语言学教程复习题与答桉(胡壮麟版)1

语言学教程复习题与答案(胡壮麟版第一章)

Chapter I Introduction I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:

1. Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.

2. Linguistics studies particular language, not languages in general.

3. A scientific study of language is based on what the linguist thinks.

4. In the study of linguistics, hypotheses formed should be based on

language facts and checked against the observed facts.

5. General linguistics is generally the study of language as a whole.

6. General linguistics, which relates itself to the research of other

areas, studies the basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models and methods applicable in any linguistic study. 7.

7. Phonetics is different from phonology in that the latter studies the

combinations of the sounds to convey meaning in communication.

8. Morphology studies how words can be formed to produce

meaningful sentences.

9. The study of the ways in which morphemes can be combined to

form words is called morphology.

10. Syntax is different from morphology in that the former not only

studies the morphemes, but also the combination of morphemes into words and words into sentences.

11. The study of meaning in language is known as semantics.

12. Both semantics and pragmatics study meanings.

13. Pragmatics is different from semantics in that pragmatics studies

meaning not in isolation, but in context.

14. Social changes can often bring about language changes.

15. Sociolinguistics is the study of language in relation to society.

16. Modern linguistics is mostly prescriptive, but sometimes

descriptive.

17. Modern linguistics is different from traditional grammar.

18. A diachronic study of language is the description of language at

some point in time.

19. Modern linguistics regards the written language as primary, not the

written language.

20. The distinction between competence and performance was

proposed by F.de Saussure.

II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:

21. Chomsky defines “competence”as the ideal user’s k__________ of the rules of his language.

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/167769784.html,ngue refers to the a__________ linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community while the parole is the concrete use of the conventions and application of the rules.

23.D_________ is one of the design features of human language which refers to the pheno广告网址n that language consists of two levels: a lower level of meaningless individual sounds and a higher level of meaningful units.

24. Language is a system of a_________ vocal symbols used for human communication.

25. The discipline that studies the rules governing the formation of words into permissible sentences in languages is called s________. 26. Human capacity for language has a g ____ basis, but the details of language have to be taught and learned.

27. P ____ refers to the realization of langue in actual use.

28. Findings in linguistic studies can often be applied to the settlement of some practical problems. The study of such applications is generally known as a________ linguistics.

29. Language is p___________ in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users. In other words, they can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences which they have never heard before.

30. Linguistics is generally defined as the s ____ study of language. III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement.

31. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people

actually use, it is said to be ______________.

A. prescriptive

B. analytic

C. descriptive

D. linguistic 32.Which of the following is not a design feature of human language?

A. Arbitrariness

B. Displacement

C. Duality

D. Meaningfulness

33. Modern linguistics regards the written language as ____________.

A. primary

B. correct

C. secondary

D. stable

34. In modern linguistics, speech is regarded as more basic than writing, because ___________. A. in linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing

B. speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed.

C. speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tongue

D. All of the above

35. A historical study of language is a ____ study of language.

A. synchronic

B. diachronic

C. prescriptive

D. comparative

36.Saussure took a (n)__________ view of language, while Chomsky looks at language from a ________ point of view.

A. sociological…psychological

B. psychological…sociological

C. applied…pragmatic

D.semantic and linguistic

37. According to F. de Saussure, ____ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community.

A. parole

B. performance

C. langue

D. Language

38. Language is said to be arbitrary because there is no logical connection between _________ and meanings.

A. sense

B. sounds

C. objects

D. ideas

39. Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. This feature is called_________,

A. displacement

B. duality

C. flexibility

D. cultural transmission

40. The details of any language system is passed on from one generation to the next through ____ , rather than by instinct.

A. learning

B. teaching

C. books

D. both A and B

IV. Define the following terms:

41. Linguistics 42. Phonology 43. Syntax 44. Pragmatics 45. Psycholinguistics 46. Language 47. Phonetics 48. Morphology 49.Semantics 50. Sociolinguistics 51. Applied Linguistics 52.Arbitrariness 53 Productivity 54. Displacement 55.Duality 56. Design Features 57. Competence 58 Performance 59. Langue 60 Parole

V. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give examples for illustration if necessary:

61. Language is generally defined as a system of arbitrary vocal

symbols used for human communication. Explain it in detail.

