语言学练习题(附答案)-Chapter-1--Language

Chapter One Language

1. Define the following terms

1) discreteness2) design features

3) arbitrariness 4) duality

5) displacement 6) cultural transmission

7) the imaginative function of language8) the personal function

of language

9) the heuristic function of language10) language

2. Multiple Choice

Directions: In each question there are four choices. Decide which one would be the best answer to the question or to complete the

sentence best.

1) Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary?

A. tree

B. crash

C. typewriter

D. bang

2)The function of the sentence “Water boils at 100 degrees Centigrade” is ________.

A. interrogative

B. directive

C. informative

D.

performative

3) In Chinese when someone breaks a bowl or a plate the

host or the people present are likely to say sui sui ping an (every

Directions: Fill in the blanks with the most suitable words.

1)Design features, a framework proposed by the American linguist Charles Hockett, refer to the ________ properties of human language that distinguishes it from any animal system of communication.

2)________ refers to the phenomenon that the sounds in a language are meaningfully distinct. For instance, the difference between the sounds /p/ and /b/ is not actually very great, but when these sounds are part of a language like English, they are used in such a way that the occurrence of one rather than the other is meaningful.

3)In any language words can be used in new ways to mean new things and can be combined into innumerable sentences based on limited rules. This feature is usually termed p_______ or c________.

4)Language has many functions. We can use language to talk about language itself. This function is m________ function.

5)Cultural transmission refers to the fact that language is c________ transmitted. It is passed on from one generation to the next through teaching and learning, rather than by i_________.

5) ( ) Language change is universal,ongoing and arbitrary.

6) ( ) Language is a system of arbitrary, written signs which permit all the people in a given culture, or other people who have learned the system of that culture, to communicate or interact.

7)( ) In theory, the length of sentences is limited.

8)( ) The relationship between the sounds and their meaning is arbitrary.

9)( ) Linguistic symbols are a kind of visual symbols, which include vocal symbols.

10)( ) Linguistic symbols are produced by human speech organs.

11)( ) Every language has two levels: grammatically — meaningless and sound — meaningful.

12)( ) Such features of language as being creative, vocal, and arbitrary can differentiate human languages from animal communicative systems.

13)( ) Duality is one of the characteristics of human language. It refers to the fact that language has two levels of

structures: the system of sounds and the system of meanings.

14) ( ) Language is a means of verbal communication. Therefore, the communication way used by the deaf-mute is not language.

15)( ) Arbitrariness of language makes it potentially creative, and conventionality of language makes a language be passed from generation to generation. As a foreign language learner, the latter is more important for us.

5.Glossary translation

1)personal function

2)heauristic function

3)ideational function

4)interchangeability

5)控制功能

6)表现功能

7)文化传递性

8)分离性

9)区别性特征

10)不受时空限制的属性

11)Interactional function

12)instrumentational function

13)imaginative function

14)寒暄功能

15)元语言功能

16)Personal function

17)performative function

18)娱乐功能

19)信息功能

20)人际功能

6. Short Essay Questions

1)What are the functions of language? Exemplify each

function.

2)Explain what the term duality means as it is used to

describe a property of human language.

3)Is language productive or not? Why?

4)What is language?

5)What are the major design features of language? Please

explain three of them with examples.

Key to Chapter One

1.Define the followina terms

1) Discreteness refers to the phenomenon that the sounds in a language are meaningfully distinct. For instance, the difference between the sounds /p/ and /b/ is not actually very great, but when these sounds are part of a language like English, they are used in such a way that the occurrence of one rather than the other is meaningful. The fact that the pronunciation of the forms pad and bad leads to a distinction in meaning can only be due to the difference between the sounds/p/ and /b/in English. Each sound in the language is thought of as discrete. It is possible to produce a range of sounds in a continuous stream which are all generally like the sounds /p/ and /b/.

2) “Design features” refer to the defining properties of human language that tell the difference between human language and any system of animal communication. They are arbitrariness, duality, productivity, displacement, cultural transmission and interchangeability. (3分)

3) “Arbitrariness” means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. A dog might be a pig if only the first person or group of persons had used it for a pig.

