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中国石油大学 大物2-1 8章习题解答03--

中国石油大学 大物2-1  8章习题解答03--
中国石油大学 大物2-1  8章习题解答03--

习题 8

8-1.选择题

1.一定量的理想气体,分别经历习题8-1(1)(a) 图所示的abc 过程(图中虚线ac 为等温线)和习题8-1(1)(b) 图所示的def 过程(图中虚线df 为绝热线),试判断这两过程是吸热还是放热( )

(A) abc 过程吸热,def 过程放热 (B) abc 过程放热,def 过程吸热 (C) abc 过程def 过程都吸热 (D) abc 过程def 过程都放热

2.如习题8-1(2) 图所示,一定量的理想气体从体积V 1膨胀到体积V 2分别经历的过程是:A-B 等压过程;A-C 等温过程; A-D 绝热过程。其中,吸热最多的过程( )

(A) A-B (B) A-C

(C) A-D

(D) 既是A-B ,也是A-C ,两者一样多

3.用公式E =νC V ,m T (式中C V ,m 为定容摩尔热容量,ν为气体的物质的量)计算理想气体内能增量时,此式( )

(A) 只适用于准静态的等容过程 (B) 只适用于一切等容过程

(C) 只适用于一切准静态过程 (D) 适用于一切始末态为平衡态的过程

4.要使高温热源的温度T 1升高ΔT ,或使低温热源的温度T 2降低同样的ΔT 值,这两种方法分别可使卡诺循环的效率升高Δ1和Δ2。两者相比有( )

(A) Δ1>Δ2 (B) Δ1<Δ2

(C) Δ1= Δ2 (D) 无法确定哪个大

5. 理想气体卡诺循环过程的两条绝热线下的面积大小(如习题8-1(5)图中阴影所示)分别为S 1和S 2,则两者的大小关系是( )

(A) S 1 > S 2 (B) S 1 = S 2 (C) S 1 < S 2 (D) 无法确定 6. 热力学第一定律表明( )

(A) 系统对外做的功不可能大于系统从外界吸收的热量 (B) 系统内能的增量等于系统从外界吸收的热量

(C) 不可能存在这样的循环过程,在此循环过程中,外界对系统做的功不等于系统传给外界的热量 (D) 热机的效率不可能等于1 7. 根据热力学第二定律可知( )

(A) 功可以全部转换为热,但热不能全部转换为功

(B) 热可以从高温物体传到低温物体,但不能从低温物体传到高温物体 (C) 不可逆过程就是不能向相反方向进行的过程 (D) 一切宏观的自发过程都是不可逆的 8.不可逆过程是( ) (A) 不能反向进行的过程

(B) 系统不能回复到初始状态的过程 (C) 有摩擦存在的过程或者非准静态过程 (D) 外界有变化的过程

习题8-1(1)图

习题8-1(2)图

习题8-1(5)图

9. 关于热功转换和热量传递过程,有下列叙述: (1) 功可以完全变为热量,热量不可以完全变为功 (2) 一切热机的效率都只能小于1 (3) 热量不能从低温物体向高温物体传递

(4) 热量从高温物体向低温物体的传递是不可逆的 以上这些叙述中正确的是( ) (A) 只有(2),(4)正确 (B) 只有(2),(3),(4)正确 (C) 只有(1),(3),(4)正确 (D) 全部正确 8-2.填空题

1.一定量的理想气体处于热动平衡状态时,此热力学系统的不随时间变化的三个宏观量是 ,而随时间变化的微观是 。

2.处于平衡态A 的热力学系统,若经准静态等容过程变到平衡态B ,将从外界吸热416J ,若经准静态等压过程变到与平衡态B 有相同温度的平衡态C ,将从外界吸热582J 。由此可知,从平衡态A 变到平衡态C 的准静态等压过程中系统对外界所作的功为 。

3.同一种理想气体的定压摩尔热容C p ,m 大于定容摩尔热容C V ,m , 其原因是 。

4.常温常压下一定量的某种理想气体(视为刚性分子,自由度为i ),在等压过程中吸热为Q ,对外作功为A , 内能增加为?E , 则A Q

= ,E Q

= 。

5.习题8-2(5)图所示的卡诺循环中:(1)abcda ,(2)dcefd ,(3)abefa 的效率分别为 、 和 。

6.某卡诺致冷机的低温热源温度为T 2=300K ,高温热源温度为T 1=450K ,每一循环从低温热源吸热Q 2=400J ,已知该致冷机的致冷系数为22

12

Q T A

T T =- (其中

A 为外界对系统做的功),则每一循环中外界必须做功为功为 。 7.有物质的量相同的三种气体:H e 、N 2、CO 2 (均视为刚性分子的理想气体),它们从相同的初态出发,都经历等容吸热过程,若吸取相同的热量, 则:

(1) 三者的温度升高 ;(相同或不同) (2) 三者压强的增加 ; (相同或不同)

8.由绝热材料包围的容器被隔板隔为两半,左边是理想气体,右边是真空。如果把隔板撤去,气体将进行自由膨胀过程,达到平衡后气体的温度_________(升高、降低或不变),气体的熵___________(增加、减小或不变)。 答案: 8-1.选择题

1.A ;

2. A ;

3. D ;

4. B ;

5. B ;6 .C ;7. D ;8 .C ;9. A 8-21.填空题

1. 温度,压强,体积;每个微观粒子的运动状态 2. 166J

3.在等压升温过程中气体要膨胀而作功,所以要比气体等体升温过程多吸收一部分热量 4.

22i +, 2

i i +

习题8-2(5)图

5. 13,12,23

6. 200J 7. 不同,不同 8. 不变,增加

8-3.一定量的理想气体,其体积和压强依照V

=a a 为已知常数。试求: (1)气体从体积V 1膨胀到V 2所作的功;

(2)体积为V 1时的温度T 1与体积为V 2时的温度T 2之比。

解:

???

? ??-===?

?21222112

1

21

V V a dv v a pdv A v v v V (2)由状态方程 RT M

m

PV =

得 2

1

21222

2212111 ,V V

T T RV a R V P T RV a R V p T =∴====

γγγγ

8-4. 0.02kg 的氦气(视为理想气体),温度由17℃升为27℃,假设在升温过程中 (1)体积保持不

变;(2)压强保持不变;(3)不与外界交换热量。试分别求出气体内能的改变,吸收的热量,外界对气体所作的功。

解:氦气为单原子分子理想气体,i =3 (1)定容过程,V=常量,A=0 据Q=ΔE+ A 可知 J T T C M

E Q V 623)(m

12m =-=

=,? (2)定压过程,P=常量,

J 1004.1)(m

312m ?=-=

T T C M

Q P , ΔE 与(1)同

417J A Q E =-?=

外界对气体所做的功为:A '=-A=-417J

(3)Q=0,ΔE 与(1)同

气体对外界做功:623J A E =-?=- 外界对气体所做的功为:A’=-A=623J.

8-5.如习题8-5图所示,C 是固定的绝热壁,D 是可动活塞,C ,D 将容器分成A ,B 两部分。开始时A ,B

两室中各装入同种类的理

习题8-5图

想气体,它们的温度T ,体积V ,压强P 均相同,并与大气压强平衡。现对A ,B 两部分气体缓慢的加热,当对A 和B 给予相等的热量Q 以后,A 室中气体的温度升高度数与B 室中气体温度升高度数之比为7:5。试求:

(1)该气体的定容摩尔热容C V ,m 和定压摩尔热容C P ,m 。 (2)B 室中气体吸收的热量中有百分之几用于对外作功。 解:(1)对A, B 两部分气体缓慢的加热,皆可看作准静态过程,

两室内是同种气体 ,而且开始时两部分气体的P, V ,T 均相等,所以两室的摩尔数M/μ 也相同. A 室气体经历的是等容过程,B 室气体经历的是等压过程, 所以A, B 室气体吸收的热量分别为

(),A V m A m

Q C T T M =

- (),B P m B m

Q C T T M =-

已知B A Q Q = ,由上两式得

,,75P m A V m

B

C T C T γ?=

=

=?

因为,P m C = ,V m C +R,代入上式得

,,5

7,2

2

V m P m C R C R =

=

(2) B 室气体作功为

B m A P V R T M =?=?

B 室中气体吸收的热量转化为功的百分比

,,28.6%72

B

B

P m P m B m

R T A R R M m Q C C T R M ?====?

8-6. 有一定量的理想气体,其压强按2

C P V

=

的规律变化,C 是常量。

试求:

(1) 将气体从体积V 1增加到V 2所作的功; (2) 该理想气体的温度是升高还是降低。 (1) 22

11

21211V

V V V C

A PdV dV C V V V ??==

=- ???

??

