词汇学论文语境与词汇意义OnContextandMeaning

On Context and Meaning

12级英语D班，赖惠珊，NO.12

Linguists have classified context from different perspectives and for different aims. For example, context may be classified into broad and narrow ones according to their scopes; notional and situational ones according to their content; emotional and rational ones according to their emotions; implicit and explicit ones according to expressing forms, etc. However, the most widely used way is to draw a distinction between two major types:linguistic context and non-linguistic context, which can be illustrated as the following.

There are two Types of context.

1)Linguistic context

It refers to all the words that go before or come after the word in question. There are three main types of lingustic context.

A. Lexical context refers to the words, clauses, sentences in which a particular word appears or combined with a given polysemous word. For example, ‘a white paper’ means government document; ‘a term paper’ means essay writtten at the end of the term; ‘today’s paper’ means newspaper.

B. Grammatical context: the syntactic structure of the context detemines various individual meanings of a polysemous word. Take some example, ‘become+pronoun/n (used as objecct), meaning ‘suit,befit’ ; ‘become+of, meaning happen to, often in a bad way’

Such meaning are sometimes described as grammatically bound meanings. The grammatical structure of context alone, however, although indicative of differences in the meanings of a word in various structures, is not sufficient to indicate all the individual meanings of given word. Consider the following sentences, which show that get has different meanings in the same pattern ‘get+n’.

“I don’t get your point” , “I’ll get him on that point” , “she really gets me when she says these foolish thing”. The above examples show that th e meaning of a word often has to be determined by the lexical and the grammatical contexts combined.

C. Verbal context in its broad sense: maybe an entire passage, or even an entire book, and in some cases even the entire social or cultural setting.

2)Extra-linguistic context

It is also called non-linguistic context, which includes people, place, time, relevant objects, background knowledge etc.

Context is of great importance for the understanding of word meaning,especially for the understanding of the meanings of polysemic words. No matter how many denotative meanings a word may have,generally there will be no risk of misunderstanding the meaning,when it occurs in a particular context.

The vital role of context in determination of word meaning.

The impact of context on word meaning can be seen in the following aspects:

Elimination of ambiguity

Ambiguity often arises due to polysemy and homonymy. When a word with multiple meanings is used in an inadequate context, it creates ambiguity.

Lexical ambiguities

the damage was done by the river.

He is a hard businessman.

Structural ambiguities

The fish is ready to eat.

I like Mary better than Jean.

2)Conveying emotional overtones

Indicating referents and the range of the meaning of a word. The emotive side of word meaning depends largely on the context, with the exception of those words that have affective meaning as part of word meaning. Only the context can show whether or a word should be taken as a purely objective expression, whether it conveys and evokes emotions, or whether an appreciative word is used in an unfavorable way.

Providing clues for the correct comprehension of word meaning

Context may prove extremely valuable in guessing the meanings of new words. In many cases, when a new word appears for the first time, the author generally manages to give hints which might help the readers to grasp the concept or understand the idea. Indicating referents and the range of the meaning of a word context is of great importance in understanding the references of pro-forms such as I,you,he,this or that or do, etc. Not only can context indicate referents, it can also make clear the range of the meaning of a word.

Context in its traditional sense refers to the lexical items that precede or follow a given words. Modern linguists have broadened its scope to include both linguistic and extra-linguistic contexts. Lingustic context is lexical, grammatical and verbal context in its broad sense. Extra-linguistic context refers not only to the actual speech situation in which a word is used but also to the entire cultural background against which a word, or an utterance or a speech event is set.

Both the linguistic and extra-linguistic contextes are necessary to determine the exact meaning of polysemic and homonymous words. However,we must see the impact of context on meaning in its proper perspective. Every word has a meaning or meaning of its own, independent of context. When we say context determines the word sense, we do not mean that it gives a sense to the word, but that it selects one out of all possible meanings already there.

