与共时价值观及其语用因素促动形成的、具有动态演绎、延异性质和形态的象征符号系统和精
英语语言学第1-3章课后练习题
《新编简明英语语言学教程》第二版第1-3章练习题参考答案 Chapter 1 Introduction P13 1. How do you interpret the following definition of linguistics: Linguistics is the scientific study of language？ 答：Linguistics is based on the systematic investigation of linguistic data, conducted with reference to some general theory of language structure. In order to discover the nature and rules of the underlying language system, the linguists has to collect and observe language facts first, which are found to display some similarities, and generalizations are made about them; then he formulates some hypotheses about the language structure. The hypotheses thus formed have to be checked repeatedly against the observed facts to fully prove their validity. In linguistics, as in any other discipline, data and theory stand in a dialectical complementation, that is, a theory without the support of data can hardly claim validity, and data without being explained by some theory remain a muddled mass of things. 2. What are the major branches of linguistics? What does each of them study? 答：The major branches of linguistics are: (1) phonetics: it studies the sounds used in linguistic communication; (2) phonology: it studies how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in communication; (3) morphology: it studies the way in which linguistic symbols representing sounds are arranged and combined to form words; (4) syntax: it studies the rules which govern how words are combined to form grammatically permissible sentences in languages; (5) semantics: it studies meaning conveyed by language; (6) pragmatics: it studies the meaning in the context of language use. 3. In what basic ways does modern linguistics differ from traditional grammar? 答：The general approach thus traditionally formed to the study of language over the years is roughly referred to as “t raditional gramma r.” Modern linguistics differs from traditional g rammar in several basic ways. Firstly, linguistics is descriptive while traditional grammar is prescriptive. Second, modem linguistics regards the spoken language as primary, not the written. Traditional grammarians, on the other hand, tended to emphasize, maybe over-emphasize, the importance of the written word, partly because of its permanence. Then, modem linguistics differs from traditional grammar also in that it does not force languages into a Latin-based framework. 4. Is modern linguistics mainly synchronic or diachronic? Why? 答：In modem linguistics, a synchronic approach seems to enjoy priority over a diachronic one. Because people believed that unless the various states of a language in different historical periods are successfully studied, it would be difficult to describe the changes that have taken place in its historical development. 5. For what reasons does modern linguistics give priority to speech rather than to writing? 答：Speech and writing are the two major media of linguistic communication. Modem linguistics regards the spoken language as the natural or the primary medium of human language for some obvious reasons. From the point of view of linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing. The writing system of any langu age is always “invented” by its users to record speech when the need arises. Even in today's world there are still many languages that can only be spoken but not written. Then in everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed. And also, speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tongue, and writing is learned and taught later when he goes to school. For modern linguists, spoken language reveals many true features of human speech while written language is only the “revised” record of spe ech. Thus their data for investigation and analysis are mostly drawn from everyday speech, which they regard as authentic.
