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Effects of Post-Exercise Honey Drink Ingestion

Effects of Post-Exercise Honey Drink Ingestion
Effects of Post-Exercise Honey Drink Ingestion

Asian J Sports Med. 2015 September; 6(3): e24044. DOI: 10.5812/asjsm.24044

Published online 2015 September 28.

Research Article

Effects of Post-Exercise Honey D rink Ingestion on Blood Glucose and Subsequent Running Performance in the Heat

Nur Syamsina Ahmad,1 Foong Kiew Ooi,1,* Mohammed Saat Ismail,2 and Mahaneem Mohamed

3

1Sports Science Unit, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, George Town, Malaysia

2Exercise and Sports Science Programme, School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, George Town, Malaysia 3Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, George Town, Malaysia

*Corresponding author : Foong Kiew Ooi, Sports Science Unit, School of Medical Sciences, University Sains Malaysia, George Town, Malaysia. Tel: +60-97676931, Fax: +60-97641945, E-mail: fkooi@https://www.sodocs.net/doc/1117315887.html,m.my

Received: October 25, 2013; Accepted:

March 10, 2014

Copyright ? 2015, Sports Medicine Research Center. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommer-cial 4.0 International License (https://www.sodocs.net/doc/1117315887.html,/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits copy and redistribute the material just in noncommercial usages, provided the original work is properly cited.

1. Background

Glycogen depletion and hypoglycemia have been asso-ciated with fatigue and decrement of performance dur-ing prolonged exercise (1). Ingestion of fluid containing carbohydrate (CHO) can improve exercise performance by preventing dehydration (2, 3) and reducing the de-cline in blood glucose (4). Carbohydrate can be ingested in a bolus feeding or dispersed in intervals. It has been mentioned that intake of CHO in the first 2 hours af-ter exercise allows fast rate of glycogen synthesis (5), and fluid should be consumed directly proportional or close to sweat loss to maintain important physiologi-cal functions (2). Additionally, if water is consumed, the volume ingested needs to exceed the fluid deficit by approximately 150% to compensate for the urinary loss that occurs with water ingestion (6, 7). Honey is one of the carbohydrate sources. To date, the possible role of carbohydrate contained in honey during recovery i.e. after exercise is still unclear. Thus, the present study was proposed. Acacia honey used in the present study was

obtained from the Johor region, Malaysia, and it was produced by Apis mellifera bees. Based on the laborato-ry analysis done in department of Molecular Medicine, Universiti Malaysia, Malaysia, it was reported that Acacia honey contains 31.2% of fructose, 22.9% of glucose, 3.3% of maltose, and 9.9% of sucrose, it also contains 13 mg of so-dium per 100 g of serving and 75 g of CHO per 100 g of serving. It was speculated that honey consists of differ-ent types of carbohydrate, and these multiple transport-able carbohydrates may can lead to high carbohydrate oxidation rates and result in better performance during exercise. This speculation was based on a recent previ-ous study which showed that a mixture of glucose and fructose ingestion resulted in approximately 55% higher exogenous carbohydrate oxidation rates compared to the ingestion of an isocaloric amount of glucose during prolonged cycling exercise (8). Additionally, in another previous study, it was found that a mixture of glucose, sucrose and fructose ingestion resulted in higher ex-

ogenous carbohydrate oxidation rates compared with glucose ingestion alone during 150 min cycling (9). The beneficial effects of glucose and fructose supplemen-tation on endurance performance was also shown in a meta analysis done by Vandenbogaerde and Hopkins (2011) (10), in which it was found that the best supple-ment inferred from the analysis consisted of a ~3-10% carbohydrate-plus-protein drink providing ~0.7g/kg/h glucose polymers, ~0.2 g/kg/h fructose and ~0.2g/kg/h protein. According to Ivy (1998) (4), fructose contained in honey is beneficial for the replenishment of liver glycogen. Consumption of fructose or sucrose during recovery may increase the supply of glycogen substrate to the liver and thus increase the relative proportion of whole body glycogen resynthesis occuring within the liver (11). Moreover, ingestion of CHO drink can main-tain a higher osmolality of blood effectively compared to plain water (12). In a recent review paper by Memon and Kumar (2013) (13), it was mentioned that fructose ingestion may produce deleterious effects on the car-diovascular system, such as increase in blood pressure and also elicit adverse metabolic effects, for example insulin resistance and hypertriglyceridaemia. However, fructose which is contained in natural sources such as honey may produce beneficial effects on human health. In addition, it was mentioned in White's study (2013) (14) that fructose intake at normal population levels but not hyperdosing does not cause biochemical outcomes sub-stantially different from other dietary sugars. To date, the sports drinks available in the market are mostly carbonated drinks which may cause gastric discomfort. Acacia honey drink which will be prescribed to the sub-jects in the present study is not a carbonated drink. It is believed that this non carbonated honey drink may not cause gastric discomfort, while it is ingested by subjects after exercise.

