Sir Francis Bacon

Sir Francis Bacon (1561-1626)

If parts allure thee, think how Bacon shin'd,

The wisest, brightest, meanest of mankind

---Alexander Pope

Brief Introduction

?English Renaissance philosopher, essayist, statesman

?One of the outstanding figures of the Renaissance, Bacon made important contributions to several fields.

?His chief interest were science philosophy, but he was also a distinguished man of letters & held several high governmental positions during the reign of king JamesⅠ. ?He was one of the earliest & most eloquent spokesmen for experimental science.

?He lays the foundation for modern science with his insistence on scientific way of thinking & fresh observation rather than authority as a basis for obtaining knowledge. His achievements

As a literary man, Bacon is the first English essayist, whose Essays won him a high place in the history of English literature.

As a philosopher, he is the founder of English materialistic philosophy.

?He advocates the inductive method of reasoning. In his famous plea for progress, Bacon demands three things:

1) the free investigation of nature,

2) the discovery of facts instead of the blind belief in theories

3) the verification of results by experiment rather than by argument.

In our day, these are the ABC of science, but in Bacon's time they were

revolutionary, Marx called him "the real father of English materialism & experimental science of modern times in general."

Comments on Bacon’s writing style:

four prominent qualities:

preciseness, directness,

tenseness and forcefulness

Of studies

I Theme:

To discuss rather analytically the use and abuse of studies, the proper and improper ways to pursue one’s studies, and also the effect of the different kinds of s tudies upon character.

II. Structure

1.Functions of reading (study).

From the beginning to line 4 on page 127 “…won by observation)

2.Ways of reading (study)

From “read not to contradict…” to “ …flashy things.” (line 13 on page 127)

3.The effect of readi ng upon human character. From “Reading maketh a full man,…” to the end.

Of studies --论读书

?Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. Their chief use for delight, is in privateness and retiring; for ornament, is in discourse; and for

ability, is in the judgment and disposition of business.

读书足以怡情，足以傅彩，足以长才。其怡情也，最见于独处幽居之时；其傅彩也，最见于高谈阔论之中；其长才也，最见于处世判事之际。

?For experts can execute, and perhaps judge of particulars, one by one;

but the general counsels, and the plots and marshalling of affairs, come best form those that are learned. To spend too much time in studies is sloth; to use them too much for ornament, is affectation; to make judgments wholly by their rules, is the humour of a scholar.

练达之士虽能分别处理细事或一一判别枝节，然纵观统筹，全局策划，则舍好学深思者莫属。读书费时过多易惰，文采藻饰太盛则矫，全凭条文断事乃学究故态。

?They perfect nature, and are perfected by experience: for natural abilities are like natural plants, that need pruning by study; and studies themselves do give forth directions too much at large, except they be bounded in by experience.

读书补天然之不足，经验又补读书之不足，盖天生才干犹如自然花草，读书然后知如何修剪移接，而书中所示，如不以经验范之，则又大而无当。

?Crafty men contemn studies, simple men admire them, and wise men use them;

for they teach not their own use; but that is a wisdom without them, and above them, won by observation.

有一技之长者鄙读书，无知者羡读书，唯明智之士用读书，然书并不以用处告人，用书之智不在书中，而在书外，全凭观察得之。

?Read not to contradict and confute; nor to believe and take for granted; nor to find talk and discourse; but to weigh and consider.

读书时不可存心诘难作者，不可尽信书上所言，亦不可只为寻章摘句，而应推敲细思。

?Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested; that is, some books are to be read only in parts; others to be read, but not curiously; and some few to be read wholly, and with diligence and

attention. Some books also may be read by deputy, and extracts made of them by others; but that would be only in the less important arguments, and the meaner sort of books; else distilled books are, like common distilled waters, flashy things.