Language is therefore largely arbitrary. But language is not absolutely arbitrary, because there are cases where there are or at least

seem to be some sound-meaning association, if we think of echo Words, like “bang”, “crash”,”roar”,’ which are motivated in a certain sense. Secondly, some compounds are not entirely arbitrary either. “Snow” and “storm” are arbitrary or unmotivated words, while “snowstorm” is less so. So we can say “arbitrariness” is a matter of degree.

4) Linguists refer “duality” of structure to the fact that in all languages so far investigated, one finds two levels of structure or patterning. At the first, higher level, language is analyzed in terms of combinations of meaningful units (such as morphemes, words etc.); at the second, lower level, it is seen as a sequence of segments which lack any meaning in themselves, but which combine to form units of meaning. According to Hu Zhuanglin et al., language is a system of two sets of structures, one of sounds and the other of meaning. This is important for the workings of language. A small number of sounds can be grouped and regrouped into a large number of semantic units (words), and these units of meaning can be arranged and rearranged into an infinite number of sentences. (For example, we have dictionaries of words, but no dictionary of sentences!) Duality makes it possible for a person to talk about anything within his knowledge. No animal communication system enjoys this duality, or even approaches this honor.

5) “Displacement”, as one of the design features of the human language, refers to the fact that one can talk about things that are not present, as easily as he does things present. In other words, one can refer to real and unreal things, things of the past, of the present, of the future. Language itself can be talked about too. People can use language’ to describe something that had occurred, is occurring, or is to occur. But a dog could not bark for a bone to be lost. The bee’s System has a small share of “displacement”, but it is an unspeakable tiny share.

6) Language is not biologically transmitted from generation to generation, but the details of the linguistic system must be learned anew by each speaker. It is true that the capacity for language in human beings (N. Chomsky called it “language acquisition device”, or LAD) has a geneticbasis, but the particular language a person learns to speak is a cultural one rather than a genetic one like the dog’s barking system. If a human being is brought up in isolation he cannot acquire language. The wolf-child reared by the wolves turned out to speak the wolf’s roaring “tongue” when he was saved. And it was difficult for him to acquire human language.

7) The imaginative function refers to language used to create imaginary system, whether these are literary works, philosophical

systems or utopian visions on the one hand, or daydreams and idle musings on the other hand. It is also language used for sheer joy of using language, such as a baby’s babbling, a chanter’s chanting, a poet’s pleasuring.

8) The personal function refers to language used to express the individual’s feelings, emotions and personality.

9) The heuristic function of language refers to language used in order to acquire knowledge and understanding the world. The heuristic functioning provides a basis for the structure of knowledge in the different disciplines. Language allows people to ask questions about the nature of the world they live in and to construct possible answers.

10) Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.

2. Multiple Choice

1) – 5): A C C C B 6) – 10): A C C B B

3. Word Completion.

1) defining 2) Descreteness 3）productivity or creativity 4) metalingual 5) culturally, instinct or inheritance 6) speech 7) representational 8) interactional; 9) vocal;10) gramatically meaningful, sound meaningless; 11) system; 12) regulatory 13) arbitrariness, duality,

productivity, cultural transmission, interchangeability, discreteness, displacement. 14) sound; 15) exhaustiveness, economy, objectivity, consistency

4.True or False Questions

1 – 5: FFTFF 6 – 10: FFTFT 11 – 15: FFTFT

5.Glossary Translation

1)personal function: 人际功能

2)heauristic function：启发功能

3)ideational function：概念功能

4)interchangeability：互换性

5)控制功能：regulatory function

6)表现功能: representational functin

7)文化传递性: cultural transmisssion

8)分离性: discreteness

9)区别性特征: design features

10)不受时空限制的属性: displacement

11)Interactional function: 互动功能

12)instrumentational function：工具功能

13)imaginative function：想象功能

14)寒暄功能：phatic function

15)元语言功能: metalingual function or metafunction of

language

16)personal function: 自指性功能

17)performative function: 表达功能

18)娱乐功能: recreational function

19)信息功能: informative function

20)人际功能: interpersonal function

6. Short Essay Questions

1) What are the functions of language? Exemplify each function.