2. Objectives

Since the efficacy of Acacia honey drink, a non carbon-ated drink, as a post-exercise recovery aid on glucose me-tabolism and subsequent running performance in the heat has not been attempted before, therefore the pres-ent study was proposed. If the present study can confirm that Acacia honey drink could elicit beneficial effects on glucose metabolism and subsequent running perfor-mance in the subjects, it then can be proposed to the ath-letes for enhancing their sport performance in a hot and humid environment.

3. Patients and Methods

Ten male recreational runners (age: 21.8 ± 1.4 years old; body weight: 59.9 ± 7.8 kg; VO2max: 51.7 ± 4.1 mL.kg-1.min-1) who were able to run on the treadmill at 65% VO2max for at least 60 min were recruited as subjects in this study. They were healthy with no chronic diseases or tak-ing any medication. Subjects were asked to refrain from ingesting any products containing honey for 48 hours before the experiment trials. Subjects were also asked to refrain from strenuous exercise for 24 hours prior to the actual experimental trials. A food diary form was given to each subject to record their food intake three days be-fore the experimental trial. They were required to repeat the same diet over three days before the consecutive experimental trial to minimise differences in muscle glycogen. Subjects were also asked to fast from 10.00 p.m. onwards on the day before the experimental trial. However, they were permitted to drink plain water. The study was approved by the Research and Ethics Com-mittee of School of Medical Sciences, University Sains Malaysia (USM), Kelantan, Malaysia (Reference number: USMKK/PPP/JEPeM [228.3.(040)]).

3.1. Preliminary Tests

After subjects’ recruitment, the subjects were required to perform two preliminary tests, i.e. (i) A 16-min incre-mental submaximal running test to determine the re-lationship between running speed and oxygen uptake, followed by (ii) A VO2max test, which was an uphill incre-mental treadmill running to exhaustion test for deter-mining each subject’s VO2max. From the data obtained in the submaximal running test and VO2max test, the speed which elicited 50% VO2max and 65% VO2max of the subject were calculated, so that the appropriate running inten-sity used in the actual experimental trials could then be determined. In order to familiarise subjects with the experimental protocol, subjects performed a familiarisa-tion trial one week before the actual experimental trial, in which they were required to run in the heat (31°C, 70% relative humidity) at 65% VO2max on a motorised tread-mill for 60 minutes.

3.2. Experimental Trial, Honey Drink and Environ-mental Condition

On the actual experimental trial days, subjects report-ed to the laboratory at 8 a.m. after a 10-hour overnight fast. The following procedures were carried out accord-ingly before the commencement of each trial: (i) A stan-dardised breakfast with two pieces of white bread and 500 ml of plain water one hour before each trial; (ii) De-termination of nude body weight by using an electronic body composition analyser (Tanita? TBF-410, Japan); and (iii) Cannulation for blood sample drawing. All subjects performed 2 trials. In each trial, subjects went through three phases, i.e. 60 min of glycogen depletion phase (Run-1), followed by 2-hour rehydration phase and time trial running phase (Run-2). Immediately before warm up of Run-1, blood samples were collected. Subsequently, subjects were asked to warm-up for 5 min by running at 50% VO2max. Immediately after the completion of the warm-up, the intensity of running was increased to 65% VO2max. D uring Run-1, blood samples were collected at 0-min and at the end of the 60 min running. After com-

