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英语国家概况(名词解释)

第一部分英国概况

1 the Commonwealth:It is a free association of independent countries that were once colonies of Britain. Member nations are joined together economically and have certain trading arrangements. The Commonwealth has no special powers. The decision to become a member of the Commonwealth is left to each nation.

2. British Empire:Britain has been one of the most important countries in the world. About a hundred years ago, as a result of its imperialist expansion, Britain ruled an empire that had one fourth of the world’s people and one fourth of the world’s land area. It had colonies ont only in North America, but also I Asia, Africa and Australia. However, the two world wars greatly weakened Britain. The British colonies became independent one after another . The British Empire gradually disappeared and it was replaced by the British Commonwealth of Nations in 1931.

3 Alfred the Great: Alfred was the King of Wessex, who was strong enough to defeat the invading Danes and reached a friendly agreement with them. He founded a strong fleet and is known as ‘the father of the British navy.’He also reorganized the Saxon army, making it more efficient. He encouraged learning in others, established schools and formulated a legal system. He translated a Latin book into English. All these make him worthy of his title ‘ Alfred the Great’

4Heptarchy:During the Anglo-Saxon’s time, Britain was divided into many kingdoms. These seven principal kingdoms of Kent, Essex, Sussex, Wessex, East Anglia,

Mercia and Nothumbria have been

given the name of Heptarchy.

5the Witan: The Witnam was the

council or meeting of the wisemen. It

was created by the Anglo-Saxons to

advise the king. It’s the basis of the

Privy Council which still exists today.

6 English feudal system: In this

system, the King owned all the land

personally, who gave his barons large

estates in England in return for a

promise of lilitary service and a

proportion of the land’s produce.

7 the Black Death: It was the modern

name given to the deadly bubonic

plague, an epidemic disease spread by

rat fleas through Europe in the 14th

century, particularly in 1347-1350. It

swept through England in the summer

of 1348 without warning, and without

any cure. It killed between one half and

one third of the population of England,

causing far-reaching economic

consequences.

8 Oliver Cromwell: He was the leader

of the Parliamentary Army during the

English Civil War in the revolutionary

period of the 17th century. He defeated

King Charles I and condemned him to

death in 1649. After that, he established

the Commonwealth in England and

became the Lord Protector of the

country. The Commonwealth ended

with the Restoration of Charles II in

1660.

9 Blood Mary: It is the nickname

given to Mary I , the English Queen

who succeeded to the throne after

Edward VI. She was a devout Catholic

and had so many protestants burnt to

death that she is remembered less by

her official title Mary I that by her

nickname Blood Mary.

10 the Industrial Revolution :It refer

to the mechanization of industry and

the consequent changes in social and

economic organization in Britain in the

late 18th and early 19th centuries.

Britain was the first country to

industrialize in Europe.

11 Whigs(in Britain):The name of

Whigs originated with the Glorious

Revolution. It was known by the

nickname. It was a derogatory name for

cattle drivers. Loosely speaking, the

Whigs were those who opposed

absolute monarchy and supported the

right to religious freedom for

Nonconformists.

12 Tories (in Britain) : The name of

Tories originated with the Glorious

Revolution . It was known by the

nickname. It was an Irish word

meaning thugs. The Tories were those

who supported hereditary monarchy

and were reluctant to remove kings.

The Tories were the forerunners of the

Conservative Party, which still bears

the nickname today.

13 the House of Lords: The House of

Lords is a part of Parliament . It is

made up of the Lords Spiritual and the

Lords Temporal. The main function of

the House of Lords is to bring the wide

experience of its members into the

process of law-making.

14 the House of Commons:The

House of Commons is a part of

parliament , and its members are

elected by universal adult suffrage. It

consists of 651 Members of Parliament

(MPs). It has the ultimate authority in

making laws.

15 constitutional monarchy : It is a

form of government in which the

monarch’s power is limited by

Parliament. The United Kingdom is a

constitutional monarchy: the head of State is a king or a queen. In practice, the Sovereigh reigns, but does not rule. The United Kingdom is governed, in the name of the Sovereign, by His or Her majestry’s Government.

