A note on composite operators in N=4 SYM
a r X i v :h e p -t h /0106238v 1 26 J u n 2001KCL-TH-01-??
February 1,2008
A note on composite operators in N =4SYM
P.J.Heslop and P.S.Howe Department of Mathematics King’s College,London Abstract We discuss composite operators in N =4super Yang-Mills theory and their realisations as super?elds on di?erent superspaces.The super?elds that realise various operators on analytic superspace may be di?erent in the free,interacting and quantum theories.In particular,in the quantum theory,there is a restricted class of operators that can be written as analytic tensor super?elds.This class includes all series B and C operators in the theory as well as some series A operators which saturate the unitarity bounds.Operators of this type are expected to be protected from renormalisation.
Over the past few years the Maldacena conjecture[1]has rekindled interest in four-dimensional superconformal?eld theories and this has led to the discovery of many new and interesting re-sults.Most of these results have concerned properties of short(series C)operators and their cor-relation functions derived both directly in?eld theory and from supergravity via the AdS/CFT correspondence.Some recent reviews and lists of references can be found in[2,3,4,5].A strik-ing feature of such operators is that their shortness protects them from renormalisation-they cannot develop anomalous dimensions because the representations under which they transform determine these dimensions uniquely.More recently,however,it has been found that certain series A operators,which are not short in the above sense and which had not been anticipated to be protected from renormalisation,turn out to also have vanishing anomalous dimensions. These results have been established using the OPE and AdS/CFT[6,7],from partial non-renormalisation of four-point functions[8,9],in perturbation theory[10]and,most recently, using the OPE in N=2harmonic superspace[11].
The representations of the superconformal group are well-known[12]and their realisations on super?elds have been studied by many authors,see for example[13,14,15,16,17,18].In particular,shortening conditions for series A representations which saturate unitarity bounds have been discussed in[14,17].In this note we point out that the series A operators fall into three distinct classes when looked at as explicit functions of the underlying N=4supersymmetric Yang-Mills?eld strength super?eld.There are3di?erent types of behaviour:(i)operators which do not saturate the unitarity bounds,even in the free theory,(ii)operators which saturate the unitarity bounds in the free theory but for which the number of components changes in the interacting theory and(iii)operators which saturate unitarity bounds in the interacting theory. This classi?cation holds in the classical theory where the dimensions are still(half)integral.In the quantum theory operators of types(i)and(ii)can develop anomalous dimensions because there are“nearby”representations with non-integral quantum numbers which have the same number of components.On the other hand,for operators of type(iii)this is not the case,and one therefore expects them to be protected in a similar fashion to the short representations of series B and C.All the operators which have been found to be non-renormalised in references [6,7,8,9,10,11]are of type(iii)as one might expect,but this classi?cation suggests that there are very many more of them.
Operators of type(i)take care of themselves in that there are no shortening conditions even in the free case.However,it is not so easy to distinguish between operators of types(ii)and (iii)merely by looking at the quantum numbers of the representations or at their realisation as (abstract)super?elds in Minkowski superspace.It turns out that the operators of type(iii)are those that can be written as products of chiral primary operators,possibly with spacetime or spinorial derivatives.Operators of type(ii)include single trace operators(with the exception of the chiral primaries)and more complicated operators which include such single trace functions as factors.The basic reason for this is that the constraints(on Minkowski superspace)which type (iii)super?elds must satisfy in order to saturate unitarity bounds follow from the constraints on the gauge-invariant factors whereas,for operators of type(ii),this is not the case,so that the corresponding interacting multiplets have more components than the free ones.One way of seeing this is to work on analytic superspace,this having the advantage that there are no further constraints to be imposed apart from analyticity.A general analytic superconformal
?eld will transform under the isotropy subgroup of the superconformal group which de?nes analytic superspace in a non-trivial manner,i.e.it will have superindices(whereas one can?nd analytic superspaces for the series C operators where no indices are required[17,18]).We shall work on the analytic superspace with the smallest number of odd coordinates and the smallest number of additional even coordinates compatible with these.All representations with(half) integral dimensions can be constructed from a set of free Maxwell?eld strength super?elds and derivatives with respect to the coordinates of this analytic superspace.1The di?erence between operators of types(ii)and(iii)can be stated very simply in this context:operators of type (ii)cannot be so represented in the interacting case because this would involve applying gauge-covariant derivatives to the non-Abelian SYM?eld strength super?eld and this is not allowed because the Yang-Mills potential is not itself a?eld on analytic superspace.Operators of type (iii)are therefore composite operators for which the analytic superspace derivatives only act on gauge-invariant factors.The claim,therefore,is that all such series A operators which satisfy a unitarity bound should be protected from renormalisation.In the quantum theory operators of types(i)and(ii)both cease to be realised as analytic tensor super?elds.They can still be viewed as analytic?elds but their transformation properties are not of the usual tensorial type. On the other hand,operators of type(iii)are analytic tensor super?elds even in the quantum theory.In this sense one can view protection from renormalisation as being due to analyticity even for series A operators.
Before discussing this in more detail we shall brie?y discuss an example of each type of operator in N=4super Minkowski space.The?eld strength super?eld W I transforms under the6of SO(6),and is subject to the constraint
?αi W I=(σI)ijΛjα(1) whereαis a2-component spinor index,i is an SU(4)index andσI is an SO(6)σ-matrix.The spinorial derivative includes a gauge?eld in the non-Abelian case.The leading component of W I is the set of six scalar?elds of N=4SYM while the leading component ofΛiαis the quartet of spin one-half?elds.The supercurrent is T IJ=tr(W I W J)?1/6tr(W K W K).From(1)it obeys the constraint that when Dαi is applied to it only the20-dimensional representation of SU(4) survives.The quantum numbers specifying a representation of the N=4superconformal group are(L,J1,J2,a1,a2,a3)where L is the dilation weight,J1and J2are spin labels and(a1,a2,a3) are SU(4)Dynkin labels.We thus see that T IJ has quantum numbers(2,0,0,0,2,0).The unitarity bounds are:
Series A:L≥2+2J1+2m1?m
2
Series B:L=m
;L≥1+m1+J2,J1=0
2
Series C:L=m1=m
1This is brie?y discussed in[19];a detailed account is in preparation.
where m is the total number of boxes in the Young tableau of the SU(4)representation and m1 the number of boxes in the?rst row.
An operator of type(i)is given by T IJ T IJ.This has quantum numbers(4,0,0,0,0,0).It is a series A operator which does not saturate either unitarity bound and is simply an unconstrained scalar super?eld on Minkowski superspace.In the quantum theory there is nothing to prevent this operator developing an anomalous dimension.