Asian J Sports Med. 2015;6(3):e24044

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pleting Run-1, subjects’ post-exercise nude body weights were obtained after they had towel-dried themselves for determining the body weight loss. Subsequently, the subjects were required to rest for 2 hours during the rehydration phase. During this period, the subjects drank either plain water (PW) or honey drink (HD) with an amount equivalent to 150% of body weight loss in 3 boluses (60%, 50%, and 40% of body weight loss respec-tively) at 0, 30, and 60 min. Both the drinks which were kept at 8°C were prepared by the laboratory technolo-gist. These drinks were given to the subjects in a random order. The blood samples were collected at every 30 min for 2 hours during rehydration phase. Fluid sensation such as thirst, sweetness, nausea, fullness and stomach upset were determined using a fluid sensation scale (15) each time after fluid ingestion. Then, subjects were re-quired to run again at 50% VO2max for 5 min and imme-diately followed by a 20 min-time trial (Run-2). In Run-2, the longest distance covered in 20 min by the subjects was recorded as the endurance running performance. Blood samples were taken before and after warm up, and at the end of the time trial. Subjects came to the lab after 7 days from the first trial for their second trial. For the second trial, the experimental protocol was similar to the first trial. The present study was a single blind study, thus the researcher did not know about the type of drink the subjects were prescribed during each experimental trial. This randomization and distribution was done by a laboratory technologist. In the present study, the honey drink contained 6.8% of CHO which was equivalent to the CHO concentration in most sports drinks available in the market. D uring the experimental trials, the laboratory was maintained at a hot environmental temperature of 31°C and relative humidity of 70%.

3.3. Blood Analysis

Four ml of venous blood was drawn from the subjects during each blood collection. One ml of the blood was transferred into a tube anticoagulated with natrium flu-oride (NaF). The blood in the tube was separated by cen-trifugation (10 min, 400 rpm, 4°C). The plasma obtained was stored at -20°C for subsequent analysis of glucose concentration using a commercially-available reagent kit (Randox, United Kingdom) and a chemistry analyser (Selectra E, The Netherlands). Two ml of blood was trans-ferred into a plain tube and was then separated by centrif-ugation. Serum was stored at -20°C for analysis of serum osmolality and insulin. Serum osmolality was analysed using cryoscopic osmometer (Osmomat 030, Gonotec, Germany) while serum insulin was analysed using elec-trochemiluminescence immunoassay ‘ECLIA’ kits (Roche, US). For the analysis of haematocrit levels, the blood sam-ple was placed in the Ethylenediamine tetra-acetic acid (EDTA) tubes. Blood haematocrit levels were determined via a microhematocrit centrifuge (Hettich-Haematocrit 20, German) and a reader (Hawksley, England).Figure 1. Endurance Running Performance During Time Trial in Plain Water (PW) and Honey Drink (HD) Trials (Mean ± SD)

HD PW

PW

HD

T

r

i

a

l

s

0 1000 2000 3000 4000

Distance (m)

**, P < 0.01 compared to PW trial; the running distance of HD trial was sig-nificantly (P < 0.01) longer than the PW trial.

3.4. Statistical Analysis

Statistical analysis was performed using statistical soft-ware contained in the Statistical Package for Social Scienc-es (SPSS) version 18.0. Two-way repeated measure ANOVA with Post hoc Bonferroni test was used to determine the differences of the measured parameters between trials at each time point and the changes of the measured param-eters over the time. In the present study, changes of body weight, total volume of fluid consumed, fluid sensation, and blood haematocrit level were analysed by using two way ANOVA with repeated measures. Meanwhile, time tri-al running performance was analysed using paired-t test. Statistical significance was accepted at P < 0.05. Results are expressed as means ± standard deviation (SD). 4. Results

4.1. Running Performance

Graphical illustration of the endurance running perfor-mance is presented in Figure 1. The present study showed that the running distance covered by the subjects in HD trial (3420 ± 350 m) was significantly (P < 0.01) longer than the PW trial (3120 ± 340 m).

4.2. Environmental Condition

Mean room temperature and relative humidity were similar between PW and HD trials. Room temperature in the PW and HD trials was 30.9 ± 0.3 and 31.1 ± 0.3°C, respec-tively while relative humidity was 70.2 ± 0.4 and 70.4 ± 0.3%, respectively. Changes of body weight, total volume of fluid consumed, fluid sensation, and blood haemato-crit level: Subjects’ mean pre body weight for PW and HD trials was 59.21 ± 7.9 kg and 59.44 ± 8.0 kg respectively. The mean post body weight of the subjects after Run-1 was 58.31 ± 7.7 kg in PW trial and 58.57 ± 7.7 kg in HD trial. The mean percent body weight loss as a result of 60 min dehydration exercise was 1.50 ± 0.5% and 1.54 ± 0.5% of the pre body weight in the PW and HD trials, respectively.

