Virginia Woolf 英文简介

Adeline Virginia Woolf（25 January 1882 – 28 March 1941) was an English author, essayist, publisher, and writer of short stories, regarded as one of the foremost modernist literary figures of the twentieth century.

During the interwar period, Woolf was a significant figure in London literary society and a member of the Bloomsbury Group. Her most famous works include the novels Mrs Dalloway (1925), To the Lighthouse (1927) and Orlando (1928), and the book-length essay A Room of One's Own (1929), with its famous dictum, "A woman must have money and a room of her own if she is to write fiction."

Early life

Virginia Woolf was born Adeline Virginia Stephen in London in 1882 to Sir Leslie Stephen and Julia Prinsep Stephen (née Jackson).

Virginia's father, Sir Leslie Stephen (1832–1904), was a notable historian, author, critic and mountaineer.[1] He was the editor of the Dictionary of National Biography, a work which would influence Woolf's later experimental biographies. Virginia's mother Julia Stephen (1846–1895) was a renowned

beauty, born in India to Dr. John and Maria Pattle Jackson. Woolf was educated by her parents in their literate and well-connected household at 22 Hyde Park Gate, Kensington. Her parents had each been married previously and been widowed, and, consequently, the household contained the children of three marriages.

According to Woolf's memoirs, her most vivid childhood memories were not of London but of St. Ives in Cornwall, where the family spent every summer until 1895. The Stephens' summer home, Talland House, looked out over Porthminster Bay, and is still standing today, though somewhat altered. Memories of these family holidays and impressions of the landscape, especially the Godrevy Lighthouse, informed the fiction Woolf wrote in later years, most notably To the Lighthouse.

The sudden death of her mother in 1895, when Virginia was 13, and that of her half-sister Stella two years later, led to the first of Virginia's several nervous breakdowns. She was, however, able to take courses of study (some at degree level) in Greek, Latin, German and history at the Ladies’ Department of King’s College London between 1897 and 1901,

and this brought her into contact with some of the early reformers of women’s higher education such as Clara Pater, George Warr and Lilian Faithfull (Principal of the King’s Ladies’ Department and noted as one of the Steamboat ladies).[4] Her sister Vanessa also studied Latin, Italian, art and architecture at King’s Ladies’ Department.

The death of her father in 1904 provoked her most alarming collapse and she was briefly institutionalised.[3] Modern scholars (including her nephew and biographer, Quentin Bell) have suggested[5] her breakdowns and subsequent recurring depressive periods were also influenced by the sexual abuse to which she and her sister Vanessa were subjected by their half-brothers George and Gerald Duckworth (which Woolf recalls in her autobiographical essays A Sketch of the Past and 22 Hyde Park Gate).

Throughout her life, Woolf was plagued by periodic mood swings and associated illnesses. Though this instability often affected her social life, her literary productivity continued with few breaks throughout her life.

Bloomsbury

After the death of their father and Virginia's second nervous breakdown, Vanessa and Adrian sold 22 Hyde Park Gate and bought a house at 46 Gordon Square in Bloomsbury.

Woolf came to know Lytton Strachey, Clive Bell, Rupert Brooke, Saxon Sydney-Turner, Duncan Grant, Leonard Woolf and Roger Fry, who together formed the nucleus of the intellectual circle of writers and artists known as the Bloomsbury Group. Several members of the group attained notoriety in 1910 with the Dreadnought hoax, which Virginia participated in disguised as a male Abyssinian royal. Her complete 1940 talk on the Hoax was discovered and is published in the memoirs collected in the expanded edition of The Platform of Time (2008).

In 1907 Vanessa married Clive Bell, and the couple's interest in avant garde art would have an important influence on Woolf's development as an author.[6]

Virginia Woolf married writer Leonard Woolf in 1912. Despite his low material status (Woolf referring to Leonard during their engagement as a "penniless Jew") the couple shared a close bond. Indeed, in 1937, Woolf wrote in her diary: "Love-making –after 25 years can’t bear to be separate ... you

see it is enormous pleasure being wanted: a wife. And our marriage so complete." The two also collaborated professionally, in 1917 founding the Hogarth Press, which subsequently published Virginia's novels along with works by T.S. Eliot, Laurens van der Post, and others.[7] The Press also commissioned works by contemporary artists, including Dora Carrington and Vanessa Bell.

The ethos of the Bloomsbury group encouraged a liberal approach to sexuality, and in 1922 she met the writer and gardener Vita Sackville-West, wife of Harold Nicolson. After a tentative start, they began a sexual relationship, which, according to Sackville- West, was only twice consummated.[8] In 1928, Woolf presented Sackville-West with Orlando, a fantastical biography in which the eponymous hero's life spans three centuries and both genders. Nigel Nicolson, Vita Sackville-West's son, wrote "The effect of Vita on Virginia is all contained in Orlando, the longest and most charming love letter in literature, in which she explores Vita, weaves her in and out of the centuries, tosses her from one sex to the other, plays with her, dresses her in furs, lace and emeralds, teases her, flirts with her, drops a veil of mist around her".[9] After

their affair ended, the two women remained friends until Woolf's death in 1941.

