词汇专有名词定义

1linguistics can be defined as the scientific study of language. 2“lexikon”means “word or phrase”

3“logie”means “learning or the study of”

4Lexicology means “science of the word”.

5Semantics: the study of the meanings of words and other parts of language.

6Etymology: studies the meanings, origin and history of individual words and their development.

7Phraseology(成语学）: mainly deals with set expressions and idioms.

8 a word is “a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function”.

9V ocabulary :Total number of words that make up a language.

10Basic word stock is the foundation of the vocabulary accumulated over centuries and forms the common core of the language.

11 Stability. Words of the basic word stock have been in use for centuries,

12Productivity. Words of the basic stock are mostly root words or monosyllabic words.

13Polysemy. Words be longing to the basic word stock often

possess more than one meaning

14 Collocability. Many words of the basic word stock enter quite a number of set expressions, idiomatic usages, proverbial sayings and the like. Instances are numerous.

15Argot—generally refers to the jargon of criminals.

16Dialectal words——are words used only by speakers of the dialect in question.

17Archaisms are words or forms that were once in common use but are now restricted only to specialized or limited use.

18Neologisms- are newly-created words or expressions.

19Aliens are borrowed words which have retained their original pronunciation and spelling.

20Translation-loans. Translation-loans are words and expressions formed from the existing material in the English language but modeled on the patterns taken from another language.

21Semantic-loans. Words of this category are not borrowed with reference to the form.

22So the three sounds are called phonemes rather than morphemes.

23 the morpheme is ‘the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words’

24Allomorphs (词素变体/语素变体/形位变体)

do not occur at random, but are phonetically conditioned and thus predictable:

25A free morpheme is one that can be uttered alone with meaning.

26Morphemes (粘附词素)which can mot occur (stand alone) as separate words are bound morphemes.

27bound root is that part of word that carries the fundamental meaning just like a free root.

28Affixes: affixes are forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or function ( all affixes are bound morphemes ).

29derivational affixes: are affixes added to other morphemes to create new words.

30Affixation (词缀法)is generally defined as the formation of words by adding word-form or derivational affixes to stems. affixation falls into two subclasses: prefixation and suffixation.

31Prefixation前缀法is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to stems.

32Suffixation 后缀法is the formation of words by adding suffixes to stems.

33compound 复合句is a ‘lexical unit consisting more than one stem and functioning both grammatically and semantically as a single word’.

34Conversion (词类转化法/转类法)is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class. This is a method of turning words of one part of speech to those of a different part of speech.

35Blending（拼缀法）is a process of word-formation in which a new word is formed by combining parts of two words.

36Clipping 截短法is to shorten a longer word by cutting a part off the original and using what remains instead.

37 Acronymy (首字母拼音法) is the process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of names of social and political organizations or special noun phrases and technical terms

38Initialisms 首字母缩略（合）词are words pronounced letter by letter. The letters are separated by periods, but most of them have no periods between letters.

39Acronyms (首字母拼音词）are words formed from initial letters but pronounced as a normal word.

40 Back-formation (逆生法)

Back-formation is the process of creating a new words by

removing a real or supposed suffix.

41Reduplication(重叠法/递接法)

Reduplication is a minor type of word-formation by which a compound word is created by the repetition of one word or two words with a change either in vowel or in consonant.

42Analogy类比

Analogy is a process whereby words are created in imitation of other words (newly created ones or existing ones).

43Onomatopoeia (=echoism )

(拟声法/拟声词)Onomatopoeia：The formation of a word from a sound.

44Connotative meaning (内涵意义)

connotative meaning refers to the overtones or associations which a word suggests or implies.

45Connotative meaning is unstable, varying considerably according to culture, historical period, and the experience of the individual.

46Affective meaning indicates the speaker’s attitude towards the person or thing in question.

47Polysemy (多义关系)

Polysemy is a common feature to all natural languages.

