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Good morning，class.

In the last period we have learned chapter one-General principles of translation. And we have studied two important points: Definition of translation and the competence of a translator. And I will check you in the next class.

As what we have mentioned last period, the process of translation consists of two phases: comprehension and expression. (理解和表达) Generally speaking, comprehension is of foremost importance, and express is the natural consequence of thorough comprehension. However, in the practice of translation, we may find that now and then some words in their usual senses are very difficult to deal with because of the disparity between the English and the Chinese language. In this case, we have to resort to some special means of translation. Literal translation and free translation are two alternative approaches to tackle this problem.

So, in this class, we are going to learn translation strategies in 1.4.1, literal translation and free translation.

To begin with, what’s literal translation and free translation? Please open your books and turn to page 12.

Literal translation Vs. Free translation

1. Literal translation may be defined as having the following characteristics:

1). Literal translation takes sentences as its basic units and the whole text into consideration at the same time in the course of translating.

直译把句子作为基本单位，同时在翻译的过程中也考虑整个文本。

2). Literal translation strives to reproduce both the ideological content and style of the entire literary work and retain as much as possible the figures of speech.

直译是要再现文本的中心内容和原文风格，并且尽可能保留原文的修辞。

2. Free translation may be defined as a supplementary means to mainly convey the meaning and spirit of the original without trying to reproduce its sentence patterns or figures of speech. And it is adopted only when and where really impossible for translators to do literal translation.

意译其实是直译的一种补充的翻译手段。意译就是尽可能传达原文的意思和精髓，

而并不保留原文的形式和修辞。当直译无法达到翻译目的时，才采用意译。Maybe the definition is a little bit confused for your beginners. Now let’s refer to some examples:

●…he had about as much chance of getting a job as of being chosen mayor of

Chicago. （now please translate this sentence by yourself）

●直译的程度最大：

● 1. 他找到工作的机会和当选芝加哥市长的机会几乎差不多。

●直译的程度减少，意译的程度增加

● 2. 他要找到工作简直跟要当选芝加哥市长同样困难。

●意译程度最大：

● 3.他找到工作的机会简直微乎其微。

直译与意译

●当译文的形式和原文的形式一致的时候，就无所谓直译、意译。如“祸不

单行”。既可以说是直译，也可以说是意译。

●当译文的形式和原文的形式不一致时，就有直译和意译的问题。而且直译

可以有程度不同的直译，意译也可以有程度不同的意译。如杰克·伦敦写失业工人Jurgis说：(the above examples)

直译与意译——形式相同

●Hitler was armed to the teeth when he launched the Second World War.

●希特勒在发动第二次世界大战时是武装到了牙齿的。

●希特勒在发动第二次世界大战时是全副武装的。

●如果原文和译文相同的形式可以表达相同的内容，一般可以直译。

直译与意译——形式不同

●Didn’t she swear she’d never again believe anything in trousers?

●直译：她不是发誓从此以后再也不相信穿裤子的家伙了吗？

●意译：她不是发誓从此以后再也不相信男人了吗？

如果译文和原文相同的形式不能表达相同的意义时，一般应该意译。Ok, this is what we should learn, Later we will go on literal translation and free translation. Ok, class is over,

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