16 the Cabinet:The Cabinet consists of usually 20 most senior ministers. Ministers are appointed by the Queen on the recommendation of the Prime Minister. Ministers are responsible collectively to Parliament for all Cabinet decisions; individual Ministers are responsibl to Parliament for the work of their departments.

17 the Privy Council:The Privy Council is a consultative body of the British monarch. Its origin can be traced back to the times of the Norman Kings. After the Gloious Revolution of 1688, its importance was gradually diminished and replaced by the Cabinet. Today, it is still a consultation body of the British monarch. Its membership is about 400, and includes all Cabinet ministers, the speaker of the House of Commons, the Archbishops of Canterbury and Y ork, and senior British and Commonwealth statesmen.

18 the Metropolitan Police Force:The police service for the United Kingdom is organized and controlled on a local basis under the Home Secretary and the Scottish and Northern Ireland Secretaries. London’s Metropolitan Police Force is directly under the control of the Home Secretary.

19NHS:The full name of NHS is National Health Service. The National Health Service provides for every resident, regardless of income, a full range of medical service. The service was established in the United Kingdom in 1948. 20 bank holidays:Official public

holidays are also called ‘bank holidays’.

The term ‘Bank Holidays’ goes back to

the Bank Holidays Act of 1871, which

owes its name to the fact that banks are

closed on the days specified.

21Remembrance Sunday:The only

really important patriotic festival is

Remembrance Sunday. It is also called

Armistice Day, which is the Sunday

nearest to November 11. On this

Sunday the dead of both world wars are

remembered in special church services

and civic ceremonies, the chief of

which is the laying of wreathes at the

Cenotaph, London by members of the

royal family in the presence of leading

statesmen and politicians.

22 Church of England:Church of

England is the most important

established church in Britain. It is

legally recognized as official church of

the State. It is uniquely related to the

Crown in that the Sovereign must be a

member of that Church and must

promise to uphold it. The Church is

also linked with the State through the

House of Lords, in which the two

archbishops and some other bishops

have seats.

23 Boxing Day:In Britain December

26th is called Boxing Day because it

was formerly the custom to give

‘Christmas boxes’, or gifts of money ,

to servants and tradesmen on this day.

24Open University:The Open

University is a non-residential

university. It is so named because it is

open to all to become students. The

University was founded in 1969 and

began its first courses in 1970. The

University offers degree and other

courses for adult students of all ages in

Britain and the other member countries

of the European Union. It uses a

combination of specially produced

printed texts, correspondence tuition ,

television and radio broadcasts and

audio/ video cassettes.

25IRA :The full name for IRA is Irish

Republic Army. It is a nationalist

organization formed by Michael

Collins after the Easter Uprising of

1916. The IRA opposed the separation

of Northern Ireland from the Republic

of Ireland in the 1920s by terrorist

methods. It has been responsible for

many raids and bomb explosions in

England and in Northern Ireland.

26the Anglo-Irish Treaty: In 1921 the

British signed the Anglo-Irish Treaty

establishing an Irish Free State with

dominion status with a separate

government in the

Protestant-dominated Northern Ireland.

27the Great Famine:The Great

Faminine began in Ireland in 1845. It

was caused by the failure of potato

crop. One of the most dramatic,

large-scale sociological consequences

of the Great Famine was a significant

population decline in Ireland. Many

people died of hunger. There was also a

big flow of emigration from Ireland.

About 6 million people left Ireland

either for Britain, the United States or

Canada in the century following the

Great Famine.

第二部分美国部分

1Ellis Island: Ellis Island of New Y ork

as an important immigration reception

spot in the 1890s and at the turn of the

century.

2baby boom: Baby boom refers to the

great increase of birth rate

between1946 and 1964. Nearly 80

million Americans were born in this

period . People born in this period are

called baby boomers.

3 ‘Uncle Tom’s Cabin’:The first blacks were brought to North America as slaves in 1619. For a long period of time they were concentrated in the agricultural South, working on plantations growing cotton and tobacco. Their life was no better than that of cattle. In order to keep the black slaves under control, the slave-owners resorted to brutal methods. Uncle Tom’s Cabin is the novel giving a vivid description of the miserable life of the black slaves.

