研究生英语上Summary

Unit1 How to read a book

“Some books are to be tasted ,others to be swallowed, and some to be chewed and digested.” Francis Bacon warned readers several hundred years ago. However, what are the criteria for those books to be “chewed and digested?” How to tell good literature form bad literature? On these issues, people don’t seem to have reached an agreement.

In the article, Joseph Brodsky first states that people’s life is generally much shorter than books, and that it is important for people to select good books to read. Yet, the author further argues that selecting good books from the ocean of literary works is no easy job; even book reviewers can’t help much. In the end, the author suggests that reading poetry is the way to develop good taste in literature, because it is the supreme form of human locution, the moist concise way of conveying the human experience, and offers the highest possible standards for any linguistic operation.

Unit2 Recession-proofing Your Career

In the text, Dr. Barbara Moses describes a new career development paradigm for today’s employees, that is, guaranteed jobs have already become history and it’s high time to engage in a lifelong, self-monitored process which can help to promote and prepare oneself fro a change, esp. during periods of recession. She then suggests some skills which are

indispensable when responding to new work trends. She recommends discovering both your overt and covert talents, making sure a wide range of positions are available to you, and never committing to any “hot job”which exceeds either your interest or talent. Moreover, being skilled or qualified is not the only criteria. You must be able to “market “yourself, to convince the employer that you are the most suitable candidate for the job, for which purpose you have to establish a social network that can help you make your career decisions “both inside and outside of your professions.” Always follow work trends. Finally, psychological elements are also important, so never let yourself down and find a balance between the ambitious Type A and more relaxed Type B. In a word, don’t be under the misconception that your job is always secure and if you work hard you’ll surely get a good job. You must be fully responsible for the future prospects of your chosen career.

Unit3 Lies

People usually have very negative views regarding lies. Liars are frequently criticized, even cursed. Yet this passage exemplifies a different perspective, one which cruelly reveals the fact that everyone tells lies and that lies are indispensable for happiness, perhaps even our very survival. According to the author, lies are consoling elements that can soothe dying patients and help consolidate the requirements of a society. Lies make us

feel superior to other species and disguise our mortal doom. Religions abound with myths and tales, which are basically lies that provide human beings with a sense of safety. People need big lies, though they are occasionally taken advantage of, because lying disguises our mortality, our inadequacies, our fears and anxieties, our loneliness in the midst of the crowd.

Unit5 Don’t let complexity stop you

UN reports say global inequity is still widening over past decades, which poses a serious threat to the prosperity and stability of the world. Whatever disagreements there are, people all over the world seem to agree that, with globalization, it is high time that such a fundamental problem be solved in a sustainable way, and international cooperation can help in this regard.

In this inspiring speech, Bill Gates is calling for a fairer world, one in which people use and apply discoveries for good. “Humanity’s greatest advances are not in its discoveries –but in how those discoveries are applied to reduce inequity.”He believes, for higher education, a top mission of policy innovations is to provide students with a more global perspective.

Unit6 The riddle of time

Sometimes it flies, sometimes it crawls, but it always passes inexorably. We mark it, save it, waste it, bide it, race against it. We measure it incessantly, with a passion for precision. Time is so vitally enmeshed with the fabric of our existence, in fact, that it's hard even to conceive of it as an independent entity, and when we try, the result is less than enlightening.

For many people, time is looked upon as a flow like a river, but for theoretical physicists, like Albert Einstein, it is seen as a dimension, like height and width. Throughout history, endless efforts have been put into accurately measuring it, and, consequently, various devices such as calendars and clocks have been devised

Nature provides a very accurate timekeeper: the carbon-14 atom, which decays at a known rate during the past 50,000 years. Interesting enough, we human beings also have a body-clock, which is thought to regulate changes in body chemicals, the response of the immune system, and a cyclic rise and fall of heartbeat and blood circulation.

研究生综合英语上册Unit1 summary

Traits Of The Key Players Kao Yingchao 2014020603 考颖超2014020603 General Statement A “key player” who has a handful of staff in a given area of expertise is essential to the organization.The companies hire a “key player”from the competitor’s companies who has more experienced or just a newbie who has 4 traits—the selfless cooperator, a sense of urgency, risk tolerance,risk tolerance and strength in interpersonal relationship. Main Points Part 1:para1~para3 What a key player is and how the companies hire a key player. Part 2:para4~para5 What the difference between academia and industry,there is more collaborative and more teamwork in the industry.And how to make yourself look like a selfless collaborator. Part 3:para6~para7 A sense of urgency is important for the company.If the team want to win,that means you not only need the people who can think fast and

