动词时态和语态
动词时态和语态（2）
一、时态的呼应：在复合句，从句（主要是宾语从句）中的时态，常受主句谓语动词的影响，这就叫做时态的呼应，时态的呼应一般有如下的情况。
1、如果主句的谓语动词为现在时态，其从句中的谓语动词应该用什么时态就用什么时态，如：She knows you have been in Beijing for five rears.
2、如果主句中的谓语动词为过去时态，从句中的谓语动词就要用过去时态，但要注意到下列情况：（1）如果从句中的谓语动词所表示的动作与主句中的谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，从句中须用一般过去时或过去进行时，如：She said she was busy then. (2)如果从句中的谓语动词所表示的动作发生在主句谓语动词所表示的动作之前，从句中须用过去完成时，如：I didn’t know that she had been to London twice. (3)如果从句中的谓语动词所表示的动作发生在主句谓语动词所表示的动作之后，从句须用过去将来时，如：They didn’t know when they would have a rest. (4)如果从句中说明的是一种普遍真理现象，虽然主句的谓语动词为过去时态从句中仍要用一般现在时，如：When I was a little child, my father told me that the earth is round. (5)如果从句中有表示具体过去时间的状语，虽然其谓语动词所表示的动作发生在主句谓语动词所表示的动作之前，从句仍用一般过去时，但如果该状语表示的时间不具体，则从句仍要用过去完成时，如：Tome said he was born in 1975.
二、被动语态：英语动词的语态有两种：主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者，在被动语态的句子中，动作的执行者，一般由介词by引起的短语来表示，如:We often help them. (主动)我们常帮助他们。They are often helped by us.(被动)他们常被我们帮助。
1、被动语态各时态的形式是由助动词be的各时态的形式加及物动词的过去分词构成。
2、被动语态八种时态的用法例句:被动语态常用的八种时态的基本用法和主动语态各时态的
基本用法相同，只是句中的主语不是动作的执行者，而是动作的承受者，如:(1)一般现在时：Now English is taught in all middle schools in our country. (2)一般过去时：The Great hall of the People was built in 1959. (3)一般将来时: When will the work be finished? (4)过去将来时：He told us that the work would be finished the next day. (5)现在进行时：
Your tractor is being repaired now.(6)过去进行时：The child was being examined by the doctor when they came in. (7)现在完成时：The work hasn’t been finished yet. (8)过去完成:The new plan had been carried out before the second experiment began.
3、在下列情况下，一般使用被动语态：（1）当不知道动作执行者是谁或没有必要提到动作执行者时，如：Paper was first made in China.（2）当强调或突出动作承受者的作用时，如：The new machine was invented by a 20-year-old young worker.
4、由主动语态转换为被动语态的几种句型：（1）将一个句子由主动语态转换为被动语态时，可按下列步骤进行：①先将主动结构的宾语改为被动结构的主语；②再将主动语态动词改为被动语态动词；③最后在被动语态之后加介词by，并将主动结构的主语放在by之后（经常被省略），构成介词短语；④由主动语态动词改为被动语态动词时，要注意被动语态动词中助动词be的各种形式变化，因为被动语态动词的不同人称和数是由助动词be不同的形式来表示的，如：Trees are planted every spring.（２）如果主动语态动词后又有直接宾语，又有间接宾语，一般是将间接宾语改为被动语态句中的主语，将直接宾语保留在原处。如将直接宾语改为被动语态句中的主语，将间接宾语保留在原处时，一般要在间接宾语前加介词to或 for，如：Grandma told me an interesting story last night.→Ｉwas told an interesting story last night./ An interesting story was told to me last night. （３）主动语态中的宾语加带有宾语补足语时，改为被动语态时，就将宾语改为主语，将宾补保留在原处，而成为被动语态句中主语的补足语了。宾补可以有下列几种情况：①宾补为动词不定式，如：They asked her to sing a song. →She was asked to sing a song. 在动词make, see, hear, watch, notice等之后，不定式的to在主动语态里可要省略，而被动语态里不能省，如：Tom was seen to come out of the lab.②宾补为分词，如：They heard them singing at the time.→They were heard singing at that time.③宾补为形容词、副词、名词或介词短语，如：She kept me busy all the morning. →I was kept busy all the morning.（４）如果主动语态中的谓语动词为短语动词，改为被动语态时，要注意不要遗漏短语中的介词或副词，以保持短语动词的完整性，如：She always takes good care of the children. →The children are always taken good care of. （５）含有情态动词的动词改为被动语态时是将情态动词后面的动词原形改为被动语态，因其前有情态动词，所以构成被动语态的助动词be就要使用原形，如：They must finish the work before Friday. →The work must be finished before Friday.（６）be going to, be to, used to, have to和had better等结构，其作用相当于情态动词或助动词，在改为被动语态时，只需将后面的动词原形改为被动语态即可，如：
The are not going to put off the football match. →The football match is not going to be put off.
练习二、动词时态与语态（2）
53. An exhibition of paintings ____ at the museum next week.
A. are to be held
B. is to be held
C. are holding
D. will hold
54. I'm sorry, sir. Your recorder isn't ready yet. It _____ in the factory.
A. is being repaired
B. is repaired
C. has been repaired
D. hasn't repaired
55. Every possible means , but none prove successful.
A. has tried
B. has been tried
C. is being tried
D. tried
56. _______ that they can pass the written exam this time.