4the Civil Rights Act of 1964: The Civil Rights Act of 1964 is considered to be the most far-reaching act on civil rights in modern times, forbidding discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, gender and national origin. It’s the result of a strong Civil Rights Movement in the 1960s. The act added protections for the rights to vote, to use public facilities and to enjoy the same education as white people. It also contained provisions guaranteeing equal employment opportunities.

5 the Puritans: The Puritans were wealthy, well-educated gentlemen. They wanted to purify the Church of England. Dissatisfied with the political corruption in England and threatened with religious persecution, the Puritan leaders saw the New World as a refuge provided by God for those he meant to save.

6 ‘No taxation without representation’:This was the slogan of the people in the colonies before the War of Independence. They opposed the British policies toward the colonies. By the slogan they declared that, without their representatives taking part in decision-making, they had no obligation to pay taxes.

7the Bill of Rights:In 1789, James

Madison introduced in the House of

Representatives a series of

amendments which later were drafted

into twelve proposed amendents and

sent to the states for ratification. Ten of

them were ratified in 1791 and this first

ten amendments to the constitution

were called the Bill of Rights.

8 abolitionists:They were people,

mostly Northern humanitarians, who

strongly opposed slavery and aimed to

abolish the system.

9 the Gettysburg Address:The

Gettysburg Address refers to the short

speech made by President Lincoln

when he dedicated the national

cemetery at Gettysburg. He ended his

speech with ‘the government of the

peopled, by the people, for the people,

shall not perish from the earth’

10 the Emancipation Proclamation:

After the Civil War began, Lincoln

issued the Emancipation Proclamation

to win more support at home and

abroad. It granted freedom to all slaves

in areas still controlled by the

Confederacy.

11 the First Bontinental Congress: In

1774, the First Continental Congress

was held in Philadelphia, which

encouraged Americans to refuse to buy

British goods, and organized colonial

militia units.

12 the New Deal: The program was

put forward by President Franklin D.

Roosevelt in 1932 to deal with the

Great Depression. Roosevelt made

Congress pass a large number of New

Deal acts and helped to set up many

efficient social economical and

financial systems. The New Deal did

help overcome the most serious

economic crisis of the capitalist system

up to that time.

13 the Muchrakers: At the turn of the

20th century in the United States, there

emerged a group of reform-minded

journalists, who made investigations

and exposed various dark sides of the

seemingly prosperous society.

President Theodore Roosevelt called

them Muchrakers.

14 The stock market crash of 1929:

On October24, 1929, the New Y ork

stock market crashed. It was called

Black Thursday, because it was the

beginning of a long economic

depression. The Great Depression had

far-reaching consequences. It swept

through the globe quickly. The rate of

unemployment increased rapidly. A

great deal of companies and businesses

closed and went into bankruptcy.

American economy didn’t recover until

the New Deal was put forward.

15 the Ku Klux Klan: The Ku Klux

Klan was the first organized in 1866

and then reformed in 1867. The Ku

Klux Klan terrorized and attacked not

only blacks, but also progressives,

labor union organizers ,Communist or

socialist party members.

16. McCarthyism:Joseph R.

McCarthy was a senator. He started a

campain of wild accusation and arrests

in 1950. His full-scale anti-Communist

hysteria in American history was called

McCarthyism . In December 1954,the

Senate condemned him for certain

improper, extreme behavior and

McCarthysim ended.

17 Richard Nixon: Richard Nixon was

the former President of the United

States of America. In the early 1970s,

he was involved in the Watergate

scandal, for which he was forced to

resign from the presidency.

18Truman Doctrine:On March 20, 1949, President Truman put forward the Truman Doctrine in his speech to the joint session of Congress. The Doctrine meant to support any country which said it was fighting communism.

19 monetarist policies:Since the American economy was plagued by stagflation, in the early 1980s, the traditional Keynesian approach was replaced by new monetarist policies, which sought to fight inflation by increasing supply and reducing demand. On the one hand, taxes were cut to increase economic dynamism. On the other hand, interest rates were raised to reduce the supply of money.

20 the U S Federal system:It is a system of government in which has two layers of rule. There is central or federal government for the nation which alone has the power to answer questions that affect the nation as a whole. There are also state and local governments . Each layer of government has separate and distinct powers laid down in the Constitution. 21 separation of power:It refers to the principle that the national government is divided into three branches: legislative, executive and judicial. In the legislative branch, power is divided further nto two houses. Each branch has part of the powers but not all the power.