(2)根据理想气体的状态方程有: PV RT ν=

所以C PV RT V

ν==

习题8-7图

C T RV ν=

11C T RV ν=,22

C T RV ν=

因为:21V V > 所以:21T T <

因此,理想气体的温度降低。

8-7. 1mol 单原子分子理想气体的循环过程如图8-7的T —V 图所示,其中c 点的温度为T c =600K ,试求:

(1)ab 、bc 、ca 各个过程系统吸收的热量;

(2)经一循环系统所做的净功;(3)循环的效率。(注:循环效率=A /Q 1,A 为循环过程系统对外作的净功,Q 1为循环过程系统从外界吸收的热量,ln 2=0.693)

8-8. 热容比=1.40的理想气体,进行如习题8-8图所示的ABCA 循环,状态A 的温度为300K 。试求:

(1)状态B 和C 的温度; (2)各过程中气体吸收的热量、气体所作的功和气体内能的增量。

8-9. 某理想气体在P -V 图上等温线和绝热线相交于A 点,如习题8-9图所示,已知A 点的压强P 1=2×105Pa ,体积V 1=0.5×10-3m 3,而且A 点处等温线斜率与绝热线斜率之比为0.741。现使气体从A 点绝热膨胀至B 点,其体积V 2=1×10-3m 3,试求B 点处的压强和在此过程中气体对外作功。 解:(1)等温线PV =C 得 V P dV dP T

-=???

??

绝热线 C PV =γ

V P dv dP Q

γ-=???

??

由题意知

()()1

0.741V Q

dP dV P V dP dV P V γγ

-=

==-故

:

习题8-9图

习题8-8图

1

1.350.741

γ=

= 由绝热方程

γ

γ

2211V p V p = 可得

4

12127.8510a V P P P V γ

??==?

???

(2) 2

2

11

11122

161.41V V V V V PV PV A PdV P dV J V γ

γ-??==

== ?

-??

??

8-10. 习题8-10图中所示是一定量理想气体所经历的循环过程,其中a b 和c d 是等压过程。bc 和da 为绝热过程。已知b 点和c 点温度分别2T 和3T ,试求循环效率,并判断这个循环是否是卡诺循环。 解:a-b 吸热

(),ab P m b a m

Q C T T M

=

- a-b 放热

(),dc P m d c m

Q C T T M

=-

- 1ab dc c d ab b a

Q Q T T Q T T η--==--

1111,a a d d b b c

c P T P T P T P T γγγγγγγγ

--------== 上述两式相比得:

b a d

c T T T T =

上式两边同减1:

32

11c d b a T T T

T T T η-=-=--

不是卡诺循环。

习题7-7图

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媛081800地质资源与地质工程邵婕魏玮杨宇张鹏云张晓语高国超孟贺李振王官超许娟娟李豫源周姗姗韩同欣姜其沛宋晓倩杨继东田亚静王海青邵荣峰梁展源刘延利喻志超田伟超王佳玮李俊秋武恩帆魏孟吉刘牧天张鲁川黄金强房丽姣张立旭李芦茜刘勇周含蕊刘洋周延钊张木森李进步宋俊朋王志民陈修闫德志王文李骥远085215测绘工程王艺郭黎陈冠旭董倩楠王永波潘宁宁085217地质工程孙昌路李坤张在金韩云杨海盟刘双朱晓雨孟庆爱林鹏刘敬寿王晓瑞张廷廷陈静韩雨桐张会娟吴琼程鑫王铸坤王旭辉王

硕叶显诗孙蓓佳刘杰尹桂红郭立鹏王琳熊陈微宋岩李雨生徐文才李栋吴昊刘敏郭思祺苑丹丹吴逸豪纪天亮刘文宋吴超王小丹张春丽张颖颖薛松杨千里王义薛秀杰崔纹纹杨生超荀兆杰盛洁牟春霖付英娟袁茂林化世榜黄习习张园园杜泽源谷铭周德山谭龙李金丽徐奔奔梁宏儒张雅静彭雪还张雅洁彭佳琦蓝阳曾勇坚张杰朱猛李璐璐许汉华孙沛沛杜亮慧王春阳岳婷张维康冯文强周丽颖李闯庞新明韩玉娇熊丽张鹏飞王春伟王江川胡莹王娜霍国栋任敏华周文聪张丰荣张玉良张志明李世安雷军

黄丽娜刘兵卿邵鹏程郝冉冉刘超李礼王晓晨张瑞孙一芳于振南廉欢罗辑李诺赵迎杨富森黄欣芮姜梦奇李荣耀胡雪冰师萌张海洋刘岸明宋爽毕笑笑董夺武晓璐王世兴岳会雯陈如林任启强谢飞王鹏赵岳胡洪瑾张琳李晓彤孙思宇刘爽张璐葛雪莹杜阳阳胡瑜王志伟杨勇李兴丁烽娟管一鹤熊燚严一鸣沈跃范腾腾杨喜龙1 杨宇田娜王晓红顾明翔高镜涵张欣郭云龙郑镕钿闵春佳周延豪房贤云燕贲惠李海涛张冬旭王雪静宋立平吴赫蒋春雪张晓杰陈金金孙棋卢树参杨飞王新张飞飞董敏刘畅杨茜张鸿剑王亚楠马志洁