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Asian J Sports Med. 2015;6(3):e24044

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The rehydrated body weight achieved after 2 hour of rehydration period was 58.96 ± 8.0 kg and 59.28 ± 8.1 kg for PW and HD trials respectively. There were no signifi-cant differences between the two trials in all the above mentioned parameters. The total volume of fluid con-sumed by the subjects during rehydration period was 1350 ± 524.4 mL and 1395 ± 574.7 mL in PW and HD trial respectively, with no statistically significant differences between them. Subject’s responses to fluid sensation are shown in Table 1. There were no significant differences between PW and HD trials for thirst, nausea, fullness and stomach upset throughout the 2-hour recovery phase. However, at 0-min, 30-min and 60-min of the recovery phase, there were significant differences (P < 0.001) for sensation of sweetness between HD and PW, where HD showed higher values than PW trial. Resting value of the blood haematocrit level of PW and HD trials was 43.8 ± 1.7 % and 44.3 ± 1.7 %, respectively, and there was no sig-nificant difference in the resting value of the blood hae-matocrit level between the two trials. In both the PW and HD trials, blood haematocrit levels significantly (P < 0.01) increased over time in Run-1 with values of PW: 45.6 ± 1.7 % and HD: 46.0 ± 1.4 % at the end of Run-1, and the levels of this measured parameter decreased significantly (P < 0.05) over time in the rehydration phase. Haematocrit level at the end of rehydration phase for PW and HD trials was 43.0 ± 2.7% and 43.7 ± 1.4%, respectively. Subsequently, haematocrit levels increased continuously until the end of Run-2 (PW: 46.2 ± 2.1%; HD: 46.9 ± 1.5%) in both the trials. There were no significant differences in haematocrit lev-els at any time point between the two trials.

4.3. Plasma Glucose, Serum Insulin, and Serum Os-molality

Results of plasma glucose are presented in Figure 2. In the glycogen depletion phase (Run-1), no significant difference was observed in plasma glucose between HD and PW trials. Nevertheless, for each trial, there was a non statistically sig-nificant decrease in plasma glucose level from beginning until the end of Run-1. During rehydration phase, plasma glucose in HD trial increased significantly at the first 30 min compared to resting value (0 min) and reduced to a normal level at the end of rehydration phase (120 min). In PW trial, plasma glucose level was lower than resting value throughout the rehydration phase. During Run-2, trends of increase in plasma glucose concentrations until the end of the run were observed in both HD and PW trials. Serum in-sulin concentrations are shown in Figure 3. There were non statistically significant decreases in serum insulin concen-trations in both HD and PW trials during Run-1. During the rehydration phase, no significant changes were observed in serum insulin in PW trial. However, in HD trial, the lev-els of serum insulin at 30, 60, 90, and 120 min were signifi-cantly higher than the value at the end of Run-1 and also significantly higher than PW trial at corresponding times. Reduced serum insulin level was also observed in HD trial at the later stage of rehydration phase. At the end of time trial running phase (Run-2), serum insulin concentration was significantly decreased in HD trial. However, there was no significant difference in serum insulin concentrations at the end of Run-2 compared to respective end of rehy-dration phase in PW trial. Results of serum osmolality are

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Asian J Sports Med. 2015;6(3):e24044illustrated in Figure 4. In HD trial, serum osmolality level at 30, 60, 90, and 120 min during rehydration phase were significantly lower than the value at the end of Run-1. In PW trials, serum osmolality levels at 60, 90, and 120 min dur-ing rehydration phase were significantly lower than the

value at the end of Run-1. At 60 min of rehydration phase, serum osmolality level was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in HD than PW. At the end of Run-2, serum osmolality levels in both HD and PW trial were significantly higher than the value at the end of rehydration phase, respectively.

Figure 2. Plasma Glucose Concentration (mmol.L-1) During Run-1, Rehydration and Run-2 of Plain Water (PW) and Honey Drink (HD) Trials (Mean ± SD)

98

76543

P l a s m a G l u c o s e (m m o l .L -1)

-65 -60 0 30 60 90 120 125 145

Time (min)

HD

PW

GlyD (Run-1)

RehyD

TT

(Run_2)

GlyD, glycogen depletion phase; RehyD, rehydration phase; TT, time trial phase; & P < 0.05 compared to respective end of Run-1; # P < 0.05 compared to respective end of rehydration phase; * P < 0.05 compared to corresponding time in PW trial; plasma glucose was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than re-spective end of Run-1 in HD at 30 min of rehydration phase; plasma glucose concentrations in PW were significantly lower (P < 0.05) than respective end of Run-1 at 90 minutes and end of rehydration phase.