书有可浅尝者，有可吞食者，少数则须咀嚼消化。换言之，有只需读其部分者，有只须大体涉猎者，少数则须全读，读时须全神贯注，孜孜不倦。书亦可请

人代读，取其所作摘要，但只限题材较次或价值不高者，否则书经提炼犹如水经蒸馏，淡而无味。

?Reading maketh a full man ；conference a ready man; and writing an exact man. And therefore, if a man write little ，he had need have a great memory; if he confer little, he had need have a present wit; and if he read little, he had need have much cunning, to seem to know that he doth not.

maketh: make 的第三人称用法

ready: 即ready-witted ，指敏于思考的能力。

doth: do 的第三人称单数用法

读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，笔记使人准确。因此不常做笔记者须记忆力特强，不常讨论者须天生聪颖，不常读书者须欺世有术，始能无知而显有知。?Histories make men wise; poets witty; the mathematics subtile; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend. Abeunt studia in morse (studies have an influence upon the manners of those that are

conversant in them).

读史使人明智，读诗使人灵秀，数学使人周密，科学使人深刻，伦理学使人庄重，逻辑修辞之学使人善辩；凡有所学，皆成性格。

?Nay there is no stond or impediment in the wit, but may be wrought out by fit studies: like as diseases of the body may have appropriate exercises. Bowling is good for the stone and reins; shooting for the lungs and breast; gentle walking for the stomach; riding for the head; and the like. So if a man's wit be wandering, let him study the mathematics; for in demonstrations, if his wit be called away never so little, he must begin again. If his wit be not apt to distinguish or find differences, let him study the schoolmen; for they are cymini sectores

( hairsplitter) . If he be not apt to beat over matters, and to call up one thing to prove and illustrat e another, let him study the lawyers’’ cases. So every defect of the mind may have a special receipt.

人之才智但有滞碍，无不可读适当之书使之顺畅，一如身体百病，皆可借相宜之运动除之。滚球利睾肾，射箭利胸肺，慢步利肠胃，骑术利头脑，诸如此类。如智力不集中，可令读数学，盖演题需全神贯注，稍有分散即须重演；如不能辩异，可令读经院哲学，盖是辈皆吹毛求疵之人；如不善求同，不善以一物阐证另一物，可令读律师之案卷。如此头脑中凡有缺陷，皆有特效可医。

莎士比亚戏剧赏析 答案汇总

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培根“Of studies”(附王佐良中译文)

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弗朗西斯·培根的名言

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莎士比亚

莎士比亚 一．莎士比亚的简介及影响 威廉.莎士比亚，欧洲文艺复兴时期英国最重要的作家，杰出的戏剧家，在欧洲文学史上占有特殊的地位，被喻为“人类文学奥林匹斯山上的宙斯”。他与古希腊三大悲剧家埃斯库罗斯，索福克里斯及欧里庇得斯合称戏剧史上四大悲剧。 19世纪，浪漫主义、现实主义兴起后，莎士比亚风靡欧洲．雨果、司汤达等人在和古典主义斗争中，都是高举莎士比亚这面旗帜，鼓吹莎士比亚精神。雨果说“莎士比亚这种天才的降临．使得艺术、科学、哲学或者整个社会焕然一新。他的光辉照耀着全人类，从时代的这一个尽头到那一个尽头。”德国的狂飙运动也是高唱着莎士比亚的赞歌，举着他的旗帜前进的。歌德说：“我读到他的第一页．就使我一生都属于他了；读完第一部，我就像一个生下来的盲人，一只奇异的手在瞬间使我的双眼看到了光明……感谢赐我智慧的神灵。”巴尔扎克、迪更斯莱、普希金、屠格涅夫等都以莎士比亚作品为榜样。普希金认为莎士比亚具有一种与人民接近的伟大品质。杜波罗留波夫把莎士比亚看作是“黑暗王国的一线光明”，说他“指出了人类发展新的几个阶段”是“人类认识的最高阶段的最充分的代表”，他的作品“表现出道德的最充分的理想”。别林斯基在《文学的幻想》中写道：“莎士比亚——这位神圣而崇高的莎士比亚——对地狱、人间和天堂全都了解。他是自然的主宰……通过了他的灵感的天眼。看到了宇宙脉搏的跃动。他的每一个剧本都是一个世界的缩影。包含着整个现在、过去及未来。” 二．莎士比亚的生平 伟大的英国剧作家、诗人威廉·莎士比亚1564年生于英国中部瓦维克郡埃文河畔斯特拉特福。其父约翰·莎士比亚是经营羊毛、皮革制造及谷物生意的杂货商，1565年任镇民政官，3年后被选为镇长。莎士比亚幼年在当地文法学校读书。他虽受过良好的基本教育，但是未上过大学。1582年，18岁的莎士比亚与同邻乡农家女26岁的安妮·哈瑟维结婚，不满21岁时已有了三个孩子。 1585～1592年间他的情况不详，被论者称为“失去的年头”。1585年后离开斯特