62. What are the design features of human language? Illustrate them with examples.

63. How is modern linguistics different from traditional grammar?

64. How do you understand the distinction between a synchronic study and a diachronic study?

65. Why does modern linguistics regard the spoken form of language as primary, not the written?

66. What are the major distinctions between langue and parole?

67. How do you understand competence and performance ?

68. Saussure’s distinction between langue and parole seems similar to Chomsky’s distinction between competence and performance. What do you think are their major differences?

69. Do you think human language is entirely arbitrary? Why?

I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or

False:

l.T 2.F 3.F 4.T 5.T 6.F 7.T 8.F 9.T 10.F 11.T 12.T 1 3.T 14.T 15.T 16.F 17.T 18.F 19.F 20.F

II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begin s with the letter given: 21. knowledge 22. abstract 23. Duality 24.

arbitrary 25. syntax 26.genetic 27. Parole 28. applied 29. pr oductive 30. scientific (or systematic)

III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the cho ice that can best complete the statement. 3l.C 32.D 33.C 34.

D 35.B 36.A 37.C 38.B 39.A 40.D

IV. Define the following terms: 41. Linguistics: Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.

42. Phonology: The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology. 43. Syntax: The study of how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences is called syntax. 44.Pragmatics: The study of meaning in context of use is called pragmatics. 45. Psycholinguistics: The study of language with reference to the workings of mind is called psycholinguistics. 46. Language: Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. 47. Phonetics: The study of sounds which are used in linguistic communication is called phonetics.

48. Morphology: The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words is called morphology. 49. Semantics: The study of meaning in language is called semantics.

50. Sociolinguistics: The study of language with reference to society is called sociolinguistics. 51. Applied linguistics: In a narrow

sense, applied linguistics refers to the application of linguistic principles and theories to language teaching and learning, especially the teaching of foreign and second languages. In a broad sense, it refers to the application of linguistic findings to the solution of practical problems such as the recovery of speech ability.

52. Arbitrariness: It is one of the design features of language. It means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds 53. Productivity: Language is productive or creative in that it makes possible the con-struction and interpretation of new signals by its users. 54. Displacement: Displacement means that language can be used to refer to things which are present or not present, real or imagined matters in the past, present, or future, or in far-away places. In other words, language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker

55. Duality: The duality nature of language means that language is a system, which consists of two sets of structure, or two levels, one of sounds and the other of meanings. 56. Design features: Design features refer to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication

57. Competence: Chomsky defines competence as the ideal user's knowledge of the rules of his language, 58. Performance:

performance is the actual realization of the knowl-edge of the rules in linguistic communication.

59. langue : Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system share

d by all th

e members o

f a speech community; Langue is the set of conventions and rules which language users all have to follow; Langue is relatively stable, it does not change frequently 6 0. Parole: Parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use; parole is the concrete use of the conventions and the applicatio n of the rules; parole varies from person to person, and from sit uation to situation.

V. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possibl

e. Give examples for illustration if necessary:

61. Language is generally defined as a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. Explain it in detail.First of all, language is a system, because elements of language are c ombined according to rules. Secondly, language is arbitrary becau se there is no intrinsic connection between form and meaning, or between the sign and what it stands for. Different languages hav e different words for the same object in the world. This fact is a good illustration of the arbitrary nature of language. This also ex plains the symbolic nature of language: words are just symbols; t hey are associated with objects, actions, ideas, etc. by conventio

n . Thirdly, language is vocal because the primary medium is sou nd for all languages, no matter how well - developed their writing systems are. The term "human" in the definition indicates that language is possessed by human beings only and is very differe nt from the communication systems of other living creatures. The term "communication" means that language makes it possible fo r its users to talk to each other and fulfill their communicative ne eds.

62. What are the design features of human language? Illustrate t hem with examples. 1) Arbitrariness as mentioned earlier, the ar bitrary property of language means that there is no logical conne ction between meanings and sounds. For instance, there is no ne cessary relationship between the word elephant and the animal it symbolizes. In addition, different sounds are used to refer to the same object in different languages, and even within the same la nguage, the same sound does not refer to the same thing. Howe ver, language is not entirely arbitrary. There are words which are created in the imitation of sounds by sounds, such as crash, ban g in English. Besides, some compound words are also not entirel y arbitrary. But the non-arbitrary words are quite limited in numb er. The arbitrary nature of language makes it possible for languag e to have an unlimited source of expressions. 2) Productivity L