One should always develop one’s ability to determine word meaning from the clues furnished bu the context in which the word occurs.

word meaning and context are closely related. In our reading, we can just memorize the single meaning, we need to notice the context, for it will do us great favor in reading and comprehension. If we know different meanings of a word, we can confirm its meaning from the context, and if we don’t know any meaning of a new word, we also can infer it from context clues. Think about the context is an important strategy for language learners.

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词汇学论文

题目: Semantic Change of English Words 学期2011/2012学年第一学期 科目英语词汇学 班级 学号 姓名

摘要 语言作为人类表达思想和交流的工具随着人类社会的发展不断变化，在语言诸多要素中，词汇的变化是最快、最显著，这表现在新词的产生和旧词的消亡、借用外来词和旧词添新义。 本文首先介绍了词义变化的定义，然后介绍词义变化的历史原因和社会原因，最后介绍了词义变化的方式，同时主要通过介绍委婉语的词义变化，通过列举具体事例更好的了解词义变化的方式，使英语学习者能在日后的学习中，更好的了解英语词汇的意思并且正确的使用英语词汇，使英语学习更上一层楼。 关键词：语言；词义变化；委婉语；英语学习 Introduction Languages are not confined in a fixed state, instead, they are not only constantly changing but also changes quickly. The most noticing change in the process of language development is the sematic change of words. Semantic change is a change in one of the meanings of a word. Every word has a variety of senses and connotations which can be added, removed, or altered over time, often to the extent that cognates across space and time have very different meanings. Why the meaning of a word changed? Changes of meaning can be brought about by many cause. There are three major causes. Historically,changes of lexical meaning can be illustrated by a diachronic development of words. Although objects, conceptions, ideals, etc. change at course of time, but the meaning changes, because the object which it describe has changed. Socially, it is natural that in the course of the development of society a number of new words are needed to describe new ideas. Scientific discoveries are a main kind of social cause. Psychologically, the speaker's state of mind may bring about semantic changes. (Feng shimei, P163-165) In fact, we can see clearly from the euphemism to types of semantic changes. Euphemism is substitution of a word of more pleasant connotation for one of unpleasant connotation or avoided taboos. It is an important social cause of semantic changes. It is also the reflection of semantic change. According to different semantic books, semantic change can be divided into many types. But types of semantic change generally can be divided into four types. 1.Generalization, for instance, alibi. A legal term signifying 'plea that the accused is not at the place when the crime is committed', has now come into common use, meaning any 'excuse'. 2.Specialization, for instance, barbarian was originally a vague designation for a 'foreigner of any kind', and later was specialized to mean an 'uncivilized person'. 3.Elevation, for instance, Chamberlain, now a 'high official of royal courts', was formerly a 'servant'. 4.Degeneration,for instance, cunning was originally 'knowing and skillful', and later was specialized to 'sly'.

英语词汇学期末论文

英语词汇学期末论文 题目：浅析英语词汇巧记法 专业：英语 班级：13级3班 学号：201313010309 姓名：黄旷静 完成时间：2015年1月14号

浅析英语词汇巧记法 摘要：词汇是英语学习的基础，没有足够的词汇量就不可能高水平的掌握英语这门外语，而浩瀚的词汇海洋让很多人望而生畏。尽管花费了大量时间精力去背，记忆的效果却差强人意，原因就在于没有使用科学的方法记忆词汇。其实，世间万物都是有规律性的，英语单词的组词与构词方法也有规律，了解了它的规律有利于我们有效甚至高效学习英语单词。为了提高单词记忆的效率，本文从不同方面介绍几种记忆方法。 关键词：词汇科学记忆规律效率 一．读音记忆法 1.拼读法 英语是拼音文字，英语中的单词的读音大多是有规律的，熟悉字母及字母组合的发音规则，掌握正确的拼法与读音之间的关系，可以根据单词的读音，降低记忆难度，正确地拼写单词。 例如ay读[ei]。带有ay字母组合的词，如say，day，way，pay，may，play，spray，不仅发音容易，而且拼写也没有任何困难。Sh ch tion ture 等也都有固定读音，ee发音为i: culture 文化pasture牧场mature 成熟的architecture 建筑学带有true的单词也都能很方便的记忆下来

