英文essay的写作细节

英文essay的写作细节（很有用的秘籍！！避免没必要的失分，准备雅思/托福人也非看不可）来源：曹武龙的日志

这不是我写的，可是是那么有用，我必须帮你分享们。好好学习啊！

我们的assignment通常分为两种形式，一是essay，一是report。二者在形式上有所差别，但大体相同。一篇assignment上面会对写成essay还是report格式作出明确要求。在阅读题目时，请尽量仔细。

相同点：

1、字体：Times New Roman，字号：小四，行距：1.5倍。请有写作之前就把这些格式调好，以避免写好后再调会出现一些意想不到的情况。

2、段与段之间隔行。每段不要求像中文写作那样空两格，而是直接顶格写。

下面还有一些相同点，我在两种文体分开讨论时，再涉及。

区别：

Essay:

Essay的写作相对report要简单一些。通常只包括三个部分，Introduction, Main Body, Conclusion. Introduction 包括topic的背景介绍和文章要解决的主要问题。一般占总字数的10%左右。Main Body是主体部分，占总字数80%左右。如果题目中作了具体要求，就根据题目提到的几个方面来逐一讨论就可以了。有的题目没有作具体要求，就根据自己的

构思来写。但要求有逻辑性。Conclusion也是占10%，在这一段里把文章中的主要观点用一到两句话概括出来。

Essay 可以不写题目，不要把小标题加粗。

Reference的写作是两种形式都要涉及的，我放在最后来详细说。

Report:

它的写法大体上和essay差不多，但要求要严格一些。

第一：标题页：包括标题和executive summary. 在Executive summary中是对文章的摘要。这个大家都知道怎么写我就不多说了。这两个东西一般是单独占一页

第二：主体部分。Report的主体部分，前三个和essay差不多，只是在conclusion后还有一部分就是recommendations.是对提出的问题的建议。

如果题目中没有单独要求，一般就按照这几部分来写，但有的题目会作出规定。请按题目要求写哪几部分来写。

下面来说reference

Reference 是老师最看重的，所以请一定注意。

1、不管前面的主体部分最后一页剩多少空格，reference都要另起一页写

2、每条reference之间要空一行。如果一条reference一排写不完，那么下面的几排提行时要和第一排三格。基本格式请参照我发过来的referencing 里面的要求。

3、References 的排列要按字母顺序排列。可以用网址的reference放在最后。

4、引用分为直接引用和间接引用。直接引用就是用了文章或书中的原话。请在出现的作者后面以（年代，页码）的形式标注。没有出现作者就在引用的句子后面用（作者名，年代，页码）的形式标注。间接引用就是参照发文章或书中的观点，引用方法与直接引用形式一样，

只是不需要标注页码。

总之referencesq绝对不能出现编造的情况，一定要真实。国外对这个问题查得很严。一旦查出有作假或抄袭情况，有可能就要被开除学籍。

另外还有一些更细节的要求，我附在下面，请仔细阅读。

写作注意事项：

文章里禁止用缩写，例如：can’t, don’t, didn’t, wouldn’t 应该写成cannot，do not，d id not，would not。

每段之间空一行，首句不空格

避免用口语词汇和表达方法，例如：a little bit，well…I will talk about….

避免使用太过生僻的赐予，但用词要专业

不要从句套从句，句子如果过长，就改成短句，这样意思表达更清楚

文章的INTRODUCTION要阐明自己的观点和立场，也就是你的THESIS STATEMENT，尽量不要在文章或段落的开头使用问句。

专业知识和词汇使用要正确

文章字数控制在规定字数内，不得多于或少于150

举例非常重要，但是要符合论点

按照文章要求写，没有要求Abstract或者标题的就不用写。

行距1.5倍，Basic Font：Times New Roman 12pt

文章里禁止使用第一人称或第二人称，保持论证的客观性

Reference的重要性

国外对于版权和他人的知识版权的保护非常重视，如果非法摘抄他人的作品肯能会引起法律责任。

学校会有一个扫描文章系统，收到的文章都要上传到网上统一进行扫描。扫描系统非常庞大，它连接了各个国家的主要电子图书馆，所以一般你能抄到的东西，他都可以扫描出来，如果扫描结果显示你抄袭的文章字数超过你文章总数的10％，则证明你整篇文章都是抄袭的。比如你文章字数是1000字，那么如果扫描由101字是抄的，则证明你整篇文章都是抄的。（不同学校具体要求不一样）

