Organizational Citizenship Behavior

1 Introduction

Human factor is the most active productivity element and the most valuable wealth of a corporate. Against the background of the knowledge-based economic globalization, an unprecedented attention has been given to the development and application of human resources. How to explore the potential of its staff, stimulate their positive organizational behavior and change human resources into human capital at its maximum has become an important problem which needs to be solved urgently in the management of Chinese modern enterprise.

Much research is done into the staff's working motivation in the foreign countries while empirical study of their positive organizational behavior seems less. Theories on organizational motivation are rarely seen abroad. however, whether they are suitable for Chinese management cultural tradition is still to be considered. For example, when Adams' theory of organizational justice applies to Chinese traditional organizational behavior culture, such as respect of person, being sensitive of one's reputation, thinking better of the collective and circumbendibus in dealing with human relations, it is a question whether organizational justice will still have a direct effect on the staff's positive organizational behavior. So far, studies of staff's positive organizational behavior have just started at home and abroad, and systematic studies of the concepts of staff's positive organizational behavior, its internal structures and its measurement have not yet been formed. Especially at home, empirical studies of positive organizational behavior have been rarely seen. The present research attempts to make an empirical study of the concept, the structure, its state and features and some influencing factors of positive organizational behavior of the staff in manufacturing-type enterprises in China.

2 Findings

Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) is a unique aspect of individual activity at work first mentioned in the early 1980s. According to Organ's (1988) definition, It represents “individual behavior that is discretionary, not directly or explicitly recognized by the formal reward system, and in the aggregate promotes the efficient and effective functioning of the organization”.None of the organizations are designed perfectly. So organizations need organizational citizenship behavior to aggregate promotes the efficient and effective functioning of the organization. Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) refers to the individual behaviors that is discretionary ,not directly or explicity recognized by the formal reward system, and in the aggregate promotes the effective functioning of the organization. With the deepening competition among enpertises and the flattening of organizational structure, more and more managers pay attention to OBC. In China, OBC has also gained a lot of attention, and this paper's main research objects are new employees in corporations.

We attempts to examine the correlation among new employees' OBC, performance and turnover intention. The paper has introduced the concept of OBC, performance and turnover intention at first .On the basis of correlative research, this paper has educed the characteristic symbols of OCB of enterprise's new staff in our country ,and then testified the hypotheses by questionnaire survey and analyzing the date.

Through explored the elements of Counterproductive work behavior (CWB) and the correlated variables, such as organizational justice, interpersonal conflict, organizational constraints, the intermediation of negative emotions, and the effects of team commitment affected CWB, under the comparation between OCB and CWB. Based on the literature review, the data are

gained by the methods of survey from hundred employees of fifteen corporations. Results of CWB as follows:

(1) Counterproductive Work Behaviors included five factors: interpersonal hostility, work deviated, corporation property misappropriates, aggressive behavior, people property misappropriate.

(2) Decision-making justice affected directly CWB, and affected indirectly CWB through the intermediation of negative emotions.

(3) Interpersonal justice affected directly CWB, and affected indirectly CWB through the intermediation of negative emotions.

(4) Organizational constraints affected directly CWB, and affected indirectly CWB through the intermediation of negative emotions.

(5) Negative emotions have independent power of interpretation for the variation of CWB.

(6) Team commitment could predict CWB.

(7) Team commitment moderates the relation between decision-making justice and CWB.

(8) Team commitment moderates the relation between decision-making justice and CWB.

(9) There is significant CWB difference in gender, position and fixed number of work years.

The self-constructed organizational citizenship behavior questionnaire is employed to investigate the structure of the organizational citizenship behavior of the personal life insurance salespersons. We can conclusion, seven organizational citizenship behaviors have been identified, which include sportsmanship, self-development, organizational loalty&compliance, individual initiative, helping behavior, good relationship, and organizational agreement. Based on the results and findings of the paper, the organizational citizenship behavior of the personal life insurance salespersons has been constructed and the applied significance of the model in the HR management practice has been pointed out as well. Through the analyzing of the influence of the autobiographical variables on the model, the author points out that: sex factor age factor education factor marriage factor, even their interactions have no notable affection on organizational citizenship behavior; either justice factor or satisfaction factor has notable plus-correlated relationship with seven organizational citizenship behaviors; seven organizational citizenship behaviors have notable plus-correiated relationship with the performance of salespersons and the group. The rest of the research provides some helpful suggestions for the HR management of the life insurance industry, especially for performance management.