anguage is productive or creative in that it makes possible the c onstruction and interpretation of new signals by its users. This is why they can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences, including sentences that they have never said or h eard before. They can send messages which no one else has eve r sent before. Productivity is unique to human language. Most ani mal communication systems appear to be highly restricted with r espect to the number of different signals that their users can sen d and receive. 3) Duality The duality nature of language means that language is a system, which consists of two sets of structu re, or two levels, one of sounds and the other of meanings. At t he lower or the basic level, there is the structure of sounds, whi ch are meaningless, discrete, individual sounds. But the sounds of language can be combined according to rules into units of me aning such as morphemes and words, which, at the higher leve l, can be arranged into sentences. This duality of structure or dou ble articulation of language enables its users to talk about anythi ng within their knowledge. No animal communication system has duality or even comes near to possessing it. 4) Displacement Di splacement means that language can be used to refer to things which are present or not present, real or imagined matters in the past, present, or future, or in far-away places. In other words, la

nguage can be used to refer to contexts removed from the imme diate situations of the speaker. Animal calls are mainly uttered in response to immediate changes of situation. 5) Cultural transmis sion Human beings were born with the ability to acquire langua ge, but the details of any language are not genetically transmitted or passed down by instinct. They have to be taught and learne d, but animal call systems are genetically transmitted.

63. How is modern linguistics different from traditional grammar?

Traditional gram-mar is prescriptive; it is based on "high "

(religious, literary) written language. It sets grammatical rules a nd imposes the rules on language users. But Modern linguistic s is descriptive; It collects authentic, and mainly spoken langu age data and then it studies and describes the data in an obje ctive and scientific way.

64. How do you understand the distinction between a synchroni

c study an

d a diachronic study? Th

e description o

f a languag

e at some point in time is a Synchronic study; the description

of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic stu dy. A synchronic study of language describes a language as it is at some particular point in time, while a diachronic study of language is the study of the historical development of lang uage over a period of time.

65. Why does modern linguistics regard the spoken form of langu

age as primary, not the written? First, the spoken form is pr ior to the writ-ten form and most writing systems are derived f rom the spoken form of language. Second, the spoken form pl ays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of infor mation conveyed and it serves a wider range of purposes Fina lly, the spoken form is the medium through which we acquire our mother tongue.

66. What are the major distinctions between langue and parol

e? The distinction between langue, and parole was made by t he famous linguist Ferdinand de Saussure early this century. L angue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all th

e members o

f a speech community, and parole refers to the re

alization of langue in actual use. Langue is the set of conventi ons and rules which language users all have to follow while p arole is the concrete use of the conventions and the applicatio n of the rules. Langue is abstract; it is not the language peopl

e actually use, but parole is concrete; it refers to the naturally

occurring language events. Langue is relatively stable; it does not change frequently; while parole varies from person to per son, and from situation to situation.

67. How do you understand competence and performance? Ame

rican linguist N. Chomsky in the late 1950’s proposed the dist inction between competence and performance. Chomsky define s competence as the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of h is language. This internalized set of rules enables the languag

e user to produce and understand an infinitely large number o

f sentences and recognize sentences that are ungrammatical a

nd ambiguous. According to Chomsky, performance is the actu al realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. Al though the speaker’s knowledge of his mother tongue is perf ect, his performances may have mistakes because of social an

d psychological factors such as stress, embarrassment, etc.. C

homsky believes that what linguists should study is the comp etence, which is systematic, not the performance, which is too haphazard.

68. Saussure’s distinction between langue and parole seems simil

ar to Chomsky’s distinction between competence and perform ance. What do you think are their major differences? Althoug

h Saussure’s distinction and Chomsky’s are very similar, the

y differ at least in that Saussure took a sociological view of la nguage and his notion of langue is a mater of social conventi ons, and Chomsky looks at language from a psychological poi nt of vies and to him, competence is a property of the mind o

f each individual.

69. Do you think human language is entirely arbitrary? Why? La

nguage is arbitrary in nature, it is not entirely arbitrary, becau se there are a limited number of words whose connections bet ween forms and meanings can be logically explained to a cert ain extent, for example, the onomatopoeia, words which are co ined on the basis of imitation of sounds by sounds such as b ang, crash,etc.. Take compounds for another example. The two elements “photo”and “copy”in “photocopy”are non-m otivated, but the compound is not arbitrary.