什么是抄袭？

引用和摘抄他人的idea，文章（就算一句话），没有做references的或者格式错误的ref erence都算抄袭！

Reference个种类

我们要做的reference有2种，一种是in-text reference 也就是在文章里的reference，一种是在文章最后出现的reference, 也就是reference list。写一篇论文，2种reference都要出现，也就是说做完in-text reference，还要做最后的reference list。

Reference的格式

详见英文版。

进入个网站，只要按照他要求的内容输入，他的系统会自动生成一个完整的reference，不过那只是reference list，不是in-text reference. In-text reference 还是需要自己完成。另外那个网站只能提供简单格式的reference，复杂的reference还是需要参考英文版文件。

一般来说一份1000字的文章，至少需要8个references，2000字需要12－15个左右，各位可以到国外大学图书馆的网站上照着相关的书，然后安上去就好了。（关于这个数量问题，根据我的经验，可以不一定严格要求，但不能太少。一般1000字的写4个或5个，2000

字的写10个左右。当然如果你本来就有这么多个的话就更好了。我这里说的是最少情况）

再次强调！！！引用他人的任何东西一定要做好references！！！

论文写作要求

格式要求

行距：1.5倍

页边距：Word 默认

字体：Times New Roman

字体大小：12（小四）

标题字体可加粗

每段落之间空一行

每段直接写，无需空格

在每页的右下角插入页数

写作要求

Abstract （序）

1－2段

字数为文章的的10－15％，例如，一篇文章要求2000字，那么abstract一般写200－300字，除非特殊要求

Abstract的目的就是让读者知道你的在你的文章里写了些什么

Abstract的开头要用1－2自己的语言总结和解释文章的题目，简单来说就是用自己的话把文章的题目写一遍

Abstract细节是概括你在你的文章里都写了什么，每个论点就用2－3句话总结

Abstract的结尾就是写总结和延伸你的所有论点和整个的大标题

不是每篇作业都要求写abstract，一般情况下都不要求，除非老师特殊写明要写abstra ct。

Introduction（开头）

字数为文章总数的10％，例如，一篇文章要求2000字，那么introduction一般写200－250字

Introduction只用一段即可，不可以分成2段写

Introduction的第1－2句是解释文章题目，单来说就是用自己的话把文章的题目写一遍接下来的用2句话左右介绍一下文章题目的背景

Introduction主要是写你将要在你的文章里写些什么，用2－3句话来概括所有的论点，每个论点用几个词即可，例如：In this easy, firstly, I will discuss…, and then I will…, thirdly, I will…

一般来说，老师给的题目都很宽，可以写很多方面，但是你要选其中一点来写，这样文章才能讨论的深入，如果文章写的很笼统的话，肯定会不合格

Introduction最后不需要总结句

Body（文章的讨论部分，也是文章的主体）

每一个论点都必须用一段来写，换句话说，每个段落只能出现一个论点，出现2个会被扣分

在body的部分里不能出现I，he，she等人称，除在举例中。

每一段话都有要introduction，explanation，examples。接下来重点讲这4部分如何写： Introduction：用1－2句写你这段的主要的论点或者是idea

Explanation：用1－2句解释你的论点

Examples：举例支持你的论点，这部分要重点写，举例在文章中很重要，举例可以用名人说的话，专业的文章里例子，或者自己的亲身经历。有时老师会要求要用自己的亲身经历作为例子