An example of a type(ii)operator is the N=4Konishi multiplet,K=tr(W I W I)[20,21].In the free theory this operator obeys the constraint
D ij K:=Dαi Dαj K=0(3) However,in the interacting theory one?nds
D ij K～tr([W ik,W jl]W kl):=S ij(4) so that K is now an unconstrained super?eld(W ij:=(σI)ij W I).This is similar in some respects to the behaviour of the Yang-Mills supercurrent in ten dimensions.In the free theory this consists of a quasi-superconformal multiplet(128+128)together with a constrained scalar super?eld
[22]whereas in the interacting theory the scalar super?eld is unconstrained[23].As in the type
(i)case,in the quantum theory,there is nothing to stop K developing an anomalous dimension and it is well-known that this indeed happens[24,25].
For an example of type(iii)we consider the operator O IJ:=T IK T JK?1/6δIJ T KL T KL,which transforms under the20′representation of SU(4).This has quantum numbers(4,0,0,0,2,0); it is a series A operator which saturates both unitarity bounds.This operator obeys the same constraints in the interacting theory as it does in the free theory because they can be derived from the gauge-invariant constraints that T IJ satis?es.There is a representation related to this one by changing L=4to L=4+2γwhereγis a real number,but it has many more components and so one expects O IJ to be protected from renormalisation.Indeed,this operator is one of those found to have vanishing anomalous dimensions in references[6,7,8,9,10,11].
To discuss these operators more generally we shall use super Dynkin diagrams.For the(com-plexi?ed)superconformal group SL(4|N)acting on C4|N,the Dynkin diagram depends on the choice of basis.If the basis is ordered in the standard fashion,4even-N odd,we have the distinguished basis with one odd root,but we shall use a di?erent basis,which we shall refer to as physical,in which the basis has the ordering,2even-N odd-2even.The physical basis has two odd roots so that the Dynkin diagram is
????···??
N?1??
(5)
Any representation can be speci?ed by giving labels associated to each node of the Dynkin diagram.The labels associated with the two external even(black)nodes are determined by the spin quantum numbers(J1,J2)and the(N?1)internal even labels are?xed by the Dynkin
labels of SL(N).The two odd(white)labels are then determined by the dilation(L)and the R-symmetry(R)quantum numbers.All the Dynkin labels should be non-negative integers except for the odd ones which can be positive real numbers.These continuous labels are directly related to anomalous dimensions of operators.
The super Dynkin diagram can also be used to represent coset spaces determined by parabolic subgroups.With respect to a given basis the Borel subalgebra consists of lower triangular matri-ces,and a parabolic subalgebra(which by de?nition is one which contains the Borel subalgebra) consists of lower block triangular matrices.The size of these blocks is determined by a set of at most N+3positive integers k1 ????···????(6) Chiral superspaces have a single cross through one of the odd nodes,harmonic superspaces have crosses through both odd nodes and some internal nodes,and analytic superspaces have crosses only through internal nodes.Superspaces with crosses through the external nodes include projective super twistor space,but such spaces are inconvenient for representation theory and so will not be considered further here. The crosses on a super Dynkin diagram factorise the diagram into sub-(super)-Dynkin diagrams corresponding to the semi-simple subalgebra of the Levi subalgebra(the diagonal blocks in the parabolic),while the Dynkin labels above the crosses correspond to charges under internal U(1)’s or dilation and R weights.In general the Levi subalgebra will be a superalgebra and so the?elds can carry superindices.Only in cases where both odd nodes have crosses through (such as for super Minkowski space and harmonic superspaces)does the Levi subalgebra contain no superalgebra. In order to have unitary representations(of the real superconformal group SU(2,2|N))the Dynkin labels on the odd nodes must exceed those of the adjacent external nodes by at least one unless one or both pairs of these adjacent nodes are zero.This gives three series of unitarity bounds.We label the nodes from the left n1...n N+3so that the two odd nodes are n2and n N+2 and the adjacent external nodes are n1and n N+3respectively.For series A we have n2≥n1+1 and n N+3≥n N+2+1.For series B we have either n1=n2=0and n N+3≥n N+2+1or we have n2≥n1+1and n N+3=n N+2=0.Finally series C requires that n1=n2=n N+3=n N+2=0. For general N we have n2=1 N ?m1 n N+2=1 N (7) where m is the total number of boxes in the internal Young tableau determined by the SU(N) Dynkin labels(a1,...a N?1)=(n3,...n N+1)and m1is the number of boxes in the?rst row. The external black labels are(n1,n N+3)=(2J1,2J2).For N=4we need to impose R=0in order to have representations of P SU(2,2|4). The above discussion implies that all of the unitary representations can be represented in various ways on super?elds de?ned on superspaces,and that these?elds will transform linearly under representations of the Levi subalgebra.In particular,in N=4,all of the representations can be realised as(analytic)super?elds on(N,p,q)=(4,2,2)analytic superspace: ???