48Perfect homonyms (完全同形同音异义词) are words

identical both in sound and spelling, but different in meaning, 49 Homographs (同形异音异义词) are words identical only spelling but different in sound and meaning,

50Homophones (同音异形异义词) are words identical only in sound but different in spelling and meaning

51Narrowing /specialization 词义的缩小

52 Elevation of Meaning词义的升华

53 Degradation / Pejoration词义的降格

54 Transference of Meaning 词义的转移

55 Euphemism委婉语

名词的分类、定义和例子(精)

名词的分类、定义和例子 名词是指表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念等的名称词。名词根据其词汇意义，通常分为专有名词和普通名词。而普通名词根据其语法性质，又可以细分为个体名词、物质名词、集合名词和抽象名词四类。 一、专有名词 专有名词主要指人、地方、组织、机构等的专有的名称。专有名词的第一个字母通常大写，如Mary, Mr Black, Paris, Sunday, September, French等。请看例句： They kept it for Mary. 他们留着这个给玛丽。 My plan was to go from Lyon to Paris. 我的计划是从里昂到巴黎。 The park is open from May through September. 公园从5月到9月开放。 I work every other day: Monday, Wednesday and Friday. 我隔天上班：每周 一、三、五。 二、普通名词 普通名词通常指人、物、概念等的一般名称。事实上，除了专有名词外，其余的名词都可以叫普通名词。如：boy, pen, teacher, water, idea, cloudy, money等。注意，有少数的普通名词与专有名词词形相同，只是用作普通名词时第一个字母用小写，而用作专有名词时第一个字母用大写。如： He saw the best china in China. 他在中国见到了最好的瓷器。 Mrs. Green likes to wear green clothes. 格林夫人喜欢穿绿色衣服。 三、个体名词 所谓个体名词就是指表示人或物的个体的名词。如boy, girl, tree, book, cup, desk等。在通常情况下，个体名词都是可数的。如：

测试术语及名词

测试任务描述 在软件的开发过程中每个版本都会经历四次测试任务，分别为：单元测试、集成测试、系统测试、验收测试，在这四次测试任务中，每次测试都有不同的测试方向和重点。 一、单元测试 单元测试是软件开发过程中要进行的最基本的测试，属于白盒测试范围，一般情况下是在开发人员完成了某个单独模块的编码之后做的测试。它的目的是检查软件编码的正确性以及一些规范性测试，站在开发人员的角度上来查找软件所存在的BUG并记录下产生BUG的原因，以便开发人员进行修改。这样可以在很大程度上减少集成以后而出现的BUG。 一旦编码完成，开发人员总是会迫切希望进行软件的集成工作，这样他们就能够看到实际的系统开始启动工作了。这在外表上看来是一项明显的进步，而象单元测试会推迟对整个系统进行合并这种真正有意思的工作启动的时间。 这种开发步骤中，真实意义上的进步被软件合并后的外表上的进步取代了。系统能够正常工作的可能性是很小的，更多的情况是充满了各式各样的Bug。现实的开发中，没有单元测试的软件常常会导致这样的结果，软件甚至无法运行。更进一步的结果是大量的时间将被花费在本应该在单元测试里就完成的简单Bug上面，在个别情况下，这些Bug也许是琐碎和微不足道的，但是总的来说，他们会延长软件集成为一个系统的时间，而且当这个系统投入使用时也无法确保它能够可靠运行。 单元测试不仅仅是作为无错编码一种辅助手段在一次性的开发过程中使用，单元测试应该是可重复的，无论是在软件修改，或是移植到新的运行环境的过程中。因此，所有的测试都必须在整个软件系统的生命周期中进行，也就是说每个版本的开发都需要经过单元测试，这样可以在以后的开发阶段减少很多不必要的麻烦。 单元测试的重点测试内容包括：源代码测试、命名规范测试、需求完整性测试、页面完整性测试、提示文本测试、页面脚本测试等。 二、集成测试 集成测试也属于白盒测试范围，是在单元测试的基础上将软件的多个模块或者系统前后台合并之后进行的测试，也可以算是对单元测试修改进行的复审测试。在集成测试中可以弥补单元测试中没有测试到的BUG，也可以检查出单元测试没法测试的功能，比如前后台的集成之后的关联功能，对于这些有关联性功能的测试，单元测试中是无能为力的，必须依靠集成测试来保证功能的完整性和正确性。和系统测试相比较集成测试从程序结构出发，目的性、针对性更强，发现问题的效率高，较容易测试特殊的处理流程中存在的BUG。 集成测试的重点测试内容包括：链接完整性测试、页面完整性测试、数据和数据库完整性测试、功能测试、压力测试、安全性测试、页面脚本测试、提示文本测试等。 三、系统测试 系统测试属于黑盒测试范围，是在系统集成测试修改完BUG之后进行的测试。从软件工程和测试的分类来看：集成测试在系统测试之前就必须要进行完毕，只有集成测试完成了，才能保证相应的系统测试进行。也就是说，集成测试是系统测试的基础。 系统测试是针对整个产品的全面测试，既包含各模块的验证性测试和功能合理性测试，又包括对整个产品的可靠性、健壮性、安全性、UI合理性及各种性能参数的测试。 系统测试的重点测试内容包括：链接完整性测试、UI合理性测试、命名规范测试、功能测试、压力测试、页面完整性测试、安装测试、提示文本测试、游览器测试等。