22 US presidential inauguration: In the US the presidential term of four years begins on January 20. The President starts his official duties with an inauguraton ceremony, traditionally held on the steps of the US Capitol. The President publicly takes an oath of office, which is administered by the Chief Justice of the United States. The

oath-taking ceremony is usually

followed by an inauguration address.

23 public school: Public schools

usually larger in size, are operated by

publicly elected or appointed school

offcials. The program and activities of

the schools are under the control of

these officials. The schools are

supported mainly by public funds.

24 pri vate school: Private schools are

controlled by an individual or by an

agency other than a state, a subdivision

of a state or the federal government .

They are usually supported by funds

which are not public funds and the

operation of the school’s program rests

with people who are not publicly

elected or appointed officials.

25 school districts: They are

subdivisions of the states.Currently,

there are some 15,500 operating local

public school districts. Each local

school district has a governing board

which is usually elected by the

voters.Its major responsibilities are the

hiring of professional and support staff,

determining the most suitable local

curriculum, and developing and

approving a budget to carry out

educational program.

26 Easter Sunday:Easter Sunday is

the second of the two most important

religious holidays for Christians. It’s on

the first Sunday after the full moon that

occurs on or after March 21, and it’s

for celebrating the rising of Jesus

Christ from his tomb, where he had

lain for three days following his death.

On the Easter morning, millions of

people gather together to salute another

Easter dawn. The Easter Parade is very

popular in the United States. There are

several symbols for Easter. The egg

and the hare are those most frequently

associated with Easter.

27 Halloween:Halloween is a

night-time children’s day and a time for

frightening costumes, masks , parties,

games and tricks--- all for fun.

Children with curious masks fo from

house to house to frighten friends or

neighbours and threaten them with

‘Trick or treat’.

第三部分加拿大，澳大利亚

28the Canadian Shield : Almost half

of Canada is covered by the Canadian

Shield. It is a semicircular band of

rocky highlands and plateaus around

Hudson Bay from the northern shores

of Quebec to the Artic shores of the

Northwest Territories. It is a region of

rounded hills, tens of thousands of

lakes and swamp. The Shield contains

a wealth of minerals , much water and

great forests.

29 the Statute of W estminster: By the

Statute of Westminster in 1931 the

British Dominions, including Canada,

were formally declared to be partner

nations with Britain and ‘equal in

status, in no way subordinate to each

other’, and bound together only by

their loyalty to a common Crown.

Since then, Canada became a member

of the Commonwealth of Nations.

30 Bilingualism in Canada:

Bilingualism means having two

languages. In Canada the official

Language Act went into effect in 1969.

The Act made English and French the

official languages of Canada. They

have equal status and rights in all

instituations of Parliament and the

Federal Government.

31 Multiculturalism: For a long time

the Canadian Government pursued a

policy of assimilation , that is to

assimilate different minority groups into the mainstream Canadian culture. But immigrants from different countries still kept their own cultures, religious, languages, and ways of life. So in 1976, the Canadian Government adopted a policy of multiculturalism. Accordingly immigrants may be instructed in at least one official language to help them become full participants in Canadian society and, at the same time, are encouraged to maintain their particular cultural heritage.

32 school of air :children learn their lessons through a radio educational system called School of the Air. Lessons are transmitted by radio. Homework is now exchanged by fax.

33 the Flying Doctors:It is a special health service which provides medical care for people living in isolated areas in Australia. Doctors travel by plane from their base and keep in touch with their patients by radio.

34 Maoritanga:In New Zealand, Maoritanga in Maori culture, the Maori way of life and view of the world. Maori views of the world, of nature, of education, of spirituality and of death, are becoming more and more part of the New Zealand way of life.

35 Kiwi:The kiwi is a noctural bird that can’t fly in New Zealand. The kiwi is a national symbol an New Zealanders refer to themselves as Kiwis.

36 the Treaty of Waitangi:The Treaty of Waitangi was an agreement between the chiefs of the Maori people and the British Crown in 1840.