学术英语写作总结

专业英语写作考点总结 part ? academic english writing （专业英语写作）chapter 1 six considerations in academic writing 1、academic writing is a product of many consideration : audience, purpose, organization, style, flow and presentation. （学术写作六要素：写作对象，目的，组织结构，文体特征，表达连贯和宣讲或宣读）。 2、organization usually has the following four parts : 问题-解决方法包括四个部 分 (1) description of a situation （描述情况） (2) identification of a problem （甄别问题） (3) description of a solution （描述解决方法） (4) evaluation of the solution （评估解决方法） 3、formal grammar style：（正规的语法风格） (1) generally avoid contractions （一般来讲避免使用略缩词） 例：won’t改为will not (2) use the more appropriate formal negative forms （使用更为适宜的正规的否定 形式） 例：not...any改为nonot...much改为little not...many改为few (3) limit the use of “run-on” expressions, such as and so forth and etc. （限 制使用多个词连用的表达法） 例：句子内不能出现and so forth和etc.出现时应将省略的部分扩展出来。 (4) avoid addressing the reader as you(except, of course, if you are writing a textbook or other instructional materials).（避免向读者说“你”）例：you can see the results in table 1. 改为：the results can be seen in table 1. 改为： it is necessary to consider how costs may be lowered. 或者 we now need to consider how costs may be lowered. (6) place adverb within the verb. （将副词放于动词词组内）例：this model was developed by krugman originally. 改为：this model was originally developed by krugman. (7) consider whether you should split infinitives.（考虑是否该使用割裂不定式）例：we need to adequately meet the needs of those enrolled in the program. (8) aim for an efficient use of words. （目的是为了有效地使用词汇）例：there are some inorganic materials that can be used by bioengineers in the process of tissue engineering that have been shown to be very promising. 改为：some inorganic materials used in tissue engineering have shown great promise. 习题： （1）you can use this model to analyze the effects of several parameter changes. 错误：使用了you。 改为：this model can be used to analyze the effects of several parameter changes. （2）ok, what are the reasons that coffee prices have fallen? there’re a lot of possibilities. 错误：使用了口语ok；直接引语的使用；使用了缩略词there’re。

考研英语阅读六大题型

1.主旨题 (考察理解文中具体信息和概念性的含义的能力） ?识别：题干中出现：subject，summary，topic，title等表达方式的为主题句?实质：对论点和论题提问 ?解题方法： 寻找主题句，主题句通常出现在文章首段首句，或出现在文章开头的转折处或文章开头结束处 主题句特征：主体句通常是一个概括总结性的结论或者判断 寻找主题词：主题句首段末段或全文中多次出现 解题原则：正确选项不能描述太细节，不能包含无依据的信息，应该包含主题词或同义替换词 优先考虑议论文的标题 2.例子证明题（主要考察区分论点和论据的能力） ?识别：题干中出现example，case，illustrate等词 ?解题思路：例子为观点和结论服务，寻找到例子对应观点和结论，通常往上或往下寻找 ?错误选项特征：就事论事，自我总结 ? 3.推理题 ?识别：题干中出现infer，learn,conclude等词 ?分类 a.细节性的推理题(题干中包含具体的定位信息） 理解文中具体信息和概念性的含义的能力 b.段落性的推理题（题干中包含具体段落） 理解文中单句之间，段落之间关系的能力，进行有关的判断，推断和引申的能力 c.全文性的推理题（题干中包含主体词或无定位信息） 理解文章总体结构的能力 ?常考出题点：段落首末段，主题句，观点句，转折处，强调或递进关系的地方

?实质和解题原则：考研推理题本质上还是一种同义改写，推理通常为正反推理和归纳总结 解题原则重在推理原文依据，特别关注转折，选择答案方面，主体大于细节，观点大于论据（意思就是选择原文中对应的总结性句子，而不是论据） 4.细节题：题干中不包含提起题型特征的题为细节题 （考察理解稳重的具体信息和概念性的能力，理解文章的总体解雇以及单句之间，段落之间的关系能力） ?事实识别：问题中出现文章相关的具体信息，可以用相对明显的本文词汇定位 ?因果关系：问题中除了有相对具体的定位信息词外，还有表示因果关系的词汇，要重点把握 ?观点识别：与观点结论有关，通常有suggest，found等引导的宾语从句 ?which题型：问题中没有具体的定位词只出现which提问 解题思路： a.识别题型 b.定位：寻找题干定位词（具体的定位词，因果词，观点词，比较词，原文词汇的替换词）与包含定位词的句子 c.读取： ?分析线索句主干与其他各项的对比（表达方式不同，意思最为接近的为正确选项） ?必要时需要分析线索句的上一句和下一句（支持句） ?当线索句为段落首末段时，支持句为段落的其他句子 d.注意事项：顺序原则（出题顺序和行文顺序基本一致）段落原则（一个段落通常只出现一个细节题，细节题通常不跨段（除非段落间存在指代或明显的逻辑关系） 5.词汇题 (考察上下文推测词义的能力） a.识别：要求对题干中的某个单词，词组或句子的含义进行推测 b.实质：通过上下文确定单词含义 c.解题流程： ?返回原文确定题干位置 ?根据上下文推测含义 ?代入原文，确定答案