建筑专业术语名词及解释

建筑专业术语名词及解释 1、房地产专业术语 1. 房地产：房产与地产的合称，是不动产。 2. 五证二书：《建设用地规划许可证》、《国土使用证》、《建设工程规划许可证》、《施工许可证》、《预售许可证》、《商品房质量保证书》、《商品房使用说明书》 3. 商品房：专门用以买卖的房屋。有产权保障，可自由出租抵押。 4. 商住房：即可用于住家使用，也可以用于办公的商品房。 5?集资房：由单位统一筹集各需要住房的客户资金，而建造之房屋，通常仅有一整栋的一张产权证，客户没有单独的产权证。 6. 安居房：（经济实用房=安居房）是指以中低收入家庭住房困难户为供应对象，并按国家住宅建设标准（不含别墅、高级公寓、外销住宅）建设的普通住宅。（其实行的是土地无偿划拔，住户只拥有该土地的使用权，如需办理国土证，则要另外出资，并享受政府扶持税费减半征收。其房价由政府部门核定，利润只能在3%以下。） 7. 跃层：是一套住宅占两个楼层，有内部楼梯联系上下层。（一般在首层安排起居室、厨房、餐厅、卫生间，二层安排卧室、书房、卫生间。） 8. 复式：概念上是一层，并不具备完整的两层空间，但层高比普通住宅高，可在局部分出夹层，安排卧室或书房等，用楼梯联系上下。（夹层在底层的投影面积只占底层面积的一部分，夹层和底层之间有视线上的交流和空间上的流通。） 9. 错层：纵向或横向剖面中，楼层的几部分之间楼地面高低错开。 10. 标准层：平面布置相同的住宅楼层。 11. 咼层： 12. 多8层以上，带有电梯，钢筋混凝土结构7层以下，一般不带电梯，砖混结构 13.骑楼：有雨遮之一楼直道部分 14.裙楼：指建筑体底部较庞大之建筑体，常用于商业、办公 15.承重墙：承受房屋重力的墙，不可任意拆改、破坏 16. 非承重墙：一般情况下仅承受自重的墙。 17. 剪力墙：承受地震力的钢筋混凝土墙 18. 隔墙：用以隔断空间的墙，一般不承重 19. 结构墙：主要承受侧向力或地震作用，并保持结构整体稳定的承重墙，又称剪力墙、抗震墙等。 20. 框架结构：由梁和柱以刚接和铰接相连接成承重体系的房屋建筑结构。