Figure 3. Serum Insulin Concentration (pmol.L-1) During Run-1, Rehydration, and Run-2 of Plain Water (PW) and Honey Drink (HD) Trials (Mean ± SD)

500

400

300

200

100

-100

S e r u m I n s u l i n (p m o l .L -1)

-65 -60 0 30 60 90 120 125 145

Time (min)

HD

PW

GlyD (Run-1)

RehyD

TT

(Run_2)

GlyD, glycogen depletion phase; rehyD, Rehydration phase; TT, time trial phase; && P < 0.01 compared to respective end of Run-1; ## P < 0.01 compared to respective end of rehydration phase; *,** P < 0.05 and P < 0.01 compared to corresponding time in PW trial; In HD, serum insulin levels at 30, 60, 90 and 120 min of rehydration phase were significantly higher (P < 0.01) than the value at the end of Run-1, and also, significantly higher (P < 0.05) than PW trial at corresponding times.

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Figure 4. Serum Osmolality (mOsm.kg -1) During Rehydration and Run-2 of Plain Water (PW) and Honey Drink (HD) Trials (Mean ± SD)

305300295290285280275270

S e r u m O s m o l a l i t y (m O s m .k g -1)

0 30 60 90 120 125 145

Time (min)

HD PW

RehyD

TT

(Run_2)

GlyD, glycogen depletion phase; rehyD, Rehydration phase; TT, time trial phase; & P < 0.05 compared to respective end of Run-1; # P < 0.05 compared to respective end of rehydration phase; * P < 0.05 compared to corresponding time in PW trial; At 60 min of rehydration phase, serum osmolality level was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in HD than PW.

5. Discussion

The notable finding of the present study is that rehy-dration with Acacia honey drink could improve running performance in the heat compared to plain water. Addi-tionally, ingestion of Acacia honey drink could elicit sig-nificantly higher values of plasma glucose, plasma insu-lin and serum osmolality compared to plain water during the rehydration phase and time trial running performance. It is generally known that loss of body weight caused by sweating can elicit negative effects on exercise outcome, impairing thermoregulation and per-formance of prolonged aerobic exercise. These effects are most pronounced when exercise is undertaken in a hot environment. Sawka et al. (16) reported that sport perfor-mance can be adversely affected even with 1% body weight loss in 60 min of intense exercise at 31°C. In the present study, the average percent body weight loss after 60 min of dehydration exercise was 1.50 ± 0.5% and 1.54 ± 0.5% in the PW and HD trials respectively. After ingesting 150% of body weight loss during the rehydration phase, there were no significant differences in post rehydration body weight in the subjects between the trials. Similarly,

there were no significant differences in total volume of fluid consumed between the trials. These results demon-strated that the subjects were equally well rehydrated with either PW or HD. In the present study, it was found that there were no significant differences between PW and HD trials for thirst, nausea, fullness, and stomach up-set throughout the 2-hour rehydration phase. Cool and sweetened beverages are believed to be able to enhance the palatability of the fluid. However, HD elicited signifi-cantly (P < 0.05) higher rate of sweetness than PW trial at 0 min, 30 min and 60 min of the recovery phase. These results suggested that the 8°C cooled and sweet Acacia honey drink did not cause a sensation of nausea, fullness and most importantly it did not cause stomach upset in the subjects. The mean blood haematocrit values were not significantly different at the beginning of both PW and HD trials. This suggests that the subjects’ preexisting level of hydration were similar at the beginning of each trial. Blood haematocrit levels increased significantly during Run-1 and Run-2, and decreased significantly dur-ing rehydration phase in both the trials. These results

indicated that subjects in Run-1 and Run-2 had reduced plasma volume, and subjects were rehydrated with in-creased plasma volume during rehydration phase in both PW and HD trials. The absence of any significant dif-ferences in blood haematocrit levels at any time point between the two trials implied that the hydration status of the subjects was similar in both the PW and HD trials. Thus, the endurance running performance of both trials was not affected by the hydration status of subjects. It is speculated that the CHO present in Acacia honey may have played its role for enhancing running performance in the present study. The improved running performance of the subjects in the HD trial could be attributed to the maintenance of blood glucose level during running caused by the presence of CHO contained in Acacia hon-ey drink consumed by the subjects during the rehydra-tion phase. In a previous study done by Earnest et al. (17) which investigated the effects of honey gel consumption during long distance cycling in a thermoneutral envi-ronment, it was observed that honey gel ingestion dur-ing cycling could enhance sports performance. The posi-tive finding of both Earnest et al. (17) and the present study suggested that honey may serve as an ergogenic aid for athletes who train and complete either in thermo-neutral or hot environments. According to Bowtell et al.