According to Wang Gang (1988: 11), the functions of language can be mainly embodied in three aspects. i) Language is a tool of human communication; ii) Language is a tool whereby people learn about the world; iii) Language is a tool by which people create art.

As a matter of fact, different linguists have different terms for the various functions of language. The British linguist M. A. K. Halliday uses the following terms to refer to the initial functions of children’s language:

(1)Instrumental

The instrumental function of language refers to the fact that language allows speakers to get things done. It allows them to control

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《语言学纲要》模拟试题

《语言学概论》考核题型与分章模拟题 一、填空题(每小题2分,计30分) 二、选择题(每小题1分,计10分) 三、名词解释(每小题2分,计10分) 四、分析说明题(每小题5分,计20分) 五、论述题(每小题10分,计30分) 第一章语言的功能 一、填空(15分) 1、语言的功能包括( 社会)功能与( 思维)功能。 2、语言的社会功能包括(信息传递)功能与(人际互动)功能。 3、人的大脑分左右两个半球,语言功能及计数、推理能力等由(左 )半球掌管,音乐感知、立体图形识别等能力由(右 )半球制约。 二、判断正误(15分) ( 错 )1、书刊上的话语不具有人际互动功能。 ( 错 )2、聋哑人不会说话,所以不具有抽象思维的能力。 ( 对 )3、不同语言结构的差异体现出思维方式的不同。 三.思考题(70分) 1、语言的人际互动功能表现在哪些方面？ 说话者在传递客观经验信息的同时,也在表达着主观的情感、态度与意图,寻求听话者的反馈。而受话者在接收说话者传递的客观经验信息的同时,也了解了说话者的主观情感态度,从而做出回应。这样语言就成为说话者与听话者间交际互动的工具。例如: 张三与李四同时在教室瞧书,张三坐在窗子边的位置,李四坐在中间位置。 A、李四说:“今天气温很低。” B、张三说:“我马上关上。”

A、B的对话表达了一种委婉的请求。李四说“今天气温很低”的目的并不就是反映今天的天气,而就是向坐在窗户边的张三请求将窗户关上。 2、不同语言思维方式的特殊性体现在哪些方面？ 思维能力就是全人类普遍的,但使用不同语言的民族在思维方式上会有所不同。 每一种语言都包含着一个民族认识客观世界的特殊方式,我们学会一种语言也就学会了该民族的独特的思维方式。不同语言背景的人进行思维时常常呈现出不同的特点: A 不同民族的不同语言对事物的分类可能不同。 英文中的“uncle”,与汉语中伯父、叔父、姑父;堂伯、堂叔、堂姑父、姨父、舅父、表姑父、表叔……等词对应。 B 相同语素构成的词,可能表示不同的概念。 手+纸汉:手纸日:信 汽+车汉:汽车日:火车 第二章语言就是符号系统 一、填空(20分) 1、说出的话语句子就是无限的,但无限多的句子都就是由有限的(词 )与( 规则 )组装起来的。 2、我们就是通过( 听话)认识到“孔子就是中国古代的思想家”这个( 心理现实 )的。 3、心理现实就是存在于( 客观现实 )与(语言符号 )之间的人脑中的信息存在状态。 4、语言符号的( 任意性 )与( 线条性),就是语言符号的基本性质。 5、( 组合关系 )与( 聚合关系 )就是语言系统中的两种根本关系。 二、判断正误(20分) ( 错 )1、音位与音位组合构成语素。 ( 错 )2、语言就是一种社会规约,所以每个人说话就是不自由的。 ( 错 )3、句子就是比词组高一层级的符号单位,所以句子的长度一定大于词组。