2.谐音法 尽管有些人认为用这种谐音记忆法记忆单词不科学，不利于正确掌握发音，但实践证明，对尚未掌握外语的构词特点和记词规律的初学者来说，采用谐音法记单词确实能有效地记住一部分难记的单词。但是，在用谐音法记单词时需要特别注意，绝不可将其作为模仿发音的依据，只能作为记忆单词时的谐音联想手段，以加强记忆，而必须按照单词的标准发音去读记，以避免这种记词法干扰正确发音。用谐音法记单词是，根据外语单词的读音到中文中寻找与其读音相似的谐音，寻找到谐音与单词的联系。用这种方法甚至可能达到终身不忘，这也正是谐音记忆法的绝妙之处。 例如：mouth嘴[联想：说话“冒失”的就是嘴] think想[联想：想时要“深刻”] 二．联想法 1.拆分联想 科学研究表明：联想是记忆的基础。世界著名的生理学家巴甫洛夫指出："记忆要依靠联想，而联想则是新旧知识建立联系的产物。”联想法是联想记忆的进一步运用和发展。它是指学习者展开积极丰富的想象力，使所要记忆的知识生动、形象化，通过联想在新旧知识(如英语熟词词义与生词词义)之间建立起一种联系，从而达到以旧带新、快速记忆的目的。

词汇学论文

Compounding in English Neologisms 学院：Xxx 专业：英语 学号：2013102030121 姓名：Xxx 【Abstract】Language is the carrier of society, reflecting the specific period of the social culture, language is always in constant development and change. With the development of science and technology, political and economic and social, has appeared in English so many new words reflect the specific period, enriched the English a global language. This article lists some new words, the paper analyzes the background of the new words and word formation in the reflection of new words 【Key Words】neologism; Sources; word-formation; Introduction Language is a tool for human communication ideas. Generally speaking, the thinking of people depends on language, and language expression. Word is meaningful in language, the smallest of units used to be independent. Reflect the objective things in the brain, feeling, perception, representation, then the brain to generalize and abstract, feeling, perception, and representation form concept. People use language form the concept of "fixed", to become a symbol for the people to communicate, this is the word has a certain meaning. British linguist partridge (Eric Partridge) said, "Words have no fancy; people have a fancy for th em”. Times are changing, in the development of science and technology, thinking in progress, as the reality of language nature also want to keep up with the pace of social evolution, adapt to the needs of social evolution, is the most sensitive part of the language vocabulary. English is the world common language, English vocabulary like any modern language vocabulary, continues to grow unceasingly. Shakespeare?s time recorded about one hundred and forty thousand words of English vocabulary, now even the English vocabulary with five hundred thousand words computing, there are more than two-thirds of words are created in nearly three hundred years. People experiencing new things, new experiences, develop new ideas, always have the words to describe them. Since the 20th century, especially for nearly 50 years, appeared in English new words, new meanings of many old words, English vocabulary is in the continuous

词汇学论文

在认知语言理论指导下的中学英语词汇教学的启发 摘要：英语教学追根溯源是一种语言的教学，因此若想要成功地完成英语教学任务就要引用语言学的理论作为指导。词汇是英语学习中一个重要环节，对于英语学习者来说词汇不足是英语学习的最大障碍。针对中小学英语 课堂词汇教学的实际问题，本文以语言学理论为指导，探讨了如何找到 更为科学的理论来指导词汇教学，培养学生有效地词汇学习方法，提出 词汇教学中要重视基本范畴词的学习，重视词汇讲解方法，从而提高学 生学习词汇的兴趣和教学质量。 关键词：语言学习理论；英语词汇；教学；方法