1 Positive organizational behavior of the staff in manufacturing-type enterprises in China consists of indulgent behavior, responsibility behavior, active behavior, innovative behavior, assistance behavior and behavior aimed at interpersonal harmony

2 With good reliability and validity, self-made questionnaires on corporate staff's positive organizational behavior, psychological ownership in organization, organization-based self-esteem and corporate image can be used as effective and reliable tools for measuring positive organizational behavior of the staff in manufacturing-type enterprises.

3The main features of corporate staff's positive organizational behavior are the following: a. responsibility behavior and behaviors aimed at interpersonal harmony are given adequate attention and develop relatively well, but the average grade of indulgent behavior is the lowest, that is, indulgent behavior develops worse compared with the other positive organizational behaviors; b. corporate staff s positive organizational behavior shows no difference in sex; c. in the factor of age, middle-aged staff s positive organizational behavior is better than that of other age groups; d. in

the factor of position, the higher the position is, the higher the grade turns out to be; e. in the factor of working years, as their working years increase, the corporate staff is of the tendency to elevate the positive organizational behavior; f. in the factor of salary, staff members of middle-level salary, compared with the staff members of relatively Lower and higher salary, get a comparatively low grade in their positive organizational behavior; g. as to the element of enterprise type, foreign-capital enterprises, limited responsibility corporations and limited stock corporations have got higher grades than other types of enterprises in positive organizational behavior, joint-partner enterprise has got the lowest grade; h. as to the element of region, staff members in the north have got a higher grade in positive organizational behavior, and the grade of the staff members in the south is obviously lower than that in other regions.

4 It is found in the study that the direct effect of organizational justice on positive organizational behavior is not obvious. Organizational justice imposes its influences indirectly through factors including psychological ownership in organizations, perceived organizational support, organization-based self-esteem and corporate image, which have more influence on positive organizational behavior; that is, when the staff think in their mind that organization's products, achievements, and honor belong to them, when they feel that the organization cares about them and support them, and when they feel worthy and proud as a member of the organization and integrate themselves with the organization's ideal, corporate staff's positive organizational behavior will be formed easily.

The present study also shows that organizational justice, psychological ownership in organization; organization-based self-esteem and corporate image are the important factors that affect staff's positive organizational behavior, which are of significant positive correlations with staff's positive organizational behavior and of significant positive prediction effect on every individual factor of positive organizational behavior. A comprehensive observance of their influence on the factors of positive organizational behavior shows that organization-based self-esteem and psychological ownership in organizations have significant influences on indulgent behavior; while the effects of psychological ownership in organizations and corporate image are more effects on responsibility behavior and organization-based self-esteem; in active behavior and behaviors aimed at interpersonal harmony, organization-based

3 Conclusions

The main conclusion of this paper including: in our country, the OCB of enterprise's new staff is formed by organizational compliance, helping behavior, sportsmanship, interpersonal harmony and protecting company resource; Studied the relationship between the staff characteristic and OCB, and the testing showed there was little correlation; Studied the relationship between the OCB and performance, it showed there was positive correlation; Studied the relationship between the OCB and turnover intention, it showed there was negative correlation.

Finally, the theory and empirical study's conclusions have put forward some countermeasure proposals to enterprise's administrators: establishing the positive attitude, approving and praising OCB highly, regarding OCB as the corporate culture and so on.

In a word, the innovations in the present research are as follows: as to the theory, the study shows that direct effect of the traditional theory of organizational justice toward Chinese staff's positive organizational behavior is not obvious, and psychological ownership in organizations, perceived organizational support, organization-based self-esteem and corporate

image have more influence on Chinese corporate staff's positive organizational behavior in manufacturing-type enterprises; also its structural model is constructed against the Chinese cultural background. As to the research methods, the research combines qualitative study and quantitative study, and by using kinds of methods, an investigation of the structure of connotation, the state and features and the influencing factors of positive organizational behavior is made on the mufti-perspective; as to the practice, a series of scientific and effective tools for measurement of positive organizational behavior are made for the first time in the research, that is, questionnaire on corporate staff's positive organizational behavior, questionnaire on psychological ownership in organizations, questionnaire on organization-based self-esteem and questionnaire on corporate image. Furthermore, corresponding practical strategies for management of enterprise are brought out according to the result of empirical study.