语言学教程复习题与答案(胡壮麟版第二章)

Chapter 2：Phonology

I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or

False:

1. Voicing is a phonological feature that distinguishes meaning

in both Chinese and English.

2. If two phonetically similar sounds occur in the same enviro

nments and they distinguish meaning, they are said to be i

n complementary distribution.

3. A phone is a phonetic unit that distinguishes meaning.

4. English is a tone language while Chinese is not.

5. In linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing.

6. In everyday communication, speech plays a greater role tha

n writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed.

7. Articulatory phonetics tries to describe the physical properti

es of the stream of sounds which a speaker issues with the help of a machine called spectrograph.

8. The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained

in three important areas: the throat, the mouth and the che st.

9. Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech

sounds called voicing.

10. English consonants can be classified in terms of place of a

rticulation and the part of the tongue that is raised the high est.

11. According to the manner of articulation, some of the types

into which the consonants can be classified are stops, fricat ives, bilabial and alveolar.

12. Vowel sounds can be differentiated by a number of factors:

the position of tongue in the mouth, the openness of the mouth, the shape of the lips, and the length of the vowel s.

13. According to the shape of the lips, vowels can be classifie

d into clos

e vowels, semi-close vowels, semi-open vowels a

nd open vowels.

14. Any sound produced by a human being is a phoneme.

15. Phones are the sounds that can distinguish meaning.

16. Phonology is concerned with how the sounds can be classi

fied into different categories.

17. A basic way to determine the phonemes of a language is t

o see if substituting one sound for another results in a cha nge of meaning.

18. When two different forms are identical in every way except

for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in t he strings, the two words are said to form a phonemic cont rast.

19. The rules governing the phonological patterning are langua

ge specific.

20. Distinctive features of sound segments can be found runni

ng over a sequence of two or more phonemic segments. II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which be gins with the letter given:

21. A ____ refers to a strong puff of air stream in the producti

on of speech sounds.

22. A ____ phonetics describes the way our speech organs wor

k to produce the speech sounds and how they differ.

23. The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/ have one feature in com

mon, i.e, they are all b_______ sounds.

24. Of all the speech organs, the t ____ is the most flexible, a

nd is responsible for varieties of articulation than any othe r.

25. English consonants can be classified in terms of manner of

articulation or in terms of p____ of articulation.

26. When the obstruction created by the speech organs is total

or complete, the speech sound produced with the obstructi on audibly released and the air passing out again is called

a s________.

27. S_________ features are the phonemic features that occur a

bove the level of the segments. They include stress, tone, i ntonation, etc.

28. The rules that govern the combination of sounds in a parti

cular language are called s ____ rules.

29. The transcription of speech sounds with letter-symbols only

is called broad transcription while the transcription with let

ter-symbols together with the diacritics is called n_________ transcription.

30. When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the senten

ce rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively kn own as i_________.

31. P______ is a discipline which studies the system of sounds

of a particular language and how sounds are combined int o meaningful units to effect linguistic communication.

32. The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained

in three important cavities: the pharyngeal cavity, the o____ ___ cavity and the nasal cavity.

33. T____ are pitch variations, which are caused by the differin

g rates of vibration of the vocal cords and which can distin

guish meaning just like phonemes.

34. Depending on the context in which stress is considered, th

ere are two kinds of stress: word stress and s_________ str ess

III. There are four choices following each of the statements bel ow. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement. 35. Of all the speech organs, the _______ is/ are the most flexi

ble. A. mouth B. lips C. tongue D. vocal cords

36. The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are

____ sounds. A. voiceless B. voiced C. vowel D. cons onantal

37. __________ is a voiced alveolar stop.

A. /z/

B. /d/

C. /k/

D./b/

38. The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by

“copying”a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus makin

g the two phones ____________. A. identical B. same C.

exactly alike D. similar

39. Since /p/ and /b/ are phonetically similar, occur in the same

environments and they can distinguish meaning, they are s aid to be ___________.