Body一般有3－6个论点，如果文章的字数在1000－3000字，所以body就一般有2－6段

每段最好是有联系，层层深入

Conclusion

字数

字数为文章总数的10％，例如，一篇文章要求2000字，那么conclusion一般写200－250字

Conclusion只用一段即可，不可以分成2段写

Conclusion的第1－2句是解释文章题目，单来说就是用自己的话把文章的题目写一遍 Conclusion主要是总结你文章中的论点，每个论点要用一句话

Conclusion最后一句要延伸一下，但是在conclusion里不能出现新的论点Introduction和conclusion的区别

Introduction是讲你在文章里要写什么东西，所以只要用几个词概括你个论点

Conclusion是用1句话总结你的每个论点，要比introduction详细些

Introduction需要介绍题目的背景，conclusion责不用，只需要概括总结题目Recommendation

Recommendation是写文章标题的缺陷

一般只要写一个论点，提出解决办法，如何消除这个弱点，格式和body段落的要求是

一样的：introduction，explanation，example和用一句话做个conclusion 一般都不写recommendation，除非老师特殊要求

英文summary写作范例

Article Children Must be Taught to Tell Right from Wrong William Kilpatrick Many of today 's young people have a difficult time seeing any moral dimension （ 道德层 面 ） to their actions. There are a number of reasons why that 's true, but none more prominent than a failed system of education that eschews （ 回避 ） teaching children the traditional moral values that bind Americans together as a society and a culture. That failed approach, called “decision - making, ” was introduced in schools 25 years ago. It tells children to decide for themselves what is right and what is wrong. It replaced “character education. （ 品格教 育 ）” Character education didn 't ask children to reinvent the moral wheel （ 浪费时间重新发明早已存 在的道德标准）; instead, it encouraged them to practice habits of courage, justice and self-control. In the 1940s, when a character education approach prevailed, chewing gum; today they worry about robbery and rape. Decision-making curriculums pose thorny （ 棘手的 ） ethical dilemmas to students, with the impression that all morality is problematic and that all questions of right and wrong are in dispute. Youngsters are forced to question values and virtues they 've never acquired in the first place or upon which they have only a tenuous （ 薄弱的 ） hold. The assumption behind this method is that students will arrive at good moral conclusions if only they are given the chance. But the actual result is moral confusion. For example, a recent national study of 1,700 sixth- to ninth-graders revealed that a majority of boys considered rape to be acceptable under certain conditions. Astoundingly, many of the girls agreed. This kind of moral illiteracy is further encouraged by values-education （价值观教育 ） programs that are little more than courses in self-esteem （ 自尊 ）. These programs are based on the questionable assumption that a child who feels good about himself or herself won 't want to do anything wrong. But it is just as reasonable to make an opposite assumption: namely, that a child who has uncritical self-regard w ill conclude that he or she can 't do anything bad. Such naive self-acceptance results in large part from the non-directive （ 无指导性的 ）, non-judgmental （ 无是非观的 ）, as-long-as-you-feel-comfortable-with-your-choices mentality （ 思 想） that has pervaded （ 渗透） public education for the last two and one-half decades. Many of today 's drug education, sex education and values -education courses are based on the same 1960s philosophy that helped fuel the explosion in teen drug use and sexual activity in the first place. Meanwhile, while educators are still fiddling with （ 胡乱摆弄 ） outdated “feel - good ” approaches, New York, Washington, and Los Angeles are burning. Youngsters are leaving school believing that matters of right and wrong are always merely subjective. If you pass a stranger on the street and decide to murder him because you need money —if it feels right —you go with that feeling. Clearly, murder is not taught in our schools, but such a conclusion —just about any conclusion —can be reached and justified using the decision-making method. It is time to consign （ 寄出 ） the fads （风尚 ） of “decision - making ” and “non- judgmentalism ” to the ash heap of failed policies, and return to a proved method. Character education provides a much more realistic approach to moral formation. It is built on an understanding that we learn morality not by debating it but by practicing it. Sample teachers worried about students leaving them