37 W aitangi Day:In 1840, the first official governor, William Hobson, was sent to negotiate with Maori leaders. In 1840 Hobson, representng Queen

V ictoria, and some Maori chiefs,

signed the Treaty of Waitangi. Modern

New Zealand was founded. The

anniversary of the signing, February 6,

is celebrated as New Zealand National

Day, Waitangi Day, and is a national

holiday.

38Mark Twain: Mark Twain’s real

name was Samuel Langhorne Clemens.

He gained a wide knowledge of

humanity through his life experience.

In 1865, he became nationally famous

with his short story The Celebrated

Jumping Frog. The Adventures of Tom

Sawyer was an immediate success as

‘a boy book’, and The Adventures of

Huckleberry Finn became his master

book. All stories of his novels are

simple and he presented American

social life through portrayal of local

places he knew best and through his

colloquial style. His other famous

books are: A Tramp Abroad, Life on the

Mississippi, The Gilded Age and

Innocents Abroad.

39W alt Whitman:Walt Whitman is an

American poet. He broke free from the

convention of the poetic rhyme

exhibiting a freedom in form unknown

before. In his masterpiece Leaves of

Grass, he praised the ideas of equality

and democracy and celebrated the

dignity, the self-reliant spirit and the

joy of the common man. He was the

first to explore fully the possibilities of

free verse. He invented a completely

new and completely American form of

poetic expression.

40knicherbockers era: In the early part

of the nineteenth century, New Y ork

City was the centre of American

writing. Its writers were called

‘Knickerbockers’and the period from

1810 to 1840 is known as the

‘knickerbockers era’of American

literature. The name comes from A

History of New Y ork, by Diedrick

Knickerbocker written by Washington

Irving.

41 Ernest Hemingway:Ernest

Hemingway was one of the most

important American writers in the 20th ,

and was the spokensman for the ‘Lost

Generation’ of young intellectuals who

became disappointed and bitter after

World War I. He was awarded the

Nobel Prize for Literature in 1954. His

first important novel The Sun Also

Rises is a description of young people

in the post-war era.He wrote a lot of

英语国家概况_习题集(含答案)

《英语国家概况》课程习题集西南科技大学成人、网络教育学院版权所有习题【说明】：本课程《英语国家概况》（编号为12010）共有单选题,名词解释题,简答题,填空题2等多种试题类型，其中，本习题集中有[简答题]等试题类型未进入。一、单选题 1. Celts were different groups of ancient people who came originally from________ A. France B. Denmark C. Ireland D. Germany 2. Who invaded and conquered Britain for the first time in 55 BC? A. Emperor Claudius B. Julius Caesar C. King Alfred D. King Ethelred 3. Who is the author of Murder in the Cathedral? A. Christopher Marlowe B. T. S. Eliot C. Ben Johnson D. Thomas Becket 4.When Oliver Cromwell died in 1658, and was succeeded by his son, ______, the regime began immediately to collapse. A. Henry B. Hamilton C. Richard D. Charles 5. The 18th century saw selective breeding of cattle, sheep and houses by _________. A. Jethro Tull B. Thomas Coke C. George III D. Robert Bakewell 6. Which of the following is not one of the members of the Lords Temporal? A. all hereditary peers and peeresses of the England, Scotland, Great Britain and the United Kingdom (but not peers of Ireland) B. lire peers created to assist the House in its judicial duties C. senior bishops of the Church of England D. all other life peers 7. Two years after the ending of the Hundred Years’ War with France, England was thrown into another series of civil wars, ________. A. the War of the Celts