A. in phonemic contrast

B. in complementary distribution

C. the allophones

D. minimal pair

40. The sound /f/ is _________________. A. voiced palatal affric

ate B. voiced alveolar stop

C. voiceless velar fricative

D. voiceless labiodental fric

ative

41. A ____ vowel is one that is produced with the front part o

f the tongue maintainin

g the highest position. A. bac

k B. central C. front D. middle

胡壮麟《语言学教程》第四版笔记

Chapter 1 Invitations to Linguistics 1.3 Design features of language The features that define our human languages can be called design features which can distinguish human language from any animal system of communication. 1.3.1 Arbitrariness Arbitrariness refers to the fact that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meanings. 1.3.2 Duality Duality refers to the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization. 1.3.3 Creativity Creativity means that language is resourceful because of its duality and its recursiveness. Recursiveness refers to the rule which can be applied repeatedly without any definite limit. The recursive nature of language provides a theoretical basis for the possibility of creating endless sentences. 1.3.4 Displacement Displacement means that human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present (in time and space) at the moment of conversation. 加1 Each sound in the language is treated as discrete. 加2 the direct/non-arbitrary/non-symbolic relation between meaning and form. There are resemblances between the language form and what they refer to. That relationship is called icon. Iconicity exists in sounds, lexicons and syntax. It is the motivation between language forms and meanings. It is a relation of resemblance between language form and what they refer to. 1.5 Functions of language As is proposed by Jacobson, language has six functions: 1. Referential: to convey message and information; 2. Poetic: to indulge in language for its own sake; 3. Emotive: to express attitudes, feelings and emotions; 4. Conative: to persuade and influence others through commands and entreaties; 5. Phatic: to establish communion with others; 6. Metalingual: to clear up intentions, words and meanings. three metafunctions: 1. function: to convey new information, to communicate a content that is

胡壮麟《语言学教程》笔记和考研真题详解(现代语言学理论与流派)【圣才出品】

第12章现代语言学理论与流派 12.1 复习笔记 本章要点： 1. The Prague School and Functional Sentence Perspective (FSP) 布拉格学派与功能句子观 2. The London School and context of situation 伦敦学派与语境观 3. Halliday and Systemic-Functional Grammar 韩礼德与系统——功能语法 4. Bloomfield and American Structuralism 布隆菲尔德与美国结构主义 5. Chomsky and Transformational-Generative Grammar 乔姆斯基与转换——生成语法 常考考点： 各流派的代表人物、理论基础、特点、主要观点、重要概念；语言普遍性和人类行为关系等。 本章内容索引：

I. Saussure and modern linguistics II. The Prague School 1. Main points and contribution 2. Functional Sentence Perspective (FSP) 3. Communicative Dynamism (CD) III. The London School 1. Introduction 2. Malinowski’s theories 3. Firth’s theories 4. Halliday and Systemic-Functional Grammar 5. Systemic grammar and Functional grammar (1) Systemic grammar (2) Functional grammar IV. American Structuralism 1. Introduction 2. Three stages of the development V. Transformational-Generative Grammar 1. Introduction 2. The Innateness Hypothesis 3. Generative Grammar 4. Stage of development of TG Grammar 5. Main features of TG Grammar

语言学教程第四版第二章 胡壮麟 主编

Chapter 2 Speech sounds Contents ?How sounds are made? ?Consonants and vowels ?Phonological processes, phonological rules and distinctive features ?Suprasegmentals 超音段 ?Two major areas for studying speech sounds: phonetics and phonology ?Phonetics: it studies how speech sounds are made, transmitted and perceived. ?Three branches of phonetics: ?Articulatory phonetics发声语音学 is the study of the production of speech sounds. ?Acoustic phonetics声学语音学 is the study of the physical properties of the sounds produced in speech. Auditory phonetics听觉语音学 is concerned with the perception of speech sounds ?Phonology：it deals with the sound system of a language by treating phoneme 音素 as the point of departure. ?It studies the sound patterns and sound systems of languages. ?Ultimately it aims to discover the rules that underlie the sound patterns of all languages. How speech sounds are made? ? speech organs 言语器官 ?Speech organs are also known as vocal organs（发音器官）. ?Parts of human body involved in the production of speech sounds: lungs, trachea (windpipe) 气管, throat, nose, mouth ? organs of speech (Figure 2.2, p.26 on our books)

胡壮麟语言学教程课件Part12

Literary linguistics studies the language of literature. It focuses on the study of linguistic features related to literary style. 9.1 Theoretical background

9.2.1 Foregrounding and grammatical form 9.2.2 Literal language and figurative language Simile Metaphor Metonymy Synecdoche 9.2.3 The analysis of literary language

9.3.1 Sound patterning 9.3.2 Different forms of sound patterning Rhyme Alliteration Assonance Consonance Reverse rhyme Pararhyme Repitition

-Metre(Dimetre, Trimetre, Tetrametre, Hexametre, Heptametre, Octametre) -Foot (Iamb, Trochee, Anapest, Dactyl,Spondee, Pyrrhic) 9.3.4 Conventional forms of metre and sound Couplets Quatrains Blank verse Sonnet 9.3.5 The poetic functions of sound and metre 9.3.6 How to analyse poetry?