英美文学专有名词术语解释

Literary Terms（文学术语解释） *Legend（传说）: A song or narrative handed down from the past, legend differs from myths on the basis of the elements of historical truth they contain. *Epic（史诗）: 1)Epic, in poetry, refers to a long work dealing with the actions of gods and heroes. 2)Beowulf is the greatest national epic of the Anglo-Saxons. John Milton wrote three great epics: Paradise Lost, Paradise Regained and Samson Agonistes. *Romance（罗曼史/骑士文学）: 1)Romance is a popular literary form in the medieval England. 2)It sings knightly adventures or other heroic deeds. 3)Chivalry(such as bravery, honor, generosity, loyalty and kindness to the weak and poor) is the spirit of romance. *Ballad（民谣）: 1)Ballad is a story in poetic form to be sung or recited. 2)Ballads were passed down from generation to generation. 3)Robin Hood is a famous ballad singing the goods of Robin Hood. Coleridge’s The Rime of the Ancient Mariner is a 19th century English ballad. *The Heroic Couplet（英雄对偶句）:1)It means a pair of lines of a type once common in English poetry, in other words, it means iambic pentameter rhymed in two lines. 2)The rhyme is masculine. 3)Use of the heroic couplet was first pioneered by Geoffrey Chaucer. *Humanism（人文主义）:1)Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance. It emphasizes the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life. 2)Humanists voiced their beliefs that man was the center of the universe and man did not only have the right to enjoy the beauty of the present life, but had the ability to prefect himself and to perform wonders. *Renaissance（文艺复兴）:1)It refers to the transitional period from the medieval to the modern world. It first started in Italy in the 14th century. 2)The Renaissance means rebirth or revival. 3)It was stimulated by a series of historical events, such as the rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek classics, the new discoveries in geography and astrology, the religious reformation and the economic expansion. 4)Humanism is the essence of Renaissance. 5)The English Renaissance didn’t begin until the reign of Henry Ⅷ. It was reg arded as England’s Golden Age, especially in literature. 6)The real mainstream of the English Renaissance is the Elizabethan drama. 7)This period produced such literary giants as Shakespeare, Spenser, Marlowe, Bacon, Donne and Milton, etc. *University Wits（大学才子）: 1)It refers to a group of scholars during the Elizabethan age who graduate from either Oxford or Cambridge. They came to London with the ambition to become professional writers. Some of them later become famous poets and playwrights. 2)Thomas Greene, John Lily and Christopher Marlowe were among them. 3)They paved the way, to some degree, for the coming of Shakespeare. *Blank verse（无韵体）:1)It is verse written in unrhymed iambic pentameter. 2)It is the verse form used in some of the greatest English poetry, including that of William Shakespeare and John Milton. *Spenserian Stanza（斯宾塞诗节）:1)It is the creation of Edmund Spenser. 2)It refers to a stanza of nine lines, with the first eight lines in iambic pentameter and the last line in iambic hexameter（六音步）,r hyming ababbcbcc. 3)Spenser’s The Faerie Queene was written in this kind of stanza. *Sonnet(十四行诗)1)It is the one of the most conventional and influential forms of poetry in English.2)A sonnet is a lyric consisting of 14 lines, usually in iambic pentameter, restricted to a definite rhyme scheme.3)Shakespeare’s sonnets are well-known. *Soliloquy(独白)1)Soliloquy, in drama, means a moment when a character is alone and speaks his or her thoughts aloud. 2)In the line “To be, or not to be, that is the question”, which begins the famous soliloquy from Act3, Scene1 of Shakespeare’s Hamlet. In this soliloquy Hamlet questions whether or not life is worth living and speaks of the reasons why he does not end his life. *Metaphysical Poets（玄学派诗人）：They refer to a group of religious poets in the first half of the 17th century whose works were characterized by their wit, imaginative picturing, compressions, often cryptic expression, play of paradoxes and juxtapositions of metaphor. *Enlightenment Movement(启蒙运动)1)It was a progressive intellectual movement which flourished in France and swept through Western Europe in the 18th century.2)The movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance from 14th century to the mid-17th century.3)Its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas.4)It celebrated reason or nationality, equality and science. It advocated universal education. Literature at the time became a very popular means of public education.5)Famous among the great enlighteners in England were those great writers like John Dryden, Pope, Johnson, Swift, Defoe, Fielding, Sheridan, etc. Neoclassicism(新古典主义)1)In the field of literature, the 18th century Enlightenment Movement brought about a revival of interest in the old classical works. This tendency is known as neoclassicism.2)The neoclassicists hold that forms of literature were to be modeled after the classical works of the ancient Greek and Roman writers such as Homer and Virgil and those of the contemporary French ones.3)They believed that the artistic ideas should be order, logic, restrained emotion and accuracy, and that literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity *Sentimentalism(感伤主义文学)1)It is a pejorative term to describe false or superficial emotion, assumed feeling, self-regarding postures of grief and pain.2)In literature it denotes overmuch use of pathetic effects and attempts to arouse feeling by pathetic indulgence.3)The Vicar of Wakefield by Oliver Goldsmith is a case in point. *The Graveyard School(墓地派诗歌)1)It refers to a school of poets of the 18th century whose poems are mostly devoted to a sentimental lamentation or meditation on life, past and present, with death and graveyard as theams.2)Thomas Gray is considered to be the leading figure of this school and his Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard is its most representative work. *Epistolary novel(书信体小说)1)It consists of the letters the characters write to each other. The usual form is the letter, but diary entries, newspaper clippings and other documents are sometimes used.2)The epistolary novel’s reliance on subjective poi nts of view makes it the forerunner of the modern psychological novel.3)Samuel Richardson’s Pamela is typical of this kind. *Gothic Romance(哥特传奇)1)A type of novel that flourished in the late 18th and early 19th century in England.2)Gothic romances are mysteries, often involving the supernatural and heavily tinged with horror, and they are usually against dark backgrounds of medieval ruins and haunted castles. *Picaresque novel(流浪汉小说)1)It is a popular sub-genre of prose fiction which is usually satirical and depicts in realistic and often humorous detail the adventures of a roguish hero of low social class who lives by his or her wits in a corrupt society. 2)As indicated by its name, this style of novel originated in Spain, flourished in Europe in the 17th and 18th centuries, and continues to influence modern literature. *English Romanticism(英国浪漫主义文学)1)The English Romantic period is an age of poetry. Poets started a rebellion against the neoclassical literature, which was later regarded as the poetic revolution. They saw poetry as a healing energy; they believed that poetry could purify both individual souls and the society.2)The Lyrical Ballads by Wordsworth and Coleridge in 1798 acts as a manifesto for the English Romanticism.3)The Romantics not only eulogize the faculty of imagination, but also stress the concept of spontaneity and inspiration, regarding them as something crucial for true poetry.4)The natural world comes to the forefront of the poetic imagination. Nature is not only the major source of poetic imagery, but also provides the dominant subject matter. *Ode(颂歌)1)Ode is a dignified and elaborately lyric poem of some length, praising and glorifying an individual, commemorating an event, or describing nature intellectually rather than emotionally.2)John Keats wrote great odes. His Ode on a Grecian Urn is a case in point. *Lake Poets(湖畔派诗人)They refer to such romantic poets as William Wordsworth, Samuel Coleridge and Robert Southey who lived in the Lake District. They came to be known as the Lake School or “Lakers”. *Byronic hero（拜伦式英雄）: It refers to a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin. With immense superiority in his passions and powers, this Byronic hero would carry on his shoulders the burden of righting all the wrongs in a corrupt society, and would rise single-handedly against any kind of tyrannical rules either in government, in religion, or in moral principles with