英语国家概况

英语国家概况-Land and people I. Different Names for Britain and its Parts 英国的不同名称及其各组成部分 1.Geographical names: the British Isles, Great Britain and England. 地理名称：不列颠群岛，大不列颠和英格兰。 2. Official name: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. 官方正式名称：大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。 3. The British Isles are made up of two large islands-Great Britain (the larger one) and Ireland, and hundreds of small ones. 不列颠群岛由两个大岛—大不列颠岛（较大的一个）和爱尔兰岛，及成千上万个小岛组成。 4.Three political divisions on the island：England, Scotland and Wales. 大不列颠岛上有三个政治区：英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士。 (1) England is in the southern part of Great Britain. It is the largest, most populous section. 英格兰位于大不列颠岛南部，是最大，人口最稠密的地区。 (2) Scotland is in the north of Great Britain. It has three natural zones (the Highlands in the north; the Central lowlands; the south Uplands) Capital: Edinburgh 苏格兰位于大不列颠的北部。它有三大自然区：北部高地，中部低地及南部山陵。首府：爱丁堡。 (3) Wales is in the west of Great Britain. Capital: Cardiff 威尔士位于大不列颠的西部。首府：加的夫 (4) Northern Ireland is the fourth region of the UK. Capital: Belfast. 北爱尔兰是英国第四个区域。首府：贝尔法斯特。 5.The Commonwealth (of nations)is a free association of independent countries that were once colonies of Britain. It was founded in 1931, and has 50 member countries until 1991. 英联邦是独立的前英国殖民地组成的自由联合体。它成立于1931年，至1990年止已有50个成员国。 II. Geographical Features 英国的地理特征 1.Geographical position of Britain: 英国的地理位置： Britain is an island country surrounded by the sea. It lies in the North Atlantic Ocean off the north coast of Europe. It is separated from the rest of Europe by the English Channel in the south and the North Sea in the east. 英国是一个岛国。它位于大西洋北部，与欧洲大陆的北海岸隔海相望。南面的英吉利海峡和东面的北海将它与欧洲其它部分隔开。 2.The north and west of Britain are mainly highlands; and the east and southeast are mostly lowlands. 英国的西部和北部主要是高地，东部和东南部主要是低地。 III. Rivers and Lakes 河流与湖泊 Ben Nevis is the highest mountain in Britain (1,343m).

英美概况名词解释

The bill of rights The bill of rights consists of the first 10 amendments which were added to the Constitution in 1791 .the bill of rights was passed to guarantee freedom and individual rights such as freedom of speech , the rights to assemble in public places , the rights to own weapons and so on . The great depression The Great Depression was the worst economic slump ever in U.S. history, and one which spread to virtually all of the industrialized world. The depression began in late 1929 and lasted for about a decade. WASP It stands for the white Anglo-Saxon Protestant. it is the dominant group in the US controlling economic assets and political power The civil rights movement The American civil rights movement (1955-1968)refers to the reform movements in the united states aimed at abolishing racial discrimination against African American and restoring suffrage in southern states The westward movement American Westward Movement, movement of people from the settled regions of the United States to lands farther west. Between the early 17th and late 19th centuries, Anglo-American peoples and their societies expanded from the Atlantic Coast to the Pacific Coast. George Washington George Washington was one of the founding fathers of the America republic , he was the commander-in –chief of the Continental Army in the war of Independence against the British colonial rule and the first president of the the United States Industrial Revolution in American After independence ,America was principally an agricultural country ,the industrial revolution in England brought many to American industry between 1776 and 1860 , one key development was the introduction of the factory system , A second development was the application of new technologies to industrial tasks ,A fourth development was the emergence of new forms of business organization-the bank and the corporation Three faiths in the US By the 1950s ,the three faiths model of American religion had developed , American were considered to come in three basic varieties : protestant , catholic and Jewish ,in terms of numbers ,the protestants and Jewish are the smallest among the groups Boards of education Boards of education refer to groups of people who make policies for schools at the state and district level ,they also make decision about the school curriculum , teachers standards and certification ,and the overall measurement of student progress Consumer economy an economy driven by consumer spending as a percent of its gross domestic product, as opposed to the other major components of GDP