英语研究生专业分类

与其他不少考研热门专业一样，英语专业研究生招生的研究方向设置非常细，不同学校的方向设置类别不一，名称也各异。 比如上海外国语大学英语语言文学专业下设有语言方向、文学方向、教学法方向、翻译学方向、口译学方向、英语国家文化方向、跨文化交际方向7个方向。而同样是外语类专业院校，北京外国语大学该专业设置的研究方向明显不同，广东外语外贸大学该专业设置的8个研究方向更与前两所学校无一相同。 在这种情况下，不少备考英语专业的同学对“如何选择研究方向”这样的问题一头雾水，也就不足为怪了。 就英语专业考研而言，外国语言文学下设置的二级学科很多，包括英语语言文学、俄语语言文学、法语语言文学、德语语言文学、日语语言文学、印度语言文学、阿拉伯语语言文学、欧洲语言文学、亚非语言文学、外国语言学及应用语言学、翻译学11个学科。其中，涉及英语专业的二级学科主要有3个：英语语言文学、外国语言学及应用语言学、翻译学。 一般院校的英语专业多设置英语语言文学和外国语言学及应用语言学两个专业，所以，英语专业考研的专业设置其实比较简单，一般就是两大专业。不过，这两个专业被不同学校细化研究方向以后，就变得复杂了。如前面说到的上海外国语大学英语语言文学专业下设有7个方向，这7个方向进一步细分，小的研究方向达37个之多。 英语专业的研究方向虽名目众多，却也并非杂乱无章，其设置仍是遵循一定规律的。粗略分析，这些研究方向可分为传统研究方向和新兴研究方向两大类。 传统研究方向 传统研究方向，顾名思义，指的是设置多年的老牌研究方向，这些研究方向一般学校都有开设。 1. 文学方向 开设学校：全国绝大部分招收英语专业研究生的学校。据2007年的招生统计，仅有17所招收英语专业研究生的学校没有开设文学方向。 研究内容：主要研究英美文学研究领域中的重大问题，目的在于提高文学素养、理论水平和研究能力。 就业方向：此方向开设学校多，招生人数较多，就业范围非常广泛，一般为教师、研究人员。所学课程：西方文论、美国经典文学、美国现当代文学、英国经典文学、文学批评、英国文学选读、美国文学选读、17～19世纪英国文学研究、希腊戏剧研究、英国长篇小说选读、美国长篇小说选读、英国诗歌选读、美国诗歌选读、英美散文鉴赏、王尔德戏剧欣赏、英国短篇小说欣赏、美国短篇小说鉴赏、英美戏剧鉴赏、中国文学史、中国古典文学选读等。 2. 语言学 开设学校：全国绝大部分招收英语专业研究生的学校。据2007年的招生统计，仅有9所招收英语专业研究生的学校没有开设语言学方向。 研究内容：语言学是我国高校近年来普遍设置的一个综合性的语言研究学科。主要学习语言学理论及语言在各种学科中的应用，不同学校侧重点有所不同。 通过大量阅读有关文献、论文和最新的研究成果报告，使学生对于语言学的形成和发展有进一步的了解，并了解现代语言学的最新动向和最新发展。语言学特别强调和重视研究生的广泛阅读，包括专业的外语期刊和近几年的语言学相关论文。 就业方向：该专业理论性较强，主要面向大中专教师及研究人员。 所学课程：语言学概论、语用学与话语分析、应用语言学、现代语法学、语义学、语用学、英语语体学与文体学、语篇分析等。 3. 英美文化研究 开设学校：南京大学、上海外国语大学、天津师范大学等。