summary 范文

Original: My neighbor's children love playing hide-and-seek as all children do, but no one imagine that a game they played last week would be reported in the local newspaper. One afternoon, they were playing in the vacant lot down the corner. Young Paul, who is only five years old, found the perfect place to hide. His sister, Natalie, had shut her eyes and was counting to ten when Paul noticed the storage mail box at the corner and saw that the metal door was standing open. The mailman had just taken out several sacks of mail and had carried them to his truck which was standing at the curb a few feet away. Paul climbed into the storage box and pulled the door closed so hard that it locked. Soon realizing what he had done, he became frightened and started crying. Meanwhile, Natalie was looking for him everywhere but could not find him. It was lucky that she happened to pause at the corner for a minute and heard her brother's cries. She immediately ran to tell the mailman who hurried back from his truck to unlock the metal door. Paul was now free, but he had had such a bad scare that he could not stop crying. The mailman, however, soon found a way of making him laugh again. He told him that the next time he wanted to hide in a mail box, he should remember to put a stamp on himself! Summary: The children were playing hide-and-seek in a vacant lot one afternoon. Finding that the storage mailbox had been left open, Paul hid and locked himself in it accidentally. His sister, Natalie, heard his cries and realized where he was hiding, so she immediately told the mailman to unlock the metal door. After letting him out, the mailman made him stop crying by telling him to put a stamp on himself the next he wanted to hide in a mailbox. Original: Why do some animals die out? In the past two hundred years people have caused many kinds of animals to die out--to become extinct. People keep building houses and factories in fields and woods. As they spread over the land, they destroy animals' homes. If the animals can't find a place to live, they die out. Sixteen kinds of Hawaiian birds have become extinct for this reason. Other animals, such as the Florida Key deer, may soon die out because they are losing their homes.Hunters have caused some animals to become extinct, too. In the last century, hunters killed all the passenger pigeons in North America and most of the buffalos. Today they are fast killing off hawks and wolves. Pollution is killing many animals today, too. As rivers become polluted, fish are poisoned. Many die. Birds that eat the poisoned fish can't lay strong, healthy eggs. New birds aren’t born. So far, no animals have become extinct because of pollution. But some, such as the bald eagle and the brown pelican, have become rare and may die out. Scientists think that some animals become extinct because of changes in climate. The places where they live become hotter or cooler, drier or wetter. The food that they eat cannot grow there any more. If the animals can't learn to eat something else, they die. Dinosaurs may have died out for this reason. Summary:

积极向上的优秀英语演讲稿

积极向上的优秀英语演讲稿 each of us should be a simple life of the individual criteria. because in life, the only criteria adhered to a simple will it be possible to avoid straying into the road prevented us from maturing into the wrong track. point of view on the current trend, whether it is interpersonal relationships, social structure or family ties, are also complicated by the trend. however, it also happened to use a simplified formula to deal with these relationships. therefore, the use of "simple" approach to deal with affairs, not only can be effective, but will also bring to life a paced rhythm of. in fact, to make things more complicated is easy, but if you want to simplify things into an orderly situation in the brain should be!complex issues to look at very simple, simple questions to see very complex, both of who is stupid? a friend of mine almost did not take on the answer that the two people powerful, simple question because it should look simple and complex issues should be too complicated. "don quixote" there is a fragment: sancho asked that the world's

一篇英语summary范文英语Summary写

一篇英语summary范文英语Summary写第一步：阅读 A.认真阅读给定的原文材料。如果一遍不能理解，就多读两遍。阅读次数越多，你对原文的理解就越深刻。 B.给摘要起一个标题。用那些能概括文章主题思想的单词、短语或短句子作为标题。也可以采用文中的主题句作为标题。主题句往往出现在文章的开头或结尾。一个好标题有助于确定文章的中心思想。 C.现在，就该决定原文中哪些部分重要，哪些部分次重要了。对重要部分的主要观点进行概括。 D.简要地记下主要观点——主题、标题、细节等你认为对概括摘要重要的东西。 第二步：动手写作 A. 摘要应该只有原文的三分之一或四分之一长。因此首先数一下原文的字数，然后除以三，得到一个数字。摘要的字数可以少于这个数字，但是千万不能超过这个数字。