英国作家及作品一览

British Writers and Works 英国作家及作品一览 History of English Literature English literature began with the Anglo-Saxon national epic Beowulf. 《贝奥武夫》1.Early / Old English(Anglo-Saxon): 428~1066 2.Medieval/ Middle English: 1066~1500 3.Renaissance：1500~1600（Modern English） 4.Neo-classical: 1660~1798 5.Romanticism: 1798~1830 6.Victorian: 1830/1837~1901 Realistic Criticism 7.Modernism: 1914~1945 8.Post-modernism History of English 古英语 中古英语 现代英语 早期现代英语Old English(Anglo-Saxon): 450~1100 (428~1066) Middle English: 1100~1450 Modern English: 1450~now Early Modern English: 1450~1700 Caedmon Hymns, ca.670 ：first English poem known by name. Beowulf ca.700 Bede(Baeda) Ecclesiastical History: first history of English people. Medieval English Literature 1066~1500 Romance is the most prevailing kind of literature in the Middle Ages. Popular ballad occupies an important position. Romance （骑士）传奇Chanson de Roland, French epic Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, ac.1375~1400 Ballads 民谣Geste of Robinhood, Drama 神秘剧奇迹剧道德剧Mystery：The Second Shepherd’s Play, 1385 Miracle： Morality：Everyman, 1485 Geoffrey Chaucer the most important medieval writer; the first realistic writer; father of English poems. The Canterbury Tales, 1387~1400 Renaissance English literature (late 15th century ~ early 17th century) Humanism; Knowledge; The representative writers are Edmund Spencer in poetry, William Shakespeare in drama and Francis Bacon in essay. Thomas More Utopia 乌托邦 Edmund Spenser poet’s poet 诗人中的诗人Epithalamion贺新婚曲The Faerie Queene仙后The Faerie Queene Philip Sidney A Defence of Poesy ; The Shepheardes Calender

英国著名思想家弗朗西斯培根的至理名言关于读书和学识的

英国著名思想家弗朗西斯培根的至理名言关 于读书和学识的 真挚的友谊犹如健康，不到失却时，无法体味其珍贵。 除了一个真心的朋友之外没有一样药剂是可以通心的。对一个真心的朋友你可传达你的忧愁、欢悦、恐惧、希望、疑忌、谏诤以及任何压在你心上的事情。 友谊的主要效用之一就在使人心中的愤懑抑郁之气得以宣泄弛放，这些不平凡之气是各种的情感都可以引起的——培根 讨论犹如砺石，思想好比锋刃，两相砥砺将使思想更加锋利 友谊的主要效用之一，就是使人心愤怨和抑屈之气得以宣泄释放。 书并不以用处告人，用书之智不在书中，而在书外，全凭观察得之。 友谊使欢乐倍增，使痛苦减半。 一般来说，青年人富于“直觉”，而老年人则长于“深思”。

因结婚而产生的爱，造出儿女；因友情而产生的爱，造就一个人。 机会先把前额的头发给你捉而你不捉之后，就要把秃头给你捉了；或者至少它先把瓶子的把儿给你拿，如果你不拿，它就要把瓶子滚圆的身子给你，而那是很难捉住的。 重复言说多半是一种时间上的损失。 叛乱的根源一是多贫二是多怨。有多少破产者就有多少喜乱者。——培根 大事要谨慎积极，小事得益小乐，不要大喜过忘。——培根 人君之事，在于巧避和转移临近之难。——培根 人的知识和人的力量这两件东西是结合为一体的;工作的失败都起于对因果关系的无知。 无论你怎样地表示愤怒，都不要做出任何无法挽回的事来。 一个人从另一个人的诤言中所得来的光明比从他自己的理解力、判断力中所得出的光明更是干净纯粹……