2016考研英语：历年真题阅读理解题型分类汇总

备考研究生的同学都知道，考研英语阅读理解在试卷中所占的分值比重是最大的，是需要花时间和精力重点突破的一个专项。其从题型分类的角度，涉及到细节题，主旨大意题，推断题，词(句)义判断题，例证题，态度题。每种题型都有相应的解题方法，比如细节题，需要通过题干中的关键词回到文章中定位，重点理解定位信息句，通过比对选项把错误选项排除掉。主旨大意题需要把握文章的首尾段以及高频出现的词，还需要重点关注一些表示观点的词，比如 ，argue, deem, consider, assume等后面的信息，综合把握文章的核心。例证题需要找到例子所在的出处，在例子周围寻找观点性的内容。 在了解了每一种题型的解题方法后，各位考生就需要有针对性地进行练习强化。鉴于此，老师将考研英语历年真题阅读理解按题型分类汇总如下： (一)细节题： 具体信息： 2003年 41题，45题，47题，49题，51题，55题 2004年 42题，54题，56题，58题，59题 2005年 27题，29题，33题，35题，36题，39题 2006年 22题，28题，29题， 2007年 26题，31题，32题，37题，39题 2008年 22题，29题，32题，33题 2009年 26题，27题，29题，32题，33题，35题，38题; 2010年 21题，26题，35题，37题，39题 2011年 26题，27题，31题，32题，33题，39题， (二)主旨题： 2002年 45题; 2004年 55题; 2007年 25题; 2008年 25题;26题;30题;35题 2009年 30题; 2010年 25题;30题 2011年 30题;35题 (三)推理题 1. 段落推理 2003年 53题; 2004年 48题; 2005年25题; 2006年39题; 2. 细节推理 2003年50题;56题 2004年57题; 2006年32题; 2007年27题; 2008年34题;38题 3. 全文推理 2009年 40题 (四)词(句)义题： 2003年 43题;54题 2004年 43题;50题，52题;53题 2005年 28题;37题 2006年 33题;21题 2007年 22题 2008年 24题; 2009年 23题; 2010年 28题;31题 (五)推理题： 2003年 44题;50题;53题 2004年 47题;57题; 2005年 25题

【良心出品】Summary的写作技巧和常见句型

Summary的写作技巧和常见句型 一、概括原文 （一）阅读 1.读懂文章 读文章的时候，要养成良好的阅读习惯，划划写写，英文阅读的时候，用铅笔轻轻划出重点词汇。 认真阅读给定的原文材料。如果一遍不能理解，就多读两遍。阅读次数越多，你对原文的理解就越深刻。 2.拆分文章 按照作者的思路，把文章分段，每个段落用几个词，几个短语概括。尽量简短，精炼。 段落中心句，在段落的开头或末尾。有时也会变态的在当中。 3.概括主旨 写出文章的thesis, 一句话概括文章的主旨。 （二）基本结构和技巧 1.重新拟定标题 给summary起一个标题。用那些能概括文章主题思想的单词、短语或短句子作为标题。也可以采用文中的主题句作为标题。 2.阐述观点 摘要应全部用自己的话完成。不要引用原文的句子。写概述的时候，如果能够明确是他人写作的文章，注意要把作者的名字放在第一句（或者是the author…….）。接着写出要阐述的main ideas（主要观点）和supporting points（对主要观点的支持）。 3.词汇运用 注意概述的coherence（连贯性），运用好transition words（过渡词）, like however, furthermore, nonetheless, besides, therefore etc. 4.删除细节 只保留主要观点。 5.选择一至两个有代表性的例子 原文中可能包括5个或更多的例子，你只需从中筛选一至二个例子。 6.把长句变成短句，把长段的描述变成短小、简单的句子。 “He was hard up for money and was being pressed by his creditor.” 可以概括为：“He was in financial difficulties.” “His courage in battle might without exaggeration be called lion-like.” 可以概括为：”He was very brave in battle.” “He was hard up for money and was being pressed by his creditor.” 可以概括为：“He was in financial difficulties.” 6) 你还可以使用词组代替整句或者从句。请看下面的例子： “Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, Lushan Mountain, and Mount Huang, were visited by only a few people in the past. Today, better wages, holidays with pay, new hotels on these mountains, and better train and bus services, have brought them within reach of many who never thought of visiting them ten years ago.” 可以概括为：”Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, once visited by only a few people, are today accessible to many, thanks to better wages, paid holidays, new hotels and better transportation services.” 7) 使用概括性的名词代替具体的词，比如：

研究生4篇summary

中国地质大学 研究生课程论文封面 课程名称研究生英语 教师姓名何霜 研究生姓名刘改宁 研究生学号1201510871 研究生专业数学 所在院系数理学院 类别: A.博士 B.硕士 C.进修生 日期: 2016 年4月15 日

Summary 1.The summary of “From Competence to Commitment”. In thisarticle,“From Competence to Commitment”,Ernest Boyer argues that itis not enough to merely teach undergraduates the specialized skills needed to do a particular job. R ather, students need “a large vision.” He argues that they need to become familiar with issues far beyond the simple concerns of a narrow academic field, and gain an appreciation of the values and philosophy of their own culture as well as the issues shaping nations far from the university campus. In addition to learning specialized facts and skills, students should examine larger issues of right and wrong, so that each student may develop the intellectual sophistication required to make wise decision for themselves and their society. Therefore Ernest Boyerstates that the undergraduate education should move the student from competence to commitment. At first, the author reveals a common phenomenon that many college students are confused about where to put their belief. In order to work out this problem, undergraduate education should reflect in loyalties that rise above self. Next, college graduates should fulfill civic obligations. The imperative measures should be taken to narrow the gap between public policy and public understanding in American teaching today. The complicated public liferequires more participation of citizens,

1专业学位硕士研究生英语教程 -翻译答案合计-Unit2-Unit5

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