语用学中“会话含义”理论对中学语文教学的意义

语用学中“会话含义”理论对中学语文教学的意义“会话含义”理论简介 “会话含义”理论是由美国语言哲学家格赖斯首先提出的。他于1967年在哈佛大学作了三次演讲，在其中第二讲《逻辑与会话》中提出“合作原则”和“会话含义”理论。这里只作简单的介绍。 格赖斯认为，人们在进行言语交际的过程中，总是遵循一定的目的和方向，力图使交际进行下去，让对方明白自己的意思。这就要求交际参与者都要共同遵守一定的原则，格赖斯把这些原则称为合作原则。合作原则分为四条，每一条包括一些相关的次准则。简单地说，这四条原则是： （１）质的原则。所说的话要力求真实。不说虚假的话和缺乏证据的话。 （２）量的原则。所提供的信息量要足够而又不超出。 （３）关系原则。所说的话要扣住当前话题，要与交际意图相关。 （４）方式原则。所说的话要清楚明白，简洁而有条理。 这些原则，在人们的交际活动中，不同程度地得到遵守。为了使交际顺利进行，人们会自觉或不自觉地遵守合作原则。但是，言语交际活动是复杂的，人们有时违反某一原则，反而可以收到更好的交际效果。格赖斯注意到了这些现象，他进一步指出，如果说话人有意违反合作原则，听话人也能理解，或者听话人依据自己的理解作出判断，这时就产生了“会话含义”。 格赖斯认为，人们可能在四种情况下不遵守合作原则： （１）说话人直接宣布不遵守合作原则，如“我不想回答这个问题”，“无可奉告”，“不要再说了”。 （２）说话人暗中违反某一原则，把听话人引入歧途，使人产生误解或受骗，“说谎”即是此类。 （３）说话人可能面临一种“冲突”情况，即为了维护一条原则而不得不违反另一条原则。这多半出现于人们对所谈的话题不清楚或没有足够把握的时候。如： 甲：明天什么天气？乙：也许是下雨吧。 这里，乙违反了方式原则，把话说得不清楚，但他遵守了关系原则。这样的答话也是合作的，乙只是不能确定，因而加了“也许”一词，表明是一种推断。

英语名词知识点讲解

Less on 1 名词 定义：名词(noun)，缩写为n.是人和事物的名称，如pen(钢笔),English(英语)，life(生活)。1名词的分类 名词可以分为专有名词( Proper Nou ns)和普通名词(Com mon Nou ns ),专有名词是某个(些)人，地方，机构等专有的名称，如Beiji ng. Ch ina等。普通名词是一类人或东西或 是一个抽象概念的名词，如：book，sadness等。普通名词又可分为下面四类： 1) 个体名词(In dividual Nou ns):表示某类人或东西中的个体，如：gun。 2) 集体名词 (Collective Nou ns):表示若干个个体组成的集合体，如：family。 3) 物质名词(Material Nou ns ):表示无法分为个体的实物，如: air。 4) 抽象名词(Abstract Nou ns):表 示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念，女口：work。个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来计算，称为可数名词( Cou ntable Nou ns ),物质名词和抽象名词一般无法用数目计算，称为不可数名词( Uncoun table Nou ns )。归纳一下，名词的分类可以下图表示：