最能保人心神之健康的预防药就是朋友的忠言和规谏。 知识就是力量. 生活的理想，就是为了理想的生活。 最好的办法是把青年的特点与老年的特点在事业上结合在一起。从现在的角度说，青年可以从老年身上学到他们所不具有的优点，而从社会影响角度来说，有经验的老人执事令人放心，而年青人的干劲则鼓舞人心，如果说，老人的经验是可贵的，那么青年人的纯真是崇高的。 集体的习惯，其力量更大于个人的习惯。因此如果有一个有良好道德风气的社会环境，是最有利于培训好的社会公民的。 人们愈是贤明，愈低着腰向他人学习。 由智慧所养成的习惯能成为第二本性。 只见汪洋时就以为没有陆地的人，不过是拙劣的探索者。 瓜是生在纯粹肥料里的最甜，天才是长在恶性土壤中的最好。

Francis Bacon

Francis Bacon(1561-1626) a representative of the English Renaissance, a well-known philosopher, scientist and essayist. Points of View ?As a philosopher and scientist, he lays the foundation for modern science with his insistence on scientific way of thinking and fresh observation rather than authority as a basis for obtaining knowledge. ?He contributed to logics by founding the inductive method of reasoning, i.e. proceeding from the particular to the general, in place of Aristotelian method, deductive reasoning, i.e. proceeding from the general to the particular. Bacon’s works ?Bacon’s works may be divided into three classes, the philosophical, the literary, and the professional works. ?The principal philosophical work is The Advancement of Learning(1605) (论科学的价值和发展), written in English; Novum Organum (1620) (新工具), is an enlarged Latin version of The Advancement of Learning. ?His literary works are in the second group, among which the most famous is Essays. His Essays is the first example of that genre in English literature in the development of English prose. ?The most important professional works include Maxims of the Law (法律原理) and The Learned Reading upon the Statute of Uses (1642) (法令使用读本). The Advancement of Learning ?It is a great tract on education. ?In Book I, Bacon highly praises knowledge, refusing the objections to learning and outlining the problems with which his plan is to deal. Also he answers the charge that learning is against religion. ?The second book is a survey of learning, which explains its importance in scholarship. According to Bacon, man's understanding consists of three parts: history to man's memory, poetry to man's imagination and creation, and philosophy to man's reason Novum Organum ?It is a successful treatise written in Latin on methodology. It is the most impressive display of Bacon's intellect. The argument is for the use of inductive method of reasoning in scientific study. But Bacon first expounds the four great false conceivings that beset men's mind and prevent them from seeking the truth. Then in his second book, Bacon suggests the inductive reasoning, i.e. proceeding from the particular to the general, in place of the Aristotelian method, the deductive reasoning, i.e. proceeding from the general to the particular. By putting forward this theory, Bacon, as a humanist intellect, shows the new empirical attitudes toward truth about nature and bravely challenges the medieval scholasticists. Bacon’s Essays ?Bacon’s Essays, first published in 1597 and issued in its final form in 1625, have generally been considered as important landmarks in the development of English prose, and the first collection of essays in the English language. These essays, totaled 58, are all short pieces of the author’s reflections and comments covering a wide-ranging subjects, such as philosophy, religion and political system as well as ethics, self-cultivation, almost always showing the practical wisdom of the author and written for successful conduct of life. The characteristics ?Bacon’s essays vary in theme, including his personal opinions on friendship, love, old age, truth, beauty, etc. and are famous for their brevity, compactness and powerfulness. ?His essays are well-arranged and enriched by Biblical allusions, metaphors and cadence. Of Studies