语言学纲要思考题

第五章词义 1.词和词汇的区别何在词汇包括哪两个部分 1)词：语言中能够独立运用的最小的符号，用它可以对现 实现象进行分类、定名，因此研究语言符号的意义一般都以词作为基本单位。 2)词汇：一种语言中所有的词和成语等固定短语的总汇就 是该语言的词汇。 3)词汇主要包括基本词汇和一般词汇两个部分。 2.什么是基本词基本词包括哪些类型 1)基本词汇同一般词汇相对而言，就是一种词汇系统中居 于核心地位的部分，相当稳固，很少发生变化，可以说是一种语言在长期（数十万年甚至上百万年）使用过程中的积淀。 2)基本词包括以下类型： 表示自然现象和常见事物的词； 表示生产和生活资料的词； 表示亲属关系的词； 表示人体器官的词； 表示方位和时令的词； 表示数目的词； 表示常见动作行为的词； 表示常见性状的词； 3.基本词有哪些特点怎样认识这些特点的相互关系 1)基本词的特点为：全民性、稳定性和能产性（即构词能 力强）。 全民性：指基本词汇在使用上具有普遍性，这种普

遍性体现在不分阶级、阶层、行业、地域、年龄、 性别，各行各业的人都懂得其含义，都要使用，而 且经常使用。 稳定性：是指基本词汇很少发生变化，长期地为使 用这种语言的民族服务。稳固性是语言作为交际工 具对词汇提出的基本要求。 有构词能力：是指基本词汇是构成新词的基础。2)基本词汇的三个特点是互相联系、互相影响、互为因果 的。由于基本词汇具有全民常用性特点，在使用上涉及 到方方面面，具有普遍性，涉及到不同阶层、不同的地 域的人们运用语言，所以客观上就要求基本词汇保持相 对稳定性，不能经常变动，以利于运用；当新的事物现 象出现，需要新词记录时，人们又首选现成的基本词汇 作为构词材料，选择那些使用面广的词，具有运用上的 普遍性的词作为构词要素，使得基本词汇又具有了很强 的构词能力；基本词作为很多词语的构词要素，涉及面 很广，这又反过来强化了基本词汇的全民常用性特点和 稳固性特点。 4.什么是一般词汇一般词汇包括哪些类型 1)一般词汇：词汇里基本词汇以外的词语构成一般词汇。 2)一般词汇包括以下类型：新词、古语词、外来词、行业 用词、科技术语、方言俚语词以及除以上六种词以外的 非常用词。 5.一般词汇和基本词汇的关系如何 1)一般词汇对于社会的发展变化非常敏感。以基本词为基 础构造出来的新词，大部分首先成为一般通用的词。

语言学练习题(附答案) Chapter 1 Language

Chapter One Language 1. Define the following terms 1) discreteness 2) design features 3) arbitrariness 4) duality 5) displacement 6) cultural transmission 7) the imaginative function of language 8) the personal function of language 9) the heuristic function of language 10) language 2. Multiple Choice Directions: In each question there are four choices. Decide which one would be the best answer to the question or to complete the sentence best. 1) Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary? A. tree B. crash C. typewriter D. bang 2) The function of the sentence “Water boils at 100 degrees Centigrade” is ________. A. interrogative B. directive C. informative D. performative 3) In Chinese when someone breaks a bowl or a plate the host or the people present are likely to say sui sui ping an (every year be safe and happy) as a means of controlling the forces which the believers feel might affect their lives. Which function does it perform? A. Interpersonal. B. Emotive. C Performative. D. Recreational. 4) Which of the following properties of language enables language users to overcome the barriers causedby time and place, due to this feature of language, speakers of a language are free to talk about anything in any situation? A. interchangeability. B. Duality. C. Displacement. D. Arbitrariness. 5) Study the following dialogue. What function does it play according to the functions of language? —A nice day, isn’t it? —Right! I really enjoy the sunlight. A. Emotive B. Phatic. C. Peformative. D. Interpersonal. 6) Unlike animal communication systems, human language is . A. stimulus free B. stimulus bound C. under immediate stimulus control D. stimulated by some occurrence of communal interest. 7) Which of the following is the most important function of language? A. interpersonal function B. performative function C. informative function D. recreational function 8) In different languages, different terms are used to express the animal “狗”, this shows the nature of --- of human language. A arbitrariness B cultural transmission C displacement D discreteness 9) Which of the following disciplines are related to applied linguistics? A. statistics B. psycholinguistics C. physics D. philosophy 10) has been widely accepted as the father of modem linguistics.