(11), the efficiency of CHO in promoting resynthesis of the body carbohydrate stores is dependent on the insulin and glucose responses to CHO load. This is related to the functions of gastric emptying and intestinal absorption rates, as well as the insulinogenic potential of the CHO, as indicated by the glycemic index of CHO (18). Acacia honey has been reported to have a low glycemic index (19). In this present study, subjects ran for 60 min at 65% VO2max before honey ingestion, and it was observed that there were trends of reduction in plasma glucose level in both honey and plain water trials (Figure 2), reflecting reduction of glucose concentrations following exercise in the subjects. However, when the subjects ingested Aca-cia honey drink during the rehydration phase, plasma glucose level increased significantly in the first 30 min of rehydration phase, while increase of plasma glucose lev-el was not observed with plain water ingestion during rehydration phase. This observation implies that Acacia honey drink, but not plain water could increase plasma glucose especially during the initial stage of rehydration phase. According to Jentjens et al. (20), rapid muscle gly-cogen synthesis is characterised by an exercise-induced translocation of glucose transporter carrier protein-4 to the cell surface, leading to an increased permeability of muscle membrane to glucose. Therefore, it is speculated that Run-1 may have caused an increased rate of glucose transport and an increased capacity to convert glucose into glycogen, and resulting in reduction of plasma glu-cose concentration at the later stage of rehydration phase in the present study. It is also speculated that the greater elevated level of plasma glucose concentration following the ingestion of low glycemic index Acacia honey drink compared to plain water during the rehy-dration phase could have contributed to the better run-ning performance with honey drink ingestion in the present study. The carbohydrates contained in Acacia honey consumed in the present study are believed to be appropriate for maintaining a high level of blood glu-cose and subsequent high insulin level during rehydra-tion phase (Figure 3) which in turn ensures better run-ning performance during subsequent time trial in HD trial. A previous study done by Judelson et al. (21) also found a significantly higher level of serum insulin con-centration during rehydration phase to match the rise of glucose level in the blood. Higher level of glucose potent-ly stimulates glycogenesis activity for the homeostasis process (22). It was mentioned by Kochan et al. (23) that muscle recovery from glycogen depletion may be influ-enced by the availability of insulin. In the present study, insulin level increased and then decreased gradually to-wards the end of rehydration phase in HD trial. The in-creased serum insulin level may have caused transport of CHO to the muscle for replenishing muscle glycogen at the early stage of the rehydration phase in the subjects. Reduction of insulin level at the later stage of rehydra-tion phase in response to low level of plasma glucose may have caused adequate glucose store as an energy booster in the subjects. In the present study, it is suggest-ed that intestinal uptake of carbohydrate contained in Acacia honey drink to the blood stream of the subjects might explain the observation of higher serum osmolal-ity in HD trial compared to PW trial without carbohy-drate ingestion (Figure 4), and the CHO present in Acacia honey may have contributed to the improved running performance in HD trial. The limitations of the present study were that urine analysis was not carried out to con-firm the rehydration status of the subjects, and another drink containing a similar concentration of carbohy-drate as honey should be used as test drink for compari-son purposes. Rehydration with honey drink elicited greater beneficial effects compared to plain water in en-hancing blood glucose, insulin and osmolality, as well as endurance running performance in the heat. Thus, Aca-cia honey drink can be recommended as an ergogenic aid for rehydration purposes in athletes who train and compete in the heat. Nevertheless, further study with urine analysis for confirming the rehydration status of the subjects is warranted. In addition, comparison be-tween honey drink with another drink containing carbo-hydrate in their effects on sports performance is pro-posed to be carried out as our future study. Acknowledgements

Thanks to Assoc. Professor Siti Amrah for arranging this sponsorship. We would also like to express our sincerest gratitude to Mrs. Jamaayah Binti Meor Osman, Mrs. Nur Hafizah Hamzah, Mrs. Norlida binti Azalan and Mrs Pari-malah Velo for their assistance in this study.

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Asian J Sports Med. 2015;6(3):e24044

Ahmad NS et al.

Asian J Sports Med. 2015;6(3):e24044

8Financial Support

This study was financially supported by a short term research grant (304/PPSP/61310058) provided by Univer-siti Sains Malaysia. The Acacia honey used in the present study was sponsored by An-Nur Benut Pontian Compa-ny, Malaysia.

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