在认知语言理论指导下的中学英语词汇教学的启发 英语教学离不开基础理论——语言学，词汇知识是语言能力的一个重要组成部分。在语言学习的发展过程中，语言学的三要素—语音，语法，词汇，起初阶段语言学家的研究领域在语音—语言学和音位学方面，后来集中在语法学方面，而忽视了对词汇学的研究。在实际的教学中，教师在课堂上往往能够系统地讲授语音学和语法学理论，很少在课堂上系统地讲授词汇学原理，而学生在英语学习中最大的难点就是如何学习和掌握词汇。 一．与词汇教学密切相关的认知语言学理论 认知语言学是20世纪80年代在美国和欧洲兴起的新的语言学科，处于语言研究的前沿，是现代语言学研究的重要课题。从20世纪90年代起认知语言学在我国得到蓬勃的发展，对于语言研究的各个方面都起着重要的启示和指导作用。词汇研究一直是认知语言学的重要内容之一。 1.范畴理论 认知语言学认为人们在对周围事物的认知过程中，把世界上相同或相似的事物在认知中组织在一起，并赋予它们语言符号，于是形成了范畴。基本等级范畴是人类对事物进行分类最基本的心理等级，是人与自然，社会相互作用最直接，相关性最大的关联点。基本范畴理论为英语词汇教学提供了非常好的理论基础。范畴化是人们对事物分类时的心理过程，范畴是范畴化得到的结果[1]。范畴化是人类基本认知能力之一。一个范畴是一个模糊的集合，为认知语言学的研究提供了新的研究思路和方法，有些认知语言学家已经在改理论的启迪下进行了语义范畴的研究。如P. Kay 和 C. K. McDaniel 在模糊集合论的引导下设计了一系列关于颜色光谱性质和人类视觉神经系对颜色词范畴的感知实验，在颜色词研究领域做出了许多有价值的发现（吴世雄，陈炜振，2004）[2]。 2.隐喻研究 隐喻的本质问题一直是语言学家，心理学家，哲学家等所共同关注讨论的问题，尤其是二十世纪以来，隐喻更多是作为横跨心理学，哲学，语言学等学科的多维性研究课题。七十年代后欧美学者对隐喻的研究出现了狂热时期，他们从语言学的角度透视隐喻的实质，在更广泛的层面上讨论隐喻在人类认知社会活动的重要作用。 隐喻中的本体和喻体是两个不同的事物，代表两种不同的概念域，将本体和喻体并置将产生两种不同事物不能融合的矛盾，但是本体和喻体特征之间的互动将会使得本体和喻体在一定的意义中达到一定的统一并获得隐喻的意义。Lakoff & Johnson [3] 指出，“隐喻无所不在，在我们的语言中，思想中。其实我们人类的概念系统就是建立在隐喻之上的”。他们认为隐喻的本质是通过另一类事物来理解和经历一类事物的方式，是人类在感知体验的基础上，用具体的、已知的、熟悉的事物来理解抽象的、未知的和不熟悉的事

英语词汇学论文(浅谈英语词汇的发展)