语言学重要知识点(胡壮麟版)

Language is a means of verbal communication. It is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. 1.Design features of language The features that define our human languages can be called design features which can distinguish human language from any animal system of communication.Arbitrariness refers to the fact that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meanings.eg.the dog barks wowwow in english but 汪汪汪in chinese.Duality refers to the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization.eg.dog-woof(but not w-oo-f)Creativity means that language is resourceful because of its duality and its recursiveness. Eg. An experiment of bee communication.Displacement means that human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present (in time and space) at the moment of communication. 3. Origin of language The bow-wow theory In primitive times people imitated the sounds of the animal calls in the wild environment they lived and speech developed from that.The pooh-pooh theory In the hard life of our primitive ancestors, they utter instinctive sounds of pains, anger and joy which gradually developed into language. The “yo-he-ho” theory As primitive people worked together, they produced some rhythmic grunts which gradually developed into chants and then into language. 4.Linguistics is the scientific study of language. It studies not just one language of any one community, but the language of all human beings. 5. Main branches of linguistics ?Phonetics is the study of speech sounds, it includes three main areas: articulatory phonetics, acoustic phonetics, and auditory phonetics. ?Phonology studies the rules governing the structure, distribution, and sequencing of speech sounds and the shape of syllables. ?Morphology studies the minimal units of meaning – morphemes and word-formation processes. ?Syntax refers to the rules governing the way words are combined to form sentences in a language, or simply, the study of the formation of sentences. ?Semantics examines how meaning is encoded in a language. It is concerned with both meanings of words as lexical items and levels of language below the word and above it. ?Pragmatics is the study of meaning in context. It concerned with the way language is used to communicate rather than with the way language is structured. 6.Important distinctions in linguistics 1)Descriptive vs. prescriptive For example, ―Don’t say X.‖ is a prescriptive command; ―People don’t say X.‖ is a descriptive statement. The distinction lies in prescribing how things ought to be and describing how things are.Lyons 2)Synchronic vs. diachronic A synchronic study takes a fixed instant (usually at present) as its point of observation. Saussure’s diachronic description is the study of a language through the course of its history. E.g. a study of the features of the English used in Shakespeare’s time would be synchronic, and a study of the changes English has undergone since then would be a diachronic study. 3)Langue & parole langue: the linguistic competence of the speaker. parole: the actual phenomena or data of linguistics(utterances). Saussure 4)Competence and performance According to Chomsky,a language user’s underlying knowledge about the system of rules is called the linguistic competence, and the actual use of language in concrete situations is called performance. Competence 7.consonant is produced by constricting or obstructing the vocal tract at some places to divert, impede, or

胡壮麟《语言学教程》笔记和考研真题及典型题详解(第二语言和外语教学)【圣才出品】

第11章第二语言和外语教学 11.1 复习笔记 本章要点： 1. The relation between linguistics and language teaching 语言学与语言教学之间的关系 2. Grammar, input and language learning 语法、输入与语言学习 3. Interlanguage in language teaching 语言教学中的中介语 4. Linguistics and syllabus design 语言学与教学大纲设计 5. Contrastive analysis and error analysis 对比分析与错误分析 6. Corpus linguistics and language teaching 语料库语言学与语言教学 常考考点： 语言学与语言教学的关系；语言学与语言学习；语言学与教学大纲设计；二语学习者的主要障碍；对比分析与错误分析；中介语；语料库语言学与语言教学等。

本章内容索引： I. Definition of Applied Linguistics II. The Relation between Linguistics and Language Teaching III. Linguistics and Language Learning 1. Grammar and Language Learning 2. Input and Language Learning 3. Interlanguage in Language Learning IV. Linguistics and Language T eaching 1. The discourse-based view of language teaching 2. The universal grammar (UG) and language teaching V. Syllabus Design 1. Syllabus and curriculum 2. Theoretical views behind syllabus design 3. Types of syllabus (1) The structural syllabus (2) The situational syllabus (3) The communicative syllabus (4) The task-based syllabus 4. Current trends in syllabus design (1) The co-existence of the old and the new (2) The emphasis on the learning process

英语语言学教程(胡壮麟版).