Work

Woolf began writing professionally in 1900, initially for the Times Literary Supplement with a journalistic piece about Haworth, home of the Bront? family.[10] Her first novel, The Voyage Out, was published in 1915 by her half-brother's imprint, Gerald Duckworth and Company Ltd. This novel was originally entitled Melymbrosia, but Woolf repeatedly changed the draft.

Woolf went on to publish novels and essays as a public intellectual to both critical and popular success..

Woolf is considered one of the greatest innovators in the English language. In her works she experimented with stream-of-consciousness and the underlying psychological as well as emotional motives of characters. Woolf's reputation declined sharply after World War II, but her eminence was re-established with the surge of Feminist criticism in the 1970s.[14]

Woolf's work was criticized for epitomizing the narrow world of the upper-middle class English intelligentsia. She was also criticized by some as an anti-Semite, despite her being happily married to a Jewish man. This anti-Semitism is drawn from the fact that she often wrote of Jewish characters in stereotypical archetypes and generalizations, including describing some of her Jewish characters as physically repulsive and dirty.[15].

The intensity of Virginia Woolf's poetic vision elevates the ordinary, sometimes banal settings – often wartime environments – of most of her novels. For example, Mrs Dalloway (1925) centres on the efforts of Clarissa Dalloway, a middle-aged society woman, to organise a party, even as her life is paralleled with that of Septimus Warren Smith, a working-class veteran who has returned from the First World War bearing deep psychological scars.[19]

Woolf was inspired to write Flush: A Biography book from the success of the Rudolf Besier play, The Barretts of Wimpole Street. In the play, Flush is on stage for much of the action. The play was produced for the first time in 1932 by actress Katharine Cornell.

Her last work, Between the Acts (1941) sums up and magnifies Woolf's chief preoccupations: the transformation of life through art, sexual ambivalence, and meditation on the themes of flux of time and life, presented simultaneously as corrosion and rejuvenation—all set in a highly imaginative and symbolic narrative encompassing almost all of English history. .

Her works have been translated into over 50 languages, by writers such as Jorge Luis Borges and Marguerite Yourcenar. Death

After completing the manuscript of her last novel, Between the Acts, Woolf fell into a depression similar to that which she had earlier experienced. The onset of World War II, the destruction of her London home during the Blitz, and the cool reception given to her biography of her late friend Roger Fry all worsened her condition until she was unable to work.[12] On 28 March 1941, Woolf put on her overcoat, filled its pockets with stones, and walked into the River Ouse near her home and drowned herself. Woolf's body was not found until 18 April 1941.[25] Her husband buried her cremated remains

under an elm in the garden of Monk's House, their home in Rodmell, Sussex.

In her last note to her husband she wrote: Dearest, I feel certain that I am going mad again. I feel we can't go through another of those terrible times. And I shan't recover this time. I begin to hear voices, and I can't concentrate. So I am doing what seems the best thing to do. You have given me the greatest possible happiness. You have been in every way all that anyone could be. I don't think two people could have been happier 'til this terrible disease came. I can't fight any longer. I know that I am spoiling your life, that without me you could work. And you will I know. You see I can't even write this properly. I can't read. What I want to say is I owe all the happiness of my life to you. You have been entirely patient with me and incredibly good. I want to say that –everybody knows it. If anybody could have saved me it would have been you. Everything has gone from me but the certainty of your goodness. I can't go on spoiling your life any longer. I don't think two people could have been happier than we have been.

哈佛大学英语介绍

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宫寺木塔》之诗篇，这就告诉我们“崇虚寺”已改成了“宝宫寺”。 （三） 应县木塔五代时称“应州兴王寺木塔”。 明《应州志》载：“天王词，在古旧城帅府东北隅。唐魏公李靖创建。相传晋王李克用母，尝祷于祠，见壁裂，金甲神人跃出。后生克用。”（《应州志·营建志》第2卷49页）《大明一统志》云：“天王祠，在应州城内，旧为天王村，晋王李克用母祷此祠，有金甲神人跃出，果生克用。”天王祠即李靖的家庙，也有人叫“天王寺”，为纪念李克用出世，后改名为“兴王寺”。 “考异《地理志》云，兴王寺有白衣观音像，军还，入幽州，幸大悲阁，指此像曰‘我梦神人令送石郎为中国帝，即此。’因移木叶山，建庙告赛，尊为家神。纪未载。”（《辽史纪事本末》第10卷249页）据《辽史》记载：太宗天显十一年（936）冬十月甲子，封敬瑭为晋王，幸其府。十一月丁酉，册敬瑭为大晋皇帝。十二月庚寅，发太原。戊戌，次雁门，以沙太保所部兵分隶诸将。庚戌，幸应州。由上可见，大悲阁隶属兴王寺。而历史上人们曾把“应州”讹称“幽州”，宋辽大战中的幽州，也是根据民间传说演变而来的。实际上辽太宗“军还”时所幸的正是应州，并非“幽州”。 “《元一统志》云，大悲阁在旧城之中，建自有唐，自辽开泰中重修，圣宗遇雨，飞驾来临，改寺圣恩，而阁隶也，金皇统九年重葺，元至元壬午春复修，中奉大夫领道教事安藏撰记，二十四年四月立