3、名词复数的不规则变化 1）c hild---children foot---feet tooth---teeth mouse---mice man---me n woma n---wome n 注意：与man和woman构成的合成词，其复数形式也是-men和-women。 女口：an En glishma n， two En glishme n. 但Germa n 不是合成词，故复数形式为Germa ns ；Bowman是姓，其复数是the Bowmans。 2 ）单复同形女口： deer，sheep，fish，Chinese, Japanese li，jin，yuan，two li，three mu，four jin 但除人民币元、角、分外，美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。女口： a dollar, two dollars; a meter, two meters 3 ）集体名词 只在动词使用时区分，如果将名词所表示的集体是为一个整体，则位于动词用单数; 如果将名词表示的集体是为分散的个体，位于动词则用复数。如： The class is small.这是小班。 The whole class are working very hard at English.这个班上的学生学习英语很刻苦。 4）以s结尾，仍为单数的名词，如： a. maths，politics，physics等学科名词，为不可数名词，是单数。 b. news是不可数名词。 c. the United States，the United Nations 应视为单数。 The Uni ted Natio ns was orga nized in 1945.联合国是1945 年组建起来的。 d. 以复数形式出现的书名，剧名，报纸，杂志名，也可视为单数。 "The Arabian Nights" is a very interesting story-book. <<一千零一夜>>是一本非常有趣的故事书。

银行类专业名词词汇解释汇总

1、清产核资 对企业的国有资产监督管理，规范企业清产核资工作，真实反映企业的资产及财务状况，完善企业基础管理，为科学评价和规范考核企业经营绩效及国有资产保值增值提供依据。 清产核资是指国有资产监督管理机构根据国家专项工作要求或者企业特定经济行为的需要，按照规定的工作程序、方法和政策，组织企业进行账务清理、财产清查，并依法认定企业的各项资产损益，从而真实反映企业的资产价值和重新核定企业国有资本金的活动。企业清产核资的目的是真实反映企业的资产及财务状况，为科学评价国有资产保值增值提供依据。清产核资主要包括账务清理、资产清查、价值重估、损益认定、资金核实和完善制度等内容。账务清理：是指对企业的各种银行账户、会计核算科目、各类库存现金和有价证券等基本财务情况进行全面核对和清理，以及对企业的各项内部资金往来进行全面核对和清理，以保证企业账账相符，账证相符，促进企业账务的全面、准确和真实。 资产清查：是指对企业的各项资产进行全面的清理、核对和查实。 价值重估：是对企业账面价值和实际价值背离较大的主要固定资产和流动资产按照国家规定的方法、标准进行重新估价。 损益认定：是指国有资产监督管理机构依据国家清产核资政策和有关财务会计制度规定，对企业申报的各项资产损益和资金挂账进行认证。 资金核实：是指国有资产监督管理机构根据企业上报的资产盘盈和资产损失、资金挂账等清产核资工作结果，依据国家清产核资政策和有关财务会计制度规定，组织进行审核并批复准予账务处理，重新核定企业实际占用的国有资本金数额。 完善制度：是指完善企业的有关财务会计等制度。 2、拨备率 即呆、坏帐准备金的提取比率，提取的准备金进入当期损益。是银行贷款可能发生的呆、坏帐准备金，是银行谨慎性考滤防风险的一个方面，也是反应业绩真实性的一个量化指标。 3一般准备 一般准备是商业银行根据发放的某项全部贷款余额一定比例计提的，用于弥补尚未识别的可能性损失的准备。 根据我国《银行贷款损失准备计提指引》规定，银行应按季计提一般准备，一般准备年末余额不得低于年末贷款余额的1%； 专项准备是银行可以参照以下比例按季计提专项准备：对于正常类贷款，计提比例为1.5%；对于关注类贷款，计提比例为3%；对于次级类贷款，计提比例为30%；对于可疑类贷款，计提比例为60%；对于损失类贷款，计提比例为100%特种准备由银行根据不同类别（如国别、行业）贷款的特种风险情况、风险损失概率及历史经验，自行确定按季计提比例。 4一般风险准备 一般风险准备按净利润的10%计提。一般风险准备的管理办法：一般风险准备只能用于弥补亏损。 5 准备金 准备金（reserve）商业银行库存的现金和按比例存放在中央银行的存款。实行准备金的目的是为了确保商业银行在遇到突然大量提取银行存款时，能有相当充足的清偿能力。自20世纪30年代以后，法定准备金制度还成为国家调节经济的重要手段，是中央银行对商业银行