×??? p.This means that A p is a scalar under sl(2|2)⊕sl(2|2)and has charge p under the U(1)corresponding to the central node of the super Dynkin diagram.All other representations transform non-trivially under the sub-algebra sl(2|2)⊕sl(2|2).The series B super?elds must transform under the totally(generalised)antisymmetric tensor representation (or the trivial representation)of one of the sl(2|2)subgroups and the series C super?elds must transform under the totally antisymmetric representation of both sl(2|2)subgroups(trivially in the KK case).For a general representation the highest weight state is obtained from the tensor component which has the most number of internal(a or a′)indices. We now describe how the three operators discussed earlier can be written as?elds on analytic superspace.The?rst one,T IJ T IJ in super Minkowski space,has super Dynkin labels(0200020). On analytic superspace its behaviour with respect to both of the sl(2|2)subalgebras is given by the super Dynkin labels(020).It can be constructed from two T’s and four derivatives with both sets of indices,primed and unprimed,in the representation corresponding to the super Young tableau with two boxes in the?rst and second rows. The free Konishi multiplet on(4,2,2)analytic superspace is???×??? theory,the diagram is the same with the1replaced by1+γ,γ>0.Forγnon-integral the representation??? n of sl(2|2) for n integral,n≥2,all have the same dimension as??? ?(A′(A?B′)B)W2(10) 6 However,this expression cannot be generalised to the interacting case since there is no gauge covariant derivative?A′A on analytic superspace.Moreover(10)is misleading in the quantum theory.The quantum Konishi multiplet resembles more closely the operator???×??? 121.Again this representation has an associated anomalous representation???×??? 121can be expressed in terms of derivatives of the supercurrent T=???×??? ?(A′(A?B′)B)T2.(11) 5 We next consider operators of the form?p T?q T on analytic superspace.Since all such operators are compatible with non-Abelian gauge invariance they are all either type(i)or type(iii).We shall consider these operators?rst in the classical theory where the Dynkin labels are all integers. Those that are type(i)can then develop anomalous dimensions in the quantum theory whereas the others will be protected.The result is simple:those operators which have vanishing internal Dynkin labels are type(i)and all the others are type(iii).This is in agreement with the results derived in[11]using the OPE in N=2harmonic superspace. To study these operators we?rst de?ne Q=L?(J1+J2).Since Q(?)=0and Q(T)= 2Q(W)=2,it follows that Q=4for any of these operators.In terms of the Dynkin labels Q= i=6i=2n i?(n1+n7),so that we have n′2+n′6+m1=4(12) where n′2:=n2?n1≥1;n′6:=n6?n7≥1,the inequalities following from the unitarity bounds. The requirement that the R-charge be zero gives n3+2n2?n1=n5+2n6?n7(13) Due to the bounds we need only consider the cases m1=0,1,2.For m1=2we have n′2=n′6=1. The possible internal Dynkin labels are[020],[110],[011],[101],[200]and[002]. m1=2;[020] For[020]we?nd the super Dynkin labels are[k(k+1)020(k+1)k].These operators can be written in the form T?k+2T with the k+2A and A′indices completely symmetrised2.Clearly such operators saturate the bounds and so are type(iii). m1=2;[101] For this case the super Dynkin labels are[k(k+1)101(k+1)k].These operators can be written as T?k+3T where the(k+3)unprimed and primed indices are both in the representation with symmetrisation over(k+2)indices but not over all of them.Again these operators saturate the bounds. m1=2;[110] The super Dynkin labels are[k(k+1)110(k+2)(k+1)].In this case the left-hand sl(2|2) representation corresponding to the unprimed indices is the same as the previous case whereas the right-hand one is totally symmetric in k+3indices.These operators cannot be written with all the derivatives hitting one of the T’s,but can be written in the form?T?k+2T.Again these are saturated.The case[011]is conjugate to this one.Note that the leading component of this supermultiplet is fermionic.In super Minkowski space it will involve an odd derivative acting on one of the T’s. m1=2;[200] Here the super Dynkin labels are[k(k+1)200(k+3)(k+2)].The left-hand sl(2|2)representation has Young tableau m1=1;[010] If we choose n′2=2,n′6=1we?nd the super Dynkin labels are[k(k+2)010(k+3)(k+2)].The corresponding tensor has left Young tableau m1=1;[100] If we