语义学和语用学的区别
The relationship between semantics and pragmatics As a branch of linguistics, semantics can be simply defined as the study of linguistic meaning, which studies literal, structural or lexical meaning conveyed by words, phrases and sentences. What we concerned with is the denotation of the word, namely the relationship between words , phrases and sentences not the possible connotations. It is context independent, de-contextualized.and it deals with what is said. while pragmatics is a study which can be defined as the analysis of meaning in a particular context, which studies non-literal, implicit meaning. It deals with the relations between language and context that are basic to language understanding. pragmatics is context dependent, contextualized. What we concerned is what is communicated by a speaker and interpreted by a listener. Through the definition of semantics and pragmatics, we can see that semantics and pragmatics both concern the meaning of language. But they research the different sides of language, and they have different study methods. The study objects of semantics is words, phrases and sentences, what we need to know is their meaning, sense , reference and presupposes. Different words may have the same or similar meaning, the same one word may have more than one meaning. And one word may belong to another word. So we can conclude the words to these relations, Such as synonymy, polysemy, homonymy,hyponymy and antonymy. And when we talk about the sense relations between sentences ,we may think of presupposes. Whether it is right under the presupposes. All those are semantics. It would not change with the
产品语义学大纲
《产品语义学》教学大纲 一、课程的的性质、任务及适用专业 （一）课程性质 《产品语义学》是工业设计专业的一门必修课。课程从设计符号的基本理论出发，对意义、传达、语境、修辞等概念进行了阐述，使学生通过学习了解并掌握新的设计思考的角度和敏锐的观察能力，使学生从感性认识提升到理性认识，并且引导以产品语义学在设计中广泛扩展思路，帮助学生提高设计的创新能力。 （二）教学任务 本课程的主要任务是：使学生通过符号的关联性和语言学中的修辞方法展开发散思维与联想，以期觅得产品预定概念和意义的最佳传达途径，并对后续的专业课程学习起辅助作用。 （三）适用专业 适用于工业设计本科专业。 二、课程教学基本内容、基本要求及学时分配 （一）基本内容(含章节的重点、难点等) 第一章设计符号理论概 述 基本要求：了解设计符号的理论意义、符号理论发展简史、设计符号的特性以及文化与符号之间的关系。 重点:设计符号的特点。 难点:文化与符号之间的联系。 第二章产品语义学概述 基本要求：了解产品语义学的概念、产品语义学的缘起与发展、影响产品语义理论的诸多新观念以及产品语义学对我国设计发展的价值。 重点:产品语义学的缘起与发展。 难点:产品语义学与现代主义及后现代主义的关系。 第三章产品的语义 基本要求：了解产品语义的外延意义与内涵意义，以及两者之间的关系，从而掌握产品语义的诉求层面。 重点：外延意义与内涵意义。 难点：产品语义的诉求层面。 第四章产品语义的传达 基本要求：了解意义的来源，学习人的要素、环境的要素和生活方式的约定。进而对产品语义有一个更高层次上的理解，使学生以使用者的角度认知产品、以及了解使用者心理模型和产品语义实现的条件。 重点：传达的概念与过程、语义传达的类型。 难点：使用者心理模型和产品语义实现的条件、产品语言的局限性。 第五章产品语义学在设计中的运用 基本要求：了解产品使用情景语境，产理解产品的合理性说服、情感性说服以及产品语义设计程序，了解修辞在产品语义表达中的应用及价值。 重点：产品说服功能与语义设计程序、产品语义传达的有效思维方法。
[语义学,事实,条件]反事实条件句语义学理论的发展分析
反事实条件句语义学理论的发展分析 在自然语言中，我们把形如如果p，那么q 的语句称为条件句。而条件句涉及逻辑学的核心问题推理，或者从更宽泛的意义上说，全部逻辑，至少是旨在刻画推理的逻辑，都建立在澄清和研究若 A 则 B的真值和涉及此类条件句的推理的形式有效性之上。①因而具有重要的意义。一般来说，条件句分为直陈条件句和反事实条件句，条件句关注最多的就是后者，不仅因为它在日常生活中大量存在，还由于它有不同于一般条件句的自身特点。通常人们认为前件为假的条件句为反事实条件句，但前件为假有两种情况，一种是客观事实上是假的，另一种是主观认定是假的 ( 而客观事实是真的) 。客观事实上为假的反事实条件句，例如，我为昨天开会迟到而感叹地说如果我没有迟到，我就不会被批评了。主观认定是假的反事实条件句，举个例子，我们学校举行元旦晚会，张三很有表演才华，他的节目是压轴戏，最后我没看完提前回家，第二天见到张三的时候说了这么一句话要是你参加了昨天的晚会，节目会更精彩。在这种情况下，对于我而言，我表达的是一个反事实条件句，尽管我所说的与客观事实是一致的。本文中我们用□表示反事实条件句的逻辑符号，用 p□q 表示反事实条件句如果 p，那么 q。 历史上人们尝试用各种不同的方法来刻画它，这些方法大致来自三个方面的: 语形的、语义的和语用的，而从语用学角度刻画反事实条件句起步较晚，文献较少，本文主要从语义学的角度综述了反事实条件句理论的发展。反事实条件句语义学理论的发展经历了从传统的静态语义学向现代的动态语义学的发展。 一、用传统的静态语义学理论刻画反事实条件句 我们知道，传统逻辑语义学对意义的理解就是它的成真条件，这种意义理论描述的是语言与客观事物之间的静态关系，因此是静态语义学。实质蕴含理论、严格蕴含理论、可共存性理论和 Stal-nakerLewis 可能世界语义学理论都属于传统的静态语义学理论。 ( 一) 实质蕴含理论 实质蕴含源于古希腊斯多葛学派，有着悠久的研究历史，其核心思想是: 不考虑前后件之间的联系，条件句的真值由它的肢命题的真值决定。它的逻辑特征是: 如果有 p，就必然有 q，而没有 p 是否有 q 不能确定。根据特征，我们知道，条件句在三种情况下是真的，即 p 真 q 真，p 假 q 真，p 假q 假。这条进路除了会出现违反人们直觉的怪论( 假命题蕴含任何命题，真命题为任一命题所蕴含) 外，还会与自然语言的使用不符。问题就出在后两行，因为根据真值表，如果前件假，而不管后件为真还是为假，整个条件句都是真的，而这与反事实条件句不符合。这样一来，所有的反事实条件句都是真的，因为反事实条件句前件假。如: ( 1) 如果我念了博士，我就可以找到更好的工作。 ( 2) 如果我念了博士，我也不可以找到更好的工作。 人们通常会认为 ( 1) 是真的， ( 2) 是假的，而不会根据实质蕴含的真值表认为两句都是真的，因为这样做太违反直观了。除此之外，运用实质蕴含理论刻画反事实条件句，导