英语国家概况名词解释新

英语国家概况名词解释 1、The Constitution:Britain has no written foundations of the British state are laid out in statute law,which are laws passed by Parliament; the common laws, which are laws established through commom practice in courts;and conventions. 2、The house of Common: It’s the real center of British political life because it is the place where about 650 elected representatives(Members of Parliament) make and debate policy,These MPs are elected in the General Elections and should represent the interests of the people who vote for them. 3、The electoral campaign:Before a general election,the political parties would start their electoral campaigns in order to make their ideologies and policies known to the campaign involves advertisements in newspapers, door-to-door campaigning,postal deliveries of leaflets and ‘party electoral broadcasts” on the parties also try to attack and critisise the opponents’,these campaigns sometimes can be quite aggressive and critical. 4、Class system in British society:The class system does exist in British of British population would claim themselves to be either of middle-class or working-class,though some people would actually belong to the upper middle-class or lower divisions are not simply economic,they are cultural as of different classes may defferent may differ in the kind of newspaper they read,in the way they speak and in the kind of education they of the distinctive features about the British class system is that aristocratic titles can still be inherited. 5、Relative decline of the UK economy:The UK has experienced an economic decline since this is a relative decline rather than an absolute is wealthier and more productive than it was in 1945,but since other countries developed more rapidly,it has slid from being the second largest economy to being the six. 6、Comprehensive schools:are the most popular secondary schools in Britain schools admit children without reference to their academic abilities and provide a general can study everything from academic subjects like literature to more practical subjects like cooking 7、Grammar school s:it’s a type of secondary schools in schools select children at the age 11,through an examination called “the 11-plus”.Those children with the highest marks go to grammar schools lay emphasis on advanced academic subjects rather than the more general curriculum of the comprehensive schools and expect many of their pupils to go on to universities. 8、Independent schools:are commonly called public schools which are actually private schools that receive their funding through the private sector and tuition rates,with some government schools are not part of national education system,but the quality of instruction and standards are maintained through visits from Her Majesty’s Inspectors of schools are restricted to the students whose parents are comparatively rich. 9、the first English settle in North America:The first English permanent settlement was organized in 1607 by the London Company with a charter from the English colonists settled in Virginia and survived by imposing strict discipline on themselves and by transplanting tobacco into the colony of 1619,the settlers elected their delegates and set up the House of Burgesses,and the same time they bought and enslaved

翻译的英语单词

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1. The civil rights movement It is one of the most important of all social movements in the 1960s in America. Rosa Parks’ spontaneous action in 1955 was believed to the true beginning of the civil rights movement. The black students’ sit-in at a department lunch counter in North Carolina touched off the nationwide civil rights movement. During the first half of the decade, civil rights organizations like the SNCC,CORE,and SCLC struggled for racial intergration by providing leaderships,network and the people. In the latter half of the decade, some black organizations changed their nonviolent tactics, and emphasized on more radical means to end discrimination and raised the self-image of the blacks. The civil rights movement produced such great leaders as Martin Luther King. Jr, and Malcolm X, who inspired a generation of both blacks and whites to devote their lives to fighting for racial equality in th US. 2.A federal system【联邦制】 It is one in which power is shared between a central authority and its constiuent parts, with some rights reserved to each. 3.King Arthur It is said that he was the King of England in the 5th century and united the British and drove the Saxons back with his magica sword,Excalibur. His real existence is in doubt. He is the central figure of many legends. 4. The Anglo-Saxons They were two groups of Germanic peoples who settled down in England from the 5th century. They were regarded as the ancestors of the English and the founders of England. 5. Riverdance[大河舞] It is a very popular form of dancing based on Ireland’s intricate[错综复杂的]folk dances which are rearranged and modernized and adapted onto current stage performance. Dancing is traditionally part of Irish culture. It is usually accompanied by the Irish pipe and fiddle. The music usually sounds fast and furious. Most of the action

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Unit1 A Brief Introduction to the United Kingdom 1.The flag of Britain : Union Jack （英国国旗中没有显示出Welsh旗） 2. The basic information of each country: Count ry Capital Area Memo Englan d London 最大 1.最不会把自己的 “英格兰文化区别于其他文化” 2.一个高度城市化

3.The time joining the British parliament: However, in 1707 by agreement of the English and Scottish parliaments, Scotland joined the Union. 4.Difference between the British Isles ,UK, Great Britain , and England: British Isles: the island of Great Britain the island of Ireland

surrounding isles ●UK=Great Britain + Northern Ireland ●Great Britain =England +Scotland + Wales 5.The four major invasions in the history of Great Britain : At first, England was occupied by Celtic people. Then in 43AD Britain was invaded by the Roman Empire. Result: England and Wales became a part of the Roman Empire for nearly 400 years. the Angle-Saxon invaded. Result: The land they lived became" Angle-land", later changed into England, the language they spoken became English. PS：One of the best-known English legends derives from this time. In 5 century AD, King Author(亚瑟王) united the British, and with his magical sword, Excalibur（被称为“王者之剑”的圣剑）,

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