B. 摘要应全部用自己的话完成。不要引用原文的句子。 C. 应该遵循原文的逻辑顺序。这样你就不必重新组织观点、事实。 D. 摘要必须全面、清晰地表明原文所载的信息，以便你的读者不需翻阅原文就可以完全掌握材料的原意。 E. 写摘要时可以采用下列几种小技巧： 1) 删除细节。只保留主要观点。 2) 选择一至两个例子。原文中可能包括5个或更多的例子，你只需从中筛选一至二个例子。 3) 把长段的描述变成短小、简单的句子。如果材料中描述某人或某事用了十个句子，那么你只要把它们变成一两句即可。 4) 避免重复。在原文中，为了强调某个主题，可能会重复论证说明。但是这在摘要中是不能使用的。应该删除那些突出强调的重述句。

5) 压缩长的句子。如下列两例： “His courage in battle might without exaggeration be called lion-like.” 可以概括为：”He was very brave in battle.” “He was hard up for money and was being pressed by his creditor.”可以概括为：“He was in financial difficulties.” 6) 你还可以使用词组代替整句或者从句。请看下面的例子： “Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, Lushan Mountain, and Mount Huang, were visited by only a few people in the past. Today, better wages, holidays with pay, new hotels on these mountains, and better train and bus services, have brought them within reach of many who never thought of visiting them ten years ago.”

summary写作指导

读写任务概要（summary）写作指导 30字概要的基本四大技巧： Skill1: Omit (省略) the details Skill2: Omit the examples Skill3: Use general(概括性) words instead of specific(具体的) words Skill4: Put the main points of a dialogue in indirect speech (间接引语，第三人称) 第一类：记叙文 （1）记叙文的概要, 一般包括记叙文的六个要素(who; when; where; what; how; why), 也就是考生应先通读阅读短文，找出这六个要素,然后用自己的话将这六个要素串成一两句话即可。当然, 不一定每篇记叙文都包含这六个要素,但“某人做了某事, 结果如何”是应当包括的。因此, 要写好概要, 需找到以下两个问题的答案：1）谁做了什么？(who did what) 2）结果如何？(what was the result) ☆特别提醒：如果是夹叙夹议的文章，还要找主题句或利用“写作内容”给出的提示，写出故事给我们的启示、教育或其中的一个道理。 （2）记叙文概要的参考模版： The story is about …, from which (启示）...... The passage mainly tells us that …, which shows that（启示）...... The author thinks / points out / tells us / holds the view that …, through w hich（启示）...... According to the article, we know that … We can see from the text … As can be seen from the text, … [例文]阅读下面短文, 然后按要求写一篇150词左右的英语短文。 When Sam first got to his boarding school with his parents, he was very happy. He thought he would be able to go home every weekend. When he was told he would not, he started crying because the thought of not seeing his parents was driving him crazy. He was given uniforms and all other things that he would need for the term. He started crying when it was time for his parents to leave. He was then taken to the dorm, where he saw other children happy. He tried as much as he could to fit in but could not because his mind was at home. He started feeling homesick(想家)and wanted to go home as soon as possible. He got sick soon because he could not eat the school food. He could not concentrate in the classroom. All he could think was being at home with his family. He had no mobile phone or other means to get in touch with his parents. He was angry and felt lonely. He thought his parents hated him and that was why they left him in a boarding school. ［写作内容］1. 以约30个词概括上文的主要内容； 2. 以约120个词讲述一次你(或你的朋友)想家的经历。 [解题过程] 第一步, 根据［写作内容2］, 快速获取大意。解题前, 可以通过［写作内容2］和材料文体,快速准确地把握阅读材料的主要内容并形成概要的基本框架。如本题阅读［写作内容2］,并扫视材料可知是记叙文, 于是可推知,本文的概要框架应是：Sam想家的时间、地点、原因、影响和结果。 第二步：阅读材料，回答以下两个问题。 (1) 谁做了什么？__ (2) 结果如何？ 第三步：用自己的话将其串联起来： ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ [巩固训练]阅读下面的短文，然后按要求写一篇150词左右的英语短文。 Who says honesty is dead? Last Tuesday morning Alan Reed, a student, was at the bank. He asked to take out 50 yuan but the bank clerk mistakenly gave him five twenties instead of five tens. 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