choose n′2=2,n′6=1,the super Dynkin labels are[k(k+2)100(k+4)(k+3)].The left Young tableau is m1=1;[001] For n′2=2,n′6=1the Dynkin labels are[k(k+2)001(k+2)(k+1)].The left Young tableau is m1=0 In this case we could in principle have n′2=3,n′6=1but these cannot be written in terms of derivatives acting on two T’s.So take n′2=n′6=2.The super Dynkin labels are[k(k+ 2)000(k+2)k],and the Young tableaux are Operators of the above form contain,as spacetime components,the operators constructed from spacetime derivatives acting on two factors of the leading scalars in T discussed in[6].The authors of[6]were not always able to specify which supermultiplet was involved when the component?eld under discussion was not the highest weight state.Here we brie?y indicate how these supermultiplets can be identi?ed using analytic superspace.Let T o be the leading component of T;it is a scalar?eld in the20′representation of SU(4).The operators of[6]are schematically of the form, O[abc] ～(?˙αα)r r′(T o T o)[abc](14) rL where r′=1/2(L?(r+4)),L being the na¨?ve dimension.The indices on the spacetime derivatives are totally symmetrised and[abc]denotes the SU(4)representation.Since T o is in the20′representation,the possible representations that can arise are1,20′,84,105,15,175. To illustrate the procedure let us consider operators in the105=[040]representation.There were two series of non-renormalised105operators mentioned in[6],r=2k,L=4+2k and r=2k,L=6+2k(where k is a positive integer),the?rst non-renormalised operator being r=0,L=8.Now,as an operator on analytic superspace,the leading component of T2is a scalar in the105representation.To obtain the desired component we therefore need only include the right spacetime derivatives.To?nd the full multiplet we then replace the spacetime derivatives by analytic superspace derivatives. ～(?˙αα)2k(T2o)[040],so the desired supermultiplet is(schematically)(?A′A)2k T2 We have O[040] 2k4+2k with the primed and unprimed indices symmetrised.The super Dynkin labels are[(2k?2)(2k?1)020(2k?1)(2k?2)],so this operator is protected.The second operator is O[040] ～ 2k6+2k (?˙αα)2k(T2o)[040].For this case we have2k+2derivatives and the primed(unprimed)in-dices are symmetrised with respect to2k+1of them.In other words the associated super Young tableaux are<2k+1,1>for both sets of indices.The super Dynkin labels are [(2k?1)(2k)101(2k)(2k?1)],and the operator is protected.In the third case O[040] ～ 2(T2o)[040]. 08 In this case the four derivatives fall into the representation<2,2>for both primed and un-primed indices so the super Dynkin labels are[0200020].This operator is unprotected. For k=0,one can have no d’Alembertians,in which case the operator is simply T2,which is series C,or one can have one d’Alembertian in which case the operator has super Dynkin labels [0020200]and is again series C. A slightly more complicated situation arises when one needs to add further internal deriva-tives in order to obtain the right SU(4)representation.For example,consider the operator O[101] ～(?˙αα)2k+1(T2o)[101].Here it is necessary to add three further derivatives.There are 2k+12k+5 three possibilities corresponding to the super Dynkin labels[2k(2k+2)000(2k+2)2k](renor-malised)and[(2k+1)(2k+2)101(2k+2)(2k+1)]or[2k(2k+2)001(2k+2)(2k+1)](protected). Presumably the precise spacetime components of the three cases will not be identical because there will be di?erent contributions from the other?elds in the SYM multiplet(and from terms required to make the operators primary). As well as the operators discussed above one can construct many more which should be protected by the same argument.To build any such operator one begins(schematically)with a product of A p’s and analytic superspace derivatives,with the indices on the latter projected onto irreducible representations of the two sl(2|2)superalgebras.One then requires that the operator really is primary,i.e terms can be added in such a way to achieve this,and?nally that at least one of the unitarity bounds is satis?ed. For example,representations with Dynkin labels[k(k+1)lml(k+1)k]can be obtained by applying derivatives to gauge invariant operators for all positive integers k and l and for all positive integers m such that m≥4?2l or m=2?2l.These have the form T?k+l+2T A2l+m?2, and since they saturate both unitarity bounds they should be protected.Another example is the representation[(k+1)(k+2)lm(l+1)(k+1)k]for positive integers k,l,m and m≥3?2l or m=1?2l.These are of the form?k+l+2T?T A2l+m?1,saturate both unitarity bounds and are therefore protected.There are also many more examples of protected operators that saturate just one unitarity bound. Note that,as shown above,the only unprotected operator constructed from two T’s is in the singlet representation of the internal SU(4)in agreement with[11].Furthermore we cannot construct any