英国文学——莎士比亚

William Shakespeare (26 April 1564– 23 April 1616) was an English poet and actor, widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world's pre-eminent dramatist. He is often called England's national poet and the "Bard of Avon". 威廉·莎士比亚是一个英国的诗人和演员,广泛被视为最伟大的英国作家在语言和世界的预杰出的剧作家。他通常被称为英国的国家和“雅芳吟游诗人的诗人”。 莎士比亚的代表作有四大悲剧：《哈姆雷特》（英：Hamlet）、《奥赛罗》（英：Othello）、《李尔王》（英：King Lear）、《麦克白》（英：Mac Beth）。当然还有他的经典悲剧作品《罗密欧与朱丽叶》（Romeo and Juliet） 此外，他的喜剧作品也多有经典，例如：《仲夏夜之梦》（A Midsummer Night's Dream）、《威尼斯商人》（The Merchant of Venice ）、《第十二夜》（Dvenadtsatayanoch）、《皆大欢喜》（《As you like it》）。 ●内容（theme）： It is generally approved that this sonnet bears a double-theme: While eulogizing the beauty of the poet’s friend and its performance, the poet also expresses a conventional faith in the permanence of art. 这是普遍认可的，这首诗有双重主题：歌颂诗人的朋友和其性能之美，诗人也表达了传统艺术的永恒信念。 ●评论： 1.Simile: Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day? Summer and “you” are not similar on the surface, but virtually they are the representatives of beauty. Rhetoric Question: It is also a rhetorical question, that is, formally it’s a question. Readers don't need to answer because the answer is very clear. 明喻:我能把你比作夏日吗？ 夏天和“你”在表面上是不相似的，但实际上他们是美的代表。修辞问题：也是一个反问句，也就是说，它是一个问题。读者不需要回答，因为答案很清楚。 2.Metaphor:And summer’s lease hath all too short a date: The summer’s day is compared to a house, which is the thing we lend from the nature. Therefore, it’s period of use is limited, and it also insinuates the time that the duration of youth and beauty is limited. 隐喻:夏天的租期太短了： 夏天比作房子，这是我们从大自然中得到的东西。因此，它的使用期限是有限的，这也暗示青春与美丽的时间是有限的时间。 3.Personification: And often is his gold complexion dimm’d; Obviously the poet compares the sun to a man, so he depicts his complexion. (Complexion is usually used to describe someone. 拟人化：经常是他的黄金肤色；显然，诗人把太阳的一个男人，所以他描绘了他的肤色。（肤色通常用来形容某人。）。 4.Hyperbole: But thy eternal summer shall not fade, According to the laws of nature, every beautiful thing will gradually lose their beauty, so how can the beauty of the person who the poet describes be eternal? 夸张例如：但你永恒的夏天将不褪色。