英文有关时间的优美句子

Rumi: Come out of the circle of time And into the circle of love. Salman Rushdie: Reality is a question of perspective; the further you get from the past, the more concrete and plausible it seems -- but as you approach the present, it inevitably seems incredible. Seneca: Whatever begins, also ends. Thomas Hardy: Time changes everything except something within us which is always surprised by change. Unknown Author: Quotes on Time Ordinary people think merely of spending time. Great people think of using it. Sir William Osler: Quotes: Time Let each hour of the day have its allotted duty, and cultivate that power of concentration which grows with its exercise... Tagore: Quotes: Time Let your life lightly dance on the edges of Time like dew on the tip of a leaf. Benjamin Disraeli: Quotes: Time Life is too short to be small. Francis Gray: Quotes: Time Look well to this day. Yesterday is but a dream and tomorrow is only a vision. But today well lived makes every yesterday a dream of happiness and every tomorrow a vision of hope. Look well therefore to this day. Proverb: Quotes: Time Lost time is never found again. Samuel Smiles: Quotes: Time

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The United States of America The United States of America (also referred to as the United States, the U.S., the USA, or America) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Caribbean and Pacific. At 3.79 million square miles and with over 310 million people, the United States is the third or fourth largest country by total area. It is one of the world's most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the

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1) The "discovery" of the New World 发现新大陆 ①The "first Americans" were the Indians 最早的美国人是印第安人 ②In the late 15th century, Christopher Columbus, an Italian navigator, supported by the Spanish queen, he led his men to sail across the vast ocean in 1492 and reached some small islands in the now west Indies. He thought he had reached Asia and didn't know he had discovered a New Continent. 15世纪后期，意大利航海家克里斯多弗.哥伦布，在西班牙女王的支持下,于1492年率领船队穿越浩瀚的大西洋，抵达了现在西印度群岛的一些小岛。他误以为到达了亚洲，并不知道自己已经发现了一个新大陆。 ③Ameriga Vespucci proved that the land was a new continent. Therefore, the land was named America after him.

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一、xx 英文州名(缩写)：Alabama (AL) 区号：205–251–256–334 主要xx： 1、xx(Birmingham) 2、xx(Montgomery) 3、xx次维尔(Huntsville) 4、xx(Tuscaloosa) 5、xx(Mobile) 二、xx 英文州名(缩写)：Alaska (AK) 区号：907 主要xx： 1、xx(Juneau) 2、安克拉奇(Anchorage) 3、xxxx(Fairbanks) 三、xx 英文州名(缩写)：Arizona (AZ) 区号：480–520–602–623–928 主要xx： 1、菲尼克斯[凤凰城](Phoenix)

2、xx(Tucson) 3、xx(Mesa) 四、xx 英文州名(缩写)：Arkansas (AR) 区号：501–870 主要xx： 1、xx(Little Rock) 2、菲页维尔(Fayetteville) 五、xx 英文州名(缩写)：California (CA) 区号：209–213–310–323–408–415–510–530–559–562–619–626–650–661–707–714–760–805–818–831–858–909–916–925–949 主要xx： 1、萨克拉门托(Sacramento) 2、xx(Sonoma) 3、圣xx(San Jose) 4、xx(Los Angeles) 5、xx(San Diego) 6、旧金山(San Francisco) 六、xx 英文州名(缩写)：Colorado (CO)

区号：303–719–720–970 主要xx： 1、xx(Denver) 2、xxxx(Boulder) 3、科罗拉多泉(Clolrado Springs) 七、xx 英文州名(缩写)：Connecticut (CT) 区号：203–860 主要xx： 1、xx(Hartford) 八、xx 英文州名(缩写)：Delaware (DE) 区号：302 主要xx： 1、多佛(Dover) 2、xx(Wilmington) 3、xx(Newark) 九、xx 英文州名(缩写)：Florida (FL) 区号：305–321–352–386–407–561–727–754–772–786–813–850–863–904–941–954

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