英语语言学教程（胡壮麟版） Chapter one. Invitation to Linguistic. 1.What is language? “Language is system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. It is a system, since linguistic elements are arranged systematically, rather than randomly. Arbitrary, in the sense that there is usually no intrinsic connection between a work (like “book”) and the object it refers to. This explains and is explained by the fact that different languages have different “books”: “book” in English, “livre” in French, “shu” in Ch inese. It is symbolic, because words are associated with objects, actions, ideas etc. by nothing but convention. Namely, people use the sounds or vocal forms to symbolize what they wish to refer to. It is vocal, because sound or speech is the primary medium for all human languages. Writing systems came much later than the spoken forms. The fact that small children learn and can only learn to speak (and listen) before they write (and read) also indicates that language is primarily vocal, rather than written. The term “human” in the definition is meant to specify that language is human specific. 2.Design Features of Language. “Design features” here refer to the defining properties of human language that tell the difference between human language and any system of animal communication. They are arbitrariness, duality, productivity, displacement, cultural transmission and interchangeability (1)Arbitrariness: By “arbitrariness”, we mean there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. (2)Duality: The property of having two levels of structures (phonological and grammatical), units of the primary level being composed of elements of the secondary level and each level having its own principles of organization. (3)Productivity: Productivity refers to the ability to the ability to construct and understand an indefinitely large number of sentences in one’s native language, including those that has never heard before, but that are appropriate to the speaking situation. The property that enables native speakers to construct and understand an indefinitely large number of utterances, including utterances that they have never previously encountered. (4)Displacement: “Displacement”, as one of the design features of the human language, refers to the fact that one can talk about things that are not present, as easily as he does things present. In other words, one can refer to real and unreal things, things of the past, of the present, of the future. Language itself can be talked about too. (5)Cultural transmission: This means that language is not biologically transmitted from generation to generation, but that the details of the linguistic system must be learned anew by each speaker. (6)Interchangeability: Interchangeability means that any human being can be both a producer and a receiver of messages. 3.Functions of Language. Language has at least seven functions: phatic, directive, Informative, interrogative, expressive, evocative and performative. (1)Phatic function: The “phatic function” refers to language being used for setting up a certain atmosphere or maintaining social contacts (rather than for exchanging information or ideas). Greetings, farewells, and comments on the weather in English and on clothing in Chinese all serve this function. (2)Directive function: The “directive function” means that language may be used to get the hearer

胡壮麟语言学复习及答案

胡壮麟语言学复习及答案 Chapter I In troducti on I.Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False: 1.Lin guistics is gen erally defi ned as the scie ntific study of Ian guage. 2.L in guistics studies particular Ian guage, not Ian guages in gen eral. 3.A scie ntific study of Ian guage is based on what the lin guist thi nks. 4.In the study of lin guistics, hypotheses formed should be based on Ian guage facts and checked aga inst the observed facts. 5.Gen eral li nguistics is gen erally the study of Ian guage as a whole. 6.General linguistics, which relates itself to the research of other areas, studies the basic con cepts, theories, descripti ons, models and methods applicable in any lin guistic study. 7.Phon etics is differe nt from phono logy in that the latter studies the comb in ati ons of the sounds to con vey meaning in com muni cati on. 8.Morphology studies how words can be formed to produce meanin gful senten ces. 9.The study of the ways in which morphemes can be combined to form words is called morphology. 10.Syntax is different from morphology in that the former not only studies the morphemes, but also the comb in ati on of morphemes into words and words into senten ces. 11.The study of meaning in Ian guage is known as sema ntics. 12.Both semantics and pragmatics study meanings. 13.Pragmatics is differe nt from sema ntics in that pragmatics studies meaning not in isolati on, but in con text. 14.Social cha nges can ofte n bring about Ian guage cha nges. 15.Sociolinguistics is the study of Ianguage in relation to society. 16.Modern linguistics is mostly prescriptive, but sometimes descriptive. 17.Moder n lin guistics is differe nt from traditi onal grammar. 18. A diachronic study of Ianguage is the description of Ianguage at some point in time. 19 Modern linguistics regards the written Ianguage as primary, not the written Ian guage. 20.The disti ncti on betwee n compete nee and performa nee was proposed by F. de Saussure. II.Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the