新编简明英语语言学教程何兆熊第五章笔记和习题
Chapter 5 Semantics ?Semantics----the study of language meaning. ?Semantics is defined as the study of meaning. However, it is not the only linguistic discipline that studies meaning. ?Semantics answers the question “what does this sentence mean”. In other w ords, it is the analysis of conventional meanings in words and sentences out of context. ?Meaning is central to the study of communication. ?Classification of lexical meanings. Here are G. Leech’s seven types of meaning. ( British linguist) ? 1. Conceptual meaning (also called denotative or cognitive meaning) is the essential and inextricable part of what language is, and is widely regarded as the central factor in verbal communication. It means that the meaning of words may be discussed in terms of what they denote or refer to. ? 2. Connotative meaning – the communicative value an expression has by virtue of what it refers to, embraces the properties of the referent, peripheral ? 3. Social meaning (stylistic meaning) –what is conveyed about the social circumstances of the use of a linguistic expression ? 4. Affective meaning (affected meaning)– what is communicated of the feeling or attitude of the speaker/writer towards what is referred to ? 5. Reflected meaning – what is communicated through association with another sense of the same expression ?Taboos ? 6. Collocative meaning – the associated meaning a word acquires in line with the meaning of words which tend to co-occur with it ?(2, 3, 4, 5, 6 can be together called associative meaning–meaning that hinges on referential meaning, less stable, more culture-specific ) 7. Thematic meaning—what is communicated by the way in which the message is organized in terms of order ?What is meaning?---- Scholars under different scientific backgrounds have different understandings of language meaning. Some views concerning the study of meaning ?Naming theory (Plato) ?The conceptualist view ?Contextualism (Bloomfield) ?Behaviorism Naming theory (Plato): Words are names or labels for things. The linguistic forms or symbols, in other words, the words used in a language are taken to be labels of the objects they stand for; words are just names or labels for things ?Limitations: 1) Applicable to nouns only. 2) There are nouns which denote things that do not exist in the real world, e.g. ghost, dragon, unicorn, phenix… 3) There are nouns that do not refer to physical objects but abstract notions, e.g. joy, impulse, hatred…
英语认知语义学试题
Final Examination for Cognitive Semantics Course Student No______________ Name______________ Directions: Discuss any two from the following topics and develop your ideas into a passage within 500 words for each topic. 1.The metaphor LOVE IS A JOURNEY is a conventional way of conceptualizing love relationships. Is there any corresponding metaphor in Chinese culture? Try to find our conventional ways of conceptualizing love relationships and illustrate them within the framework of Conceptual Metaphor Theory. . 2.The metaphor TIME IS MONEY forms a systematic way of talking or thinking about time in the Western culture. Is there any different corresponding metaphor in Chinese culture? Try to find our conventional ways of conceptualizing TIME and illustrate them within the framework of Conceptual Metaphor Theory. 3.Illustrate and comment on THE INV ARIANCE PRINCIPLE. 4.Collect some conventional metaphorical expressions of EDUCATION in Chinese culture and illustrate them within the framework of Conceptual Metaphor Theory, for example, EDUCATION as GROWTH and NURTURE. 5.What’s the role of IMAGE SCHEMA in Cognitive Linguistics?