protected operators that are singlets by using more T’s or A p’s.There are, however,plenty of examples of unprotected operators that are not singlets.A simple example can be obtained by multiplying the m1=0example above by T.This has the form T2?k+4T and has Dynkin labels[k(k+2)020(k+2)k]and is thus in the20′representation of SU(4). To summarise,we have seen that there are many series A composite operators in N=4SYM which should be protected from renormalisation by virtue of the fact that they are short and re-main short in the interacting theory,whereas the corresponding representations with anomalous dimensions are not shortened.These protected multiplets are all multi-trace operators,since the single-trace series A operators which are short in the free theory do not remain short in the presence of interactions.If we write the composite operators as?elds on(4,2,2)analytic super-space,the protected operators(from any series)are analytic tensor?elds.The non-protected operators can still be interpreted as?elds on analytic superspace but they are not tensor?elds of the standard type. Acknowledgement This research was supported in part by PPARC SPG grant613. References [1]J.Maldacena,The large N limit of superconformal?eld theories and supergravity,Adv. 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[28]P.S.Howe and P.C.West Non-perturbative Green’s functions in theories with extended superconformal symmetry Int.J.Mod.Phys.10(1999)2559-74. 英语介词用法口诀 早、午、晚要用in，at黎明、午夜、点与分。 年、月、年月、季节、周，阳光、灯、影、衣、冒in。 将来时态in...以后，小处at大处in。 有形with无形by，语言、单位、材料in。 特征、方面与方式，心情成语惯用in。 介词at和to表方向，攻击、位置、恶、善分。 日子、日期、年月日，星期加上早、午、晚， 收音、农场、值日on，关于、基础、靠、著论。 着、罢、出售、偷、公、假，故意、支付、相反，准。 特定时日和"一……就"，on后常接动名词。 年、月、日加早、午、晚，of之前on代in。 步行、驴、马、玩笑on，cab，carriage则用in。 at山脚、门口、在当前，速、温、日落、价、核心。 工具、和、同随with，具有、独立、就、原因。 就……来说宾译主，对、有、方状、表细分。 海、陆、空、车、偶、被by，单数、人类know to man。 this、that、tomorrow，yesterday，next、last、one。 接年、月、季、星期、周，介词省略已习惯。 over、under正上下，above、below则不然， 若与数量词连用，混合使用亦无关。' beyond超出、无、不能，against靠着，对与反。 besides，except分内外，among之内along沿。 同类比较except，加for异类记心间。 原状because of,、owing to、due to表语形容词 under后接修、建中，of、from物、化分。 before、after表一点, ago、later表一段。 before能接完成时，ago过去极有限。 since以来during间，since时态多变换。 与之相比beside，除了last but one。 复不定for、找、价、原，对、给、段、去、为、作、赞。 快到、对、向towards，工、学、军、城、北、上、南。 but for否定用虚拟，复合介词待后言。 ing型由于鉴，除了除外与包合。 之后、关于、在......方面，有关介词须记全。 in内to外表位置，山、水、国界to在前。 普通员工辞职申请书范文【三篇】 尊敬的xx人力资源部： 您好! 因为个人职业规划和一些现实因素，经过慎重考虑之后，特此提出离职申请，敬请批准。 在xx工作一年多的时间里，我有幸得到了各位领导及同事们的倾心指导及热情协助，在本职工作和音乐专业技能上，我得到了很大水准的提升，在此感谢xx提供给我这个良好的平台，这个年多的工作经验将是我今后职业生涯中的一笔宝贵财富。 在这里，特别感谢各位领导在过去的工作、生活中给予的大力支持与协助;尤其感谢xx，xx等，一年来对我的信任和关照，感谢所有给予过我协助的同事们。 望批准我的申请，并请协助办理相关离职手续，在正式离开之前我将认真继续做好当前的每一项工作。 祝公司事业蓬勃发展，前景灿烂。 申请人：### 20xx年xx月xx日 【篇二】 尊敬的韩总： 作为一名在酒店工作了大半年的员工，我对酒店有着一种格外亲切的感觉。每一个人在他年轻的时候，都有很多第一次，我当然也不例外。 我的第一份工作是在酒店，我最青春的三年也是在酒店度过的。 在这里，我学会了很多东西，能够跟同事们在一起工作，我觉得很开心，这里的每一位都是我的大哥大姐，我的叔叔阿姨，是他们教给了 我在学校里面学不到的知识，如何为人、如何处事、如何工作……在 酒店里，领导们也对我十分的关心，从刚进入酒店开始，我就感受到 从上至下的温暖。因为我是酒店里年龄还一般，还不算小，也从来没 有在这么大的集体里生活过，自不过然的，心里面就会产生一种被呵 护的感觉。这是一种以前在集体里未曾有过的感觉，很温馨，很自豪，而且它一直陪伴着我，直到我离开…… 但这种感觉不会随着我的离开而走远，我想我永远也不会忘记， 毕竟我以前生活在一个温暖而又温馨的集体里。韩总，还记得第一次 跟您近距离接触和理解是在20xx.3.16号。随着时间的流逝，斗转星移，您多年积累的工作经验与个人才华也得到充分的施展。您是我们 酒店的经理。在我上班之前，制定了一系列的政策与方针，重新定位 了酒店的经营策略，持续地尝试新的机制与奖励、分配办法，力争让 酒店的经济效益持续迈上新高，也让酒店员工的福利待遇如芝麻开花 一般节节高樊。，这才是为员工谋利益的举动，这才是一位被员工在 心里面所认可的经理。 而我，作为这个集体的一份子，更加感觉到您对员工的关心与培养。您肯定想到，酒店要想在竞争激烈的社会中立于不败之地，人才 的培养与发展是不可忽视的环节之一。因为我自身水平的不足，近期 的工作让我觉得力不从心，所以想公司提出了辞呈，忘领导批准。 申请人：### 20xx年xx月xx日 【篇三】 尊敬的公司领导： 龙源期刊网 https://www.sodocs.net/doc/167888601.html, 浅析《诗经》中的方位词“南”及其文化内涵作者：王春艳 来源：《汉字文化(教育科研卷)》2018年第07期 【提要】本文就《诗经》中出现频率较多的方位词“南”进行辨析，并对具有代表性的“南方”“南亩”“南山”进行具体分析，由此我们可知“南”这一方位词，有着温暖和煦、丰年祈福之愿，有着少妇思君、忧心忡忡之情。随着对“南”与长养、情思、尊愿等方面的分析，可见方位词“南”的文化内涵不断深化并影响深远。通过对方位词“南”的探析，我们可以加深对《诗经》的认识，从而揭开遥远先秦的神秘面纱。 【关键词】诗经方位词“南” 文化内涵 《诗经》作为先秦人民真实的生活写照，其所包含的先民思想、风俗习惯、地理方位等都是我们了解先秦人民生活风貌的重要载体。关于《诗经》中方位词“南”，此前已有学者对此进行研究，譬如张德鑫的《方位词的文化考察》，方经民的《汉语空间方位参照的认知结构经过统计》，金安辉的《诗经》中的“东、西、南、北”及其对后世诗歌的影响等，笔者在前人研究的基础上，旨在更加具体、深刻地分析方位词“南”及其文化内涵。据统计，《诗经》中“南”出现了81次，那么《诗经》中的“南”是仅指方向的方位词呢，还是有着特殊的文化内涵？文化内涵也可以说是文化义，周一农的《词汇的文化蕴涵》中指出“文化义，指的是词在特定文化背景下所获得的反映一个名族风俗习惯、文化背景、宗教信仰和思维方式等诸多文化因素的隐含义”。①因此方位词的文化内涵就是对这些文化因素的分析。下面我们将对《诗经》中的方位词“南”进行逐步探讨，从而还其完整面貌。 一、“南”与长养 万事万物皆有源头，那么方位词源于何处？先秦人民不像现代人一样可以用多种方式指认方向，他们最先感受到的是自身和空间的环境关系，“日出而作，日落而归”，四方就是根据太阳这一参照物来确定的。即太阳升起处定为东方，落下处定为西方，直照处定为南方，背阳处定为北方。这就是人们对方位最初的认识。而我们现在所说的方位词，更加术语化，其实还是指东、西、南、北等。 经统计，我们发现《诗经》中“南”多有表示南方的意思，《说文解字》：“南，木至南方而有枝任也”，即南方是夏天草木繁盛的象征。《诗经》中《周南·樛木》“南有樛木，葛藟累之”；《周南·漢广》“南有乔木，不可休思”；《召南·草虫》“陟彼南山，言采其蕨”这些例子不仅表明这些草木生长在南方，也进一步表明了南方的“樛木”“乔木”“蕨”是何其丰茂，这正如《白虎通·五行》中“南方主长养”的说法，又《黄帝内经·素问·异法方宜论》：“南方，天地所长养，阳之所盛处也”，所以南方是温暖和煦的，也是植物生长的好地方，是生命的象征。 ---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------ 初中it用法练习题 初中 it 用法练习题在英语中,it 有许多不同的用法,它既可以用作代词，也可以用作引导词，还可以用来构成强调句型。 1. it 用作代词用作人称代词在句子中作主语或宾语；指前面已经提到过的事物、动物或人，且 it 指特定的事物；如果指前文中提到的事物中的任何一个，用 one。 one 可以与 any, each, every, not 等连用，但 one 不可代替不可数名词。 