A. That is hoped
B. It is hoped
C. That hopes
D. It hopes
57. My little sister has broken my watch. ---- My watch _____ by my little sister.
A. is broken
B. has broken
C. have been broken
D. has been broken
58. He was cleaning his room when I entered the house.
---- His room _____ by him when I entered the room.
A. was being cleaned
B. was cleaned
C. was being cleaning
D. has been cleaned
59. I shall have Finished reading the novel by dinner time.
---- This novel _____ reading (by me) by dinner time.
A. will have finished .
B. will has been finished
C. will have being finished
D. will have been finished
60. You ought to keep these three rooms clean. ----These three rooms
______ (by you).
A. are oughted to keep clean
B. ought to kept clean
C. ought to be kept clean
D. ought to have been kept clean
61. You are about to write a poem, aren't you? ---- A poem _____ (by you), _____ ?
A. is about to be written, aren't you
B. is about to be writing, isn’t it
C. is about to be writing, aren't you
D. is about to be written, isn’t it
62. She had better leave a note to him. ---- A note _____ to him (by her).
A. had better left
B. had be better left
C. had better be left
D. had better been left
63. He doesn't do his homework every day. ---- His homework ______ by him every day.
A. doesn't be done
B. aren't done
C. don't be done
D. isn’t done
64. We must take care of our parents when they are old. ---- Our parents
______ when they are old.
A. must be taken care
B. must be took cars
C. must take care of
D. must be taken care of
65. People look down upon him because he is a liar. ---- He _____ because he is a liar.
A. is looked down
B. is looked down upon
C. looks down upon
D. looks down
66. Father will give me a dictionary on my birthday.
---- A dictionary ______ me by Father on my birthday.
A. shall be given to
B. will give
C. shall give to
D. will be giving to
67. We elected her leader. ---- She by us.
A. is elected leader
B. was leader elected
C. was elected leader
D. leader was elected
68. ---- People who live along this road receive their mail in these boxes.
---- Why are all of the______?
A. grey painted mailboxes
B. mailboxes grey painted
C. mailboxes painted grey
D. painted grey mailboxes
69. I saw him enter the room. ---- He ______ the room.
A. is seen enter
B. is seen to enter
C. was seen to enter
D. was seen enter
70. The question asked by him is hard _____ .
A. to answer
B. to be answered
C. to be answering
D. for answer
71. How sweet the music ______!
A. sounds to be
B. is sounded
C. is sounded to be
D. sounds
72. In warm weather fruit and meat ______ long.
A. don't keep
B. cannot be kept
C. are not kept
D. are not keeping
73. He received a telegram ___ "Mother Sick."
A. written
B. said
C. reading
D. writing
74. The classroom ______ 30 feet long.
A. measures
B. is measured
C. has
D. has length
75. Do you remember ______ ?
A. how it is done
B. it how to be done
C. How is it done by
D. how to do
76. to have been rich.
A. They say
B. It is said
C. He is said
D. That was said
77. Mathematics is difficult ______.
A. to learn
B. for learning
C. to be learned
D. of learning
78. My hair is so long that I must go to a barber's shop and______.
A. have to cut it
B. have it cut
C. get it to be cut
D. to cut it
79. The pencil ______ well.
A. writes
B. is written
C. was written
D. writing
80. ---- I can't see the blackboard very well. ---- Perhaps you need ______.
A. to examine your eyes
B. to have your eyes examined
C. to have examined your eyes
D. to be examined your eyes
81. ---- Where is the coffee table? ---- Tom just had it ____ away.
A. move
B. moving
C. moved
D. moves
82. Good medicine ______ to the mouth.
A. tastes bitter
B. tastes bitterly
C. is tasted bitter
D. is tasted bitterly
83. Which girl won the prize? _____
A. By which girl is the prize won?
B. Which girl was the prize won?
C. By which girl did she win the prize?
D. By which girl was the prize won?
84. --- Where did you get that handsome picture? ---- It was _____ by my father.
A. given for us
B. a gift to us
C. given to us
D. a gift for us
85. A young hen is ______ a chicken.
A. named
B. known
C. spelled
D. called
86. ---- How does Alma like her new work? ---- She ______ with the hour.
A. can't satisfy
B. isn't satisfied
C. doesn't satisfy
D. hasn't satisfied
87. ---- Why do you call your son Mouse? ---- He wants ______ by the name.
A. to call
B. to be called
C. to be calling
D. being called
88. His idea, though good, needs ______ out.
A. being tried
B. to try
C. tried
D. to be tried
89. The man living in the next door is known _____the police.
A. with
B. to
C. by
D. of
90. Cotton is first made ______ thread and then it was woven ______ cloth.
A. up of, up of
B. into, into
C. of, of
D. from, from
91. ______ here last night.
A. Something strange was happened
B. Strange something was happened
C. Something strange happened
D. Strange something happened
92. ---- I'd like to buy that coat. ---- I'm sorry, _____.
A. it was sold
B. it's selling
C. it's been sold
D. it had been sold
93. Gunpowder was discovered in the twelfth century, but_____.
A. man did not put it to use in war two hundred years liter
B. until two centuries more it was used in war
C. not used in war until two hundred years later
D. in war did not use it two hundred years afterwards
94. The five-year-old girl by her parents.
A. is looked
B. has looked for
C. is being looked for
D. has been looked