Reference

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uncivilized behavior

Uncivilized behavior of Chinese tourists “You see, it’s common, most people didn’t care”said by one female tourist who is just throwing trash on the San Ya beach which has already been reduced to a dumping ground. When the beautiful island meets holiday crowd, under the hustling and bustling scene, we absolutely startled by the carving “Dao ci yi you”, dumbling beer bottles, spilling peels and half-burned branches. These facts are still far from enough.Uncivilized behavior makes headlines in the National Day holidays. At the memorable flag-raising ceremony at Tiananmen Square on October 1, over 120,000 participants left five tons of trash behind after showing their respect to the country. Sometimes, you could not find a place to sit –men take up all the benches in the park, lying full-length and blissfully snoring the afternoon away.Spitting, talking loudly and random littering are frequent scenes in tourist attractions. Countless visitors allow their children to use the city streets as a toilet, even though there is a toilet nearby. Newsstand and bookshop proprietors also suffer from bad-mannered people who tear the wrappers off magazines and read the contents without buying them. Bookstore visitors ignore the signs of asking them to rest only in designated areas instead of sitting on the stairwell. Similar stories are testing the tolerance of public opinion almost every day. We could be denied those undesirable manner. Nevertheless, it will be more persuasive to point out that China's tourism industry is not developing in a gradual way, but in a blowout manner. Growing wealth enables more Chinese people to seek leisure and fulfillment from traveling. Considering China's large population, some problems and challenges must emerge at the same time.We might be disappointed but not be desperate. Objectively speaking, before the national holiday, civilized traveling aroused surges of attention such as Wechat hot debate, media focus, screen exposure, which is beyond the past several years.Under the supervision of public opinion, the index of civilized golden week presents positive improvement. However,it’s still a serious short board that reflects on Chinese social moral deficiency. Not only should we take it seriously, but also wake up the consciousness of citizen responsibility and turn it in to action to make up. Forming harmonious social morality as if human’s maturation. We need time. I do believe the enlightened public moral education combined with perfected facilities will take several generations to nurture civilized behavior and display a positive image of Chinese tourists.

TPO4-leture1-animal behavior

Listen to part of a lecture in a biology class. The class is discussing animal behavior. Okay Ok , the next kind of animal behavior I want to talk about might be familiar to you. You may have seen, for example, a bird that's in a the middle of a mating ritual. and suddenly it stops and prines preens . You know, takes a few moments to straight straighten its feathers. and then returns to the mating ritual. This kind of behavior, this doing something that seems completely out of place. It's is what we call a displacement activity. Displacement activities are activities that animals engaged animal's engaging in when they have conflicting drives. If we take our example for from a minute ago if the bird is afraid of its mate, it's conflicted. It wants to mate, but it's also afraid and wants to run away. So instead, it starts grooming itself. So the displacement activity the grooming, the straightening of its feathers seems to be an irrelevant behavior. So what do you think another example of the a displacement activity might be? How about an animal that , um, instead of fighting its enemy or running away, it attacks a plant or a bush. That's a really good suggestion, Carol Karl . But that's called redirecting. The animal is redirecting its behavior to another object. In this case, the plant or the bush. But that's not an irrelevant or inappropriate behavior. The behavior makes sense. it's appropriate under the circumstances, but what doesn't make sense is the object behaviors direct the behavior's directed towards. Okay Ok , who else? Carol? I think I've read in another class about an experiment were where an object that the animal was afraid of was put next to its food. next to the animal's food. And the animal, it was conflicted between confronting the object and eating the food, so instead