Wheres your car? Its in the garage. 你的汽车在哪儿呢？在车库里。 Did you hit it? 你打中了吗？ The baby cried when it was hungry.这婴儿饿时就哭。 Who is that? Its me. 是谁？我。 Whats this? Its a box. 这是什么？一只箱子。 作非人称代词表示天气、日期、时间、温度、距离、价值、路程、度量、自然现象与环境等。 也可模糊地指一般情形或上文的部分或整个意思。 译成汉语时，it 通常不一定译出来。 Its a long time since they left. 他们走后很久了。 Its two miles to the beach.离海滨有两英里远。 Thats just itI cant work when youre making so much 1/ 24 介词用法口诀： 早、牛、晚要用in at黎明、午夜、点与分 年、月、年月、季节、周，阳光、灯、影、衣、帽in 将来时态in表以后，小处at大处in 有形with无形by 语言、单位、材展in 早、午、晚要用in in the morning 在早上 in the afternoon 在下午 in the evening 在晚上 in the day在白天 at黎明、午、夜、点与分 at dawn, at daybreak^ 黎明时候 at noon在中午at night在夜间 at midnight 在午夜 at six o'clock 在6 点钟 at 7:30 （seven thirty）在7 点半 at the weeken血周末 年、月、年月、季节、周都用in in 1986 在1986 年 in March在三月 in July, 1983 1983 年7 月i n spring在春季 in the third week 在第三周 阳光、灯、影（树荫）、衣、冒（雨）in Don't read in dim light.切勿在暗淡的灯光下看书。 They are sitting in the shade of a tree.他们坐在树阴下乘凉。 He went in the rain to meet me at the station. 他冒雨到车站去接我。 the woman in white （black, red, yellow）穿着白（黑、红、黄）色衣服的妇女in uniform 穿着制服 将来时态in表以后 They will come back in 10 days 他们将10 天以后回来。 辞职报告文本辞职报告范文大全 辞职报告 （篇一） 尊敬的领导： 我很遗憾自己在这个时候向公司正式提出辞职申请。 来到公司也已经快两年了，在这近两年里，得到了公司各位同事的多方帮助，我非常感谢公司各位同事。正是在这里我有过欢笑，也有过泪水，更有过收获。公司平等的人际关系和开明的工作作风，一度让我有着找到了依靠的感觉，在这里我能开心的工作，开心的学习。或许这真是对的，由此我开始了思索，认真的思考。 但是最近我感觉到自己不适合做这份工作，同时也想换一下环境。我也很清楚这时候向公司辞职于公司于自己都是一个考验，公司正值用人之际，公司新的项目的启动，所有的后续工作在公司上下极力重视下一步步推进。也正是考虑到公司今后在这个项目安排的合理性，本着对公司负责的态度，为了不让公司因我而造成的决策失误，我郑重向公司提出辞职。 我考虑在此辞呈递交之后的2—4周内离开公司，这样您将有时间去寻找适合人选，来填补因我离职而造成的空缺，同时我也能够协助您对新人进行入职培训，使他尽快熟悉工作。 能为公司效力的日子不多了，我一定会把好自己最后一班岗，做好工作的交接工作，尽力让项目做到平衡过渡。离开这个公司，离开 这些曾经同甘共苦的同事，很舍不得，舍不得领导们的尊尊教诲，舍不得同事之间的那片真诚和友善。 在短短的两年时间我们公司已经发生了巨大可喜的变化，我很遗 憾不能为公司辉煌的明天贡献自己的力量。我只有衷心祝愿公司的业绩一路飙升!公司领导及各位同事工作顺利! （篇二） 尊敬的办公室人力资源管理领导： 我向公司正式提出辞职。 我自**日进入公司，到现在已经一年有余了，正是在这里我开始 踏上了社会，完成了自己从一个学生到社会人的转变。在过去的一 年多里，公司给予了我许多学习和锻炼的机会，开阔眼界、增长见识。我对公司给予的照顾表示忠心的感谢!但是，经过近段时间的思考， 我越来越迷惘！我越来越觉得现在的工作、生活离自己想要的越来越远。所以，我必须离开，去过我思想深处另一种有别于目前的生活。我想，生活应该是在选择到适合自己的道路以后，再持之以恒地坚持！ 公司目前已经过了一年最忙的时间，是充电、整顿、储备人才的 时刻。相信，我的离开会很快有新生力量补充。因为这不是我想要的工作、生活状态，所以，我现在对工作没有激情、对生活也极其懒散。本着对公司负责的态度，为了不让公司其他同事受到我消极情绪 * ，也为了不让公司因为我出现业务上的纰漏等，我郑重向公司提出辞职，望公司给予批准！ 祝公司稳步发展，祝公司的领导和同事们前程似锦、鹏程万里! it用法专练 一．替代词it, that, (the) one(s), those的用法辨析 1. The award on the left is more beautiful than _______ on the right. A the one B one C it D this 2. Few pleasures can equal ________of a cool drink on a hot day. A. some B. any C. that D. those 3. The hunter’s younger sister is taller than the elder ___. A the one B one C that D this 4. I need the plastic bags, not the paper______ . A the one B ones C that D this 5. The TV sets made in China are much better than ________ in Japan. A．that B．those C．them D．It 6. Listen to________! We will have three days off. A the one B ones C that D this 7. “A penny saved is a penny earned.” Who said_________? A the one B ones C that D this 8. I bought a dictionary three years ago and I am still using______ now. A one B ones C it D this 9. I bought a dictionary three years ago but I am going to buy a new _______soon. A one B ones C it D this 10. I was disappointed with the film. I had expected____ to be much better. A.that B. this C. one D .it 11 Equipped with modern facilities, today's libraries differ greatly from______. A. those of the past B. the past C. which of the past D. these past 12.My most famous relative of all, ___who really left his mark on America,wasReb Sussel,my great-grandfather. A. one B. the one C. he D. someone 13. He has one blue pen and two red ________. A. one B. those C. one's D. ones 14. Cars do cause us some health problems —in fact far more serious than_____ mobile phones do. A. one B. ones C. it D. those 15. Cook was a strict but good captain, ______ who took good care of the sailors on his ship. A. that B. one C. it D. what 16. Mr Zhang gave the text books to all the pupils except____who had already taken them. A.these B.ones C.the ones D.the others 17. —— I'm looking for a flat. —— Would you like ____ with ____ garden? A．it; the B．it; a C．one; a D．one; the 18.Meeting my uncle after all these years was an unforgettable moment, ___I will always treasure. A.that B.one C.it D.what 19. The style of the building is similar to _________of a temple. A.that B.one C.it D.what 20. The computers in our school are connected to the Internet while___in their school aren’t. A.that B.one C.it D.those 21.Our food and service are better than ________ used to be. A．it B．that C．they D．those 22.I’m moving to the countryside because the air there is much fresher than _____ in the city. A. ones B. one C. that D. those 23.We’ve been looking at houses but haven’t found _____we like yet. 介词in，on，to 表示方位的用法 介词 in，on，to 都可以用来表示某个位置的方向，它们的意义不同，故表示的方向及范围也不同： 1. in 表示方位，含义是“在……之内”，即一个小地方处在一个大地方的范围(疆域)之内。例如： China is in the east of Asia. 中国在亚洲东部。(中国是亚洲的一个国家，处于亚洲的范围之内) Guilin is in the north of Guangxi. 桂林在广西北部。