会话含义

会话含义的产生要有下列条件：会话含义的产生要有下列条件：说话者S的话语要有会话含义q，就必须：（1）假定S遵守合作原则；（2）为了使上述假定成立，就要推测出S认为q；（3）S了解，自己和听话者H都知道，H能推导出需要q来使“S遵守合作原则”这一假定成立。而为了推导出会话含义q，听话者必须知晓：（1）S的话语的内容；（2）合作原则及其所属准则；（3）话语的上下文；（4）某些有关背景信息；（5）上述各条为S和H所共知Grice归纳出推导会话含义的下列步骤：归纳出推导会话含义的下列步骤：归纳出推导会话含义的下列步骤（1）他（S）说了话语P；（2）没有理由假定他不遵守合作原则；（3）他说了P，又确实在尽力合作（遵守合作原则），那么，他肯定认为q；（4）他肯定了解，我和他都懂得，要认为他遵守合作原则，就必须假定q；（5）他丝毫没有阻止我认为q；（6）那么，他就是要我认为q，故此，你的含义就是q。 4.5 Conversational Implicature Unlike conventional implicatures, conversational implicatures are produced by relating to the conversational context. To know what people mean, we have to interpret what they say. But interpretation is a tricky affair, and misunderstandings are always possible. As Leech remarks, …interpreting an utterance is u ltimately a matter of guesswork?. e.g. A: When is Tom?s birthday? B: It?s sometime in October. B?s implicature: the only thing he remembered about Tom?s birthday was the month in which it occurs, and that he honestly didn?t know whether it was at the begin ning, the middle or the end of that month. How does a conversational implicature come about? In analyzing an utterance, depending on strict semantic or logical criteria will not help. The …guesswork? that Leech talks about will have to be of a somewhat qualified nature. The qualified guessing must depend on the context, that is, the circumstances of this particular question, the person involved in the situation, these persons? background, etc. The more we know about this context, the more wellgrounded our …guesswork? is going to be. e.g. A: I could eat the whole of that cake. B: Oh, thanks. A?s literal meaning: a statement of a fact. The context: an exchange between a guest and a host. A?s implicature: I compliment you on the cake, it is so delicious that I want to eat the

名词解释和定义

规模经济（economies of scale）定义：由于生产专业化水平的提高等原因,使企业的单位成本下降,从而形成企业的长期平均成本随着产量的增加而递减的经济。属于资源科技(一级学科) 、资源经济学(二级学科)。 边际成本指的是每一单位新增生产的产品（或者购买的产品）带来到总成本的增量。这个概念表明每一单位的产品的成本与总产品量有关。比如，仅生产一辆汽车的成本是极其巨大的，而生产第101辆汽车的成本就低得多，而生产第10000汽车的成本就更低了（这是因为规模经济）。但是，考虑到机会成本，随着生产量的增加，边际成本可能会增加。还是这个例子，生产新的一辆车时，所用的材料可能有更好的用处，所以要尽量用最少的材料生产出最多的车，这样才能提高边际收益。 边际收益是指增加一单位产品的销售所增加的收益，即最后一单位产品的售出所取得的收益。它可以是正值或负值。边际收益是厂商分析中的重要概念。利润最大化的一个必要条件是边际收益等于边际成本。在完全竞争条件下，任何厂商的产量变化都不会影响价格水平，需求弹性对个别厂商来说是无限的，总收益随销售量增加同比例增加，边际收益等于平均收益，等于价格。 边际产品是指由于增加最后一单位某种投入（即生产要素）（其他投入品的数量保持不变）所带来的总产量的增加。生产要素的边际产品价值应等于它的价格。 边际产量是指增加一单位生产要素所增加的产量，边际成本是指增加一单位产量所增加的总成本。假设商品x的生产要素有两种：A和B ，当B保持不变，增加一单位的生产要素A，可以带来产量增加1，（比如A是劳力，B是机器设备）此时的边际成本是市场上一单位生产要素A的价格。假如增加A带来的是产量是增加2，则相应的边际成本是1/2生产要素A 的价格。也称边际产品，边际产量MP是指，增加一个单位的劳动投入所带来的总产量的增加量。当增加一个单位产量所增加的收入（单位产量售价）高于边际成本时，是合算的；反之，就是不合算的。所以，任何增加一个单位产量的收入不能低于边际成本，否则必然会出现亏损；只要增加一个产量的收入能高于边际成本，即使低于总的平均单位成本，也会增加利润或减少亏损。因此计算边际成本对制订产品决策具有重要的作用。微观经济学理论认为，当产量增至边际成本等于边际收入时，为企业获得其最大利润的产量 边际利润指产品的销售收入与相应的变动成本之间的差额。边际利润是反映增加产品的销售量能为企业增加的收益。销售单价扣除边际成本即为边际利润，边际利润是指增加单位产量所增加的利润。企业的经营收益减去会计成本，所得到的就是会计利润。按照中国的财会制度，有销售利润、利润总额及税后利润等概念。销售利润是销售收入扣除成本、费用和各种流转税及附加费后的余额；利润总额是企业在一定时期内实现盈亏的总额；税后利润是企业利润总额扣除应交所得税后的利润。