Public Behavior

Public Behavior Thanks to years of huge effort, China is getting stronger and stronger. However, when the bright side is showing, something bad arises too ——terrible public behavior. When we are watching TV, it is normal to hear some bad behavior that happened. But the most common one in our daily life should be breaking traffic rules, or more accurately, running the red light. Large numbers of passengers, motorists, or even car drivers, ignoring the red light which means stop, continued on their way, abandoning their morality as well as lives. Tragedies that had happened seem to be unable to arouse their vigilance. As a result, more and more tragedies are going on. Others may value their lives indeed, but do not pay the same attention to the environment as they should, which makes spitting and littering a common but terrible phenomenon. When asked about the behavior, most of the public will surely admit that it is not right. And yet what force one to do the things he thinks is wrong? Just because of the need of convenience, or more deeply, the superficial understanding of environmental consciousness. And furthermore, the third bad behavior, as the least intolerable one, is the problem of queuing. Though there is an old saying: first come, first served, public seems not willing to obey it. Jumping the queue is widely seen everywhere. Worse still, sometimes there is even no queue but a noisy crowd, pushing and jostling as if they were enemies. It is sad that bad public behavior is far more than these. But I am strongly assured it will get better. All we need is time and education. Root the correct idea into public’s mind is particularly important. The Audience is not only the present generation, but the generation to come. 工信1409 叶欣

Organizational Behavior

Organizational Behavior Part1: Introduction to Organizational Behavior Chapter1:organizational behavior overview Organizational behavior (OB) is a field of study devoted to understanding, explaining, and ultimately improving the attitudes and behaviors of individuals and groups in organizations. OB source: 1.Industrial and organizational psychology 2. Social psychology 3. Sociology 4. Anthropology 5. Economics Integrative model of organizational behavior 1.Individual outcomes: Job performance;Organizational commitment 2.Individual mechanisms: Job satisfaction; stress; motivation; trust,justice and ethics; Learning and decision making Individual characteristics: Personality; cultural values; ability Group mechanisms: Teams; leaderships

behavior的用法和辨析

behavior的用法和辨析 今天和大家一起学习一下behavior的用法，快来一起学习吧，下面就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。 词汇精选：behavior的用法和辨析 一、详细释义： n. 行为;举止;态度[U] 例句： Their behavior towards me shows that they do not like me. 他们对我的举止说明他们不喜欢我。 例句： His strange behavior made the police suspicious. 他不寻常的举止引起了警察的怀疑。 (机器等的)运转状态，性能[U]

例句： The aircrafts behavior was satisfactory on its first test flight. 那架飞机在第一次试飞时运转情况令人满意。 (事物的)反应，变化;作用[U] 二、词义辨析： behavior,conduct,manner 这些名词均含有“行为，举止”之意。behavior普通用词，侧重指某人在特定场合对他人或在他人面前的行为、举止。conduct较正式用词，泛指某人的行动。侧重根据社会道德标准和责任感。manner主要用来指人的习惯行为。 三、相关短语： behavior therapy 行为疗法 behavior modification 行为修正 四、参考例句： Her behavior enraged him.

她的行为激怒了他。 Your behavior frenzied me. 你的行为使我愤怒。 Her odd behavior defies understanding. 她的古怪行为无法理解。 Her behavior alienated her friends. 她的行为使自己跟朋友们疏远了。His behavior borders upon madness. 他的行为几乎算得上疯狂。 My behavior is above reproach. 我的做法无可厚非。 Her behavior was beyond reproach. 她的行为无可指责。 She has a spontaneous behavior . 她的举止很自然。 His behavior was beyond bearing.

Business buyer behavior顾客购买行为

International customer behavior Abstract: Consumer buying behavior refers to the people to meet the needs and desires and looking for, select, purchase, use, evaluation and disposal of products, services, the process of intervention activities, including consumer's subjective psychological activities and objective material activity two aspects. Consumers' purchasing behavior is composed of a series of links, element complete process. In this process, the purchase decision in the central position; Decisions correctly or not directly decided to purchase behavior, pointing to the way and the size of the utility. Keywords: behavior, consumer, purchase, process Consumer buying behavior refers to the people in order to meet the person, family life need or enterprise in order to meet the needs of production, when buying a hobby products or services of all kinds of behavior, and the purchase decision process. Consumer buying behavior, diversity, dynamic and interactive volatility, impulsivity, trading, etc. Strictly speaking, the customer purchasing behavior is composed of a series of links, namely customer purchasing behavior is derived from the purchase decision-making process in the system, and under the influence of internal and external factors. Customer purchase behavior of complex, puts forward more on sales staff, a higher challenge. For excellent sales staff, to master the customer buying decision process and understand the factors that affect the customer to make a buying decision and so on all aspects, such as critical. Procurement is the buyer in accordance with the requirements, in a reasonable time, with the most reasonable price to buy the best goods; We can learn that in the process of buyers to purchase, there are a few points are requires consideration of sales people; Is first buyers demand, that is to say, you should be very good to know the requirement of the buyer; Secondly, time, time is a limited resource, you need to ensure a good delivery date; Third: the prices or costs. In flooded with goods, can you guarantee to the buyer to provide a competitive price, if you can't, so if you can provide other high additional value? Buyers in the purchase process, which can be roughly divided into two kinds: one kind is looking for a particular product; Is a kind of choice to cooperation supplier; Your cooperation buyers is to belong to that kind of situation? A type of buyer you are looking for that? How to make the targeted sales, these are worth each export friends thinking about;