(桂林是广西的一座城市) Taiwan lies in the east of China. 台湾在中国的东部。(台湾是中国东部的一个省份，是中国的领土，在中国的疆域之内) Shanghai lies in the east of China. 上海位于中国的东部。(上海是中国的一个行政区域，在中国的疆域之内) The plant can be seen only in the north of Canada. 那种植物只有在加拿大北部才看得到。(暗指这种植物只生长在加拿大北部地区) The sun rises in the east and sets in the west. 太阳东升西落。 说明：表示某个地方的地理位置时，be，lie 以及 be located 的意义是一样的，可以互换使用。 2. on 表示方位，含义是“在……端/边”，即一个地方在另一个地方的某一端或某一边，两个地方只是相邻或接壤，却互不管辖。例如： Guangdong Province is on the southeast of Guangxi. 广东省在广西的东南边。(广东省与广西在地理位置上是连在一起的，即两者相邻，却互不管辖) China faces the Pacific on the east. 中国东临太平洋。(中国与太平洋相邻) The country is bounded on the west by the sea.那个国家西边与海接界。(暗指该国为沿海国家) Sichuan Province is on the north of Guizhou Province. 四川省在贵州省的北边。(四川省与贵州省在地理上也是连在一起的，但互不管辖) 3. to 表示方位，含义是“在……面”，即一个地方在另一个地方的范围之外，互不管辖。尤其当两个地方相隔较远，且有湖泊、大海等区域相隔时，通常用 to。例如： Japan is to the east of China. 日本在中国的东面。(日本在中国范围之外，且有日本海分隔) Taiwan is to the southeast of Fujian Province. 台湾在福建省的东南面。(台湾在福建省的范围之外，且两者之间有台湾海峡分隔) Jinzhou is to the west of Shenyang. 锦州在沈阳的西面。(锦州和沈阳分别为两座城市，地理位置上互不 辞职申请书范文大全500字 辞职申请书500字 辞职一般是提前30天向上级或公司递交辞职，无需公司批准，30天之后您就能顺利辞职了，以下是为大家搜集的范文，欢迎阅读! 尊敬的公司领导： 由于工作调动，现正式向公司提出调离原工作岗位。 舍不得，舍不得这里的人，舍不得自己曾经的付出。每一次出差、每一次报价、每一次谈判、每一次争吵，在飞机上、在吉普车上、在会议室里、在工地上，所有这一切，都充斥着我的记忆，那么清晰，就像是在昨天。但时间的指针总是忠诚地一步一步往前走，昨天终究会结束。 在公司四年半的时间里，我收获了很多，除了朋友和知识，更 重要的是，我到了成长的快乐。感谢命运，让我在最青春的年华里遇到了装备公司;感谢公司领导，你们的关注和欣赏让我一直充满自信，你们的指点和教诲让我在成长的路上少走了很多弯路;感谢公司的同事，和你们的沟通，轻松愉悦;感谢我自己，能够一直保持着一份纯净，真诚地付出，真诚地享受每一次收获。 鉴于目前的身体及生活状态，自认为不能够为公司创造更大的价值，现向公司提出辞职。 虽然我不能在这里继续“战斗”下去，但真心的希望，xx公司能够梦想成真，在世界的舞台上舞出属于自己的精彩。 此致 敬礼! 辞职人： 20xx年xx月xx日 尊敬的x总： 您好! 转眼间，我到公司已有X年了，这X年的工作时间里，虽然我的工作并不是尽善尽美，但在公司同事们的帮助，尤其是您的信任与教导下，我也努力的去完成每一项您布置给我的工作，都用了自己的 热情努力去对待。凭心而论，我开始对基础工程毫无了解，但在您这里我基本了解了基础工程，使我学到了很多东西，特别是一些做人的道理和对生活的理解。在这里，我真诚的对袁总说一声：谢谢您了! 但犹豫再三，经过了长时间的考虑，我还是写了这封辞职申请书。 加入公司以来，您对我的信任、教导与严格要求，令我非常感动，也成为激励我努力工作的动力。在您及同事们的热心指导与悉心帮助下，我在工程技术和管理能力方面都有了一定的提高。我常想，自己应该用一颗感恩的心，去回报您及公司对我的栽培，真的想用自己的努力去做好您交给的每一份工作任务，但自己的能力真的很有限，有很多地方没有做得能让您满意，所以对过去工作中失误与不足的地方，我真诚的对您说声抱歉，请您原谅! 经过这段时间的思考，我觉得我可能技术能力方面有所不足， 也缺少工作的积极性和脚踏实地的工作精神，没能很好的适应这个工作，所以一直没有把工作做到令您满意的程度。这是我在以后的人生中需要注意的地方，也是袁总经常教导我的地方，我一定会铭记于心! 再一次真诚地感谢您及公司全体同事对我的关爱与帮助! it的用法练习题（一） 1.It took us over an hour _____________along the street. A. walk B. to walk C. walking D. walked 2.I think it a great honor ________to visit your country. A. to invite B. inviting C. having invited D. to be invited 3.Many people now make_____________ a rule to buy cards for their friends before Christmas. A. themselves B. it C. that D. this 4._____is very clear to everyone that he's round and tall like a tree. A. This B. What C. That D. It 5.In the United States, bus travel doesn't cost much as train travel,_____________? A. don't they B. does it C. do they D. doesn't it 6.Someone is at the door, who is_____________? A. this B. that C .it D. he 7.—It is raining cats and dogs. —_____________ . A. So it is B. So is it C. Neither it is D. Neither is it 8.—My home is in that tall building over there. —_______________? A. Can it see B. Can see it C. Can be seen it D. Can it be seen 9. _____________raining hard for 3 hours without stopping. A. It is B. It was C. It has been D. It had been 10.—Has the boy got his bicycle now? —Yes, the police gave_____________. A. him to him B. it to it C. it to him D. him to it 11.—Boy, —It is, looks like spring is coming soon. 介词的用法 1.表示地点位置的介词 1)at ,in, on, to，for at (1)表示在小地方; (2)表示“在……附近，旁边” in (1)表示在大地方; (2)表示“在…范围之内”。 on 表示毗邻，接壤，“在……上面”。 to 表示在……范围外，不强调是否接壤；或“到……” 2)above, over, on 在……上 above 指在……上方,不强调是否垂直，与below相对； over指垂直的上方,与under相对,但over与物体有一定的空间，不直接接触。 on表示某物体上面并与之接触。 The bird is flying above my head. There is a bridge over the river. He put his watch on the desk. 3)below, under 在……下面 under表示在…正下方 below表示在……下，不一定在正下方 There is a cat under the table. Please write your name below the line. 4)in front [frant]of, in the front of在……前面 in front of…意思是“在……前面”，指甲物在乙物之前，两者互不包括；其反义词是behind（在……的后面）。There are some flowers in front of the house.(房子前面有些花卉。) in the front of 意思是“在…..的前部”，即甲物在乙物的内部.反义词是at the back of…（在……范围内的后部）。 There is a blackboard in the front of our classroom. 我们的教室前边有一块黑板。 Our teacher stands in the front of the classroom. 我们的老师站在教室前.(老师在教室里) 5）beside，behind beside 表示在……旁边 behind 表示在……后面 2.表示时间的介词 1)in , on，at 在……时 in表示较长时间，如世纪、朝代、时代、年、季节、月及一般（非特指）的早、中、晚等。 如in the 20th century, in the 1950s, in 1989, in summer, in January, in the morning, in one’s life , in one’s thirties等。 on表示具体某一天及其早、中、晚。 如on May 1st, on Monday, on New Year’s Day, on a cold night in January, on a fine morning, on Sunday afternoon等。 at表示某一时刻或较短暂的时间，或泛指圣诞节，复活节等。 如at 3:20, at this time of year, at the beginning of, at the end of …, at the age of …, at Christmas，at night, at noon, at this moment等。 注意：在last, next, this, that, some, every 等词之前一律不用介词。如：We meet every day. 2)in, after 在……之后 “in +段时间”表示将来的一段时间以后； “after+段时间”表示过去的一段时间以后； “after+将来的时间点”表示将来的某一时刻以后。 