产品语义学论文
《工业产品造型设计》 课程论文 题目：汽车造型设计中的产品语义探究 姓名： 陈绍明 学号： 摘要：产品是如何地传达其信息，汽车作为一种大型的工业设计产品又具有哪些含义，本文从产品语义学的角度去分析汽车造型中遗传因子及其构成的汽车文化，其造型意识通过哪些形态来表现；其基本特征表达怎样的语义内涵；汽车如何满足消费者日益高涨的精神需求；本文将对汽车造型设计中的语义表达做出一些探究。 关键词：汽车设计产品语义学文化传承性
2012年5月 一、产品语义学的定义及背景 产品语义学（Product Semantics ）是研究产品语言（Product Language ）的意义的学问。从专业研究角度克里本多夫（K ．krippendorf ）和布特（R.buettr ）提出“所谓产品语义是研究人造物在使用环境中的象征特性，并将其知识应用于工业设计上。这不仅指物理性、生理性的功能，而且也包含心理、社会、文化等被成为象征环境的方面”。[1]产品自身构成一个完成的符系统，并且成为传递信息、表达意义的符号载体。通过对形态结构的利用和功能转化，传递和表达设计者的意念想法。 在信息时代的大背景下，人们不满足于工业时代的批量大生产，开始追求个性化，差异化，技术将大规模市场转化为无数的利基市场。产品的小批量，高度定制化生产，满足消费者日益高涨的精神需求，诠释使用者深层次的心理需求。 从这种趋势看出汽车造型设计中的符号语言，是消费者需求的侧面的反应，围绕设计焦点与用户需求形成产品语义。汽车工业发展到今日，其逐渐从一种代步工具发展为社会人文精神的承载者。 二、汽车造型设计中的符号语言 德国的汽车品牌有着悠久的历史。在设计中，尤其注重车身线条，空间比例，拥有着强烈的自我风格与个性文化。汽车作为大型的工业设计产品，同样具有其特有的产品语义，下面主要以甲壳虫，保时捷，宝马，奥迪为案例对产品的识别设计特征进行分析。 1.“甲壳虫”型汽车的流线型 汽车的外形发展从开始的马车型，到箱体型，可是当汽车车速超过100km/h 后，功率几乎都用来克服空气阻力了，人们开始降低车的高度和迎风面积来克服空气阻力，但作为高速车来讲，箱型汽车是不够理想的，因为它的阻力大，妨碍了汽车前进的速度，所以人们开始研究一种新的车型—流线型。 1936年，德国杰出的费迪南德·保时捷博士(Ferdinand Porsche)为当时的大众汽车公司设计出著名的“甲壳虫”汽车，成为汽车史上一个划时代的经典。 【2】如图1所示流畅的曲线造型和物美价廉的特色使得“甲壳虫”很快成为畅销德国的国民车。经过大自然的优胜劣汰进化后的甲壳虫的自然美被如实地运用到车身造型上，其车身造型的特点（如图2所示）在二战后得几十年一直经久不衰。对比2010款全新甲壳虫（如图3所示），新“甲壳虫”不仅继承了老“甲壳虫”的形态灵魂，更将空气动力学的造型特性发挥的淋漓尽致：整个车身曲线流畅优美，富有动感。 新旧甲壳虫对比 易车网https://www.sodocs.net/doc/136229057.html,