手术分级

肝胆胰外科 一级手术 1. 简单开放性胆囊切除、胆囊造口术 2. 简单胆总管切开探查及造口术 3. 肝囊肿开窗及肝脓肿切开引流术 4. 急性胰腺炎引流手术及胰腺囊肿外引流术 二级手术 1. 较复杂的开放性胆囊切除术 2. 较复杂的胆总管切开探查及造口术 3. 一般胆囊、胆总管—十二指肠、空肠吻合术 4. 肝破裂修补、肝活检及肝边缘病灶切除术 5. 边缘肝切除、肝左外叶切除术 6. 肝囊肿内引流、胰腺假性囊肿内引流术 7. 胰尾切除、胰体尾裂伤手术及胰腺坏死组织清除及引流术 8. 腹腔镜胆囊切除及肝囊肿开窗 9. 脾切除术10. 肝动脉结扎、栓塞及肝动脉、门静脉插管、化疗盒植入术11. Oddi括约肌成形术12. 经皮肝穿胆管造影及引流术（PTC、PTCD）13. 简单门体断流术 三级手术 1. 半肝切除术 2. 肝门部肝胆管成形及高位肝胆管空肠吻合术 3. 复杂或改进的胆总管空肠吻合术 4. 胆总管囊肿手术 5. 再次胆道手术 6. 腹腔镜胆道手术 7. 内镜、X光或超声引导下胆石、胆道狭窄支架手术 8. 胰十二指肠切除、全胰、胰头切除术 9. 胰头部复杂裂伤及胰十二指肠联合伤手术10. 门腔静脉分流及复杂门体断流手术11. 腹腔镜下肝边缘切除及脾切除术 四级手术 1. 肝移植受体手术 2. 半肝以上肝切除、肝中叶切除、肝尾状叶切除 3. 活体供肝切取术 4. 胰腺移植 5. 布—加综合征手术 6. 新技术新项目手术 胃肠外科 一级手术 1. 一般腹外疝修补术 2. 阑尾切除术 3. 胃十二指肠溃疡单纯修补术 4. 简单胃肠道破裂修补及造口术 5. 一般痔、肛瘘手术 6. 小肠吻合及其他腹腔、胃肠道简单手术二级手术 1．良性病变的胃、结肠切除及重建2．迷走神经切断手术3．简单门体静脉断流术4．十二指肠手术及广泛小肠切除术5．复杂疝修补术及人工补片疝修补术6．复杂痔、肛瘘手术7．弥漫性腹膜炎的剖腹探查术8．胃肠道瘘修补及造口闭合术9．一般消化道异物取出术 三级手术 1. 全胃、全（次全）结肠切除术 2. 胃癌、结肠癌、直肠癌根治术 3. 贲门部手术 4. 肛门、肛管成形手术 5. 腹部外伤休克状态下的探查术 6. 消化道出血休克状态下的探查术 7. 腹腔镜下胃肠穿孔修补及阑尾切除术 8. 复杂胃肠内镜治疗 9. 良性病变的一般腹腔镜胃肠道手术10. 复杂及高危险消化道异物取出术11. 巨大息肉摘除术 四级手术 1. 恶性肿瘤的腹腔镜胃、结直肠切除及消化道重建手术 2. 同种异体小肠移植 3. 腹腔镜下结直肠癌根治 4. 新技术新项目手术 甲状腺外科 一级手术 1. 甲状腺腺瘤或囊肿切除 2. 甲状舌管囊肿切除 3. 甲状腺部分切除 4. 颈部淋巴管囊肿切除 5. 颈部肿块切除活检 二级手术 1. 甲状腺腺叶切除 2. 甲状腺大部或次全切除 三级手术

弗朗西斯.培根《论读书》Of-Studies(译文对比)

对比Of Studies的四种译文。哪种译文在风格上与原文更“切近”？你最喜欢哪一种？为什么？ OF STUDIES Francis Bacon Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. Their chief use for delight, is in privateness and retiring; for ornament, is in discourse; and for ability, is in the judgement, and disposition of business. For expert men can execute, and perhaps judge of particulars, one by one; but the general counsels, and the plots, and marshalling of affairs, come best from those that are learned. To spend too much time in studies, is sloth; to use them too much for ornament, is affectation; to make judgement wholly by their rules, is the humour of a scholar. They perfect nature, and are perfected by experience: for natural abilities are like natural plants, that need pruning by study; and studies themselves do give forth directions too much at large, except they be bounded in by experience. Crafty men condemn studies, simple men admire them, and wise men use them; for they teach not their own use; but that is a wisdom without them, and above them, won by observation. Read not to contradict and confute; nor to believe and take for granted; nor to find talk and discourse; but to weigh and consider. Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested; that is, some books are to be read only in parts; others to be read, but not curiously; and some few to be read wholly, and with diligence and attention. Some books also may be read by deputy, and extracts made of them by others; but that would be, only in the less important arguments, and the meaner sort of book; else distilled books are like common distilled waters, flashy things. Reading maketh a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man. And therefore, if a man write little, he had need have a great memory; if he confer little, he had need have a present wit; and if he read little, he had need have much cunning, to seem to know that he doth not. Histories make men wise; poets witty; the mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend. Abeunt studia in mores. Nay, there is no stand or impediment in the wit, but may be wrought out by fit studies: like as diseases of the body may have appropriate exercises. Bowling is good for the stone and reins; shooting for the lungs and breast; gentle walking for the stomach; riding for the head; and the like. So if a man’s wit be wandering, let him study the mathematics; for in demonstrations, if his wit be called away never so little, he must begin again. If his wit be not apt to distinguish or find differences, let him study the schoolmen; for they are cymini sectores. If he be not apt to beat over matters, and to call up one thing, to prove and illustrate another, let him study the lawyers’ cases; so every d efect of the mind may have a special receipt.