英语是当今国际性最强的语言。对学习英语的人来说，简单了解一下英语词汇的发展过程，对英语知识的掌握会是一个很大的促进。英语是当今国际性最强的语言。在全世界用得最广的10种语言中，英语居首，虽然说汉语的人数占世界首位，但说英语的人在世界上分布最广。对学英语的人来说，简单了解一下英语词汇的发展过程，对学习英语不仅是一个很大的促进，而且随着英语在我国经济、商业各部门的地位Et趋重要，对英语词汇的发展有个大概的了解，会为较快地扩大词汇量，掌握更多的英语知识铺平道路。一种民族语言及其词汇的发展与民族的历史密切相关。要了解英语词汇的发展史，不可避免地跟整个英语的发展史，及至英国的历史是密不可分的。不列颠群岛的最早居民是克尔特人。公元前55年，罗马人在凯撒大帝的率领下入侵不列颠群岛，克尔特人被赶入威尔士和苏格兰的深山之中。这一时期，在英国历史上称为罗马占领时期。直到公元410年，罗马占领时期才告结束。随后，来自德国北部平原的三个13耳曼部落盎格鲁人、撒克逊人和朱特人开始来到不列颠定居，英语就是盎格鲁——撒克逊人的语言。语言史家一般把英语的历史分为三个时期：古英语时期；中古英语时期；现代英语时期。一、古英语时期：又称盎格鲁——撒克逊时期。13耳曼部落在不列颠定居以后，各自占领了一地区。盎格鲁人占领了泰晤士河以北的英格兰大部地区和苏格兰的低地；撤克逊人占领了泰晤士河以南的大部分地区；朱特人占领了肯特郡一带地区。由于全国长期没有统一，所以，古英语时期存在着多种方言，其中撒克逊语曾一度占主导地位，在英语形成过程中起了重要作用。古英语的词汇有着浓厚的13耳曼语族的特点，这主要表现为复合法是重要的构词方法，复合词在古英语词汇中占有显著地位。据统计，在英语史诗《贝奥伍夫》的3000行诗句中，竞有1069个复合词，像fifteen，Sunday，Monday等都在其中。古英语时期有两个重要历史事件给英语词汇带来较大影响。第一件事是基督教传人英国。公元597年，一个名叫奥古斯丁的牧师从罗马来英国传教，罗马文化随着基督教传人英国。与此同时，一批拉丁词汇进入英语，像表示家庭用具的词如kettle，cup；表示植物名称的词有pear，beet；以及street，wall，wine等。此外，还有大批与宗教有关的拉丁词汇进入英语，像creed，pope，priest，gospel等。第二件事是北欧人人侵英国。从公元790年开始，大量斯堪的纳维亚人在英国定居，丹麦国王卡纽特还一度成为英国的君主。斯堪的纳维亚人和英国人交往频繁，很多斯堪的纳维亚词汇进入英语。这表现在：1、英语中的一些常用代词(they，them，their，both，same等)都来自斯堪的纳维亚语。2、与普通百姓的13常生活有关的很多词汇来自斯堪的纳维亚语。如：名词有anger，egg，fellow，gate，husband等；形容词有happy，ill，weak，wrong等；动词有call，get，give，lift，raise等。这些斯堪的纳维亚词汇至今仍在英语中广泛使用。二、中古英语时期：公元1066年，诺曼人在威廉率领下，横渡英吉利海峡，在哈斯丁战役中击溃了盎格鲁撒克逊军队。英王哈罗德战死，英国被征服，这在历史上称为诺曼征服。诺曼征服对英语的发展有巨大的影响。早在诺曼征服以前，法语词汇就开始进入英语。英法两国隔海相望，历史上两国交往频繁，在古代和中世纪，两国的王室、贵族通婚时有发生。以诺曼征服为起点的中古英语时期，约有10000多法语词汇进入英语，其中75％流传至今并仍在使用。诺曼征服以后，英国结束了分裂状态，置于中央集权的封建制度统治之下。诺曼人占据了教会和政府的一切重要职务。以后的二、三百年间，诺曼法语成为英国的官方语言，普通人仍然说英语，但英语的文字记载几乎中断。直到1204年以后，英语才逐渐恢复主导地位。15世纪，伦敦标准方言兴起。这一时期，英语词汇的变化相当显著，由于诺曼法语度是英国统治阶级的语言，大批法语词汇涌入英语，这在政治、宗教、法律、军事、社交、服饰、饮食——凡是与统治阶级有关的一切领域都有反映。法语词成为这些领域所用词语的主体。据说，一个受过相当教育的英国人，即使没