【知识点版】Organizational behavior 组织行为学

组织行为学 题型剖析： 选择题（15*1=15）、多选题（5*2=10）名词解释（5*3=15）、简答题（5*6=30）、论述题（10*1=10）、案例分析（20*1=20） 知识点： 1、如何利用工作团队来增强团队的互动？ 【解析】工作团队：是由一些知识技能互补、彼此承诺完成一项共同目标或是一系列绩效目标的成员组成的特殊群体，每个成员都负有共同的责任。 高效团队：是指成熟的团队，发展目标明确，完成任务前后对比效果明显增加，团队成员在有效的领导下相互信任、沟通良好、积极协同工作的团队。 高效团队的特征：①共同目标②相关技能③相互信任④一直承诺⑤良好的沟通⑥高效的领导高效团队的建设途径和技巧：①制定共同的团队目标②确定不同能力的成员③创建互信的环境（坚持的原则：公开、公正、公平；有效的沟通；不能任人为亲。）④改进领导方式和团队结构 ⑤正确的绩效评估和薪酬体系。 2、如何运用决策提高领导的有效性？ 【解析】领导决策是领导者的基本职能和首要任务，是指领导者为实现领导活动目标，组织制定多种决策方案，从中选择并执行最佳方案的全部活动过程。 领导决策具有预测性、目的性、选择性、关键性、风险性等特点。 决策领导的基本原则：①信息准确性原则②可行性原则③系统分析原则④对比分析原则 ⑤集体决策原则 领导决策的基本程序：①发现问题②确定目标③拟定方案④评估方案⑤方案优选⑥组织实施 ⑦追踪反馈 群体决策的方法：①头脑风暴法②德尔菲法③案例提前分析法④提喻法 决策的民主化的条件和途径：领导者要具备民主作风和素质、建立起决策参与民主机制、实现决策制定程序和执行程序民主化、建立决策监督机制接受群众监督决策。 3、组织设计应遵循的原则？ 【解析】原则：①专业化分工原则②统一指挥原则③控制幅度原则④权责对等原则⑤柔性经济原则 4、内聚力的定义，作用，影响因素？ 【解析】定义：群体凝聚力又称群体内聚力，它是群体成员施加各种影响，使之在群体内积极活动和拒绝离开群体的全部力量的总和，是群体对个体的吸引力 作用：①内聚力和工作绩效的关系②内聚力与员工满意度的关系③内聚力与员工个人的成长1、如果群体目标与组织大目标一致，且群体成员对组织大目标持支持态度时，凝聚力高的群体比凝聚力低的群体更为有效。 2、如果群体目标与组织大目标不相一致，且群体成员们又不支持组织大目标时，则群体的凝聚力越高，完成组织大目标的工作效率就会越低。 影响：①成员一致性②群体规模地位③与外部的关系④成员对群体的依赖⑤奖酬体制 ⑥群体的绩效⑦信息沟通⑧领导方式 5、期望理论有什么作用？ 【解析】期望理论：（人的固定要求决定了他的行为以及行为方式）只有当人们认为存在实现预期目标的可能性，并且实现这种目标又是非常重要的时候，他们的激励程度或动机水平才会最大。也就是说决定行为动机的因素有两个，即期望与效价。用公式表示为：激励强度=期望值×效价。 作用：总的来讲：具有一定的导向作用。期望值越高，表明人们对努力与绩效之间关系的相信程度越大，人越容易做出努力的决断，反之同理。有利于提高员工的工作绩效。

ConsumerBehavior》课程教学大纲

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