专有名词的定义和解释

目 录 前言 第一部分 专有名词的定义和解释 第二部分 展览场地租赁合同补充条款 2.1 中心及其设施的使用 2.2 展位搭建和拆除、设备安装和展品运输 2.3 乙方的责任 2.4 付款条件 2.5 广告区域费用 2.6 电费 2.7 合同的终止 2.8 其他 2.9 权利、义务的授权与转让 2.10 保障 2.11 补偿的弃权和许可 2.12 甲方权利的行使或补偿的实现 2.13 通讯联络 2.14 部分无效 第三部分展厅规章制度 3.1 消防及安全管理规定 、 3.1.1 展台的搭建和场地规划 3.1.2 展台搭建设计图纸审查的规定 3.1.3 展馆顶部吊点 3.1.4 高空作业 3.1.5. 设施安装 3.1.6 危险物 3.1.7 压力容器 3.1.8 演示、操作展品 3.1.9 物品的保管 3.1.10 油漆 3.1.11 紧急疏散措施 3.1.12 保安 3.1.13 公用事业设备服务 3.2 设施保护管理规定 3.2.1 展台的搭建和拆除 3.2.2 地面承重 3.2.3 垃圾处理 3.2.4 沙石、泥土及类似材料

3.3 展品及搭建物进馆的搬运 3.3.1 物品搬运 3.3.2 货物交递 3.3.3 货箱储存 3.3.4 运输车辆 3.4 其它服务管理规定 3.4.1 公共区域及通道 3.4.2. 平面图的提交 3.4.3 乙方需提供文件 3.4.4 宣传材料的散发 3.4.5 声像系统 3.4.6 空调 3.4.7 动物 3.4.8 气球 3.4.9 残疾人设施及服务 3.4.10 钥匙 3.4.11 失物招领 3.4.12 管理费 3.4.13 公共停车场 3.4.14 签到处 3.4.15 卫星接受器的安装 3.4.16 餐饮及花草 3.4.17声音控制 前 言 《上海新国际博览中心展馆使用手册》(简称《手册》)是其展览场地租赁合同(简称租赁合同)不可分割的组成部分。本手册旨在帮助承租上海新国际博览中心有限公司展（馆）厅（会议室和室外展场等区域）举办展览会/非展览活动的主办单位，以及提供其它相关配套服务的单位进一步了解上海新国际博览中心有限公司租赁合同有关名词解释，租赁合同补充条款，以及展馆的各项规章制度。因此各相关单位务必认真阅读此手册，并遵照执行。 《上海新国际博览中心展馆使用手册》由三部份组成，即专有名词的定义和解释、展览场地租赁合同补充条款和展厅规章制度。 各主办单位及服务供应单位使用本手册时应注意以下几点： 1. 本手册中所提供的信息在实施时以当前版本为准。 2. 上海新国际博览中心有限公司保留对《手册》内容作出调整和更新的权利而无需提前 通知。 3. 本手册的解释权属于上海新国际博览中心有限公司。 4. 若对本手册有疑问，请咨询上海新国际博览中心有限公司。 联系方法：电话：+86 21 2890 6666 传真：+86 21 2890 6777