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4. I usually go there by train.---Why not _______ by boat for a change? A. try to go B. try going C. try go D. go to try 满分:5 分 5. Kate said that _______ A. She had finished writing the composition the night before. B. She had finished writing the composition last day. C. I finished writing the composition on the last night. D. she finished writing the composition before the night. 满分:5 分 6. He came by plane _______ by train. A. instead B. instead of C. insteaded D. insteaded of 满分:5 分 7. --Maria is wanted on the telephone. Where is she?—She _________ the library. You can find her there. A. has left B. will leave C. has been to D. has gone to 满分:5 分 8. Last summer I went to Qingdao. This summer I’m going to Dalian _______. A. but

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第1 题 – hello. may i speak to mary? -- _________ 您的答案: B 题目分数: 0.5 此题得分: 0.5 批注:电话用语,常直接说,speaking, 意思是我就是,您请讲。 第2 题 – Can I talk with Mr. Wang? --___________ 您的答案: A 题目分数: 0.5 此题得分: 0.5 批注:打电话常用语。 第3 题 – I ’d like to speak to Jessie, please.--___________ 您的答案: C 题目分数: 0.5 此题得分: 0.5 批注:打电话常用语。 hold on意思是请别挂断,稍等。 第4 题 She wanted to go boating with Jack, but her father warned her ________. 您的答案: C 题目分数: 0.5 此题得分: 0.5 批注: warn 一词要求后用不定式,warn sb. to do sth.劝某人做某事,否定形式为 warn sb. not to do sth.劝某人不要做某事 第 5 题 Her English is very good. She can speak English better than _________ in her grade. 您的答案: C 题目分数: 0.5 此题得分: 0.5 批注: anyone else其他任何人 第6 题

They usually have less money at the end of the month than _______ at the beginning. 您的答案: C 题目分数: 0.5 此题得分: 0.5 批注:注意比较的对象,是他们有钱的情况 第7 题 Iron expands when____ . 您的答案: C 题目分数: 0.5 此题得分: 0.5 批注:当 when 引导的时间状语中的主语与句子的主语一致时,主语和 be 动词都可以省略。 Iron expands when it is heated. 第8 题 All the people here, whether ______, will get a present. 您的答案: B 题目分数: 0.5 此题得分: 0.5 批注: wheather...or...的用法 第9 题 If you_________, I’ll buy the tickets. 您的答案: A 题目分数: 0.5 此题得分: 0.5 批注:从句意来判断 第10 题 This is one of the oldest buildings in town, ___________. 您的答案: A 题目分数: 0.5 此题得分: 0.5 批注:这是镇上最老的建筑之一,如果不是最好的话。 第11 题 – Can I take a message? --__________

中国石油大学石油英语初级教程课后答案Unit 3 Key to Exercises

Unit 3 Regional Development of Petroleum Industry Engineering Communicative Focuses I Language Task 1 Glossary Match Match the expressions on the left with its corresponding definitions on the right. 1 f 2 a 3 b 4 d 5 g 6 c 7 h 8 e Task 2 Words or Expressions Check Select one word or expression for the ten blanks from the twelve choices given in the table, and get it derived if necessary. 1 profile 2 volatility 3 extricate 4 vexing 5 artificial 6 surged 7 perpetual 8 acquisition 9 contriving 10 consolidation II Oral Presentation Task 1 Questions and Answers Answer the following questions according to the information from Text A, B or C. 1 In order to satisfy its growing consumption and higher oil imports, China is diversifying its suppliers and encouraging its national oil companies to invest in Africa, the Middle East, and elsewhere. China is pursuing a long-term policy of energy security rather than following the approach of Western companies that tends to emphasize short-term profits. (Text A, para16) 2 It is true that African oil, minerals, and timber are important to maintaining China’s economy and they constitute nearly all of Africa’s expor ts to China. But the argument is disingenuous. The same argument could be made for the United States, Europe, and Japan. China purchased only 9 percent of Africa’s petroleum exports in 2006 while the United States took 3 3 percent and Europe 36 percent. The four major African suppliers to China in 2006 in order of importance were Angola, Congo-Brazzaville, Equatorial Guinea, and Sudan. The four largest African exporters of oil to the United

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