3)from, since 自从…… from仅说明什么时候开始，不说明某动作或情况持续多久； 英语方位词的用法 (一)in the east 与 on the east的区别 1．in the east表示我们生活中和地理位置上的绝对方向。如： The sun rises in the east and sets in the west. 太阳从东边升起，从西边落下。 The Great Wall begins in the east from the Shanghaiguan Pass and ends at the Jiayu guan Pass in the west. 长城东起山海关，西至嘉峪关。 2．on the east表示某事物位于另一事物所朝的方向。这里的方向是相对而言的。如： China faces the Pacific on the east. 中国东临太平洋。 The United States faces the Atlantic on the east and the Pacific on the west. 美国东临大西洋，西濒太平洋。 (二) in (to，on，at) the east of 1．要表示A在B的东部，即：A在B的范围之内时就用"A is in the east of B"，如： Japan is in the east of Asia.日本在亚洲东部。 Italy is in the south of Europe.意大利在欧洲南部。 2．如果A在B的东方，即：A在B的范围之外，且相隔有一定的距离，就用"A lies to the east of B".口语中有时可将to the省去。如： Japan lies (to the) east of China.日本位于中国东方。 France lies (to the) east of England.法国位于英国东方。 3．如果A在B的东边(侧)，即：A与B相邻接。就用"A is on the east of B". 如： Guangdong is on the south of Hunan.广东在湖南南边。 简短辞职申请书范文大全 想必每一位在职场混迹多年的职场人士都应曾经写过辞职信之类的。在现在这个发展速度如此之快的社会，跳槽也就成了常见现象。而离职前的辞职信是必写的。下面就是小编给大家带来的简短辞职申请书范文大全，希望大家喜欢! 尊敬的xx： 我自xx年来到公司，工作中得到公司和您的培养，个人得到了很大的成长，公司的文化和环境也令我工作得非常开心。 现由于个人原因，我不得不提出辞职，希望能于x年x月x日正式离职，请公司批准我的这份辞职书。并请公司在x月x日前安排好人员接替我的工作，我将尽心交接。 再次对您x年来的培养和指导表示衷心的感谢。 最后祝您及公司的所有同事一切顺利! 此致 敬礼 辞职人：xxx 20xx年x月x日 尊敬的X经理： 您好! 感谢公司在我入职以来的培养关心和照顾，从X年X月份来到[公司]至今，我学到了很多东西，今后无论走向哪里，从事什么，这段经历都是一笔宝贵的财富，我为在彩卡的这段工作经历而自豪。 而今，由于个人原因提出辞职，望领导批准。 辞职人： 20xx年x月x日 公司人事部： 我因为要去美国留学，故需辞去现在的工作，请上级领导批准。 公司的企业文化感化了我，我对公司是深有感情的。我留学归来之后，仍愿意回公司就职。 感谢公司领导和同事在工作中对我的关心和支持，并祝公司兴隆。 辞职人：xxx 20xx年x月x日 尊敬的公司领导： 在递交这份辞呈时，我的心情十分沉重。现在由于我的一些个人原因的影响，无法为公司做出相应的贡献。因此请求允许离开。 当前公司正处于快速发展的阶段，同事都是斗志昂扬，壮志满怀，而我在这时候却因个人原因无法为公司分忧，实在是深感歉意。 我希望公司领导在百忙之中抽出时间受理我的离职事项。 感谢诸位在我在公司期间给予我的信任和支持，并祝所有同事和朋友们在工作和活动中取得更大的成绩。 辞职人： 20xx年x月x日 尊敬的xx： 自xx年入职以来，我一直很喜欢这份工作，但因某些个人原因，我要重新确定自己未来的方向，最终选择了开始新的工作。 希望公司能早日找到合适人手开接替我的工作并希望能于今年5月底前正式辞职。如能给予我支配更多的时间来找工作我将感激不尽，希望公司理解!在我提交这份辞呈时，在未离开岗位之前，我一定会尽自己的职责，做好应该做的事。 最后，衷心的说：“对不起”与“谢谢”! 祝愿公司开创更美好的未来! 昆明大观楼长联的语言文化内涵探析 大观楼位于风景秀丽的昆明西南郊滇池畔，建于康熙二十九年。大观楼四周视野开阔，滇池烟波浩渺，从西山俯瞰，大观楼掩映在湖光山色之间，可谓洋洋大观，故取名大观楼。大观楼自建成后便成了省城第一名胜，吸引了众多的文人墨客来此吟诗作画。其中乾隆年间著名寒士孙髯翁超凡脱俗，所撰写的大观楼长联堪称一绝，被后人誉为古今第一长联，大观楼也因此而扬名天下。孙髯，字髯翁，祖籍陕西三原，幼时随父入滇，天资聪颖，年轻时参加童试，因不愿受其搜身之辱，便愤然离去，从此不复参加科举考试，终生为布衣。髯翁博学多识，却贫困潦倒一生，晚年只能靠卖卜为生。他所作的大观楼长联上下联共180字，就字数而言，并不是最长者，但就思想意义和对后世的影响而论，大观楼长联古今第一的美誉实至名归。关于此联的艺术成就，前人已经做过很多的研究，但就文化内涵而言，前人涉及较少，所以本文试从语言特色和文化内涵两个方面，对长联进行剖析和解读。 一.大观楼长联的语言特色 对联是中国独特的文学艺术形式，它始于五代，盛于明清，迄今已有一千多年的历史。对联一般应该具备四个要素，一是字数相等，断句一致。但也有一些例外的情况，如民国时期有这样一幅对联，上联是袁世凯千古，下联为中国人民万岁，这副对联意在讽刺袁世凯，虽然上下联字数不等，却很符合当时中国人民的心声，所以也被接受和广泛传诵。二是平仄相合，音调和谐。对联要求上下联平仄要对应，传统习惯是仄起平收，即上联末句尾字用仄声，下联末句尾字用平声。三是要求词性相对，位置相同。一般称为虚对虚、实对实，即虚词对虚词，实词对实词。四是要求内容要相关，上下衔接。髯翁所作的大观楼长联立意高远，气势磅礴，除了具备对联的基本要素之外，在语言运用上也颇具特色，值得玩味。 （一）长联多种修辞手法的运用 长联巧妙地运用了排比、比喻、拟人等多种修辞手法，使之气势如虹，意境深远，为长联增色不少。 1.比喻修辞手法的巧妙运用 长联中巧妙地运用了比喻修辞手法，比如看东骧神骏，西翥灵仪，北走蜿蜒，南翔缟素联中就用神骏来比喻昆明东边的金马山；灵仪喻西面的碧鸡山；用蜿蜒来形容北面的长虫山；缟素喻南面的白鹤山。这样一来，就把滇池四周静态的山脉描写得活灵活现，再加上前边的看字，一幅充满生机的画面立刻展现在人们的面前，看吧：东边的金马山似神马奔驰，西边的碧鸡山像凤凰飞舞，北面的长虫山如灵蛇蜿蜒，南端的白鹤山如白鹤翱翔。此外，上联中还用蟹屿螺洲比喻滇池中沙洲的独特形状，用风鬟雾鬓比喻岸边摇曳多姿的垂柳。 2.排比修辞手法的精妙运用 长联中排比修辞手法的运用尤为突出。如东骧神骏，西翥灵仪，北走蜿蜒，南翔缟素，作者在描绘这些自然景物时，运用了空间排比的手法，将东、西、南、北四个方位词运用到句子中，构成排比句。汉习楼船，唐标铁柱，宋挥玉斧，元跨革囊，作者在概括这些历史事件时，运用了时间排比的手法，把发生在云南的历史大事按朝代顺序排列。再如上联莫辜负：四围香稻，万顷晴沙，九夏芙蓉，三春杨柳。下联只赢得：几杵疏钟，半江渔火，两行秋雁，一枕清霜。运用了景物排比和数字排比。作者并不局限于一物，而是眼观八方，笔落四面，把所看到的香稻、晴沙、芙蓉、杨柳逐一排列，并与下联的疏钟、渔火、秋雁、清霜等景物形成对仗。分别用明朗和清冷的色彩词把整个滇池周边的景物完美地呈现在读者面前。同时作者还巧妙地运用了四、万、九、三等数字排比，使长联读起来更具有节奏感。 3.典故的恰当运用 用典是指在作品中引用古人的话语或把历史故事概括说出来的一种修辞手法，用典可以使文章更加凝练。用典也是大观楼长联语言的一大特色，像汉习楼船出自《史记·平淮书》，历史史实是：汉武帝为了攻打云南滇池周边的少数民族，于是在长安大修昆明池，治 It的用法专题训练20题 It的用法专题训练20题 湖南省涟源市私立行知中学曾省初 【典型例题】1. (NMET2001单项填空) The Parkers bought anew house but _____will need a lot of work before they can move in. A. they B. it C. one D. which 【思路点拨】B此题考查it 指代前面的a new house. 2.{MET93单项填空} Tom’mother kept telling him that he should work harder , but ____ didn’t help. A. he B. which C. she D. it 【思路点拨】D此题考查it 指代前面一句话，因有but,故which不能引导非限制性定语从句。 3.(NMET98，单项填空) It was only when I reread his poems recently ____I began to appreciate their beauty． A．until B．that C．then D．so 【思路点拨】B 此题考查强调句，所以用that 4.(MET 2000上海单项填空) It was how the young man had learned five foreign languages______ attracted the audience’s interest. A. so that B. that C. what D. in which 【思路点拨】B 此题考查强调句，所以用that 1. Was it during the Second World War_____ he died? A .that B .while C. in which D .then (88) 2. Is ____ necessary to complete the design before National Day? A. this B .that C. it D .he (89) 3. I don't think ____ possible to master a foreign language without much memory work. A .this B. that C .its D .it (91) 4 .Does ______ matter if he can't finish the job on time? A. this B .that C .he D it (91) 5 .It was not _____ she took off her glasses _____ I realized she was a famous film star. A .when , that B .until , that C .until , then D. when , then (92) 6.I was disappointed with the film . I had expected ______ to be much better. A. that B. this C. one D .it (93)英语介词口诀
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