胡壮麟语言学教程第二章专业术语解释

2. Articulatory phonetics发音语言学: the study of production of speechsounds.研究语言的发生 phonetics声学语言学：is the study of physical properties of speech sounds.研究语音的物质特征 or Auditory phonetics感知语音学或听觉语音学：is concerned with the perception of speech sounds.研究语音的感知 音系学is the study of the sound patterns and sound systems of languages.研究各种语言的语音模式和语音系统 6. IPA国际音标表: the abbreviation of International Phonetic Alphabet 变音符:are additional symbols or marks used together with the consonant and vowel symbols to indicate nuances of change in their pronunciation.是与元音或辅音符号结合使用的一些附加符号或记号，用于表示元音或辅音在发音上的微小变化 辅音: are sound segments produced by constricting or obstructing the vocal tract at some place to divert,impede,or completely shut off the flow of air in the oral cavity.声道紧闭，或声道变窄的程度达到无法 9. Vowl元音:are sound segments produced without such obstruction,so no turbulence of a total stopping of the air can be perceived.气流可以相对不受阻碍的从口腔或鼻腔中排出 排出，一旦排出就会产生可闻的摩擦，这样发生的音叫辅音 10. Coarticulation协同发音: a kind of phonetic process in which simultaneous or overlapping articulations are

英语语言学教程胡壮麟版

英语语言学教程(胡壮麟版) Chapter one. Invitation to Linguistic. 1. What is language? “ Languageis system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. It is a system, since linguistic elements are arranged systematically, rather than randomly. Arbitrary, in the sense that there is usually no intrinsic connection between a work (like “book”) and the object it refers to. This explains a is explained by the fact that different languages have different “ books ”“:book ”in English, “ livre in” French, “shu” ii n eCseh. It is symbolic, because words are associated with objects, actions, ideas etc. by nothing but convention. Namely, people use the sounds or vocal forms to symbolize what they wish to refer to. It is vocal, because sound or speech is the primary medium for all human languages. Writing systems came much later than the spoken forms. The fact that small children learn and can only learn to speak (and listen) before they write (and read) also indicates that language is primarily vocal, rather than written. The term “ human” in the definition is meant to specify that language is human specific. 2. Design Features of Language. “ Design features ” here refer to the defining properties of human language that tell the difference between human language and any system of animal communication. They are arbitrariness, duality, productivity, displacement, cultural transmission and interchangeability (1) Arbitrariness: By “ arbitrariness ”, we mean there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. (2) Duality: The property of having two levels of structures (phonological and grammatical), units of the primary level being composed of elements of the secondary level and each level having its own principles of organization. (3) Productivity: Productivity refers to the ability to the ability to construct and understand an indefinitely large number of sentences in one?s native language, including those that has never heard before, but that are appropriate to the speaking situation. The property that enables native speakers to construct and understand an indefinitely large number of utterances, including utterances that they have never previously encountered. (4) Displacement: “ Displacement ”, as one of the design features of the human language, refers to the fact that one can talk about things that are not present, as easily as he does things present. In other words, one can refer to real and unreal things, things of the past, of the present, of the future. Language itself can be talked about too. (5) Cultural transmission: This means that language is not biologically transmitted from generation to generation, but that the details of the linguistic system must be learned anew by each speaker. (6) Interchangeability: Interchangeability means that any human being can be both a producer and a receiver of messages. 3. Functions of Language. Language has at least seven functions: phatic, directive, Informative, interrogative, expressive, evocative and performative. (1) Phatic function: The “ phaticfunction r”efers to language being used for setting up a certain atmosphere or maintaining social contacts (rather than for exchanging information or ideas). Greetings, farewells, and comments on the weather in English and on clothing in Chinese all serve this function. (2) Directive function: The “ directive function ”thamt laenagnusage may be used to get the hearer to do something. Most imperative sentences perform this function, e. g., “Tell me the res you finish. ” (3) Informative function: Language serves an “ informational function ”when used to tell something, characterized by the use of declarative sentences. Informative statements are often labeled as true (truth) or false (falsehood). (4) Interrogative function: When language is used to obtain information, it serves an “ interrogat